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Li, Li, Jianbei Teng, Yilin Zhu, Fengfeng Xie, Jing Hou, Yuan Ling, and Hua Zhu. "Metabolomics Study of Flavonoids of Taxilluschinensis on Different Hosts Using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS." Molecules 26, no. 24 (December 19, 2021): 7681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247681.
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The goal of this study was to identify and compare the main biomarkers of Taxillus chinensis from different hosts. A metabolomics approach utilizing ultra-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), including cluster analysis, sample correlation analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, was used to explore the flavonoid metabolites of Taxillus chinensis growing on different hosts. Results: The total flavonoids content (up to 30.08 mg/g) in Taxillus chinensis from Morus alba (CSG) was significantly higher than that from growth on Liquidambar formosana (CFG) or Clausena lansium (CHG) (p < 0.01). There were 23 different metabolites between CSG and CHG, 23 different metabolites between CSG and CFG, and 19 different metabolites between CHG and CFG. The results demonstrated that different hosts exerted a large influence on the metabolites of Taxillus chinensis; it was found that CSG differed from CFG and CHG in eleven metabolic compounds, ten of which were upregulated and one of which was downregulated. Most of these metabolites derive from compounds contained in the host plant, white mulberry (Morus alba); many feature potent anti-cancer effects. Differences in host can influence the type and abundance of flavonoids in parasitic plants such as Taxillus chinensis, which is of great significance to researchers seeking to understand the formation mechanism of Taxillus chinensis metabolites. Therefore, attention should be paid to the species of host plant when studying the Taxillus chinensis metabolome. Plants grown on Morus alba offer the greatest potential for the development of new anti-cancer drugs.
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Clemens, Miles A., Branton J. Campbell, and Stephen P. Humphries. "Normally supportive sublattices of crystallographic space groups." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 76, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205327331901218x.
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The tabulation of normal subgroups of 3D crystallographic space groups that are themselves 3D crystallographic space groups (csg's) is an ambitious goal, but would have a variety of applications. For convenience, such subgroups are referred to as `csg-normal' while normal subgroups of the crystallographic point group (cpg) of a crystallographic space group are referred to as `cpg-normal'. The point group of a csg-normal subgroup must be a cpg-normal subgroup. The present work takes a significant step towards that goal by tabulating the translational subgroups (a.k.a. sublattices) that are capable of supporting csg-normal subgroups. Two necessary conditions are identified on the relative sublattice basis that must be met in order for the sublattice to support csg-normal subgroups: one depends on the operations of the point group of the space group, while the other depends on the operations of the cpg-normal subgroup. Sublattices that meet these conditions are referred to as `normally supportive'. For each cpg-normal subgroup (excluding the identity subgroup 1) of each of the arithmetic crystal classes of 3D space groups, all of the normally supportive sublattices have been tabulated in symbolic form, such that most of the entries in the table contain one or more integer variables of infinite range; thus it could be more accurately described as a table of the infinite families of normally supportive sublattices. For a given pair of cpg-normal subgroup and normally supportive sublattice, csg-normal subgroups of the space groups of the parent arithmetic crystal class can be constructed via group extension, though in general such a pair does not guarantee the existence of a corresponding csg-normal subgroup.
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Ogawa, Shigesaburo, and Isao Takahashi. "Short-Chain Mono-Alkyl β-D-Glucoside Crystals—Do They Form a Cubic Crystal Structure?" Molecules 27, no. 14 (July 7, 2022): 4359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144359.
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Three-dimensional liquid crystal (LC) phases, cubic LC phases, have been extensively studied as fascinating molecular assembled systems formed by amphiphilic compounds. However, similar structures have only been seen in rare instances in lipid crystal states in glycolipid crystal studies. In this study, we prepared short-chain n-alkyl β-D-glucosides (CnG) with an alkyl chain length n ranging from 4 to 6 and investigated their crystal structures. First, differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) measurements showed the formation of hydrated crystals for C4G and C5G, respectively. Second, the crystal structures of CnG (n = 4, 5, 6) in both anhydrous and hydrated states were examined using a temperature-controlled powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) measurement. Both hydrate and anhydrous crystals of C4G and C5G with critical packing parameters (CPPs) less than 0.33 formed cubic crystal phases. Bilayer lengths, calculated from the main diffraction peaks in each PXRD profile, depended on crystalline moisture for C5G, but no significant change was confirmed for C4G, indicating that the properties of each hydrophilic layer differ. However, C6G with a CPP of 0.42 formed a crystal structure with a modulated lamellar structure similar to C7G and C8G with similar CPP values. Thus, a glycolipid motif concept with a cubic crystal structure was demonstrated.
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Ghayas, A., J. Hussain, A. Mahmud, and M. H. Jaspal. "Evaluation of three fast- and slow-growing chicken strains reared in two production environments." South African Journal of Animal Science 50, no. 3 (August 27, 2020): 378–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v50i3.4.
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The present study evaluated performance, physiological response and economics of commercial fast growing (CFG), commercial slow growing (CSG), and Rhode Island Red (RIR) chickens under intensive and free-range rearing environments. After 21 days of rearing under the same intensive environment 240 birds from each strain were subjected to free-range and intensive rearing until they were 56 days old. Each treatment was replicated six times with 20 birds in each replicate. Body surface and cloacal temperatures, respiration and heart rates, feed intake, bodyweight and weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, growth efficiency, and liveability were recorded. Significant differences among strains were detected in physiological response and growth performance (except liveability). Rearing environment also caused significant differences in physiological parameters (except body surface temperature) and growth performance (except liveability). Significant interactions of the strains and production systems were detected. The CFG strain grew most rapidly under the intensive system with differences between strains being reduced in the free-range system. The RSG and CSG strains had similar respiration rates under the two production systems but differed significantly from each other. However, the CFG strain had a significantly elevated respiration rate in the free-range system. Total input cost of rearing CFG under the intensive system was highest ($3.54) among the treatments, whereas CSG under a free-range environment generated the highest profit ($0.37 per bird). In conclusion, rearing CSG under free range was the most economic farming strategy in today’s scenario.Keywords: economics, fast-growing, free range, growth, intensive system, physiology, slow-growing rural chickens
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Weikle, Dee A. B. "CSG-Ed." ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society 45, no. 2 (July 30, 2015): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2809957.2809965.
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Kaniawati, Ida, and Taufik Ramlan Ramalis. "ANALISIS PETA KOMPETENSI HASIL UJIAN NASIONAL SMA DI JAWA BARAT (Survey di Kota Bandung dan Kota Cimahi)." Jurnal Pengajaran Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam 17, no. 1 (January 7, 2012): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18269/jpmipa.v17i1.242.
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Penelitian untuk memetakan kompetensi siswa SMA hasil belajar berdasarkan hasil Ujian Nasional (UN) dilakukan untuk menganalisis pencapaian kompetensi dasar dalam Standar Kompetensi Lulusan (CSG). Sampel ditentukan oleh teknik proporsional stratified random sampling (pengambilan sampel dilakukan bertingkat dengan mempertimbangkan proporsi karakteristik penduduk dan acak). Data dianalisis secara kualitatif. The Resultof studyshowed: (1) sesuai dengan sekolah-sekolah sampel, sekolah profil peserta didik tinggi kompetensi dalam mata pelajaran yang diujikan di kota Bandung dan Kota Cimahi bervariasi mengenai kedua proses kognitif dan dari bahan dasar, (2) jumlah CSG rata-rata bermasalah pada 9 subjek PBB antara 10-25 CSG. Indonesia languge 10 CSG, Matematika 15 CSG, Fisika 15 CSG, Kimia 18 CSG, Biologi 15 CSG, ekonomi dan geografi 13 CSG CSG 11. Dengan materi pelajaran bermasalah bervariasi antara Subjek PBB, juga sesuai proses kognitif. Kata kunci: ujian nasional, standar kompetensi lulusan, profil kompetensi pelajar sekolah menengah
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Lin, Rongfeng, Qing Jin, Yaolei Zhang, Guangming Pan, Jianwen Qin, and Zejing Huang. "Gelation and Consolidation Characteristics of Cement-Sodium Silicate Grout within Water." Processes 10, no. 3 (March 7, 2022): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10030531.
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Cement-sodium silicate grout (CSG) is now widely adopted in water plugging engineering to prevent water inrush disasters, and the gelation and consolidation characteristics of CSG in water environment significantly affect the grouting effect. To obtain an in-depth understanding of the performance of CSG in water, the CSGs with different water-cement ratios and volume ratios were tested, and the gelation properties, the deposition characteristics and the diffusion process of CSG within water were examined. The compressive strength and microstructure of CSG consolidation formed in air and water were also analyzed comparatively. The test results indicate that the CSG consolidation exhibits obvious stratification and segregation phenomena in water, which can be divided into three layers with different substance compositions. The compressive strength of CSG consolidation formed in water is much lower than that of the grout consolidation formed in air, indicating that the water environment has a significant weakening effect on the consolidation properties of CSG. The hydration products and microstructure of CSG consolidation in water change clearly due to the dilution effect of water.
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Guo, L., S. Li, L. Zhong, L. Guo, L. Wang, F. Zhang, Y. Zhang, and M. Wang. "A study on the effects of the fractal characteristics of aggregates on the mechanical behavior of cemented sand and gravel." Materiales de Construcción 71, no. 342 (May 27, 2021): e250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2021.13020.
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Owing to complex aspects of cemented sand and gravel (CSG), such as included unscreened aggregates, CSG properties differ from those of ordinary concrete. Fractal theory is introduced to study the effects of aggregate characteristics on CSG properties, quantifying aggregate gradation and shape. Numerical simulation and analyses show that: (1) improved aggregate gradation decreases the gradation fractal dimension and increases the CSG peak stress and elastic modulus; (2) more irregularly shaped aggregates increase the shape fractal dimension and decrease the CSG peak stress and elastic modulus; (3) the relationship quantified between aggregate characteristics and CSG mechanical properties provides a theoretical basis for aggregate allocation in engineering design and construction. Mixing artificial aggregates can improve aggregate gradation but reduces CSG performance. Appropriately blending artificial and on-site aggregates achieves optimal CSG performance; in this study, this is attained using 20% artificial aggregates added under standard gradation.
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Varidel, Mick, and Mark Salisbury. "Managing the risk of CSG water to LNG project production reliability." APPEA Journal 53, no. 2 (2013): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12066.
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From afar, managing CSG water seems simple: capture it, treat it, and deliver it to someone who needs it. On closer inspection, however, it is difficult. CSG water production varies considerably across time and space and in both quality and quantity. This means that whatever the infrastructure is built for CSG water management, it will sometimes be the wrong size or specification or built in the wrong place. The complications do not end there—the most difficult question of all is often: what can be done all this water? Most water outlets available in CSG project areas are heavily influenced by a combination of climatic, environmental, and commercial variability. This effectively results in no easy set-and-forget water outlets. Predicting the reliability and availability of CSG water outlets is a significant challenge. CSG water management, therefore, involves risk and variability on both supply and demand, making it difficult to optimise investment in infrastructure and outlets. Importantly, it also impacts directly on the core objective of CSG operators: to reliably, predictably, and efficiently produce gas. This extended abstract explores how management of CSG water risk is being addressed in CSG projects being developed in Queensland. It also examines analytical methods and strategies for improving existing CSG water risk-management practices.
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Li, Guo-Qiang, Qing He, Lang Yang, Shu-Bin Wang, De-Dong Yu, Yu-qi He, Jiang Hu, Yuan-Ming Pan, and Yun Wu. "Clinical Significance of Myeloid Zinc Finger 1 Expression in the Progression of Gastric Tumourigenesis." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 44, no. 3 (2017): 1242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000485454.
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Background/Aims: To investigate the clinical significance of myeloid zinc finger 1 (MZF1) expression in various gastric mucosal lesions including chronic superficial gastritis (CSG), chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), intestinal metaplasia (IM), dysplasia (DYS) and gastric cancer (GC) in comparison with normal tissues and gastric cell lines. Methods: MZF1 protein expression was detected using immunohistochemical staining in 37 CSG, 88 CAG, 77 IM, 51 DYS, 165 GC and 8 normal tissue samples. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting were used to detect the level of MZF1 in gastric cell lines, 15 normal tissues and 34 GC samples, as well as 2 groups of paired primary GC and adjacent normal samples. Results: Reduced MZF1 expression was detected in most GC cells and tissues. Among the gastric tissues consisting of various stages of lesions (normal, CSG, CAG, IM, DYS and GC), MZF1 protein expression was downregulated in precancerous lesions and GC. The data from clinical analyses showed that decreased MZF1 expression was correlated with tumour invasion (p = 0.044), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.048) and poor prognosis of GC patients (p = 0.003). Moreover, MZF1 was identified as an independent prognostic biomarker for GC patients in multivariate Cox regression analysis (p = 0.009). Conclusion: Downregulation of MZF1 was associated with gastric tumourigenesis, which may be a novel early predictive and prognostic biomarker in GC patients.
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Ly, Lyvonne, Ian Fergus, and Steve Page. "CSG water: desalination and the challenge for the CSG industry—developing a holistic CSG brine management solution." APPEA Journal 53, no. 1 (2013): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12016.
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The management of brine, generated from the desalination of CSG produced water, is a key challenge for the CSG industry. In many cases, the cost and technical challenges relating to the management of brine has a greater impact on the economic and technical feasibility of desalinating CSG produced water than the desalination plant itself. The challenge is to determine the best solution for brine management, given the high salinity of the brine and limited options available for acceptable disposal. This has driven the need for more sustainable options, including using salt recovery processes to recover the salts for beneficial use. Where suitable strata can be identified, brine injection may be considered as a low life-cycle cost solution for brine disposal. CSG brine is particularly high in alkalinity, and as such, brine management options, including acid mine waste neutralisation and recovery of salts (sodium chloride [NaCl] and sodium carbonate [Na2CO3]) are possible. The latter uses selective salt crystallisation, which is generally higher in capital and operating costs, but is offset by the revenue gained from the sale of salt(s). Other brine management options include solar evaporation ponds or zero liquid discharge technology to produce a mixed salt residue that can be disposed through onsite encapsulation or landfill. The feasibility and life-cycle cost of any brine management option depends primarily on the location of CSG sites and the availability of brine management disposal/sale opportunities in reasonable proximity—this is one of the greatest challenges for managing brackish CSG produced water sources, particularly as the CSG sites are in remote inland locations. Further challenges associated with the management of salts recovered include establishing a viable commercial route for the market sale of the salts. This peer-reviewed paper explores technical considerations, challenges and the life-cycle cost of the brine management options. The emerging trends for desalination and brine management in the CSG Industry will also be featured in this paper.
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Baker, G., and S. Slater. "Coal seam gas—an increasingly significant source of natural gas in eastern Australia." APPEA Journal 49, no. 1 (2009): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj08007.
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The commercial production of coal seam gas (CSG) in Australia commenced in 1996. Since then its production has grown up significantly, particularly in the last five years, to become an integral part of the upstream gas industry in eastern Australia. The major growth in both CSG reserves and production has been in the Bowen and Surat basins in Queensland. Active exploration and appraisal programs with the first pilot operations were established in the Galilee Basin in 2008; however, an important reserve base has been built up in New South Wales in the Clarence-Moreton, Gloucester, Gunnedah and Sydney basins. There has been modest CSG production from the Sydney Basin for some years with commercial production expected to commence in the other three basins by or during 2010. Exploration for CSG has been undertaken in Victoria and Tasmania while programs are being developed in South Australia focussing on the Arckaringa Basin. Elsewhere in Australia planning is being undertaken for CSG exploration programs for the Pedirka Basin in the Northern Territory and the Perth Basin in Western Australia. CSG was being supplied into the eastern Australian natural gas market at 31 December 2008 at a rate of approximately 458 TJ per day (167 PJ per year). Queensland is currently producing 96.7% of this total. Approximately 88% of the natural gas used in Queensland is CSG. Currently, CSG accounts for nearly 25% of the eastern Australian natural gas market, estimated at 670 PJ per year. The production of CSG is now a mature activity that has achieved commercial acceptability, especially for coal seam derived gas from the Bowen and Surat basins. The recent proposals by a number of local CSG producers—in joint venture arrangements with major international groups—to produce liquefied natural gas (LNG) from CSG along with a number of merger and acquisition proposals, is testimony to the growing economic and commercial significance of the CSG sector. Should all of the proposed CSG based LNG projects eventuate, LNG output would be approximately 40 million tones per year. This will require raw CSG production to increase to approximately 2,600 PJ per year, resulting in a four fold increase from the present natural gas consumption in eastern Australia. The proved and probable (2P) reserves of CSG in eastern Australia at 31 December 2008 were 17,011 PJ or 60.2% of the total independently audited 2P natural gas reserves of 28,252 PJ. The Bowen and Surat basins with 16,120 PJ have the largest onshore gas reserves eastern Australia. In New South Wales, the 2P CSG reserves at the end of 2008 were 892 PJ, though this is expected to increase significantly over the next 12 months. Major upstream natural gas producers such as Origin Energy Limited and Santos Limited both hold over 50% of their Australian 2P gas reserves as CSG. The 1P reserves of CSG in eastern Australia at 31 December were reported as 4,197 PJ while the 3P reserves of CSG at the same date were 40,480 PJ. Most companies in the CSG sector are undertaking development work to upgrade their 3P reserves (and contingent resources) into the 2P category. The CSG resource in eastern Australia is very large. Companies with interests in CSG have reported in excess of 200,000 PJ as gas in place in the Bowen, Clarence-Moreton, Galilee, Gloucester, Gunnedah, Queensland Coastal, Surat and Sydney basins. The 2P reserves of CSG are expected to exceed 20,000 PJ by the end of 2009. A significant part of the expected large increase in 2P reserves of gas initially will be dedicated to the proposed LNG projects being considered for Gladstone. The major issues confronting the CSG industry and its rapid growth are concerned with land access, overlapping tenure (particularly in Queensland with underground coal gasification) the management and beneficial use of co-product formation water and gas production ramp up factors associated with the proposed LNG projects.
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Yatscoff, R. W., L. J. Langman, and D. F. LeGatt. "Cross-reactivities of cyclosporin G (NVa2 cyclosporin) and metabolites in cyclosporin A immunoassays." Clinical Chemistry 39, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): 1089–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/39.6.1089.
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Abstract Immunoassays of cyclosporin A (CsA) have been routinely used to measure CsG. We investigated the cross-reactivities of CsG and its metabolites, as well as the proportion CsG constitutes in relation to total drug measured, for six CsG metabolites (GM1, GM9, GM4N, GM1c, GM1c9, GM19) in the following CsA assays: Sandimmune selective RIA (SS), Sandimmune nonselective RIA (NS), Cyclotrac SP-RIA (CT), fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA), and enzyme immunoassay (EMIT). The cross-reactivity of CsG in these assays was as follows: SS, FPIA, CT, approximately 100%; NS, approximately 40%; EMIT, < 2%. The cross-reactivities of CsG metabolites were investigated in all assays except EMIT and varied among metabolites and assays. The most significant variance was found with the NS assay, where most of the metabolites exhibited cross-reactivities of > 40%. In contrast, in the SS, FPIA, and CT assays, cross-reactivities of < 5% were observed for most of the metabolites. The ranking of cross-reactivities of CsG metabolites in the assays is SS = CT < FPIA < NS. The degree of cross-reactivity did not change significantly when the SS, CT, and FPIA assays were calibrated with CsG instead of CsA--whether parent CsG was present or not. The data suggest that the SS, CT, and FPIA methods would be suitable for the routine monitoring of CsG.
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Nadolnik, L. I., N. V. Emelyanov, I. P. Pasteur, and V. V. Vinogradov. "Corticosteroid-binding globulin in experimental hypothyroidism in male and female rats." Problems of Endocrinology 46, no. 5 (October 15, 2000): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11875.
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Main parameters of complex formation of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CSG) were studied in young male and female rats with hypothyrosis induced by mercasolyl in a daily dose of 6 and 30 mg/kg. No pronounced differences in CSG, typical of adult animals, were observed in young rats under conditions of thyroid function inhibition. Steroidand androgen-inhibitory and estrogen-inducing effects of hormones towards CSG did not manifest in hypothyrosis. Decrease in the level of thyroid hormones is characterized by increased affinity of CSG for glucocorticoids and a decrease in the concentration of binding sites. These data indicate that thyroid hormones are the primary regulators of CSG activity. Possibility of modifying CSG affinity and role of this factor in regulation of biological activity of glucocorticoids are discussed.
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Team, CSG-Ed. "CSG-Ed drop-in conversations." ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society 50, no. 2 (September 2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3557805.3557812.
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Computing for the Social Good in Education (CSG-Ed) focuses on the methods for producing computing graduates who are intended on using their computing education towards the benefit of society. The virtual CSG-Ed Dropin Conversation events are essentially an "open house", which provides anyone interested in CSG-Ed an opportunity to interact with others, who are also interested in CSG-Ed, by sharing ongoing projects, discussing topics of interest, receiving feedback on projects and ideas, learning how others are approaching CSG-Ed, etc. These events are scheduled three times a year with a fourth SIGCSE Affiliated Event planned.
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Kurzeja, Kelsey, and Jarek Rossignac. "CTSP: CSG Combinations of Tran-Similar Two-Patterns of CSG Cells." Computer-Aided Design 146 (May 2022): 103212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2022.103212.
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Hui, K. C., and S. T. Tan. "Construction of a hybrid sweep-CSG modeler?The sweep-CSG representation." Engineering with Computers 8, no. 2 (March 1992): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01200106.
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Fulcher, Jonathan, and Martin Klapper. "Coal seam gas exploration and production in NSW: the new access argument." APPEA Journal 51, no. 2 (2011): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj10068.
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The legal frameworks around access to coal seam gas (CSG) resources in NSW are perhaps less developed than in Queensland. Coal appears to be favoured in terms of accessibility over CSG in the premier state. This paper will examine the rules relating to access to CSG resources in NSW; explain the long-standing policy favouring coalover CSG; and, will argue that the state may have to move to amend or overhaul its gas land access arrangements in the next few years.As CSG players look for further reserves in the largely untapped area of NSW coal provinces, the legal arguments about access to extant coal reserves are likely to heat up.
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Klingberg, Danielle, Janene Dalrymple, Milita Zaheed, Craig R. Lewis, Tom John, and Chee Khoon Lee. "Impact of cancer susceptibility gene (CSG) mutations in advanced NSCLC (aNSCLC)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2022): 9131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.9131.
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9131 Background: Next generation sequencing (NGS) is used widely to identify somatic oncogenic driver mutations in aNSCLC to guide treatment. Comprehensive profiling has led to identification of multiple gene mutations of unclear significance, including germline genes associated with cancer risk, termed CSG. Using data from two randomized trials comparing atezolizumab to docetaxel, we investigated the prognostic and predictive values of CSG in aNSCLC. Methods: We used publicly available data from the OAK (NCT02008227) and POPLAR (NCT01903993) trials. At baseline, plasma was analyzed for cfDNA using FoundationOne CDx NGS assay. We defined CSGs as pathogenic variants of APC, BAP1, BRCA1/2, BRIP1, CDH1, CDKN2A, CHEK2, FH, FLCN, MEN1, MET, MSH2/6, MLH1, PMS2, PALB2, PTCH1, PTEN, RAD51, RB1, SDHB, SMARCA4, STK11, TSC1/2 and VHL. Cox models with treatment covariate, CSG status (mutant [mt] vs wild-type [wt]) and their interaction was used to assess the predictive value by treatment of CSG mt for overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) using univariate and multivariate models. Similar analysis was performed for objective response rate (ORR). Results: Of 1137 patients, 853 with sufficient tumor content formed the analysis population. In total, 295 (35%) had a known/likely pathogenic CSG mt. The variant allele frequencies (vAF) of CSG mt ≥30%, 10-30%, and <10% were 8% (N=23), 25% (N=73), and 67% (N=199) respectively. Patients with CSG mt were more likely to be smokers (89% vs 81%, P=0.005), had squamous tumors (37% vs 26%, P=0.001) with higher blood-based tumor mutation burden (mean 13.8 vs 10.2 per megabase, P<0.001). CSG mt was not predictive of greater OS benefit with atezolizumab over docetaxel (Table). CSG mt was associated with 35% increase risk of death in univariable analysis (HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.15-1.59). CSG mt was associated with inferior OS in multivariable analysis adjusting for performance status, smoking status, tumor histology, age, sex and number of organ sites of metastasis (HR 1.26, 95% CI 1.07-1.48). Conclusions: Plasma CSG mt is an independent poor prognostic factor in two large aNSCLC clinical trial datasets. Majority of vAF of CSG were low, suggesting that very few were potentially germline in origin, but dedicated sequencing for confirmation will be required. If confirmed, CSG status could be used as a stratification factor in future aNSCLC trials. [Table: see text]
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Klingberg, Danielle, Janene Dalrymple, Milita Zaheed, Craig R. Lewis, Tom John, and Chee Khoon Lee. "Impact of cancer susceptibility gene (CSG) mutations in advanced NSCLC (aNSCLC)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2022): 9131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.9131.
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9131 Background: Next generation sequencing (NGS) is used widely to identify somatic oncogenic driver mutations in aNSCLC to guide treatment. Comprehensive profiling has led to identification of multiple gene mutations of unclear significance, including germline genes associated with cancer risk, termed CSG. Using data from two randomized trials comparing atezolizumab to docetaxel, we investigated the prognostic and predictive values of CSG in aNSCLC. Methods: We used publicly available data from the OAK (NCT02008227) and POPLAR (NCT01903993) trials. At baseline, plasma was analyzed for cfDNA using FoundationOne CDx NGS assay. We defined CSGs as pathogenic variants of APC, BAP1, BRCA1/2, BRIP1, CDH1, CDKN2A, CHEK2, FH, FLCN, MEN1, MET, MSH2/6, MLH1, PMS2, PALB2, PTCH1, PTEN, RAD51, RB1, SDHB, SMARCA4, STK11, TSC1/2 and VHL. Cox models with treatment covariate, CSG status (mutant [mt] vs wild-type [wt]) and their interaction was used to assess the predictive value by treatment of CSG mt for overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) using univariate and multivariate models. Similar analysis was performed for objective response rate (ORR). Results: Of 1137 patients, 853 with sufficient tumor content formed the analysis population. In total, 295 (35%) had a known/likely pathogenic CSG mt. The variant allele frequencies (vAF) of CSG mt ≥30%, 10-30%, and <10% were 8% (N=23), 25% (N=73), and 67% (N=199) respectively. Patients with CSG mt were more likely to be smokers (89% vs 81%, P=0.005), had squamous tumors (37% vs 26%, P=0.001) with higher blood-based tumor mutation burden (mean 13.8 vs 10.2 per megabase, P<0.001). CSG mt was not predictive of greater OS benefit with atezolizumab over docetaxel (Table). CSG mt was associated with 35% increase risk of death in univariable analysis (HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.15-1.59). CSG mt was associated with inferior OS in multivariable analysis adjusting for performance status, smoking status, tumor histology, age, sex and number of organ sites of metastasis (HR 1.26, 95% CI 1.07-1.48). Conclusions: Plasma CSG mt is an independent poor prognostic factor in two large aNSCLC clinical trial datasets. Majority of vAF of CSG were low, suggesting that very few were potentially germline in origin, but dedicated sequencing for confirmation will be required. If confirmed, CSG status could be used as a stratification factor in future aNSCLC trials. [Table: see text]
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Gillespie, Nicole, Carol J. Bond, Victoria Downs, and Jonathan Staggs. "Stakeholder trust in the Queensland CSG industry." APPEA Journal 56, no. 1 (2016): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj15018.
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Stakeholder trust is pivotal to the social licence to operate and a source of competitive advantage for firms. While managing trust with stakeholders is recognised as a critical management competency and central to delivering coal seam gas (CSG) strategy, to date there has been little examination of stakeholder trust. This research examined the drivers and levels of trust in the CSG companies and industry from the perspective of core CSG stakeholder groups, and identified what stakeholders perceive to be critical for building and maintaining trust in the CSG industry. With the support of four major CSG companies and the University of Queensland (UQ) Centre for Coal Seam Gas, in-depth interviews were conducted with 145 participants representing five stakeholder groups: landholders, community members, regional leaders, regulators, and employees. An online survey was subsequently developed and completed by 561 CSG stakeholders. Analysis of the interview data revealed 11 key drivers of stakeholder trust and distrust. Seven drivers focused on how the CSG companies were perceived to operate in regard to: (1) integrity and transparency, (2) communication and interaction, (3) competence and efficiency, (4) community impact and contribution, (5) coexistence with landholders and the community, and having (6) a shared versus divergent identity, and (7) a positive versus negative comparative reputation. Four drivers focused on the broader CSG industry: (8) environmental concerns, (9) governance and regulation, (10) uncertainty and unpredictability of the industry, and (11) the power differential between CSG companies and stakeholders. Analysis of the survey data revealed significant differences between stakeholder groups in the level and drivers of trust. On average, CSG employees reported high trust, regulators, community and regional leaders reported moderate trust, and landholders reported low trust. In contrast to a minority of employees, the majority of external stakeholders reported concerns over the environmental impacts of CSG and the effectiveness of governance and regulation, and perceived the industry to be unpredictable and too focused on the short term. Stakeholder recommendations for enhancing trust and strategies for establishing a more resilient and trustworthy industry reputation are identified. Priority areas include: (1) building trust with landholders, (2) increasing the transparency with which companies share information, plans and regulatory compliance, (3) improving the effectiveness of CSG governance and regulation, and (4) addressing environmental concerns.
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Fenton, Richard. "Demystifying science—communication of complex science to reduce community fear of industry." APPEA Journal 53, no. 1 (2013): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12025.
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There are many claims made by those in opposition to CSG that the science behind this industry is not yet known, despite the fact that comprehensive environmental impact statements have been prepared and approved by both the state and federal governments, for three of the four major Queensland CSG-LNG projects. Those in opposition to the CSG industry, whether individuals or organised groups (the anti-CSG lobby), use self-generated online, newsprint and TV media to promote highly emotive messages to gain broader community support for their desire to stop the development of the CSG industry. Many of the claims made by the anti-CSG lobby are based on anecdotal evidence, untested hypothesis and incomplete scientific analysis, and are more specifically designed to evoke fear of the industry. Seldom have anti-CSG groups provided a true and balanced view of the likelihood of the risk, as to allow critical thinking or true debate of their claims. This paper describes the impact of the conformational bias, whereby anti-CSG groups have created their own interpretation of the science associated with CSG extraction. This interpretation of the science has been built into to the community’s understanding of the industry. The major issue with confirmatory bias is: the more evidence on the safety of the industry that the government and industry provides to the community, the more defiant the anti-CSG groups become. This is referred to in the paper as the backfire effect. This paper also looks at the methods used by the anti-CSG lobby to convey the risk associated with the industry, and makes the recommendation that to counteract the deliberately exaggerated consequences of the risks presented, the industry needs to respond with a balanced argument based on the risks’ likelihood—demonstrating through simple scientific language—that in most cases, the community should have a no rational reason to fear this growth and economically rewarding industry.
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Ren, Honglei, Xin Cai, Yingli Wu, Peiran Jing, and Wanli Guo. "A Study of Strength Parameter Evolution and a Statistical Damage Constitutive Model of Cemented Sand and Gravel." Materials 16, no. 2 (January 5, 2023): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020542.
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Cemented sand and gravel (CSG) has a wide range of applications in dam construction, and its properties are between rockfill and roller compacted concrete (RCC). A difference in gel content will result in a variance in CSG’s structure and mechanical properties. To investigate the intricate structural mechanical properties of CSG, this study conducted a series of laboratory tests and associated discrete element analyses. Accordingly, the evolution law of the strength parameters of CSG is explored and a statistical damage constitutive model suitable for CSG is established. The main contributions of this study are as follows: (1) The failure mechanism of the CSG was described from the microscopic level, and the evolution law of the strength parameter cohesion and friction angle of the CSG was analyzed and summarized. (2) Based on the particle flow model, the energy development law and the spatiotemporal distribution law of acoustic emission (AE) provide illustrations of the strain hardening–softening transition features and the interaction between cohesion and friction of CSG. (3) The evolution function between the strength parameter and the strain softening parameter was built, and the critical strain softening parameter was determined by the microcrack evolution law of the particle flow model. (4) The accuracy of the evolution curve was confirmed by comparing it to experimental results. (5) Based on the relationship between cohesion loss and material damage, a statistical damage constitutive model was developed using the improved Mohr–Coulomb strength criterion as the micro strength function. The constitutive model can accurately describe the stress–strain curves of CSG with different gel content. Furthermore, the model reflects the strain hardening–softening properties of CSG and reveals the relationship between the weakening of cohesion and material damage at the microscopic level. These findings provide valuable guidelines for investigating the damage laws and microcosmic failure features of CSG and other relevant materials.
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Jiang, Minmin, Xin Cai, Xingwen Guo, Qinghui Liu, and Tianye Zhang. "Adiabatic Temperature Rise Test of Cemented Sand and Gravel (CSG) and Its Application to Temperature Stress Prediction of CSG Dam." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (July 6, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3898391.
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An adiabatic temperature rise test of cemented sand and gravel (CSG) is conducted, a model for temperature rising of CSG is proposed, and its application to temperature stress prediction of CSG dam is presented. Adiabatic temperature rise tests are first conducted to investigate the temperature rise properties of CSG material with different cementing agent contents. The results demonstrate that the hydration reaction time is longer for CSG material with higher cementing agent content, and a linear relationship is presented between cementing agent contents and final value of adiabatic temperature rise. Then, a calculation model considering different cementing agent contents is developed based on the regression analysis of the test data. The proposed model is implanted into the ANSYS software platform for predictions of temperature distributions and stress fields of a typical CSG dam. The results show that the distributions of temperature and temperature stress are similar to those of roller compacted concrete (RCC) dam. Due to the high temperature stress at the long intermittent surface and downstream surface of the dam, the thermal insulation measures on the surface of the dam should be considered in the CSG dam with high cementing agent contents and in the severe cold environment. Therefore, it cannot be generally considered that the temperature control of the CSG dam does not need to be considered, and it should be determined according to the specific working conditions.
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Hu, Hui, Zhijian Ma, Shouzhong Ren, and Yiqiang Xie. "Study of the correlation between the expression of nuclear factor kappa B and proliferation regulatory proteins and chronic superficial gastritis." Vojnosanitetski pregled 79, no. 6 (2022): 548–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp200807135h.
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Background/Aim. Cell proliferation and the regulation of protein expression play an important role in gastritis, but in chronic superficial gastritis (CSG), they are rarely reported. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-?B) and regulatory proteins and the rat CSG. Methods. The CSG rat model was established artificially, by chemical agents and irregular diet. The expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the gastric mucosa of CSG rats was measured by immunohistochemistry, while mRNA expression levels of NF-?B p65 were detected by in situ hybridization. Results. There was more obvious infiltration of inflammatory cells in the gastric mucosa of CSG rats than in that of control rats, and the inflammation score was significantly increased. The expression levels of PCNA, EGFR, and NF-?B p65 mRNA in the gastric mucosal cells of CSG model rats increased significantly. Correlation analysis showed that the inflammation score was positively correlated with the expression levels of NF-?B p65 mRNA and EGFR, while it presented no significant correlation with the expression level of PCNA. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between NF-?B p65 mRNA and EGFR levels. Conclusion. High expression of NF-?B and EGFR plays an important role in the occurrence and progression of CSG, and it is significantly positively correlated with the degree of inflammation in the gastric mucosa. Therefore, changes in NF-?B and EGFR expression may be used as important indicators for the assessment of CSG; changes in their expression levels are helpful to assess the degree of gastric mucosal lesions and progression of CSG.
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Payàs, Blanca, Ryan Morris, Alain Arnaud, David Albiol, and Javier Duro. "Surface monitoring using radar satellite images to measure ground deformation: applied for coal seam gas production areas to comply with regulatory requirements." APPEA Journal 52, no. 2 (2012): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11072.
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This extended abstract introduces radar satellite reservoir monitoring technology (InSAR) and its main applications for monitoring CSG production areas and its surroundings. InSAR technology detects ground motion with millimetric precision: measurements are taken remotely from space. It is a highly efficient tool for ground-motion measurement, even in large and remote areas, where land-based measurement techniques are inconvenient and costly. Altamira Information has developed an advanced differential interferometric chain (Stable Point Network SPN) that can process radar images, achieving millimetric measurements. Ground-motion monitoring with radar images is an efficient technology to comply with regulatory requirements, arising from CSG activities: regulatory requirements specify the obligation for CSG operators to monitor subsidence starting with a baseline then continue with ongoing monitoring to quantify deformation at the land surface within the proponent’s tenures. InSAR is the only technology able to measure ground deformation in the past since archive radar images are available. These measurements in the past allow establishing baselines to determine vulnerable zones affected by subsidence (before CSG production) or subsidence induced by CSG or other activities. Monitoring requirements for the present and future can be covered with high-resolution satellites—which can be programmed—with precise measurement results (up 1 mm). Case studies are presented from historical data processed from the Surat and southern Bowen Basin CSG developments; these cases include the investigation of both CSG and non-CSG induced surface deformations.
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Garg, Neera, and Ranju Singla. "Growth, photosynthesis, nodule nitrogen and carbon fixation in the chickpea cultivars under salt stress." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 16, no. 3 (December 2004): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202004000300003.
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Four cultivars of chickpea, two of them of Mediterranean origin (kabuli), CSG 9651, BG 267 and two Indian (desi) types, CSG 8962, DCP 92-3, differing in their salt sensitivities were identified after screening ten genotypes in saline soils. The cultivars CSG 9651 and CSG 8962 were salt tolerant while BG 267 and DCP 92-3 were salt sensitive, respectively. The seeds of different cultivars were inoculated with Mesorhizobium ciceri, strain F: 75 and the plants were grown in the greenhouse. After the establishment of symbiosis, 15-day-old seedlings were administered doses of saline at varying concentrations (0, 4, 6, 8 dSm-1 NaCl, Na2SO4, CaCl2). Plants were harvested at 40, 70 and 100 days after sowing, for analyses. The main aim was to compare the relative salt tolerance of both desi and kabuli cultivars in terms of nitrogen fixation and carbon metabolism, as well as to ascertain whether the negative effects of saline stress on nitrogen fixation were due to a limitation of photosynthate supply to the nodule or to a limitation on the nodular metabolism that sustains nitrogenase activity. Plant growth, nodulation and nitrogenase activity was more severely affected in BG 267 and DCP 92-3 under salinity treatments (6 and 8 dSm-1) compared with CSG 9651 and CSG 8962. Nodule number as well as nodule mass increased under salt stress in CSG 9651 and CSG 8962 which might be responsible for their higher nitrogen fixation. Salinity reduced leaf chlorophyll and Rubisco activities in all cultivars. However, tolerant cultivars CSG 9651 and CSG 8962 showed smaller declines than the sensitive ones. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) activity increased significantly in the nodules of tolerant cultivars under salt stress at all harvests, and this was clearly related to salt concentrations. Our results suggest that in salt-affected soils tolerant cultivars have more efficient nodulation and support higher rates of symbiotic nitrogen fixation than the sensitive cultivars.
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Langman, L. J., A. B. Leichtman, W. F. Weitzel, and R. W. Yatscoff. "Steady-state concentration of cyclosporin G (OG37-325) and its metabolites in renal transplant recipients." Clinical Chemistry 40, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 613–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/40.4.613.
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Abstract The steady-state concentrations of cyclosporin G (OG37-325) (CsG) and six of its metabolites (GM1, GM9, GM4N, GM1c, GM1c9, GM19) were measured throughout the 12-h dosing interval in six renal transplant recipients receiving CsG as prophylaxis against acute cellular rejection. The mean 12-h whole-blood trough concentrations (micrograms/L) were CsG, 131 +/- 26; GM1, 79 +/- 55; GM9, 110 +/- 114; GM4N, 28 +/- 18; GM1c, 31 +/- 18; GM1c9, 216 +/- 145; and GM19, 303 +/- 217. The relative concentration of the primary metabolites (GM1, GM9, GM4N) remained stable with respect to CsG throughout the dosing interval, whereas that of the secondary metabolites increased. The secondary metabolites GM19 and GM1c9 exhibited extensive between-patient variation. We investigated the effect of these metabolites on commercially available monoclonal antibody-based fluorescence polarization immunoassays (FPIA) and RIAs adapted for measurement of CsG. The 12-h whole-blood trough concentrations measured by FPIA and RIA exceed those measured by HPLC by 19% and 36%, respectively. These measured biases corresponded closely with the calculated biases (FPIA 19%, RIA 28%) based on the known cross-reactivities of CsG metabolites and their concentrations. These results suggest that cross-reactivity with metabolites account for a large part of the bias observed in immunoassays of CsG.
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Khaksar, Abbas, Morteza Jami, and Ahmadreza Younessi. "Prediction and management of solids production in typical Surat Basin coal seam gas reservoirs, eastern Australia." APPEA Journal 55, no. 2 (2015): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj14079.
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The exploiting of coal seam gas (CSG) reservoirs worldwide has developed rapidly. These reservoirs are located in different geological settings and have different characteristics. In eastern Australia for instance, Surat Basin CSG reservoirs are typically thin and interbedded with thick layers of sandstone, siltstones and shales, and occur at shallow depths, adjacent to fresh-water aquifers. For commercial gas production from wet- and low- permeability thin CSG reservoirs, both the hydrostatic pressure and the water saturation have to be reduced through a de-watering and pressure depletion process. These mechanisms increase the risk of rock failure and solids production before or from the onset of gas production in many CSG wells. In thinly bedded CSG reservoirs, solids production from coals may not be a concern, but sanding from interbed rocks—some with abundant water sensitive clay minerals—may be a significant source of solids production. Given the relatively low drilling and completion costs and short life span of the CSG wells, many of the conventional sand control measures such as screens or gravel packs may be of limited use or not applicable. In this extended abstract, examples of solids production issues and the potential sources of solids in typical Surat Basin CSG wells are shown, and options for solids control are discussed.
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Lu, Xiao Bin, Jin Sheng Jia, Feng Ling Ma, Wei Feng, and Li Juan Meng. "Quality Control of CSG with P-Wave Speed Measurement." Advanced Materials Research 1049-1050 (October 2014): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1049-1050.497.
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This paper first introduces the basic concept of the CSG (cemented sand and gravel) dam construction. It then puts forward a new quality control method by inspecting the in-situ P-wave speed of CSG as an alternative to the conventional specimen compression tests. Through an extensive experimental program, it is found that there is a good correlation between the compressive strength and P-wave speed of CSG, which makes the P-wave speed measurement potentially an effective and efficient quality control measure to evaluate the CSG strength on site.
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BOWYER, ADRIAN, DAVID EISENTHAL, DAN PIDCOCK, and KEVIN WISE. "CONFIGURATIONS, CONSTRAINTS, AND CSG." International Journal of Shape Modeling 06, no. 02 (December 2000): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218654300000107.
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Cai, Xin, Minmin Jiang, Xingwen Guo, Jiaojiao Chen, and Qian Zhao. "Experimental Study on the Creep Behaviour of Cemented Sand and Gravel (CSG) and Temperature Stress Prediction of CSG Dam under Seasonal Temperature Change." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (February 19, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8289520.
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Creep generally showed a great impact on the temperature stress of concrete structure. At present, little research has been done on the creep law of cemented sand and gravel (CSG), and the calculation of creep temperature stress mainly adopts a set of relevant parameters. In this context, experimental compressive creep tests were carried out on the specimens of large-sized cylinders with different cementing agent contents; the creep temperature stress of CSG was also calculated. The results showed that the creep of CSG increased with the increase of cementing agent content, but the specific creep was not obvious. In addition, the creep model of CSG with high accuracy was also obtained, which could provide a basis for the numerical simulation of CSG dam. Furthermore, the results of numerical simulation showed that creep has a great influence on the stress of CSG dam, and the thermal stress energy was less than 37%. At the same time, it was necessary to determine whether temperature control should be considered according to different cementing agent content and external climate conditions, which cannot be generalized.
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Yang, Jie, Xin Cai, Xing-Wen Guo, and Jin-Lei Zhao. "Effect of Cement Content on the Deformation Properties of Cemented Sand and Gravel Material." Applied Sciences 9, no. 11 (June 10, 2019): 2369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9112369.
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Knowing the deformation properties of cemented sand and gravel (CSG) material can help construct reasonable constitutive models for the material, which can be used to simulate the structural performance of various practical projects including CSG dams. In this study, to investigate the effect of cement content on the deformation properties of CSG material, we employ triaxial compressive tests for cement contents of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 kg/m3 with a confining pressure range of 0.3–1.2 MPa, and theoretically analyze the results by the regression analysis prediction method. Here, we show that both cement content and confining pressure influence the deformation properties of CSG material: for an increase in cement content, the failure strain decreases and brittleness of CSG material increases; the initial modulus of the CSG material increased exponentially with increasing cement content or confining pressure; the peak volumetric strain and its corresponding axial strain increase linearly with increasing confining pressures, which decrease with increasing cement content; the initial tangent volumetric ratio can also be determined by the peak volumetric strain and its corresponding axial strain.
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Olorunsola, Emmanuel O., Partap G. Bhatia, Babajide A. Tytler, and Michael U. Adikwu. "Thermochemical Properties of Hydrophilic Polymers from Cashew and Khaya Exudates and Their Implications on Drug Delivery." Journal of Drug Delivery 2016 (November 20, 2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7496585.
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Characterization of a polymer is essential for determining its suitability for a particular purpose. Thermochemical properties of cashew gum (CSG) extracted from exudates of Anacardium occidentale L. and khaya gum (KYG) extracted from exudates of Khaya senegalensis were determined and compared with those of acacia gum BP (ACG). The polymers were subjected to different thermal and chemical analyses. Exudates of CSG contained higher amount of hydrophilic polymer. The pH of 2% w/v gum dispersions was in the order KYG < CSG < ACG. Calcium was the predominant ion in CSG while potassium was predominant in KYG. The FTIR spectra of CSG and KYG were similar and slightly different from that of ACG. Acacia and khaya gums exhibited the same thermal behaviour which is different from that of CSG. X-ray diffraction revealed that the three gums are the same type of polymer, the major difference being the concentration of metal ions. This work suggests the application of cashew gum for formulation of basic and oxidizable drugs while using khaya gum for acidic drugs.
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Carydias, Peter, and James Gregory. "Risk-based asset performance management in CSG production operations." APPEA Journal 59, no. 2 (2019): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18239.
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The coal seam gas (CSG) industry is an asset intensive and highly regulated industry, with each project having a large, complex network of upstream processing facilities. Each major project will drill over 3000 individual wells with around 40000 wells predicted across the Surat and Bowen basins during the lifetime of these projects. This high asset count poses a challenge for upstream oil and gas operators to meet corporate and legislative requirements, maintain asset integrity of the facilities; while delivering leading operational performance and return on investment in this cost-focused environment. In this paper, we propose that the effective management of these CSG assets requires a conscious cross-disciplinary, whole lifecycle focus on value realisation. We explore three ways that CSG operators can successfully achieve this by transitioning to a risk-based, asset performance management led environment: 1. Safe production and regulatory compliance – the geographic spread of CSG facilities poses significant exposure to driving risk when travelling in remote locations. We discuss how CSG operators can leverage existing data to create fit-for-purpose risk-based inspection strategies. 2. Maximising reliability – CSG consists of a complex network of interconnected reservoirs, process facilities and complex demand-side variability. This requires a fluid approach to the allocation of scarce maintenance planning resources. We discuss how CSG operators can use a risk-based approach to achieve an optimised ‘best value’ outcome. 3. Managing supply-chain cost and quality – we explore how CSG operators can deliver a step-change in integrity, cost-of quality and capital efficiency in their supply chain.
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Katina, Polinpapilinho F., James C. Pyne, Charles B. Keating, and Dragan Komljenovic. "Complex System Governance as a Framework for Asset Management." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 29, 2021): 8502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158502.
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Complex system governance (CSG) is an emerging field encompassing a framework for system performance improvement through the purposeful design, execution, and evolution of essential metasystem functions. The goal of this study was to understand how the domain of asset management (AsM) can leverage the capabilities of CSG. AsM emerged from engineering as a structured approach to organizing complex organizations to realize the value of assets while balancing performance, risks, costs, and other opportunities. However, there remains a scarcity of literature discussing the potential relationship between AsM and CSG. To initiate the closure of this gap, this research reviews the basics of AsM and the methods associated with realizing the value of assets. Then, the basics of CSG are provided along with how CSG might be leveraged to support AsM. We conclude the research with the implications for AsM and suggested future research.
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McBride, J. H., S. S. Kim, G. M. Danovitch, D. O. Rodgerson, A. F. Reyes, and M. K. Ota. "Whole-blood cyclosporin G in renal transplant recipients determined by two immunoassays and liquid chromatography." Clinical Chemistry 39, no. 7 (July 1, 1993): 1415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/39.7.1415.
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Abstract Cyclosporin G (CsG) is less nephrotoxic than cyclosporin A (CsA) and is undergoing clinical trials for use as an immunosuppressive agent after renal transplantation. Three assays for whole-blood CsA-HPLC, RIA (INCSTAR, Cyclo-Trac SP), and FPIA (Abbott TDx)--were adapted for use with CsG and were assessed for analytical suitability and to determine which assay was capable of deriving CsG values rapidly after transplantation. The assays were acceptable in terms of sensitivity, linearity, analytical recovery, and precision. When considering blood samples (n = 107) from renal transplant recipients receiving a low dose of CsG (5 mg/kg per day) and a high dose (10 mg/kg per day), we obtained the following correlation data: RIA = 0.974HPLC + 27.89 (r = 0.9798, Sy/x = 39.24); FPIA = 0.964HPLC + 33.59 (r = 0.9819, Sy/x = 36.66); and FPIA = 0.977RIA + 9.50 (r = 0.9894, Sy/x = 28.12). The FPIA of CsG is recommended as the most rapid method, although it is the most expensive. HPLC, RIA, and FPIA were capable of accurately deriving projected CsG concentrations at various stages of the clinical trial when the low- and high-dose regimes were tapered over a period of 16 weeks.
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Tsai, Tracy R., Kendrick Du, and Bill Stavropoulos. "New system for detecting, mapping, monitoring, quantifying and reporting fugitive gas emissions." APPEA Journal 57, no. 2 (2017): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj16098.
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Coal seam gas (CSG) is an abundant energy source that’s been portrayed as having a lower Greenhouse Gas footprint than coal, but there have been concerns that fugitive emissions may be larger than estimated. Fugitive emissions associated with CSG development are engineered release points (valves and vents etc.) and unintentional equipment leaks. Various gas detection technologies are utilised across the industry that are effective at detecting large emissions sources in close proximity, but they are difficult to scale up to the large size needed for the CSG industry. We’ll present a summary of a trial utilising a new mobile methane detection and emission quantification system: the Picarro EQ (Emissions Quantification). After driving this instrument around CSG infrastructure, Picarro’s cloud-based analytics generate a map of methane measurements and emissions with wind indicators pointing to likely sources. Since all measurements are on a secure cloud-based service, any authorised operator can log into it to run reports and analytics. This system has been used to make measurements in the Barnett Shale, United States. We present results and demonstrate its usage within an operational CSG area to quantify and identify emissions from CSG infrastructure.
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Li, Mu Qin, Jiang Liu, Jun Gang Li, Ding Sen Cai, and Yong Hui Zhao. "Influence of HF-SCG Immersion Treatment on Corrosion Resistance of the Ultrasonic Micro-Arc Oxidation Bio-Coating on Pure Magnesium." Key Engineering Materials 633 (November 2014): 402–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.633.402.
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Ceramic coatings were fabricated on pure magnesium in silicate electrolyte system by ultrasonic micro-arc oxidation (UMAO) process, and then silica sol (CSG) and HF-CSG treatment were carried out on micro-arc oxidation coatings. The corrosion potential (Ecorr) and corrosion current density (Icorr) of the compound coatings were analyzed by electrochemical corrosion workstation. The corrosive morphology of the coatings was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that the Ecorr of the coating with CSG and HF-CSG treatment increased by 55 mV and 69 mV respectively in comparison with that of single UMAO coating, and its Icorr reduced an order of magnitude, which had enhanced the corrosion resistance.
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Jia, Huanfei, and Johann Poinapen. "Coal seam gas associated water treatment and management—opportunities and limitations." APPEA Journal 53, no. 1 (2013): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12015.
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Coal seam gas (CSG) is a new major export for Australia. The production of CSG releases a significant amount of brackish water to the surface, known as associated water. Queensland’s Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (DEHP) has predicted that the peak yearly flow of the associated water could range between 100-280 gigalitres (GL) per year. This presents a major challenge to the CSG industry in water and its by-product (brine) management. CSG water quality varies across regions, but is typically high in total dissolved solids, bicarbonate, hardness, and silica. Consequently, CSG water without treatment is unsuitable for beneficial uses. To date, reverse osmosis (RO) desalination processes with suitable pre-treatment steps have been employed to remove elevated salts and other compounds before CSG water can be used beneficially. One type of beneficial reuse of the treated water that has gained acceptance and prominence in recent times is the irrigation of agricultural crops and forestry. RO brine, a highly saline stream, requires a managed response to ensure a socially, environmentally and financially sound outcome. Conventional evaporation in brine ponds is not considered favourably under existing government directions and, consequently, alternative solutions are sought. Thermal processes, such as brine concentrators, have been used in the treatment of CSG RO brine. The resulting high-quality distillate produced by thermal processes can be used in a number of applications along with a greater proportion of water recovered from such processes. This peer-reviewed paper concludes that a thermal process in conjunction with a high-recovery RO membrane plant, configured as a hybrid membrane/thermal configuration, is probably a suitable solution to meet policy direction by improving system recovery as a precursor to advance associated water treatment and brine management. The discussion is generated out of MWH’s experience with CSG water treatment and management processes, which totals a number of significant projects in the CSG industry.
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Hijazi, Taha, Salih Karasu, Zeynep Hazal Tekin-Çakmak, and Fatih Bozkurt. "Extraction of Natural Gum from Cold-Pressed Chia Seed, Flaxseed, and Rocket Seed Oil By-Product and Application in Low Fat Vegan Mayonnaise." Foods 11, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11030363.
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This study involves the modeling of rheological behavior of the gum solution obtained from cold-pressed chia seed (CSG), flaxseed (FSG), and rocket seed (RSG) oil by-products and the application of these gums in a low-fat vegan mayonnaise formulation as fat replacers and emulsifier. CSG, FSG, and RSG solutions showed shear-thinning flow behavior at all concentrations. The K values ranged between 0.209 and 49.028 Pa·sn for CSG, FSG, and RSG solutions and significantly increased with increased gum concentration. The percentage recovery for the G′ was significantly affected by gum type and concentrations. CSG, FSG, and RSG showed a solid-like structure, and the storage modulus (G′) was higher than the loss modulus (G″) in all frequency ranges. The rheological characterization indicated that CSG, FSG, and RSG could be evaluated as thickeners and gelling agents in the food industry. In addition, the rheological properties, zeta potential, and particle size and oxidative stability (at 90 °C) of low-fat vegan mayonnaise samples prepared with CSG, FSG, and RSG were compared to samples prepared with guar gum (GG), Arabic gum (AG), and xanthan gum (XG). As a result, CSG, FSG, and RSG could be utilized for low-fat vegan mayonnaise as fat and egg replacers, stabilizers, and oxidative agents. The results of this study indicated that this study could offer a new perspective in adding value to flaxseed, chia seed, and rocket seed cold-press oil by-product.
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Gossmann, Simon, John Herbert, Miguel Tovar, Lloyd Townley, and Andrew Brooker. "Assessing connections between aquifers in the CSG industry." APPEA Journal 52, no. 2 (2012): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11087.
Full textAbstract:
Development of conventional and unconventional gas resources, including CSG, has many similarities; however, there are some key differences that may lead to potential impacts on groundwater supply. Conventional reservoirs are usually located at greater depths than commonly exploited groundwater resources and develop when gas becomes trapped by impermeable bounding layers. In the CSG industry, reservoirs are often lower in permeability than aquifers that commonly provide groundwater supply for agricultural, industrial, urban and other uses; the CSG plays may be located above and below these aquifers. The management of reservoir/aquifer interconnections necessitates a program of focused-data acquisition. For example, groundwater transfer from shallow aquifers to underlying CSG reservoirs may occur where CSG-containing units subcrop beneath shallow aquifers, possibly at significant distances from operating wells. Arrow Energy is undertaking investigations of connectivity between aquifers, including the connection between the Condamine Alluvium and the CSG-containing Walloon Subgroup. This extended abstract explores the use of analytical and numerical modelling to represent the aforementioned situation as follows: The behaviour of numerical models at the point of contact between CSG-containing units and overlying alluvial aquifers is being examined in detail—there is specific focus on how horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities are assigned at the interface between aquifers. This localised sub-region within a regional scale groundwater flow model has the potential to control the estimations of flows that are most interesting to stakeholders. The relationship between modelling approaches used by reservoir engineers and hydrogeologists is also explored.
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Ekaputri, Sara, and Sri Lelyati C. Masulili. "Cairan Sulkus Gingiva sebagai Indikator Keadaan Jaringan Periodontal." Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Indonesia 17, no. 1 (June 30, 2010): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/majkedgiind.16069.
Full textAbstract:
Cairan sulkus gingiva (CSG) adalah suatu produk filtrasi fisiologis dari pembuluh darah yang termodifikasi, karena asalnya dari darah maka komposisi CSG hampir sama dengan darah. Cairan ini diketahui berperan dalam patogenesis terjadinya penyakit atau kelainan periodontal, sehingga pengukuran terhadap adanya mediator-mediator inflamasi di dalam CSG ini dapat digunakan untuk mengevaluasi adanya faktor-faktor risiko terhadap kehilangan perlekatan gingiva hingga kerusakan tulang alveolar. Tujuan dari pemeriksaan CSG adalah untuk menganalisis bagaimana kondisi inflamasi dari jaringan periodontal yang kemungkinan akan mengakibatkan resorbsi jaringan periodontal yang lebih lanjut. Pada umumnya, dari CSG dapat dideteksi adanya indikator-indikator inflamasi seperti imunoglobulin, komplemen, aktivasi komplell)en, komponen-komponen respon imun, serta indikator lain yang dapat berperan dalam resorbsi tulang alveolar. Dari pembahasan inidiharapkan operator dapat lebih awal mengidentifikasi pasien yang memiliki risiko menderita penyakit periotlontal, sehingga dapat dilakukan terapi lebih awal untuk mencegah perkembangan penyakit periodontallebih lanjut. Kesimpulan:Cairan sulkus gingiva dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi indikator-indikator inflamasi yang berperan dalam terjadinya penyakit periodontal.
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Du Toit, Mangalane, and Liezel Lues. "REASONS THAT DETER QUALIFYING PRIMARY CAREGIVERS FROM APPLYING FOR CHILD SUPPORT GRANTS." Southern African Journal of Social Work and Social Development 26, no. 1 (February 17, 2017): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2415-5829/2178.
Full textAbstract:
The Child Support Grant (CSG) came about as a strategy to address child poverty in South Africa, granted to caregivers that care for children up to the age of eighteen years. In 2012, the number of children aged up to 18 years receiving the CSG stood at 11 306 024, an increase from 800 476 in 2001. Despite amending the Social Assistance Act, 2004 (Act 13 of 2004), and numerous marketing campaigns conducted by the South African Social Security Agency (SASSA) since 2009 in the Northern Cape Region, SASSA struggles to meet the annual projected targets for CSG intakes.An empirical study to investigate the reasons that deter primary caregivers from applying for child support was conducted in the Northern Cape. In this study, it was hypothesised that amending the criteria for CSG will increase the number of qualifying primary caregivers applying for the CSG, and assist the Frances Baard District Municipality in achieving the annual projected targets.
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Zou, De Gao, Dong Qing Li, Bin Xu, and Xian Jing Kong. "Experimental Study on Mechanical Characteristics of CSG Materials." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 2059–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.2059.
Full textAbstract:
Cemented sand and gravel (CSG) is a new type of dam materials. It not only can reduce the waste of resources and environmental pollution, but has the merits of both gravel and concrete. In this study, Cemented sand and gravel specimens with three cement ratios were compacted at optimum water content and cured for 14 days. Based on the consolidated drained shear triaxial tests, the mechanical properties of different proportion of CSG are studied on shear failure mode, stress-strain relationship, shear strength. Research results showed that, with the increasing of the content of cement, the peak and residual strength of CSG were improved, but the failure strains were decreased. In addition, CSG material behaves distinctly softening.
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Liu, Anhua, Demin Xu, Michael Henke, Yue Zhang, Yiming Li, Xingan Liu, and Tianlai Li. "Determination of the Optimal Orientation of Chinese Solar Greenhouses Using 3D Light Environment Simulations." Remote Sensing 14, no. 4 (February 14, 2022): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14040912.
Full textAbstract:
With the continuous use of resources, solar energy is expected to be the most used sustainable energy. To improve the solar energy efficiency in Chinese Solar Greenhouses (CSG), the effect of CSG orientation on intercepted solar radiation was systematically studied. By using a 3D CSG model and a detailed crop canopy model, the light environment within CSG was optimized. Taking the most widely used Liao-Shen type Chinese solar greenhouse (CSG-LS) as the prototype, the simulation was fully verified. The intercepted solar radiation of the maintenance structures and crops was used as the evaluation index. The results showed that the highest amount of solar radiation intercepted by the maintenance structures occurred in the CSG orientations of 4–6° south to west (S-W) in 36.8° N and 38° N areas, 8–10° S-W in 41.8° N areas, and 2–4° south to east (S-E) in 43.6° N areas. The solar radiation intercepted by the crop canopy displayed the highest value at an orientation of 2–4° S-W in 36.8° N, 38° N, 43.6° N areas, and 4–6° S-W in the 41.8° N area. Furthermore, the proposed model could provide scientific guidance for greenhouse crop modelling.
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Shapiro, V., and D. L. Vossler. "Efficient CSG Representations of Two-Dimensional Solids." Journal of Mechanical Design 113, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 292–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2912782.
Full textAbstract:
Good methods are known for converting a Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) representation of a solid into a boundary representation (b-rep) of the solid, but not for performing the inverse conversion, b-rep→CSG, which is the subject of this paper. Important applications of b-rep→CSG conversion arise in solid modeling, image processing, and elsewhere. The problem can be divided into two tasks: (1) finding a set of halfspaces that is necessary and sufficient (but not unique) to represent a given solid, and (2) constructing an efficient CSG representation using those halfspaces. This paper solves the problem for curved planar solids, i.e., r-sets in E2, with or without holes, whose boundary is given by a collection of edges. The edges may be subsets of straight lines or convex curves (i.e., curves which intersect any line in at most two points). We prove a number of results and describe algorithms that have been fully implemented for solids bounded by line segments and circular arcs. Empirical results show that the computed CSG representations are superior to those produced by earlier algorithms, and produce superior three-dimensional CSG representations for mechanical parts defined by contour sweeping. A companion paper generalizes the results to higher dimensional solids.
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Xu, Demin, Yiming Li, Yue Zhang, Hui Xu, Tianlai Li, and Xingan Liu. "Effects of orientation and structure on solar radiation interception in Chinese solar greenhouse." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 6, 2020): e0242002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242002.
Full textAbstract:
In order to further improve the utilization of solar energy in Chinese Solar Greenhouse (CSG), this paper systematically studied the effects of orientation and structure on solar radiation interception in CSG. A solar radiation model has been developed based on the previous research, which taking solar motion law, meteorological data, and optical properties of materials into consideration. The established model was used to optimize the orientation and structure of CSG. The analysis of structure considered two major structural parameters, which are the ridge height and the horizontal projection of the rear roof. Moreover, the widely used Liao-Shen type Chinese solar greenhouse (CSG-LS) has been taken as the prototype in the present research, and the measured data of the typical clear day was used for the model validation. The results showed that the ridge height has a remarkable influence on the solar energy captured by CSG-LS. Compared with the optimization of a single factor, the comprehensive optimization of orientation and structure can increase the solar radiation interception of the rear wall by 3.95%. Considering the limiting factor of heat storage-release capacity and the shading effect on the greenhouse structure, the optimal lighting construction of the CSG-LS (with a span of 9.0 m) was specified as 7~9° from south to west of azimuth angle, 4.5~4.7 m ridge height, and 1.4~1.6 m horizontal projection of the rear roof at 42°N latitude. The proposed solar radiation model can provide scientific guidance for the CSG-LS construction in different areas.
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Evans, Alyssa B., and Karin E. Peterson. "Throw out the Map: Neuropathogenesis of the Globally Expanding California Serogroup of Orthobunyaviruses." Viruses 11, no. 9 (August 29, 2019): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11090794.
Full textAbstract:
The California serogroup (CSG) comprises 18 serologically and genetically related mosquito-borne orthobunyaviruses. Of these viruses, at least seven have been shown to cause neurological disease in humans, including the leading cause of pediatric arboviral encephalitis in the USA, La Crosse virus. Despite the disease burden from these viruses, much is still unknown about the CSG viruses. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the CSG viruses, including human disease and the mechanisms of neuropathogenesis.
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Chen, Shoukai, Yongqiwen Fu, Lei Guo, Shifeng Yang, and Yajing Bie. "Statistical Law and Predictive Analysis of Compressive Strength of Cemented Sand and Gravel." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 27, no. 1 (September 12, 2020): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2020-0030.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractA data set of cemented sand and gravel (CSG) mix proportion and 28-day compressive strength was established, with outliers determined and removed based on the Boxplot. Then, the distribution law of compressive strength of CSG was analyzed using the skewness kurtosis and single-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. And with the help of Python software, a model based on Back Propagation neural network was built to predict the compressive strength of CSG according to its mix proportion. The results showed that the compressive strength follows the normal distribution law, the expected value and variance were 5.471 MPa and 3.962 MPa respectively, and the average relative error was 7.16%, indicating the predictability of compressive strength of CSG and its correlation with the mix proportion.