Journal articles: 'CTOOLS CTA science tool'

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Mestre, E., E. de Oña Wilhelmi, R. Zanin, D. F. Torres, and L. Tibaldo. "Prospects for the characterization of the VHE emission from the Crab nebula and pulsar with the Cherenkov Telescope Array." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 492, no. 1 (December 6, 2019): 708–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3421.

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ABSTRACT The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) will be the next generation instrument for the very high energy gamma-ray astrophysics domain. With its enhanced sensitivity in comparison with the current facilities, CTA is expected to shed light on a varied population of sources. In particular, we will achieve a deeper knowledge of the Crab nebula and pulsar, which are the best characterized pulsar wind nebula and rotation powered pulsar, respectively. We aim at studying the capabilities of CTA regarding these objects through simulations, using the main tools currently in development for the CTA future data analysis: gammapy and ctools. We conclude that, even using conservative Instrument Response Functions, CTA will be able to resolve many uncertainties regarding the spectrum and morphology of the pulsar and its nebula. The large energy range covered by CTA will allow us to disentangle the nebula spectral shape among different hypotheses, corresponding to different underlying emitting mechanisms. In addition, resolving internal structures (smaller than ∼0.02° in size) in the nebula and unveiling their location, would provide crucial information about the propagation of particles in the magnetized medium. We used a theoretical asymmetric model to characterize the morphology of the nebula and we showed that if predictions of such morphology exist, for instance as a result of hydrodynamical or magneto-hydrodynamical simulations, it can be directly compared with CTA results. We also tested the capability of CTA to detect periodic radiation from the Crab pulsar obtaining a precise measurement of different light curves shapes.

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Mohrmann, L., A. Specovius, D. Tiziani, S. Funk, D. Malyshev, K. Nakashima, and C. van Eldik. "Validation of open-source science tools and background model construction in γ-ray astronomy." Astronomy & Astrophysics 632 (December 2019): A72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936452.

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In classical analyses of γ-ray data from imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs), such as the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.), aperture photometry, or photon counting, is applied in a (typically circular) region of interest (RoI) encompassing the source. A key element in the analysis is to estimate the amount of background in the RoI due to residual cosmic ray-induced air showers in the data. Various standard background estimation techniques have been developed in the last decades, most of them rely on a measurement of the background from source-free regions within the observed field of view. However, in particular in the Galactic plane, source analysis and background estimation are hampered by the large number of, sometimes overlapping, γ-ray sources and large-scale diffuse γ-ray emission. For complicated fields of view, a three-dimensional (3D) likelihood analysis shows the potential to be superior to classical analysis. In this analysis technique, a spectromorphological model, consisting of one or multiple source components and a background component, is fitted to the data, resulting in a complete spectral and spatial description of the field of view. For the application to IACT data, the major challenge of such an approach is the construction of a robust background model. In this work, we apply the 3D likelihood analysis to various test data recently made public by the H.E.S.S. collaboration, using the open analysis frameworks ctools and Gammapy. First, we show that, when using these tools in a classical analysis approach and comparing to the proprietary H.E.S.S. analysis framework, virtually identical high-level analysis results, such as field-of-view maps and spectra, are obtained. We then describe the construction of a generic background model from data of H.E.S.S. observations, and demonstrate that a 3D likelihood analysis using this background model yields high-level analysis results that are highly compatible with those obtained from the classical analyses. This validation of the 3D likelihood analysis approach on experimental data is an important step towards using this method for IACT data analysis, and in particular for the analysis of data from the upcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA).

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Knödlseder, J., L. Tibaldo, D. Tiziani, A. Specovius, J. Cardenzana, M. Mayer, N. Kelley-Hoskins, et al. "Analysis of the H.E.S.S. public data release with ctools." Astronomy & Astrophysics 632 (December 2019): A102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936010.

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The ctools open-source software package was developed for the scientific analysis of astronomical data from Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs), such as H.E.S.S., VERITAS, MAGIC, and the future Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA). To date, the software has been mainly tested using simulated CTA data; however, upon the public release of a small set of H.E.S.S. observations of the Crab nebula, MSH 15–52, RX J1713.7–3946, and PKS 2155–304 validation using real data is now possible. We analysed the data of the H.E.S.S. public data release using ctools version 1.6 and compared our results to those published by the H.E.S.S. Collaboration for the respective sources. We developed a parametric background model that satisfactorily describes the expected background rate as a function of reconstructed energy and direction for each observation. We used that model, and tested all analysis methods that are supported by ctools, including novel unbinned and joint or stacked binned analyses of the measured event energies and reconstructed directions, and classical On-Off analysis methods that are comparable to those used by the H.E.S.S. Collaboration. For all analysis methods, we found a good agreement between the ctools results and the H.E.S.S. Collaboration publications considering that they are not always directly comparable due to differences in the datatsets and event processing software. We also performed a joint analysis of H.E.S.S. and Fermi-LAT data of the Crab nebula, illustrating the multi-wavelength capacity of ctools. The joint Crab nebula spectrum is compatible with published literature values within the systematic uncertainties. We conclude that the ctools software is mature for the analysis of data from existing IACTs, as well as from the upcoming CTA.

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López, P., D. L. Vilariño, V. M. Brea, and D. Cabello. "Robustness oriented design tool for multilayer DTCNN applications." International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 30, no. 2-3 (2002): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cta.196.

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Begum, Tabassum, Zubair Janan Orakzai, Mohsin Khan, Bakht Rokhan, Ayesha Kamran, and Muhammad Numan Akram. "Diagnostic Accuracy of Three Dimentional Digital Substraction Angiography (3D DSA) in Correlation with Computed Tomographic Angiography (CTA) and Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) in Evaluation of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 5 (May 30, 2022): 1509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs221651509.

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Background: Subarachnoid hemorrhage is cause by ruptured aneurysms. Early diagnosis is necessary for prevention of the disease. For detection of size and location of intracranial aneurysms in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage different diagnostic tool are used. The 3D DSA imaging modalities parameters were considered as gold standard in diagnosis of aneurysms. MRA and CTA competencies in diagnosis of ruptured aneurysms were also evaluated. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the sensitivity of 3D DSA, CTA and MRA in diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms in referred patients. The imaging modalities parameters of 3D DSA was considered as gold standard. Study design: It was retrospective observational study with statistical approach. Methods: The 27 consecutive patients of subarachnoid haemorrhage visited the neurology and radiology department of BKMC / MMC Mardan from August 2021 to January 2022 was included in the study. All the patients passed the inclusion criteria while those who are reluctant to undergo through CTA, MRA were excluded. The three dimensional constructed images of each patient underwent through CTA, MRA and 3D DSA were recorded. The obtained data was analyzed for the results. Results: CTA and MRA has variable sensitivity range in diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms. It varied according to the size of aneurysms. For the diagnosis of small sized aneurysms the CTA and MRA has the sensitivity of 57.1 %, while it changes to 88.8 % in diagnosis of medium sized aneurysms. For diagnosis of large sized aneurysms, the CTA and MRA has same sensitivity of 100%. Hence for the detection of small and medium sized aneurysms the sensitivity of CTA and MRA reduced to 20% as compared to the sensitivity of 3D DSA. Conclusion: It was concluded from the results that the 3D DSA is most accurate tool with higher sensitivity for diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms in patients of subarachnoid haemorrhage. The results obtained by using 3D DSA are 20% more sensitive than the results obtained by using CTA and MRA. Keywords: (SAH) Subarachnoid hemorrhage, CTA) Computed Tomographic Angiography, (MRA) Magnetic Resonance Angiography.

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Whalley, R., S. El-Shalabi, M. Ebrahimi, and A. Abdul-Ameer. "Adaptive machine tool system regulation." IET Control Theory & Applications 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cta:20080104.

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Dorel, F., and M. Declercq. "A prototype tool for the design-oriented symbolic analysis of analogue circuits." International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 20, no. 3 (May 1992): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cta.4490200305.

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Schwarz, Gerhard, Maximilian Errath, Placido Argüelles Delgado, Ulrike Wießpeiner, Henrika Voit-Augustin, Robert Grims, Friedrich Kaltenböck, Eva Maria Kober, Andreas Schöpfer, and Gottfried Fuchs. "Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) in Selected Scenarios with Risk of Possible False-Positive or False-Negative Conclusions in Diagnosing Brain Death." Life 12, no. 10 (October 6, 2022): 1551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12101551.

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It is widely accepted that brain death (BD) is a diagnosis based on clinical examination. However, false-positive and false-negative evaluation results may be serious limitations. Ancillary tests are used when there is uncertainty about the reliability of the neurologic examination. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) is an ancillary test that tends to have the lowest false-positive rates. However, there are various influencing factors that can have an unfavorable effect on the validity of the examination method. There are inconsistent protocols regarding the evaluation criteria such as scoring systems. Among the most widely used different scoring systems the 4-point CTA-scoring system has been accepted as the most reliable method. Appropriate timing and/or Doppler pre-testing could reduce the number of possible premature examinations and increase the sensitivity of CTA in diagnosing cerebral circulatory arrest (CCA). In some cases of inconclusive CTA, the whole brain computed tomography perfusion (CTP) could be a crucial adjunct. Due to the increasing significance of CTA/CTP in determining BD, the methodology (including benefits and limitations) should also be conveyed via innovative electronic training tools, such as the BRAINDEXweb teaching tool based on an expert system.

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Brachtendorf, H. G., G. Welsch, and R. Laur. "A simulation tool for the analysis and verification of the steady state of circuit designs." International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 23, no. 4 (July 1995): 311–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cta.4490230406.

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Matsuda, T., and T. Mori. "Stability Feeler: a tool for parametric robust stability analysis and its applications." IET Control Theory & Applications 3, no. 12 (December 1, 2009): 1625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cta.2008.0462.

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Daniel, Violon. "About Segmath, a new Cerebral Vascular Segmentation Software after CTA." Trends in Computer Science and Information Technology 7, no. 3 (December 2, 2022): 094–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/tcsit.000057.

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Objectives: The new segmentation software Segmath delivers a 3D view of the cerebral vascular structures without superposition of bony or other structures. This will, according to the literature, improve the workflow of stroke patients and increase the occlusion detection rate on the original CTA. Materials and methods: The software written in MATLAB is based on the analysis of the local Hessian matrix with new original functions of the resulting local eigenvalues. No user intervention in the segmentation process is needed. Results: The validation of the new software yields good results both with synthetic data and real CTA’s. Conclusion: This segmentation software is a powerful additional diagnostic tool available to radiologists and neurologists examining and treating stroke patients. This will improve the workflow of suspected stroke patients.

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Zhao, Yue, Christian Cachard, and Hervé Liebgott. "Comparison of the existing tool localisation methods on two-dimensional ultrasound images and their tracking results." IET Control Theory & Applications 9, no. 7 (April 23, 2015): 1124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cta.2014.0672.

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Sayyaf, Negin, and Mohammad Saleh Tavazoei. "Robust control for time-fractional diffusion processes: application in temperature control of an alpha silicon carbide cutting tool." IET Control Theory & Applications 12, no. 15 (October 16, 2018): 2022–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cta.2017.0649.

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Nelson, John. "Information Exchange Networks and Agricultural Development." Outlook on Agriculture 23, no. 4 (December 1994): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709402300402.

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Networking is a useful tool in agricultural development. Networks facilitate information exchange, allow their members to benefit from synergy, offer flexible management approaches to overcome structural constraints, and can help organizations use resources more efficiently. However they have weaknesses too: they may be biased against some groups, they are difficult to evaluate, they may be poorly coordinated, and they often lack the technical and financial resources needed to effectively achieve their objectives. Networkers promoting the circulation of agricultural information in the near future should consider how best to fill niches in the global agricultural information system, how to use networking to improve agricultural policies, and how to use electronic networking to provide developing countries with more relevant agricultural information. This paper is based on a study of information exchange networking financed by the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), and reported in Nelson and Farrington (1994).

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Ohmori, Kiyomi, Asuka Kamei, Yuki Watanabe, and Keiko Abe. "Gene Expression over Time during Cell Transformation Due to Non-Genotoxic Carcinogen Treatment of Bhas 42 Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 6 (March 16, 2022): 3216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063216.

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The Bhas 42 cell transformation assay (Bhas 42 CTA) is the first Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)-certificated method used as a specific tool for the detection of the cell-transformation potential of tumor-promoting compounds, including non-genotoxic carcinogens (NGTxCs), as separate from genotoxic carcinogens. This assay offers the great advantage of enabling the phenotypic detection of oncotransformation. A key benefit of using the Bhas 42 CTA in the study of the cell-transformation mechanisms of tumor-promoting compounds, including non-genotoxic carcinogens, is that the cell-transformation potential of the chemical can be detected directly without treatment with a tumor-initiating compound since Bhas 42 cell line was established by transfecting the v-Ha-ras gene into a mouse fibroblast cloned cell line. Here, we analyzed the gene expression over time, using DNA microarrays, in Bhas 42 cells treated with the tumor-promoting compound 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), and NGTxC, with a total of three repeat experiments. This is the first paper to report on gene expression over time during the process of cell transformation with only a tumor-promoting compound. Pathways that were activated or inactivated during the process of cell transformation in the Bhas 42 cells treated with TPA were related not only directly to RAS but also to various pathways in the hallmarks of cancer.

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Alcalde, Berta, Enriqueta Anticó, and Clàudia Fontàs. "A Polymer Inclusion Membrane for Sensing Metal Complexation in Natural Waters." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (November 5, 2021): 10404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110404.

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Metal speciation studies are of great importance in assessing metal bioavailability in aquatic environments. Functionalized membranes are a simple tool to perform metal chemical speciation. In this study, we have prepared and tested a polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) made of the polymer cellulose triacetate (CTA), the extractant di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA), and the plasticizer 2-nitrophenyloctyl ether (NPOE) as a sensor for Zn and Cu complexation studies. This PIM, incorporated in a device with an 0.01 M HNO3 receiving solution, is shown to effectively transport free metal ions, and it is demonstrated that the presence of ligands that form stable complexes with divalent metallic ions, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and humic acid (HA), greatly influences the accumulation of the metals in the receiving phase due to the increasing metal fraction complexed in the feed phase. Moreover, the effect of major ions found in natural waters has been investigated, and it is found that the presence of calcium did not decrease the accumulation of either Zn or Cu. Finally, the PIM sensor has been used successfully to evaluate metal complexation in a river water affected by Zn pollution.

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Othman, Ali, Rim Barrak, Mohamed Mabrouk, Ghalid Idir Abib, and Muriel Muller. "A computer‐aided design tool for RF filters design automation." International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, May 17, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cta.3309.

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"Erratum: Comparison of the existing tool localisation methods on two-dimensional ultrasound images and their tracking results." IET Control Theory & Applications 9, no. 7 (April 23, 2015): 1180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cta.2015.0286.

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Setchi, Rossitza, and Carole Bouchard. "In Search of Design Inspiration: A Semantic-Based Approach." Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering 10, no. 3 (September 1, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3482061.

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Sources of inspiration help designers to define the context of their designs and reflect on the emotional impact of their new products. By observing and interpreting sources of inspiration, designers form vocabularies of terms, pallets of colors, or mood boards with images, which express their feelings, inspire their creativity and help them communicate design concepts. These ideas are the motivation behind the EU-funded project TRENDS, which aimed at developing a software tool that supports the inspirational stage of design by providing designers of concept cars with various sources of inspiration. This paper concentrates on OntoTag, the semantic-based image retrieval algorithm developed within the TRENDS project, and its evaluation. OntoTag uses concepts from a general-purpose lexical ontology called OntoRo, and semantic adjectives from a domain-specific ontology for designers called CTA, to index the images in the TRENDS database in a way which provides designers with a degree of serendipity and stimulates their creativity. The semantic-based algorithm involves the following four steps: (i) creating a collection of documents and images retrieved from the web, (ii) for each document, identifying the most frequently used keywords and phrases in the text around the image, (iii) identifying the most powerful concepts represented in each document, and (iv) ranking the concepts identified and linking them to the images in the collection. OntoTag differs significantly from earlier approaches as it does not rely on machine learning and the availability of tagged corpuses. Its main innovation is in the use of the words’ monosemy and polysemy as a measure of their probability to belong to a certain concept. The proposed approach is illustrated with examples based on the software tool developed for the needs of two of the industrial collaborators involved in the TRENDS project.

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Rostam-Alilou, Ali A., Marziyeh Safari, Hamid R. Jarrah, Ali Zolfagharian, and Mahdi Bodaghi. "A machine learning model for non-invasive detection of atherosclerotic coronary artery aneurysm." International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery, August 10, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11548-022-02725-w.

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Abstract Purpose Atherosclerosis plays a significant role in the initiation of coronary artery aneurysms (CAA). Although the treatment options for this kind of vascular disease are developing, there are challenges and limitations in both selecting and applying sufficient medical solutions. For surgical interventions, that are novel therapies, non-invasive specific patient-based studies could lead to obtaining more promising results. Despite medical and pathological tests, these pre-surgical investigations require special biomedical and computer-aided engineering techniques. In this study, a machine learning (ML) model is proposed for the non-invasive detection of atherosclerotic CAA for the first time. Methods The database for study was collected from hemodynamic analysis and computed tomography angiography (CTA) of 80 CAAs from 61 patients, approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB). The proposed ML model is formulated for learning by a one-class support vector machine (1SVM) that is a field of ML to provide techniques for outlier and anomaly detection. Results The applied ML algorithms yield reasonable results with high and significant accuracy in designing a procedure for the non-invasive diagnosis of atherosclerotic aneurysms. This proposed method could be employed as a unique artificial intelligence (AI) tool for assurance in clinical decision-making procedures for surgical intervention treatment methods in the future. Conclusions The non-invasive diagnosis of the atherosclerotic CAAs, which is one of the vital factors in the accomplishment of endovascular surgeries, is important due to some clinical decisions. Although there is no accurate tool for managing this kind of diagnosis, an ML model that can decrease the probability of endovascular surgical failures, death risk, and post-operational complications is proposed in this study. The model is able to increase the clinical decision accuracy for low-risk selection of treatment options.

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Babu, Rakesh, and Paige Fuller. "Towards more helpful bus tracker apps for blind transit riders." First Monday, May 23, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/fm.v20i6.5536.

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Bus trackers aid in travel planning with real-time bus arrival and location information. However, their sight-centered design means they’re inherently challenging for the blind. A clear understanding of their help-seeking situations in interacting with bus trackers is necessary to design appropriate help features as a solution.We present a qualitative method to study help-seeking situations of blind users in interacting with bus-trackers, and illustrate its application on the use of CTA bus tracker. Think-aloud observation of seven participants generated verbal reports of performing bus-tracking activities. Qualitative analysis explained what, where, and how help-seeking situations arose in learning the interface, in site interaction, determining estimated time of arrival, requesting ETA alerts, and finding bus location. We elaborate results pertinent to key help-seeking situations, the underlying help needs, and design implications for appropriate help features. The paper contributes a feasible qualitative method to study help-seeking situations, as well as valuable insights into the thoughts, actions and perceptions of blind users in real time bus tracking. This represents the first step towards developing the tool to transform the 45 million blind citizens into empowered transit riders. Implications for transit agencies, real time systems designers, and research in travel management, human-computer interaction and cognitive science are discussed.

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Lauri, Chiara, Alberto Signore, Andor W. J. M. Glaudemans, Giorgio Treglia, Olivier Gheysens, Riemer H. J. A. Slart, Roberto Iezzi, et al. "Evidence-based guideline of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) on imaging infection in vascular grafts." European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, April 4, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-022-05769-x.

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Abstract Purpose Consensus on optimal imaging procedure for vascular graft/endograft infection (VGEI) is still lacking and the choice of a diagnostic test is often based on the experience of single centres. This document provides evidence-based recommendations aiming at defining which imaging modality may be preferred in different clinical settings and post-surgical time window. Methods This working group includes 6 nuclear medicine physicians appointed by the European Association of Nuclear Medicine, 4 vascular surgeons, and 2 radiologists. Vascular surgeons formulated 5 clinical questions that were converted into 10 statements and addressed through a systematic analysis of available literature by using PICOs (Population/problem–Intervention/Indicator–Comparator–Outcome) strategy. Each consensus statement was scored for level of evidence and for recommendation grade, according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine criteria. Results Sixty-six articles, published from January 2000 up to December 2021, were analysed and used for evidence-based recommendations. Conclusion Computed tomography angiography (CTA) is the first-line imaging modality in suspected VGEI but nuclear medicine modalities are often needed to confirm or exclude the infection. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) has very high negative predictive value but it should be performed preferably at least 4 months after surgery to avoid false positive results. Radiolabelled white blood cell (WBC) scintigraphy, given its high diagnostic accuracy, can be performed at any time after surgery. Preamble The European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) is a professional no-profit medical association that facilitates communication worldwide between individuals pursuing clinical and research excellence in nuclear medicine. The EANM was founded in 1985. EANM members are physicians, technologists, and scientists specializing in the research and practice of nuclear medicine. The EANM will periodically define new guidelines for nuclear medicine practice to help advance the science of nuclear medicine and to improve the quality of service to patients throughout the world. Existing practice guidelines will be reviewed for revision or renewal, as appropriate, on their fifth anniversary or sooner, if indicated. Each practice guideline, representing a policy statement by the EANM, has undergone a thorough consensus process in which it has been subjected to extensive review. The EANM recognizes that the safe and effective use of diagnostic nuclear medicine imaging requires specific training, skills, and techniques, as described in each document. Reproduction or modification of the published practice guideline by those entities not providing these services is not authorized. These guidelines are an educational tool designed to assist practitioners in providing appropriate care for patients. They are not inflexible rules or requirements of practice and are not intended, nor should they be used, to establish a legal standard of care. For these reasons and those set forth below, the EANM suggests caution against the use of the current consensus document in litigation in which the clinical decisions of a practitioner are called into question. The ultimate judgement regarding the propriety of any specific procedure or course of action must be made by the physician or medical physicist in the light of all the circumstances presented. Thus, there is no implication that an approach differing from the consensus document, standing alone, is below the standard of care. To the contrary, a conscientious practitioner may responsibly adopt a course of action different from that set forth in the consensus document when, in the reasonable judgement of the practitioner, such course of action is indicated by the condition of the patient, limitations of available resources, or advances in knowledge or technology subsequent to publication of the consensus document. The practice of medicine includes both the art and the science of the prevention, diagnosis, alleviation, and treatment of disease. The variety and complexity of human conditions make it impossible to always reach the most appropriate diagnosis or to predict with certainty a particular response to treatment. Therefore, it should be recognized that adherence to this consensus document will not ensure an accurate diagnosis or a successful outcome. All that should be expected is that the practitioner will follow a reasonable course of action based on current knowledge, available resources, and the needs of the patient, to deliver effective and safe medical care. The sole purpose of this consensus document is to assist practitioners in achieving this objective.

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Journal articles on the topic 'CTOOLS CTA science tool'

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