Relevant bibliographies by topics / CTLD

Academic literature on the topic 'CTLD'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "CTLD"

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Pees, Barbara, Wentao Yang, Alejandra Zárate-Potes, Hinrich Schulenburg, and Katja Dierking. "High Innate Immune Specificity through Diversified C-Type Lectin-Like Domain Proteins in Invertebrates." Journal of Innate Immunity 8, no. 2 (November 19, 2015): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000441475.

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A key question in current immunity research is how the innate immune system can generate high levels of specificity. Evidence is accumulating that invertebrates, which exclusively rely on innate defense mechanisms, can differentiate between pathogens on the species and even strain level. In this review, we identify and discuss the particular potential of C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD) proteins to generate high immune specificity. Whilst several CTLD proteins are known to act as pattern recognition receptors in the vertebrate innate immune system, the exact role of CTLD proteins in invertebrate immunity is much less understood. We show that CTLD genes are highly abundant in most metazoan genomes and summarize the current state of knowledge on CTLD protein function in insect, crustacean and nematode immune systems. We then demonstrate extreme CTLD gene diversification in the genomes of Caenorhabditis nematodes and provide an update of data from CTLD gene function studies in C. elegans, which indicate that the diversity of CTLD genes could contribute to immune specificity. In spite of recent achievements, the exact functions of the diversified invertebrate CTLD genes are still largely unknown. Our review therefore specifically discusses promising research approaches to rectify this knowledge gap.
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Dineva, Stela, Katya Uzunova, Velichka Pavlova, Elena Filipova, Krassimir Kalinov, and Toni Vekov. "Comparative efficacy and safety of chlorthalidone and hydrochlorothiazide—meta-analysis." Journal of Human Hypertension 33, no. 11 (October 8, 2019): 766–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41371-019-0255-2.

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Abstract Hypertension is a complex syndrome of multiple hemodynamic, neuroendocrine, and metabolic abnormalities. The goals of treatment in hypertension are to optimally control high blood pressure and to reduce associated cardiovascular morbidity and mortality using the most suitable therapy available. Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) and chlorthalidone (CTLD) are with proven hypertensive effects. The topic of our meta-analysis is to compare the efficacy of HCTZ and CTLD therapy in patient with hypertension. A search of electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, PsyInfo, eLIBRARY.ru was performed. We chose the random-effects method for the analysis and depicted the results as forest plots. Sensitivity analyses were performed in order to evaluate the degree of significance of each study. Of the 1289 identified sources, only nine trials directly compared HCTZ and CTLD and were included in the meta-analysis. Changes in SBP lead to WMD (95% CI) equal to −3.26 mmHg showing a slight but statistically significant prevalence of CTLD. Results from analyzed studies referring to DBP lead to WMD (95% CI) equal to −2.41 mmHg, which is also statistically significant. During our analysis, we found that there were not enough studies presenting enough data on the effect of CTLD and HCTZ on levels of serum potassium and serum sodium. Our meta-analysis has demonstrated a slight superiority for CTLD regarding blood pressure control. At the same time, the two medications do not show significant differences in their safety profile.
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Bhalchandra, Seema, Jacob Ludington, Isabelle Coppens, and Honorine D. Ward. "Identification and Characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum Clec, a Novel C-Type Lectin Domain-Containing Mucin-Like Glycoprotein." Infection and Immunity 81, no. 9 (July 1, 2013): 3356–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00436-13.

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ABSTRACTCryptosporidiumspecies are waterborne apicomplexan parasites that cause diarrheal disease worldwide. Although the mechanisms underlyingCryptosporidium-host cell interactions are not well understood, mucin-like glycoproteins of the parasite are known to mediate attachment and invasionin vitro. We identifiedC. parvumClec (CpClec), a novel mucin-like glycoprotein that contains a C-type lectin domain (CTLD) and has orthologs inC. hominisandC. muris. CTLD-containing proteins are ligand-binding proteins that function in adhesion and signaling and are present in a wide range of organisms, from humans to viruses. However, this is the first report of a CTLD-containing protein in protozoa and inApicomplexa. CpClec is predicted to be a type 1 membrane protein, with a CTLD, an O-glycosylated mucin-like domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail containing a YXXϕ sorting motif. The predicted structure ofCpClec displays several characteristics of canonical CTLD-containing proteins, including a long loop region hydrophobic core associated with calcium-dependent glycan binding as well as predicted calcium- and glycan-binding sites.CpClec expression duringC. parvuminfectionin vitrois maximal at 48 h postinfection, suggesting that it is developmentally regulated. The 120-kDa mass of nativeCpClec is greater than predicted, most likely due to O-glycosylation.CpClec is localized to the surface of the apical region and to dense granules of sporozoites and merozoites. Taken together, these findings, along with the known functions ofC. parvummucin-like glycoproteins and of CTLD-containing proteins, strongly implicate a significant role forCpClec inCryptosporidium-host cell interactions.
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Akatsu, Chizuru, Kenro Shinagawa, Nobutaka Numoto, Zhihong Liu, Ayse Konuskan Ucar, Mohammad Aslam, Shirly Phoon, et al. "CD72 negatively regulates B lymphocyte responses to the lupus-related endogenous toll-like receptor 7 ligand Sm/RNP." Journal of Experimental Medicine 213, no. 12 (October 24, 2016): 2691–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20160560.

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Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) plays an essential role in development of systemic lupus erythematosus by co-stimulating B cells reactive to the endogenous TLR7 ligand Sm/ribonucleoprotein (RNP), a crucial lupus self-antigen. However, how the TLR7-mediated autoimmune response is regulated is not yet known. In this study, we demonstrate that CD72, an inhibitory B cell co-receptor known to prevent development of lupus, recognizes Sm/RNP at the extracellular C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD) and specifically inhibits B cell response to Sm/RNP. Moreover, the CTLD of CD72c, a lupus-susceptible allele, binds to Sm/RNP less strongly than that of lupus-resistant CD72a. Reduced binding of CD72c is supported by x-ray crystallographic analysis that reveals a considerable alteration in charge at the putative ligand-binding site. Thus, CD72 appears to specifically inhibit B cell response to the endogenous TLR7 ligand Sm/RNP through CTLD-mediated recognition of Sm/RNP, thereby preventing production of anti-Sm/RNP antibody crucial for development of lupus.
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Villamor, D. E. V., J. Susaimuthu, and K. C. Eastwell. "Genomic Analyses of Cherry Rusty Mottle Group and Cherry Twisted Leaf-Associated Viruses Reveal a Possible New Genus Within the FamilyBetaflexiviridae." Phytopathology® 105, no. 3 (March 2015): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-03-14-0066-r.

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It is demonstrated that closely related viruses within the family Betaflexiviridae are associated with a number of diseases that affect sweet cherry (Prunus avium) and other Prunus spp. Cherry rusty mottle-associated virus (CRMaV) is correlated with the appearance of cherry rusty mottle disease (CRMD), and Cherry twisted leaf-associated virus (CTLaV) is linked to cherry twisted leaf disease (CTLD) and apricot ringpox disease (ARPD). Comprehensive analysis of previously reported full genomic sequences plus those determined in this study representing isolates of CTLaV, CRMaV, Cherry green ring mottle virus, and Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus revealed segregation of sequences into four clades corresponding to distinct virus species. High-throughput sequencing of RNA from representative source trees for CRMD, CTLD, and ARPD did not reveal additional unique virus sequences that might be associated with these diseases, thereby further substantiating the association of CRMaV and CTLaV with CRMD and CTLD or ARPD, respectively. Based on comparison of the nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity values, phylogenetic relationships with other triple-gene block-coding viruses within the family Betaflexiviridae, genome organization, and natural host range, a new genus (Robigovirus) is suggested.
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Sharif, Jalil-Ahmad. "Transfer and transition referrals of patients with intellectual disability from children's services to adult community learning disability teams." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.307.

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AimsThe audit aimed to assess if patients under the care of children's services in Wessex were transferred at the appropriate age and whether transition referrals to Community Learning Disability teams (CTLD) occurred timely. It also aimed to look at how many patients underwent transitions in a three month period, and if their transition support plan (TSP) was completed. A transition support plan should include chronological information on psychopharmacology, psychotherapy, and social support measures. Patients should be referred between the ages of 17–19 but require a justification after 18 years of age.MethodThe BI team was contacted to provide all IDs for patients referred within a three month period between the ages of 17–19. The BI team provided 42 patients with their ID. Patients discharged from services within a short time span were excluded for the following reason: inappropriate referral (9pts), discharged after 1st assessment (6pts), internal discussion (6pts), only referred to Autism team (4pts), moved out of area (1pts). From the initial 42 patients, 16 patients were analysed using the collection tool.Result4/16 had a TSP, and only two had a complete TSP and transitioned in another trust and were inter-team referrals.CAMHS services referred 1/16 patients.Psychotropic medication was prescribed to 12/16 prior to or on time of referral, but only two patients had a complete psychotropic medication history.8/16 patients' referral was commenced prior to their 18th birthday, and no information was provided for delay in transfer.Health records did mention psychotherapy, but apart from 2/16 TSP records, no additional information was available on the modality.ConclusionPatients with Intellectual Disability face challenges when transferring from children to adult services. Insufficient referral information may have a detrimental impact on patients wellbeing and long-term care.Access to a patient's chronological journey through the different children's services allows Adult CTLD health professionals to provide effective care. Historical psycho-social and pharmacological interventions provide a reference point for future interventions.Concerns included: limited information on most TSP regarding psycho-social and psychotropic treatments, lack of access to CAMHS/CHYPS paperwork and ineffective inter-trust communication for transition patients.This project highlighted the average number of transition cases in 3 months. It led to changes to the transition pathway, as awareness was raised in trust and CCG meetings to improve patient outcome. CTLD created the new role of transition facilitators to support children's services. They sit in meetings before patients transition referrals.
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Zelensky, Alex N., and Jill E. Gready. "Comparative analysis of structural properties of the C-type-lectin-like domain (CTLD)." Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 52, no. 3 (July 7, 2003): 466–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.10626.

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Pees, Barbara, Wentao Yang, Anke Kloock, Carola Petersen, Lena Peters, Li Fan, Meike Friedrichsen, et al. "Effector and regulator: Diverse functions of C. elegans C-type lectin-like domain proteins." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): e1009454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009454.

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In C. elegans, 283 clec genes encode a highly diverse family of C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD) proteins. Since vertebrate CTLD proteins have characterized functions in defense responses against pathogens and since expression of C. elegans clec genes is pathogen-dependent, it is generally assumed that clec genes function in C. elegans immune defenses. However, little is known about the relative contribution and exact function of CLEC proteins in C. elegans immunity. Here, we focused on the C. elegans clec gene clec-4, whose expression is highly upregulated by pathogen infection, and its paralogs clec-41 and clec-42. We found that, while mutation of clec-4 resulted in enhanced resistance to the Gram-positive pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis MYBt18247 (Bt247), inactivation of clec-41 and clec-42 by RNAi enhanced susceptibility to Bt247. Further analyses revealed that enhanced resistance of clec-4 mutants to Bt247 was due to an increase in feeding cessation on the pathogen and consequently a decrease in pathogen load. Moreover, clec-4 mutants exhibited feeding deficits also on non-pathogenic bacteria that were in part reflected in the clec-4 gene expression profile, which overlapped with gene sets affected by starvation or mutation in nutrient sensing pathways. However, loss of CLEC-4 function only mildly affected life-history traits such as fertility, indicating that clec-4 mutants are not subjected to dietary restriction. While CLEC-4 function appears to be associated with the regulation of feeding behavior, we show that CLEC-41 and CLEC-42 proteins likely function as bona fide immune effector proteins that have bacterial binding and antimicrobial capacities. Together, our results exemplify functional diversification within clec gene paralogs.
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Kukreja, J., E. L. Bush, C. W. Hoopes, G. Dincheva, M. Brzezinski, J. Lee, M. Kleinhenz, et al. "Lung Transplant (LT) for Non-Scleroderma Connective Tissue Lung Disease (NS-CTLD): Wasting a Precious Commodity?" Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 34, no. 4 (April 2015): S256—S257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2015.01.713.

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KONG, H., E. PARK, B. NAM, Y. KIM, W. KIM, H. PARK, C. LEE, and S. LEE. "A C-type lectin like-domain (CTLD)-containing protein (PtLP) from the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus." Fish & Shellfish Immunology 25, no. 3 (September 2008): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2008.05.003.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "CTLD"

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Zelensky, Alex N., and Alex Zelensky@anu edu au. "In silico analysis of C-type lectin domains’ structure and properties." The Australian National University. The John Curtin School of Medical Research, 2005. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20050318.185314.

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Members of the C-type lectin domain (CTLD) superfamily are metazoan proteins functionally important in glycoprotein metabolism, mechanisms of multicellular integration and immunity. This thesis presents the results of several computational and experimental studies of the CTLD structure, function and evolution.¶ Core structural properties of the CTLD fold were explored in a comparative analysis of the 37 distinct CTLD structures available publicly, which demonstrate significant structural conservation despite low or undetectable sequence similarity. Pairwise structural alignments of all CTLD structures were created with three different methods (DALI, CE and LOCK) and analysed manually and using a computational algorithm developed for this purpose. The analysis revealed a set of conserved positions and interactions, which were classified based on their role in CTLD structure maintenance.¶ The CTLD family is large and diverse. To organize and annotate the several thousand of known CTLD-containing protein sequences and integrate the information on their evolution, structure and function a local database and a web-based interface to it were developed. The software is written in Perl, is based on bioperl, bioperl-db and Apache::ASP modules, and can be used for collaborative annotation of any collection of phylogenetically related sequences.¶ Several studies of CTLD genomics were performed. In one such study, carried out in collaboration with the RIKEN structural genomics centre, CTLD sequences from the Caenorhabditis elegans genome were identified and clustered into groups based on similarity. The most representative members of the groups were then selected, which if characterized structurally would tell most about the C. elegans CTLDs and provide templates for homology modelling of all C. elegans CTLD structures.¶ In the other whole-genome study, the CTLD family in the puffer fish Fugu rubripes was analysed using the draft genome sequence. This work extended and complemented three genome-level surveys on human, C. elegans and D. melanogaster reported previously. The study showed that the CTLD repertoire of Fugu rubripes is very similar to that of mammals, although several interesting differences exist, and that Fugu CTLD-encoding genes are selectively duplicated in a manner suggesting an ancient large-scale duplication event. Another important finding was the identification of several new CTLDcps, which had mammalian orthologues not recognized previously.¶ CBCP, a novel CTLD-containing protein highly conserved between fish and mammals with previously unknown domain architecture, was predicted in the Fugu study based solely on ab initio gene models from the Fugu locus and cross-species genomic DNA alignments. To test if the prediction was correct, a full-length cDNA of the mouse CBCP was cloned, its tissue distribution characterized and untranslated regions determined by RACE. The full-length mCBCP transcript is 10 kb long, encodes a protein of 2172 amino acids and confirms the original prediction. The presence of a large N-terminal NG2 domain makes CBCP a member of a small but very interesting family of Metazoan proteins.
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Dahal, Lekh Nath. "Soluble CTLA-4 and immune regulation." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=202565.

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Oliveira, Paulo de Tarso Guerra. "Revisão de modelos CTL." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/45/45134/tde-25032014-092409/.

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Verificação de modelos é uma das mais eficientes técnicas de verificação automática de sistemas. No entanto, apesar de poder lidar com verificações complexas, as ferramentas de verificação de modelos usualmente não fornecem informação alguma sobre como reparar inconsistências nestes modelos. Nesta dissertação, mostramos que abordagens desenvolvidas para a atualização de modelos CTL inconsistentes não são capazes de lidar com todos os tipos de alterações em modelos. Introduzimos então o conceito de revisão de modelos: uma abordagem baseada em revisão de crenças para o reparo de modelos inconsistentes em um contexto estático. Relacionamos nossa proposta com trabalhos clássicos em revisão de crenças. Definimos um operador de revisão de modelos e mostramos que este obedece postulados de racionalidade clássico de revisão de crenças. Propomos um algoritmo de revisão com base no algoritmo utilizado pela abordagem de atualização de modelos. Discutimos sobre problemas e limites do algoritmo proposto, e mostramos que essa estratégia de adaptação não é uma solução apropriada.
Model checking is one of the most robust techniques in automated system verification. But, although this technique can handle complex verifications, model checking tools usually do not give any information on how to repair inconsistent system models. In this dissertation, we show that approaches developed for CTL model update cannot deal with all kinds of model changes. We introduce the concept of CTL model revision: an approach based on belief revision to handle system inconsistency in a static context. We relate our proposal to classical works on belief revision. We define an operator for model revision and we show that it obeys the classical rationality postulates of belief revision. We propose an algorithm for model revision based on the algorithm used by the model update approach. We discuss problems and limitations of our proposed algorithm and show that this strategy of adaptation is not an appropriate solution.
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Parsons, Keith. "Bovine CD28, CTLA-4 and their ligands." Thesis, University of Reading, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.484326.

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Meintières, Sophie. "Le rôle de l'apoptose dans les tests in vitro de clastogenèse : apport du modèle CTLL-2 / CTLL-2 Bcl2." Lille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LIL2P014.

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Heibein, Jeffrey Alexander. "Caspase-independent CTL-mediated killing." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ60296.pdf.

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Melo, Félix Joana. "Anti-CTLA-4 antibody / CTLA-4 molecule immuno-modulator mechanisms and its consequences on the reinforcement of anti-melanoma immune responses." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC212/document.

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Le mélanome est un cancer de la peau dont l’incidence est en continuelle augmentation dans le monde entier. Des progrès récents dans la compréhension des mécanismes cellulaires complexes régulant l’immunité du cancer ont conduit à l’élaboration de nouvelles stratégies visant des checkpoints spécifiques de la régulation des réponses immunes. Ipilimumab est un anticorps thérapeutique dirigé contre la molécule CTLA-4. Il a permis, chez les patients atteints de mélanome métastatique, d’augmenter la survie globale et a fait l’objet d’une approbation de la FDA en 2011. Cependant cette thérapie ne semble bénéficier qu’à un nombre restreint de patients et souvent de manière retardée. L’identification de marqueurs immunologiques précoces associés à la réponse clinique et à la survie s’avère donc être nécessaire afin d’apporter des éléments d’orientation. Dans ce contexte, nous avons suivi de manière longitudinale, prospective et retrospective une cohorte de 77 patients atteints de mélanome métastatique. Nous nous sommes intéressés dans un premier temps aux molécules sériques reflétant soit l’importance de l’envahissement tumoral (LDH, S100B et MIA) soit l’implication de mécanismes d’échappement immunitaire (MICA soluble et anticorps anti-MICA). Nous montrons une association entre des faibles concentrations sériques de LDH et S100B, soutenues après première et deuxième dose d’ipilimumab, et la réponse au traitement et la survie. De plus, des niveaux élevés de MICA solubles avant le traitement sont associés à une fréquence plus faible de complications à type d’auto-immunité. Nous avons de plus suivi les populations lymphocytaires avec une attention particulière portée sur les compartiments naïf et mémoires T, les facteurs de transcription impliqués dans la différentiation des lymphocytes T mémoires, les cytokines produites et les récepteurs de chimiokines de lymphocytes T. Nos résultats montrent que le taux de lymphocytes avant l’introduction du traitement est un facteur prédictif de meilleure survie et de réponse positive à la semaine 16, indépendamment du taux de LDH et de la corticothérapie. De plus, un effet global de l'ipilimumab sur l'expansion des cellules T mémoires classiques a été observé, associé à la réponse au traitement. En revanche, les fréquences des cellules souches T mémoires (TSCM) récemment décrites diminuent malgré une augmentation de la prolifération, suggérant un processus de différenciation. L'ipilimumab induit aussi l'expansion de lymphocytes T exprimant CXCR3, CCR4 et CCR6, permettant une migration vers la peau et les tissus inflammés, avec augmentation de leur capacité à produire des cytokines effectrices. Une augmentation précoce des cellules T CD8+ exprimant le facteur de transcription Eomes s’est révélée être associée à un contrôle de la maladie. Enfin, et sur la base des résultats précédents, nous avons étudié la capacité des lymphocytes T mémoires de patients à proliférer après stimulation in vitro. Contrairement aux sujets sains, les patients présentent un défaut dans la capacité de prolifération des TSCM qui pourrait être liée à un défaut dans la régulation d’Eomes et Ki-67. Nous proposons ainsi un modèle permettant de suivre de manière précoce les étapes conduisant à la différentiation des TSCM en sous populations mémoires, associées à une réponse clinique sous ipilimumab, et impliquant le facteur de transcription Eomes
Melanoma is a skin cancer with incidence increasing at dramatic rates worldwide. Ipilimumab, an anti-CTLA-4 therapy developed in the view of counter-balancing the inhibitory role of CTLA-4 in T lymphocytes, was the first immune checkpoint inhibitor demonstrating to extend overall survival in patients with metastatic melanoma, with FDA approval in 2011. However, biomarkers allowing the identification of the subset of patients that will more likely benefit from this immunotherapy or that may allow a good monitoring of patient clinical management during treatment are lacking. The principal objective of this work was to identify potential and early predictive biomarkers of ipilimumab response and/or survival in a cohort of 77 metastatic melanoma patients. Firstly, serum levels of melanoma markers such as LDH, S100B and soluble MICA (and its counter-part anti-MICA antibody), tumour markers associated with tumour development and/or immune escape, were assessed. A correlation between lower baseline levels of LDH and S100B, sustained after the first and second doses of ipilimumab, and treatment response and survival was observed, suggesting their potential utility in treatment monitoring. In addition, higher baseline levels of soluble MICA were found to be associated with a less frequency of immune-related adverse events, which might provide important information for the management of frequent ipilimumab-related adverse events. Secondly, immune markers with a special focus on transcription factors, cytokine secretion and chemokine receptors of T lymphocytes and memory T subsets were assessed. An association between baseline absolute lymphocyte counts and extended overall survival as well as better treatment response was found. In addition, a global effect of ipilimumab on the expansion of conventional memory T cells was observed, which was associated with treatment response. By contrast, frequencies of the recently described stem-cell memory T cells were shown to decrease despite increased proliferation, suggesting a process of differentiation. Additionally, ipilimumab induced the expansion of CXCR3, CCR4 and CCR6-expressing T lymphocytes and effector cytokines secretion capacity. Early increased levels of Eomes-expressing CD8+ T cells were found to be associated with disease control. Lastly, and based on the previous results, we investigated the ability of patients’ memory T cells to proliferate under in vitro stimulation. We found that, in contrast to healthy subjects, patients possess a defect in the ability of stem-cell memory T cells expansion in vitro, that might be related to a defect in Eomes and Ki-67 regulation
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Tipping, Helen. "Regulation of CTLA-4 expression in human T cells." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.397706.

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Baker, Jennifer. "Understanding control of T cell responses by CTLA-4." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3788/.

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Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Associate Antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is an important negative regulator of T-cell activation. The protein is expressed in activated T-cells and can also be found in regulatory T-cells. The mechanism of action of this protein remains controversial; it has typically been associated with a cell intrinsic negative signal however, there is increasing evidence that CTLA-4 may act as an effector molecule. Surprisingly, we find that blocking CTLA-4 in a model of T-cell activation driven by ligand-expressing transfectants has no effect on either proliferation or cytokine production, suggesting that CTLA-4 doesn’t inhibit in this setting. In contrast, blocking CTLA-4 in a dendritic cell based assay enhances proliferation and cytokine production, only when the amount of co-stimulation is limiting. In these experiments CTLA-4 function correlates with decreased expression of B7 ligands on dendritic cells consistent with the removal of ligands by CTLA-4. Furthermore, the addition of CTLA-4 transfected Jurkat cells acts to suppress T cell responses consistent with a role for CTLA-4 as an effector of suppression. Overall our data do not support a role for CTLA-4 in delivering a ligand-dependent cell-intrinsic negative signal and instead suggest a role for CTLA-4 as an effector molecule which inhibits co-stimulation by APC.
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Buonavista-Harmache, Nathalie. "Etude de l'environnement génétique de CTLA-4 et CD28." Aix-Marseille 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX22026.

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Parmi les molecules accessoires de la presentation, les molecules ctla4/cd28 et leurs ligands b7. 2/b7. 1 paraissent jouer un role essentiel dans l'amplification, le maintien et l'arret de la reponse immunitaire. Dans le but d'etudier l'organisation physique de la region genomique contenant ctla4 et cd28, nous avons sous-clone les regions humaines et murines homologues dans des yacs. Nous avons cartographie ces yacs, puis nous les avons sous-clones en cosmides et organises en contig. Nous avons montre que chez l'homme, ces deux genes sont distants de 110 kb, sont separes par un ilot cpg et presentent un sens de transcription identique. Chez la souris, le plus petit fragment de restriction portant a la fois les genes de ctla4 et cd28 mesure 40 kb. Nous avons ensuite recherche de nouvelles sequences codantes a l'interieur de cette region syntenique. L'hybridation du yac contenant la region genomique murine de ctla4 et cd28 par des sondes cosmidiques de la region humaine homologue, a mis en evidence une nouvelle sequence conservee. Par criblage d'une banque de lymphocytes t actives par la sonde cosmidique correspondante, nous avons isole l'adnc de b23, une phosphoproteine de transport potentiellement impliquee dans la regulation transcriptionnelle. Le sequencage du cosmide a revele l'existence d'une sequence sans intron presentant un orf de 596 pb et presentant 95% d'homologie avec b23. Cette nouvelle sequence susceptible d'etre traduite en proteine tronquee de b23 et conduit a se poser les questions de sa nature et de sa fonction dans cette region
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Books on the topic "CTLD"

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Hovanessian, Diana Der. Sele cted poems. Riverdale-on-Hudson, N.Y: Sheep Meadow Press, 1994.

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Mangum, L. J. CTD/Ob2s. Seattle, Wash: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 1985.

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Roffer, Carol. CTD/O. Miami, Fla: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, 1987.

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Mangum, L. J. CTD/O₂. Seattle, Wash: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 1985.

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Roffer, Carol. CTD/Ob2s. Miami, Fla: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, 1987.

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Lynch, J. M. CTD/Ob2s. Seattle, Wash: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 1988.

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Mangum, L. J. CTD/Ob2s. Seattle, Wash: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 1985.

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Lynch, J. M. CTD/O. Seattle, Wash: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 1988.

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Mangum, L. J. CTD/O. Seattle, Wash: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 1985.

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Georgina, Rossetti Christina. Sele cted poems of Christina Rossetti. Ware: Wordsworth Poetry Library, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "CTLD"

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Hughes, Tasha, and Howard L. Kaufman. "CTLA-4." In Cancer Therapeutic Targets, 157–70. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0717-2_59.

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Guder, W. G. "CTAD-Röhrchen." In Springer Reference Medizin, 637. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48986-4_798.

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Sigal, Leonard H. "CTLA-4." In Encyclopedia of Medical Immunology, 307–13. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-84828-0_19.

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Guder, W. G. "CTAD-Röhrchen." In Lexikon der Medizinischen Laboratoriumsdiagnostik, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49054-9_798-1.

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Hughes, Tasha, and Howard L. Kaufman. "CTLA-4." In Cancer Therapeutic Targets, 1–14. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6613-0_59-4.

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Schneider, Klaus, and D. Schmid. "CTL and Equivalent Sublanguages of CTL." In Hardware Description Languages and their Applications, 40–59. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35064-6_4.

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Laroussinie, François, Antoine Meyer, and Eudes Petonnet. "Counting CTL." In Foundations of Software Science and Computational Structures, 206–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12032-9_15.

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Gabbay, Dov M., and Karl Schlechta. "Equational CTD." In A New Perspective on Nonmonotonic Logics, 283–344. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46817-4_13.

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Wilke, Thomas. "CTL+ Is Exponentially More Succinct than CTL." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 110–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-46691-6_9.

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Blauel, J. G., and W. Burget. "CTOD Testing of Welds." In The Crack Tip Opening Displacement in Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics, 225–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82818-8_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "CTLD"

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Simonovski, I., and L. Cizelj. "The Influence of Crystallographic Orientations of Grains on Microstructurally Small Cracks Using Crystal Plasticity and Random Grain Structure." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93363.

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A plane-strain finite element crystal plasticity model of microstructurally small stationary crack emanating at a surface grain in a 316L stainless steel is proposed. The model consisting of 212 randomly shaped, sized and oriented grains is loaded monotonically in uniaxial tension to a maximum load of 1.12Rp0.2 (280 MPa). The influence that a random grain structure imposes on a Stage I crack is assessed by calculating the crack tip opening (CTOD) and sliding displacements (CTSD), considering also different crystallographic orientations. It is shown that certain crystallographic orientations result in a cluster of soft grains around the crack-containing grain. In these cases the crack tip can become apart of the localized strain, resulting in a large CTOD value. This effect, resulting from the overall grain orientations and sizes, can have a greater impact on the CTOD than the local grain orientation. On the other hand, when a localized soft response is formed away from the crack, the localized strain does not affect the crack tip directly, resulting in a small CTOD value. The resulting difference in CTOD can be up to a factor of 4, depending upon the crystallographic set. Grains as far as 6xCracklength significantly influence that crack tip parameters. It was also found the a larger crack-containing grain tends to increase the CTOD.
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McDonald, Dylan, Sanjay Madria, Fikret Ercal, Ryan Birmingham, and Thomas Lake. "CTOD." In the 10th ACM international symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2386995.2386997.

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Eichmann, Philipp, Hyunchang Song, and Emanuel Zgraggen. "cTed." In CHI'16: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2851581.2892553.

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Kayamori, Yoichi, Takehiro Inoue, and Tetsuya Tagawa. "Transformation of BS7448-CTOD to ASTM E1290-CTOD." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61259.

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Experimental and analytical investigations into Crack Tip Opening Displacement, CTOD, were conducted to demonstrate the relationship between BS7448-CTOD and ASTM E1290-CTOD. CTOD test results showed that ASTM-CTOD was occasionally much lower than BS-CTOD both in single edge notch bend specimens and in CT specimens for low-strength structural steels, and this tends to be more remarkable in CT specimens. In addition, the analytical results of simplified elastic-plastic facture parameter calculation using the Electric Power Research Institute scheme demonstrated that the ratio of ASTM-CTOD to BS-CTOD was not constant but varied according to CTOD changes. Material factors such as the yield stress, the strain hardening exponent, specimen size and configurations influenced the CTOD ratio, and low strain hardening exponent in the Ramberg-Osgood relation and CT specimen configuration significantly decreased the CTOD ratio. An equation that transforms BS-CTOD into ASTM-CTOD is proposed in this study. This equation gives a good estimate of ASTM-CTOD from BS-CTOD.
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Shi, Lewis Zhichang, Jianjun Gao, Luis Vence, Jorge Brando, James Allison, and Padmanee Sharma. "Abstract 3570: Adoptive transfer of tumor antigen-specific CTLs requires anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 to drive tumor eradication." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2018; April 14-18, 2018; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-3570.

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Kayamori, Yoichi, Takehiro Inoue, and Tetsuya Tagawa. "A Comparison Between BS7448-CTOD and ASTM E1290-CTOD in Linepipes." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79526.

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ASTM E1290 previously used the plastic hinge model for the calculation of CTOD, but has changed its CTOD calculation to J-based conversion since 2002. In this study, the ratio of ASTM-CTOD to BS-CTOD was analytically predicted and experimentally evaluated in linepipes. It was demonstrated that the CTOD ratio changed according to CTOD itself, and took a minimum in a CTOD ratio curve. The minimum value of the CTOD ratio was lower than 1 for low yield-to-tensile ratios, but higher than 1 for high yield-to-tensile ratios. The CTOD ratio tends to be higher than 1 for high CTOD caused by plastic instability, but around or less than 1 for low CTOD possibly caused by brittle fracture in X65 and X80. A CTOD transformation equation, which was proposed by the authors, can transform BS-CTOD into ASTM-CTOD with reasonable accuracy.
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Ohata, Mitsuru, and Fumiyoshi Minami. "Equivalent CTOD Ratio β for Engineering Assessment of CTOD Correction for Constraint Loss." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61142.

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The critical CTOD δWP for structural components associated with plastic constraint loss in case of the brittle fracture over small-scale yielding condition can be corrected from CTOD fracture toughness δ by means of the “equivalent CTOD ratio β” defined as δ/δWP, which is based on the Weibull stress criterion. In this study, taking the case of specific wide plate components subjected to uni-axial tensile load, the effect on β is analyzed taking account of Weibull shape parameter m, loading level, constraint effect that can be influenced by material work-hardening and crack type/size in structural components, etc., and volumetric effect. It is found that the β-value is almost constant beyond the applied CTOD level that is lower than CTOD of small-scale yielding limit (SSY-limit) for 25mm thick toughness specimen. From an engineering point of view, the β-value at the CTOD level of 0.01mm is used in the whole loading range beyond SSY-limit CTOD, which provides to some extent conservative measure of fracture toughness of structural components. The defined β is found to decrease with increasing Weibull shape parameter m and yield-to-tensile ratio YR of steel for all type of wide plates concerned. The crack length effect on β is quasi-theoretically formulated, which can convert the β for the wide plate with reference crack size to β for target crack size. These β and quasi-theoretical equations for correction of crack size effect can be utilized for estimating the CTOD for wide plate in consideration of constraint loss effect without numerical calculation of the Weibull stress.
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Kennedy, Kriss. "JSC-CTSD Advanced Habitation Design Capabilities." In Space 2006. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2006-7333.

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Zhu, Xian-Kui, and Tom McGaughy. "Evaluation of Fracture Toughness CTOD Testing and its Standard Test Methods for SENB Specimens." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84975.

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Crack-tip opening displacement (CTOD) is an important fracture mechanics parameter. Due to different definitions, existing CTOD test methods may determine different CTOD toughness for stationary and growing cracks even for a standard specimen, such as single edge notched bend (SENB) specimen. In the USA, ASTM 1820 uses the J-integral conversion method to determine CTOD, whereas in the UK, BS 7448 adopts the plastic hinge model to determine CTOD. In contrast, ISO 12135 uses the plastic hinge model to determine the initiation CTOD, but the J-conversion method to determine a CTOD-R curve. Thus, those standards may determine different CTOD values for the same material, leading to a long-time dispute. Recently, a double clip gage (DCG) method was used in the oil and gas industry to measure CTOD. As such, there are three typical CTOD test methods: plastic hinge model, J-conversion method, and DCG method. To better understand those CTOD test methods for SENB specimens, the present paper first gives a brief review of CTOD standard test methods. This includes the CTOD definitions, plastic hinge model, J-conversion method, modified plastic hinge model, and DCG method, BS 7448, ASTM E1820, and ISO 12135. Those CTOD test methods are then evaluated using available test data for various ductile steels in literature. The experimental results of CTOD at fracture initiation and crack tearing are compared, and the differences are discussed.
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Ross, M., S. McLaughlin, J. Milne, C. Diller, C. English, and R. Harris. "Preparing For CTD Success." In SPE/ICoTA Coiled Tubing & Well Intervention Conference & Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/173651-ms.

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Reports on the topic "CTLD"

1

Skone, Timothy J. CTL Diesel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1509366.

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Skone, Timothy J. CTL Diesel, Pathways. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1509367.

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Burdette, Ernest L. CTD Aliasing Investigation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada253722.

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Skone, Timothy J. CTL, CBTL, BTL Plant, Construction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1509369.

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Rini, Brian I. CTLA-4 Blockade-Based Immunotherapy in Prostate Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada433986.

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Rini, Brian I. CTLA-4 Blockade-Based Immunotherapy in Prostate Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada448099.

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Rini, Brian I. CTLA-4 Blockade-Based Immunotherapy in Prostate Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada470131.

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Shull, S., and N. A. Bray. Gibraltar Experiment, CTD Data Report 2. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada233321.

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Bradley, David L. CTD Chain Deployment in the Korean Experiment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada531648.

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Bradley, David L. CTD Chain Deployment in the Korean Experiment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada542064.

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