Academic literature on the topic 'CSCs markers'
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Journal articles on the topic "CSCs markers"
1
Jaggupilli, Appalaraju, and Eyad Elkord. "Significance of CD44 and CD24 as Cancer Stem Cell Markers: An Enduring Ambiguity." Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/708036.
Full textAbstract:
Cancer stem cell population is a subset of cells capable of dictating invasion, metastasis, heterogeneity, and therapeutic resistance in tumours. Eradication of this rare population is a new insight in cancer treatment. However, prospective identification, characterization, and isolation of these CSCs have been a major challenge. Many studies were performed on surface markers for potential identification and isolation of CSCs. Lack of universal expression of surface markers limits their usage and no best combination of markers has yet been confirmed to identify CSCs capable of initiating and metastasizing tumours. CD44, a hyaluronic acid receptor, is one of the most commonly studied surface markers, which is expressed by almost every tumour cell. CD24, a heat stable antigen, is another surface marker expressed in many tumour types. However, their expression and prognostic value in isolating CSCs are still an enduring ambiguity. In this critical review, we assess the role of CD44 and CD24 in tumour initiation, development, and metastasis. We mainly focus on analysing the significance of CD44 and CD24 as CSC surface markers in combination or with other putative markers in different types of cancer.
2
Lan, Linxiang, and Axel Behrens. "Are There Specific Cancer Stem Cell Markers?" Cancer Research 83, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 170–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-2053.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The cancer stem cell (CSC) model states that heterogeneous tumor cell populations are organized in a hierarchical manner, with a small population of CSCs at the apex. These CSCs are capable of self-renewal and giving rise to other cancer cell populations, conceptually analogous to the function of normal adult stem cells present in almost all organs. However, there has been significant controversy regarding the existence and identification of CSCs. We argue that technical differences in experimentation and CSC assays, CSC niche-dependency and plasticity, and CSC heterogeneity itself may explain some of the differences observed.
3
Hassan, Ghmkin, Said M. Afify, Neha Nair, Kazuki Kumon, Amira Osman, Juan Du, Hager Mansour, et al. "Hematopoietic Cells Derived from Cancer Stem Cells Generated from Mouse Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells." Cancers 12, no. 1 (December 29, 2019): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12010082.
Full textAbstract:
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent the subpopulation of cancer cells with the ability to differentiate into other cell phenotypes and initiated tumorigenesis. Previously, we reported generating CSCs from mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (miPSCs). Here, we investigated the ability of the CSCs to differentiate into hematopoietic cells. First, the primary cells were isolated from malignant tumors that were formed by the CSCs. Non-adherent cells (NACs) that arose from adherent cells were collected and their viability, as well as the morphology and expression of hematopoietic cell markers, were analyzed. Moreover, NACs were injected into the tail vein of busulfan conditioned Balb/c nude mice. Finally, CSCs were induced to differentiate to macrophages while using IL3 and SCF. The round nucleated NACs were found to be viable, positive for hematopoietic lineage markers and CD34, and expressed hematopoietic markers, just like homing to the bone marrow. When NACs were injected into mice, Wright–Giemsa staining showed that the number of white blood cells got higher than those in the control mice after four weeks. CSCs also showed the ability to differentiate toward macrophages. CSCs were demonstrated to have the potential to provide progenies with hematopoietic markers, morphology, and homing ability to the bone marrow, which could give new insight into the tumor microenvironment according to the plasticity of CSCs.
4
Hassn Mesrati, Malak, Amir Barzegar Behrooz, Asmaa Y. Abuhamad, and Amir Syahir. "Understanding Glioblastoma Biomarkers: Knocking a Mountain with a Hammer." Cells 9, no. 5 (May 16, 2020): 1236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9051236.
Full textAbstract:
Gliomas are the most frequent and deadly form of human primary brain tumors. Among them, the most common and aggressive type is the high-grade glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), which rapidly grows and renders patients a very poor prognosis. Meanwhile, cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been determined in gliomas and play vital roles in driving tumor growth due to their competency in self-renewal and proliferation. Studies of gliomas have recognized CSCs via specific markers. This review comprehensively examines the current knowledge of the most significant CSCs markers in gliomas in general and in glioblastoma in particular and specifically focuses on their outlook and importance in gliomas CSCs research. We suggest that CSCs should be the superior therapeutic approach by directly targeting the markers. In addition, we highlight the association of these markers with each other in relation to their cascading pathways, and interactions with functional miRNAs, providing the role of the networks axes in glioblastoma signaling pathways.
5
Lee-Theilen, Mieun, Julia R. Hadhoud, Giulietta Volante, Delaine D. Fadini, Julia Eichhorn, Udo Rolle, and Henning C. Fiegel. "Co-Expression of CD34, CD90, OV-6 and Cell-Surface Vimentin Defines Cancer Stem Cells of Hepatoblastoma, Which Are Affected by Hsp90 Inhibitor 17-AAG." Cells 10, no. 10 (September 29, 2021): 2598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10102598.
Full textAbstract:
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are nowadays one of the major focuses in tumor research since this subpopulation was revealed to be a great obstacle for successful treatment. The identification of CSCs in pediatric solid tumors harbors major challenges because of the immature character of these tumors. Here, we present CD34, CD90, OV-6 and cell-surface vimentin (csVimentin) as reliable markers to identify CSCs in hepatoblastoma cell lines. We were able to identify CSC characteristics for the subset of CD34+CD90+OV-6+csVimentin+-co-expressing cells, such as pluripotency, self-renewal, increased expression of EMT markers and migration. Treatment with Cisplatin as the standard chemotherapeutic drug in hepatoblastoma therapy further revealed the chemo-resistance of this subset, which is a main characteristic of CSCs. When we treated the cells with the Hsp90 inhibitor 17-AAG, we observed a significant reduction in the CSC subset. With our study, we identified CSCs of hepatoblastoma using CD34, CD90, OV-6 and csVimentin. This set of markers could be helpful to estimate the success of novel therapeutic approaches, as resistant CSCs are responsible for tumor relapses.
6
Lee, Shiao-Pieng, Pei-Ling Hsieh, Chih-Yuan Fang, Pei-Ming Chu, Yi-Wen Liao, Chuan-Hang Yu, Cheng-Chia Yu, and Lo-Lin Tsai. "LINC00963 Promotes Cancer Stemness, Metastasis, and Drug Resistance in Head and Neck Carcinomas via ABCB5 Regulation." Cancers 12, no. 5 (April 26, 2020): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12051073.
Full textAbstract:
Accumulating studies have indicated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in the regulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are crucial in tumor initiation, metastasis, relapse, and therapy resistance. In the current study, RT-PCR analysis was employed to evaluate the expression of LINC00963 in tumor tissues and oral CSCs. Stemness phenotypes and the expression of CSCs markers in oral cancer cells transfected with sh-LINC00963 were examined. Our results showed that the expression of the lncRNA LINC00963 was up-regulated in oral cancer tissues and CSCs. We found that the downregulation of LINC00963 inhibited CSC hallmarks, such as migration, invasion and colony formation capacity. Moreover, suppression of LINC00963 reduced the activity of stemness marker ALDH1, the percentage of self-renewal, chemoresistance and the expression of multidrug-resistance transporter ABCB5. Most importantly, we demonstrated that knockdown of LINC00963 decreased self-renewal, invasion and colony formation ability via ABCB5. Analysis of TCGA (the Cancer Genome Atlas) datasets suggested that the level of LINC00963 was positively correlated with the expression of the cancer stemness markers (Sox2 and CD44) and drug resistance markers (ABCG2 and ABCB5). Altogether, our results showed that suppression of LINC00963 may be beneficial to inhibit chemoresistance and cancer relapse in oral cancer patients.
7
Harris, Koran S., and Bethany A. Kerr. "Prostate Cancer Stem Cell Markers Drive Progression, Therapeutic Resistance, and Bone Metastasis." Stem Cells International 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8629234.
Full textAbstract:
Metastatic or recurrent tumors are the primary cause of cancer-related death. For prostate cancer, patients diagnosed with local disease have a 99% 5-year survival rate; however, this 5-year survival rate drops to 28% in patients with metastatic disease. This dramatic decline in survival has driven interest in discovering new markers able to identify tumors likely to recur and in developing new methods to prevent metastases from occurring. Biomarker discovery for aggressive tumor cells includes attempts to identify cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are defined as tumor cells capable of self-renewal and regenerating the entire tumor heterogeneity. Thus, it is hypothesized that CSCs may drive primary tumor aggressiveness, metastatic colonization, and therapeutic relapse. The ability to identify these cells in the primary tumor or circulation would provide prognostic information capable of driving prostate cancer treatment decisions. Further, the ability to target these CSCs could prevent tumor metastasis and relapse after therapy allowing for prostate cancer to finally be cured. Here, we will review potential CSC markers and highlight evidence that describes how cells expressing each marker may drive prostate cancer progression, metastatic colonization and growth, tumor recurrence, and resistance to treatment.
8
Gu, Yuanzhuo, Xin Zheng, and Junfang Ji. "Liver cancer stem cells as a hierarchical society: yes or no?" Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica 52, no. 7 (June 3, 2020): 723–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abbs/gmaa050.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are cells possessing abilities of self-renewal, differentiation, and tumorigenicity in NOD/SCID mice. Based on this definition, multiple cell surface markers (such as CD24, CD133, CD90, and EpCAM) as well as chemical methods are discovered to enrich liver CSCs in the recent decade. Accumulated studies have revealed molecular signatures and signaling pathways involved in regulating different liver CSCs. Among liver CSCs positive for different markers, some molecular features and regulatory pathways are commonly shared, while some are only unique in certain CSC populations. These studies imply that liver CSCs exhibit diverse heterogeneity, while a functional relationship also exists. The aim of this review is to revisit the society of liver CSCs and summarize the common or unique molecular features of known liver CSCs. We hope to call for attention of researchers on the relationship of the liver CSC subgroups and to provide clues on the hierarchical structure of the liver CSC society.
9
Daya, Hiba Abou, Sana Kouba, Hakim Ouled-Haddou, Nazim Benzerdjeb, Marie-Sophie Telliez, Charles Dayen, Henri Sevestre, Loïc Garçon, Frédéric Hague, and Halima Ouadid-Ahidouch. "Orai3-Mediates Cisplatin-Resistance in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells by Enriching Cancer Stem Cell Population through PI3K/AKT Pathway." Cancers 13, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 2314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13102314.
Full textAbstract:
The development of the resistance to platinum salts is a major obstacle in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Among the reasons underlying this resistance is the enrichment of cancer stem cells (CSCs) populations. Several studies have reported the involvement of calcium channels in chemoresistance. The Orai3 channel is overexpressed and constitutes a predictive marker of metastasis in NSCLC tumors. Here, we investigated its role in CSCs populations induced by Cisplatin (CDDP) in two NSCLC cell lines. We found that CDDP treatment increased Orai3 expression, but not Orai1 or STIM1 expression, as well as an enhancement of CSCs markers. Moreover, Orai3 silencing or the reduction of extracellular calcium concentration sensitized the cells to CDDP and led to a reduction in the expression of Nanog and SOX-2. Orai3 contributed to SOCE (Store-operated Calcium entry) in both CDDP-treated and CD133+ subpopulation cells that overexpress Nanog and SOX-2. Interestingly, the ectopic overexpression of Orai3, in the two NSCLC cell lines, lead to an increase of SOCE and expression of CSCs markers. Furthermore, CD133+ cells were unable to overexpress neither Nanog nor SOX-2 when incubated with PI3K inhibitor. Finally, Orai3 silencing reduced Akt phosphorylation. Our work reveals a link between Orai3, CSCs and resistance to CDDP in NSCLC cells.
10
Alcalá, Sonia, Paola Martinelli, Patrick C. Hermann, Christopher Heeschen, and Bruno Sainz. "The Anthrax Toxin Receptor 1 (ANTXR1) Is Enriched in Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells Derived from Primary Tumor Cultures." Stem Cells International 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1378639.
Full textAbstract:
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is currently the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been shown to be the drivers of pancreatic tumor growth, metastasis, and chemoresistance, but our understanding of these cells is still limited by our inability to efficiently identify and isolate them. While a number of markers capable of identifying pancreatic CSCs (PaCSCs) have been discovered since 2007, there is no doubt that more markers are still needed. The anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1) was identified as a functional biomarker of triple-negative breast CSCs, and PDAC patients stratified based on ANTXR1 expression levels showed increased mortality and enrichment of pathways known to be necessary for CSC biology, including TGF-β, NOTCH, Wnt/β-catenin, and IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signaling and epithelial to mesenchymal transition, suggesting that ANTXR1 may represent a putative PaCSC marker. In this study, we show that ANTXR1+ cells are not only detectable across a panel of 7 PDAC patient-derived xenograft primary cultures but ANTXR1 expression significantly increased in CSC-enriched 3D sphere cultures. Importantly, ANTXR1+ cells also coexpressed other known PaCSC markers such as CD44, CD133, and autofluorescence, and ANTXR1+ cells displayed enhanced CSC functional and molecular properties, including increased self-renewal and expression of pluripotency-associated genes, compared to ANTXR1- cells. Thus, this study validates ANTXR1 as a new PaCSC marker and we propose its use in identifying CSCs in this tumor type and its exploitation in the development of CSC-targeted therapies for PDAC.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "CSCs markers"
1
Nóbrega, João Pedro Machado. "OTC markets – clearing, settlement & custody analysis : a cost function estimation of central securities depositories (CSDs)." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/15148.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado em FinançasEste trabalho analisa a eficiência dos Sistemas Centralizados de Valores Mobiliários (Central Securities Depositories (CSDs)) em relação aos custos, na Europa. As CSDs são organizações financeiras especializadas na guarda de títulos até à sua data de liquidação. A abordagem adotada assenta na estimação de custos que permita comparar a eficiência das instituições em análise. Também é analisado o impacto do programa Target2 - Securities (estabelecido pelo BCE) e do regulamento CSDR concebido para estas instituições. O primeiro tem como objetivo contribuir para remoção de barreiras à eficiência de custos na liquidação entre mercados financeiros, e o último a promoção da segurança, eficácia e competitividade dos mercados financeiros da UE. Por último, procura-se saber se existem economias de escala para cada CSD, dependendo do seu tamanho e país.
This work is based on the analysis of cost efficiency on European Central Securities Depositories (CSD's). These financial institutions are experts on holding securities and clearing them until its settlement date. Our approach is focused on cost estimation, in order to compare the efficiency of each institutions analyzed. In addition, we examine the impact of ongoing Target2 - Securities program (by the ECB) as well as the impact of the CSDR regulation made for these institutions. The first is a new European securities settlement engine that aims to contribute for removing the barriers for poor cost efficiency on cross-border settlement between financial markets, and the latter aims to promote the safety, effectiveness and competitiveness of the EU financial markets. Furthermore, the main objective is to find out if economies of scale exists for each CSD, depending on its size and country.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
2
Brener, Radim. "Systém pro správu a využití informací v oblasti finančního trhu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-235883.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this thesis was to study the difficulties of Systems in the Internet's environment that are being used for analysis of Financial Market and on the basis of that to analyze, design, create and test these Information Systems. The main focus is primarily on monitoring of information in Financial Market and particularly on implementation of an interface for a customer and on a simple analysis of the gathered data. Furthermore this thesis describes and demonstrates the possibilities of current existing systems that are being used for analysis, gathering of financial data and automated trading in Financial Market, and also the possibilities of commonly used technologies in the Internet's environment: markup language HTML, database system MySQL and a scripting language PHP5, JavaScript and AJAX.
3
Phommasane, Sompasong. "Privatisation of state-owned enterprises and development of capital markets in Laos." Thesis, 2017. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/36452/.
Full textAbstract:
Laos, a small economy in Southeast Asia, has been undertaking reforms of its state-owned enterprises (SOEs) since 1989, as part of its 1986 New Economic Mechanism strategy. However, little research attention has been given to privatisation programs in Laos, partly due to the fact that data on SOEs (such as profits and previous privatisation programs) is extremely unreliable and publicly unavailable. Therefore, this study emphasised on studying and analysing views and perceptions of well-informed individuals through a mixed research methods: qualitative interviews and quantitative survey. In conducting this method, this study aimed at determining how privatisation should be implemented in a way that helps develop domestic capital (especially stock) markets and promote an equity culture and/or equity investing in a way that minimise the socialisation of risk through state ownership and intervention in the Lao economy.
This study performed a thematic analysis approach to analyse 14 qualitative interviews, and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) techniques to assess 359 quantitative survey responses. The findings from the two sample datasets indicated that seven essential factors were believed to influence the likelihood of favourable or positive privatisation outcomes. These factors were: government commitment; legal and regulatory framework; institutional arrangements; stakeholder involvement; public education and awareness; firm-level privatisation strategy; and fairness and transparency. However, only firm-level privatisation strategy was perceived as a key contributing factor to successful privatisation. Furthermore, positive privatisation outcomes were seen as influencing the development and strength of Laos’ financial system and people’s investment decisions in relation to SOEs being privatised. The findings also indicate that efficiency improvement was a preferable privatisation objective, rather than a focus on state revenues, social and economic benefits, and job creation.
In summary, the firm-level privatisation strategy was thought to significantly contribute to successful positive privatisation outcomes. Specifically, efficiency enhancement objectives should be prioritised if the development of domestic capital markets and promotion of an equity culture and/or domestic equity investing is to be part of the Lao government’s future privatisation policy.
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Rashid, Kashif. "A comparison of corporate governance and firm performance in developing (Malaysia) and developed (Australia) financial markets." 2008. http://eprints.vu.edu.au/1457/1/rashid.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Issues and Significance: It is widely believed that good corporate governance is an important factor in improving the value of a firm in both developing and developed financial markets. However, the relationship between corporate governance and the value of a firm (the CGVF relationship) differs in developing and developed financial markets due to disparate corporate governance structures in these markets resulting from the dissimilar social, economic and regulatory conditions in these countries. There is a need to understand the differences which affect the value of a firm for academic investigations, financial and management practices and public regulation of markets and corporations. Existing Literature and Limitations: The existing literature on how good corporate governance contributes to improving the value of a firm is not well developed and has several limitations. No single research thus far, has undertaken a comprehensive study of the differences in the relationship between the level of corporate governance sophistication of the firm and its contribution to firm value. In the context of developing markets the relationships between corporate governance and the value of a firm are not defined properly and these relationships are not adequately tested by incorporating the relevant factors affecting them. Furthermore, comparative analyses of the relevance of different management theories (such as agency theory, stewardship theory, etc.) in shedding light on the nature and process of the CGVF relationships in developing and developed markets have not been reported in literature. Therefore, there is a need to redefine and properly analyse CGVF relationships by incorporating the factors relevant for a firm operating in developing and developed financial markets. Objectives of the Study: To help overcome the limitations of the existing literature, this study develops separate models for the CGVF relationships for developed and developing markets keeping in mind the differences between these markets; defines the concept of corporate governance and the value of a firm suitable for developing and developed financial markets; highlights the differences in the process by which corporate governance affects the value of a firm in developing and developed financial markets; and states the implications of different management theories in explaining the differences in CGVF relationships in these markets. Methodology and Data: Two typical financial markets, Australia (developed) and Malaysia (developing) are selected for the present study. The panel data is collected from 2000 to 2003 for Tobin’s Q, price to book value ratio, market capitalisation, gearing ratio, return on total assets, shareholder’s concentration (agency cost), CEO duality, board size, and judicial and regulatory authority efficiency. Multifactor corporate governance and the value of a firm (CGVF) models relevant for developed and developing markets are constructed and econometric analyses are performed to test the relationship between corporate governance instruments and the value of a firm. Incremental tests are also carried out to see the importance of individual variables in the model for developing and developed financial markets. In addition, tests for the complementarities of corporate governance instruments in affecting the value of a firm are also performed. Results and Implications of CGVF Relationships The results of the corporate governance model for developing, developed and crossmarket analysis suggest a positive relationship between corporate governance and the value of a firm. The results on the relationship between the value of a firm and corporate governance mechanism in the developed market suggest a negative relationship between debt and the value of a firm. The result confirms agency theory, as managers do not handle the debt properly. Also, there is a negative relationship between the value of a firm and a larger board, further confirming agency theory. On the contrary, control variables such as market capitalisation and the price to book value ratio have a positive relationship with the value of a firm in this market. The managers are stewards in this case and are inclined to support the interests of the shareholders thereby supporting stewardship theory. Similarly, the results on the relationship between corporate governance and the value of a firm in the developing financial market suggest a negative relationship between shareholder concentration and the value of a firm. The results of this model confirm agency theory where the majority shareholders, as agents, are involved in empire building. Similarly, control variables such as return on total assets, market capitalisation and price to book value ratio have a positive relationship with the value of a firm in the developing financial market. The results support stewardship theory. Finally, the bigger board size has a positive relationship with the value of a firm in the developing financial market. The results on the cross-market analysis show that higher debt and inefficient regulatory authority have a negative relationship with the value of a firm. There is an agency cost involved in handling debt. Furthermore, the inefficient regulatory authority deteriorates the value of a firm supporting agency theory. On the contrary, control variables such as return on total assets and price to book value ratio have a positive relationship with the value of a firm in both developed and developing financial markets, supporting stewardship theory. The incremental regression shows that price to book value ratio is the most significant factor in improving the value of a firm in all the CGVF models. The tests of complementarities in the cross-market analysis suggest that board size improves the marginal benefit of CEO duality. Similarly, the regulatory regime encourages an independent CEO to improve the value of a firm. Finally, the value of a firm in a developing market is a broad concept and also incorporates the social value in addition to the monetary value of a firm. The difference in the results for developing and developed markets is due to the different social, regulatory and corporate governance systems in their financial markets. Due to these variations in the selected financial markets, the process by which the value of a firm is affected is also different. Conclusion: In light of the above findings, the study has highlighted the role of corporate governance in effective utilisation of assets to improve the value of a firm. The role of the board and regulatory authority is important in disciplining the CEO and majority shareholders in the financial markets. A bigger board creates value for shareholders in developing financial markets. On the contrary, a smaller board and less debt create value in developed financial markets. The current study makes an original contribution by suggesting that there is a positive relationship between corporate governance and the value of a firm in both developing and developed markets, although, the nature of this relationship differs due to differences in the characteristics of developing and developed markets. The divergence in the social, economic and organisational aspects of these markets makes the relevance of various organisational and management theories in explaining the CGVF relationships different as well. These insights in explaining the CGVF relationships are useful for academic understanding and business and public policy formulations.
5
Rashid, Kashif. "A comparison of corporate governance and firm performance in developing (Malaysia) and developed (Australia) financial markets." Thesis, 2008. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/1457/.
Full textAbstract:
Issues and Significance: It is widely believed that good corporate governance is an important factor in improving the value of a firm in both developing and developed financial markets. However, the relationship between corporate governance and the value of a firm (the CGVF relationship) differs in developing and developed financial markets due to disparate corporate governance structures in these markets resulting from the dissimilar social, economic and regulatory conditions in these countries. There is a need to understand the differences which affect the value of a firm for academic investigations, financial and management practices and public regulation of markets and corporations. Existing Literature and Limitations: The existing literature on how good corporate governance contributes to improving the value of a firm is not well developed and has several limitations. No single research thus far, has undertaken a comprehensive study of the differences in the relationship between the level of corporate governance sophistication of the firm and its contribution to firm value. In the context of developing markets the relationships between corporate governance and the value of a firm are not defined properly and these relationships are not adequately tested by incorporating the relevant factors affecting them. Furthermore, comparative analyses of the relevance of different management theories (such as agency theory, stewardship theory, etc.) in shedding light on the nature and process of the CGVF relationships in developing and developed markets have not been reported in literature. Therefore, there is a need to redefine and properly analyse CGVF relationships by incorporating the factors relevant for a firm operating in developing and developed financial markets. Objectives of the Study: To help overcome the limitations of the existing literature, this study develops separate models for the CGVF relationships for developed and developing markets keeping in mind the differences between these markets; defines the concept of corporate governance and the value of a firm suitable for developing and developed financial markets; highlights the differences in the process by which corporate governance affects the value of a firm in developing and developed financial markets; and states the implications of different management theories in explaining the differences in CGVF relationships in these markets. Methodology and Data: Two typical financial markets, Australia (developed) and Malaysia (developing) are selected for the present study. The panel data is collected from 2000 to 2003 for Tobin’s Q, price to book value ratio, market capitalisation, gearing ratio, return on total assets, shareholder’s concentration (agency cost), CEO duality, board size, and judicial and regulatory authority efficiency. Multifactor corporate governance and the value of a firm (CGVF) models relevant for developed and developing markets are constructed and econometric analyses are performed to test the relationship between corporate governance instruments and the value of a firm. Incremental tests are also carried out to see the importance of individual variables in the model for developing and developed financial markets. In addition, tests for the complementarities of corporate governance instruments in affecting the value of a firm are also performed. Results and Implications of CGVF Relationships The results of the corporate governance model for developing, developed and crossmarket analysis suggest a positive relationship between corporate governance and the value of a firm. The results on the relationship between the value of a firm and corporate governance mechanism in the developed market suggest a negative relationship between debt and the value of a firm. The result confirms agency theory, as managers do not handle the debt properly. Also, there is a negative relationship between the value of a firm and a larger board, further confirming agency theory. On the contrary, control variables such as market capitalisation and the price to book value ratio have a positive relationship with the value of a firm in this market. The managers are stewards in this case and are inclined to support the interests of the shareholders thereby supporting stewardship theory. Similarly, the results on the relationship between corporate governance and the value of a firm in the developing financial market suggest a negative relationship between shareholder concentration and the value of a firm. The results of this model confirm agency theory where the majority shareholders, as agents, are involved in empire building. Similarly, control variables such as return on total assets, market capitalisation and price to book value ratio have a positive relationship with the value of a firm in the developing financial market. The results support stewardship theory. Finally, the bigger board size has a positive relationship with the value of a firm in the developing financial market. The results on the cross-market analysis show that higher debt and inefficient regulatory authority have a negative relationship with the value of a firm. There is an agency cost involved in handling debt. Furthermore, the inefficient regulatory authority deteriorates the value of a firm supporting agency theory. On the contrary, control variables such as return on total assets and price to book value ratio have a positive relationship with the value of a firm in both developed and developing financial markets, supporting stewardship theory. The incremental regression shows that price to book value ratio is the most significant factor in improving the value of a firm in all the CGVF models. The tests of complementarities in the cross-market analysis suggest that board size improves the marginal benefit of CEO duality. Similarly, the regulatory regime encourages an independent CEO to improve the value of a firm. Finally, the value of a firm in a developing market is a broad concept and also incorporates the social value in addition to the monetary value of a firm. The difference in the results for developing and developed markets is due to the different social, regulatory and corporate governance systems in their financial markets. Due to these variations in the selected financial markets, the process by which the value of a firm is affected is also different. Conclusion: In light of the above findings, the study has highlighted the role of corporate governance in effective utilisation of assets to improve the value of a firm. The role of the board and regulatory authority is important in disciplining the CEO and majority shareholders in the financial markets. A bigger board creates value for shareholders in developing financial markets. On the contrary, a smaller board and less debt create value in developed financial markets. The current study makes an original contribution by suggesting that there is a positive relationship between corporate governance and the value of a firm in both developing and developed markets, although, the nature of this relationship differs due to differences in the characteristics of developing and developed markets. The divergence in the social, economic and organisational aspects of these markets makes the relevance of various organisational and management theories in explaining the CGVF relationships different as well. These insights in explaining the CGVF relationships are useful for academic understanding and business and public policy formulations.
6
Dunlop, Yvonne. "Low Paid Employment In Australia." Thesis, 2002. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/231/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis explores the labour market situation of low paid and unemployed adults in Australia during the mid-90s. The aim is to document evidence of the experiences of these individuals, with a view to understanding whether, in the Australian labour market, some workers may be trapped in a cycle of low pay and no pay. In short, have some workers become part of a secondary labour market in jobs where they have limited opportunities for sustained employment and earnings progression? This empirical investigation is undertaken within a dynamic framework. It unfolds evidence about the experiences of the low paid and the unemployed in the Australian labour market with both descriptive and econometric techniques and using data from a longitudinal survey, The Survey of Employment and Unemployment Patterns. The major themes examined include the dimensions and characteristics of low paid employment, earnings mobility and patterns of labour market transition of the low paid and the unemployed, job durations and the role of casual and part-time work on future employment prospects for the unemployed. Finally, this study takes a policy perspective and undertakes a detailed evaluation of how a specific government initiative may assist individuals who have become entrenched and reliant on income support in the Australian labour market. The main findings of this thesis indicate a diversity of experiences of low paid workers and the unemployed in the Australian labour market. For many, low paid work is a temporary experience. However, the cumulative evidence of this thesis also substantiates a significant negative relationship between previous unemployment, low pay and the labour market transition patterns of workers in the Australian labour market. The conclusion is that some workers are trapped in a cycle of intermittent work, involuntary job separations and unemployment. Information gathered about what may contribute to this labour market situation suggests an important role for the increasing incidence of casual and part-time work in the Australian labour market. While it is found that these jobs provide valuable work opportunities for the unemployed particularly in low paid work, the evidence suggests that over time, they may not be associated with a pathway to more secure permanent jobs. The broad implication of the findings of this thesis is that some individuals are trapped in a repeating cycle of low pay and no pay. Once entrenched, the extent to which this cycle can be broken by government intervention may be limited according to the policy evaluation undertaken in this thesis. Therefore, understanding more about this cycle and the labour market experiences of the low paid and the unemployed over the longer term should remain an important concern for policy in this country.
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Alharbi, Badr. "Mobile Phone Service Providers in Saudi Arabia : Students' Customer Satisfaction." Thesis, 2013. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/29494/.
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The mobile phone services sector in Saudi Arabia, whether in terms of its total subscription
numbers or volume of usage, is a booming market with extensive reach across all sections of
consumers. There are now three mobile phone providers in the KSA and the competitive
environment will require careful management by the companies to attract and retain customers,
especially young customers, as the industry continues to be privatised. But the Saudi mobile
phone services market has not yet been subjected to a comprehensive study outlining the factors
that influence Saudi customers in their choice of service provider and their decision to either
retain or terminate their subscription with a particular provider. This study examines customer
satisfaction, choice of service provider and usage characteristics of young Saudis, with a crosssectional
survey of data gathered through self-reported questionnaires from 323 students at
universities in Riyadh, Jeddah, Dammam and other cities.
The results show that STC was the most popular provider followed by Mobily and Zain.
Majority of the students were dissatisfied with their service providers due to poor pricing and
service quality, and one-third of the customers intended to terminate their contracts after
expiration date. Minimum cost service packages, lower rates of call, and free allowances on the
contract for social calls were significant predictors of the intention to change provider. Inferential
statistics revealed that gender is a relevant demographic factor in determining the respondents'
satisfaction and usage characteristics, whereas location is was tangentially related to satisfaction
due to a gender skew in some locations. Males tended to pay their own bills and use their phone
more than females for social calls than business/education, and males were more likely to change
their providers when their contract expired.
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Esposto, Alexis S. "Dimensions of Earnings Inequality in Australia." Thesis, 2005. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/554/.
Full textAbstract:
Over the last three decades, Australia and many other industrialised nations have seen major social and economic changes. For Australia, two of these have been increasing inequality of earnings and the growth in alternative forms of employment arrangements. For the US and a number of other countries, the prevailing explanation for the increase in inequality centres on the notion of skill-biased technological change (SBTC). This view is based on the consensus that technical change favours more skilled workers, as new technologies evolve and are introduced into workplaces. This explanation relates the increases in earnings inequalities to a shift in demand towards highly skilled workers and away from less skilled workers, and centres around the concept and measure of skill. In this context, this thesis investigates three central issues that relate to dimensions of inequality in the Australian labour market. First, has there in fact been increasing skill bias in the demand for labour, and how should skill best be measured in addressing this issue? Second, if increasing skill bias is confirmed, is there any evidence that this increase in relative demand for high skill labour is an important explanatory factor in the rise in earnings inequality? Third, can the increasing role of casual and part-time work in Australia be interpreted as, in substantial part, a response to skill bias in the demand for labour, and as indicative of rising inequality in the labour market? The main findings of the thesis are as follows. For the first question, there is evidence of skill-bias in the demand for labour both in the long and short term in total and full-time employment. Although there was clear evidence of skill bias in full-time employment for men and women, the extent was not homogenous across different job types. Secondly, earnings inequality continued to increase in occupations for men and women between 1989-1995 and 1997-2002, irrespective of the type of inequality measures employed. Moreover, in trying to explain the causes of increasing earnings inequality in full-time work, the analysis found that the O*NET measures of skill and knowledge provided some tentative evidence that supports the skill bias hypothesis in Australia. Thirdly, in the exploration of the relationship between skill bias, alternative job types and earnings inequality, the thesis finds some indicative evidence to suggest that the process of job type creation may imply a new dimension of increasing earnings inequality in the Australian labour market. The broad implications of these findings are tied to both increasing earnings inequality in full-time earnings and in household income inequality. This is particularly so for those households whose majority of members are low skilled and are dependent on casual and part-time work, and who on average work a small number of hours.
Books on the topic "CSCs markers"
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England, Robert Stowe. Global Aging and Financial Markets: Hard Landings Ahead (CSIS Significant Issues Series) (Csis Significant Issues Series). Center for Strategic & International Studies, 2002.
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Csis Task Force Report (Corporate Author), Csis Global Organized Crime Project Nuclear Black Market Task Force (Corporate Author), and William H. Webster (Editor), eds. The Nuclear Black Market: Global Organized Crime Project (Csis Panel Reports). Center for Strategic & International Studies, 1996.
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(Foreword), James A. Kelly, and Lincoln P. Bloomfield (Editor), eds. Global Markets and National Interests: The New Geopolitics of Energy, Capital, and Information (Csis Significant Issues Series). Center for Strategic & International Studies, 2002.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "CSCs markers"
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Sahu, G. P., and Naveen Kumar Singh. "Identifying Critical Success Factor (CSFs) for the Adoption of Digital Payment Systems: A Study of Indian National Banks." In Advances in Theory and Practice of Emerging Markets, 61–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75013-2_6.
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Borziak, Kirill, and Joseph Finkelstein. "Utilizing Shared Big Data to Identify Liver Cancer Dedifferentiation Markers." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti210862.
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Big data reanalysis has the potential to generate novel comparative analyses which aim to generate novel hypotheses and knowledge. However, this approach is underutilized in the realm of cancer research, particularly for cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are a rare subset of tumor cells, which dedifferentiate from healthy adult cells, and have the potential for self-renewal and treatment resistance. This analysis utilizes two publically available single-cell RNA-seq datasets of liver cancer and adult liver cell types to demonstrate how reanalysis of big data can lead to valuable new discoveries. We identify 519 differentially expressed genes between liver CSCs and healthy liver cell types. Here we report the potential novel liver CSC dedifferentiation factor, Msh Homeobox 2, which was significantly upregulated in liver CSCs by 1.36 fold (p-value < 1E-10). These findings have the potential to further advance our knowledge of genes governing the formation of CSCs.
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Borziak, Kirill, and Joseph Finkelstein. "Comparative Analysis of Public Data Sets to Identify Stemness Markers That Differentiate Liver Cancer Stem Cells." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti210290.
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Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent an important field in translational medicine for generating novel cancer treatments. To identify important stemness markers in liver CSCs that potentially explain their resistance to treatment, we analyzed 10865 single-cell RNA-seq samples across 42684 coding and non-coding genes. Our results show that CSCs have significantly increased expression of two Yamanaka factors (Oct4, 2.14X and SOX2, 1.13X) and three stemness factors (CD44, 3.25X; KRT7, 2.2X; SOX9, 1.71X), relative to liver progenitor cells. Our study demonstrates the potential power of harnessing shared big data for driving translational medicine for novel hypothesis generation.
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Lee, Ruben. "CCPs and CSDs." In Running the World's Markets. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691133539.003.0008.
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This chapter presents a series of case studies illustrating how some specific central counterparties (CCPs), and central securities depositories (CSDs) have been governed in particular contexts. The following institutions and contexts are described in turn: the relationship between the Canadian Depository for Securities' owners, its users, and board directors from the company's inception to 2008; the establishment of European Central Counterparty Limited by Depository Trust and Clearing Corporation over the period 2000–2002; the creation of Clearstream International by Deutsche Börse over the period 1999–2002; some aspects of how Euroclear was governed regarding its creation, ownership, and board structure up until 2006; and the creation of LCH.Clearnet and some difficulties it faced over the period 2003–6. A few brief general lessons from each case study are also identified.
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"Securities Depositories (CSDs and ICSDs)." In Financial Markets Operations Management, 151–73. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119208365.ch6.
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"Chapter Seven. CCPs and CSDs." In Running the World's Markets, 201–44. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400836970.201.
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Eilís, Ferran, and Hickman Eleanore. "Part III Post-Trading Infrastructures, 14 Central Securities Depositories in the EU." In Financial Market Infrastructures: Law and Regulation. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198865858.003.0014.
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This chapter discusses the critical role that central securities depositories (CSDs) play in fostering financial stability and operational efficiency in the financial system. CSDs were established for the purpose of reducing risk and increasing efficiency by immobilising securities certificates. They were initially created to serve domestic markets but, in the 1970s, CSDs designed to cater for the international securities markets (ICSDs) began to emerge. The chapter unpacks the 'widely unseen and poorly understood' role CSDs play in the markets, describes the major CSDs operating in the European Union, and analyses the risks associated with CSDs and how CSDs address and mitigate them. It also analyses how the CSDs' governance, business model, and recovery and resolution regimes differ from those of central counterparties (CCPs).
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Perez, Pascal, Anne Dray, A. Ritter, P. Dietze, T. Moore, and L. Mazerolle. "SimDrug: A Multi-Agent System Tackling the Complexity of Illicit Drug Markets in Australia." In Complex Science for a Complex World: Exploring Human Ecosystems with Agents. ANU Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.22459/cscw.08.2006.10.
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Dermot, Turing. "Part III Post-Trading Infrastructures, 15 Central Securities Depositories and Participant Default in the EU." In Financial Market Infrastructures: Law and Regulation. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198865858.003.0015.
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This chapter explores the legal and regulatory framework of the Central Securities Depositories Regulation (CSDR) and investigates the delicate dynamics of the CSDs' default arrangements to manage a CSD participant's default. CSDs are recognized to be a core component in the smooth functioning of the financial system. CSDR was made law in 2014 and created a new uniform legal and regulatory framework for CSDs in the European Union. One feature of the regulation of CSDs, as with other types of financial market infrastructure, was the requirement for rules and procedure for an orderly management of the default of a CSD participant. The chapter identifies that, while policymakers and CSDs share the same objective of ensuring the safety of securities settlement systems, CSDs' rulebooks and default rules and CSDR itself might have lagged behind the development of new resolution procedures for a participating financial institution which get into difficulties. It critically assesses some of the practices included in CSDs' rulebook on a participant's default management and how they would practically apply vis-à-vis the resolution of a participating firm.
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Lee, Ruben. "Definitions." In Running the World's Markets. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691133539.003.0002.
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For many people, the “infrastructure institutions” in financial markets are the exchanges, central counterparties (CCPs), and central securities depositories (CSDs) that provide the trading, clearing, settlement, and sometimes other core functions for cash and derivative markets. There are, however, also many reasons why the definitions of an infrastructure, an exchange, a CCP, and CSD are all quite opaque. This is important, as the identification of a particular organization as one of these types of institutions can have significant commercial, regulatory, and policy consequences. This chapter aims to provide some basic insights into the definitions and nature of an infrastructure, an exchange, a CCP, and a CSD; and explores the reasons why these concepts are sometimes ambiguous and controversial. The first section considers the meaning and nature of what is an infrastructure. The second provides some comments on the definitions and nature of exchanges, CCPs, and CSDs, and on the functions they deliver. Brief conclusions are offered in the last section.
Conference papers on the topic "CSCs markers"
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Sharma, Shivay, Anil Bhargava, Payal Saluja, and Prahlada Rao B B. "Accessing E-Infrastructures Using Cdac Scientific Cloud (Csc) Services." In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing in Emerging Markets (CCEM). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccem.2013.6684426.
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Hashemi, Ray R., Azita A. Bahrami, Jeffrey A. Young, Travis Robbins, Travis Robbins, Alexandria Ragsdale, and Tracy Langkilde. "Effects of Phenotypical Patterns on Epigenetic Markers." In 2018 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csci46756.2018.00262.
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Kantara, Carla, Shubhashish Sarkar, Carrie Maxwell, Robert Ullrich, and Pomila Singh. "Abstract 2378: Detection of circulating tumors cells (CTCs) in mice, using cancer stem cell (CSC) markers and a novel cell surface marker, AnnexinA2." In Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-2378.
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Grone, Samuel, Weitian Tong, Hayden Wimmer, and Yao Xu. "Arbitrage Behavior amongst Multiple Cryptocurrency Exchange Markets." In 2021 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csci54926.2021.00023.
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Jiansheng Zhou, Xing Cai, and Rongzhe Huang. "The relations between Guangxi capital markets and economic development." In 2011 International Conference on Computer Science and Service System (CSSS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csss.2011.5975047.
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Alsulaiman, Talal, and Khaldoun Khashanah. "Heterogeneous Behaviors and Direct Interactions in Artificial Stock Markets." In 2015 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csci.2015.66.
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Yamaguchi, Seiyu, Hajime Mizuyama, Tomomi Nonaka, and Mizuho Sato. "Knowledge-Sharing Market." In CSCW '18: Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3272973.3274058.
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Ahmad Shatiry, M. Sahir, and Zul Hazran Husni. "Critical Success Factors in Brownfield Construction Project." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22691-ms.
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ABSTRACT A minimal number of studies have explored developing the critical success factors (CSFs) in a brownfield construction project in Malaysia. This study intends to understand the CSFs perceived from the construction practitioners, identify all the CSFs in brownfield construction projects, and establish the top five (5) most influential CSFs for a brownfield construction project. Brownfield project refers to a project that performs construction, modification, and rejuvenation work on the existing oil and gas platform and ongoing operations with intentions for major or minor expansion, debottlenecking, or rejuvenations in a live plant, to tie-ins of a new element. In the volatile oil and gas market prices, the O&G companies are preferable to perform redevelopment of existing fields that the underlying basis is lower capital expenditure (CAPEX) compare to greenfield projects and provide the higher return of investment (ROI). In this study, the literature review was performed, conducted a semi-structured interview, and distributed surveys to respondents from various oil and gas companies in Malaysia. From the questionnaires survey conducted, a correlation will be tested study on to tabulate the critical success factors for a brownfield construction project. Furthermore, the results from the questionnaires will be analyzed using the Relative Importance Index (RII), then to define and to develop the top five (5) most influential CSFs in a brownfield construction project. The discussion further suggested that the management strategy can be taken to manage all the identified CSFs from the surveyed and analyzed.
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Liu, Yehong, Xiaoying Huang, and Yong Fang. "Equilibrium of Decision-Making Process in Financial Market." In 2014 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csci.2014.104.
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Yan, Yuming, Huimin Yu, Shuzhao Li, Zhaohui Lu, Jianfeng He, Haozhuo Zhang, and Runfa Wang. "Weakening the Influence of Clothing: Universal Clothing Attribute Disentanglement for Person Re-Identification." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/212.
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Most existing Re-ID studies focus on the short-term cloth-consistent setting and thus dominate by the visual appearance of clothing. However, the same person would wear different clothes and different people would wear the same clothes in reality, which invalidates these methods. To tackle the challenge of clothes change, we propose a Universal Clothing Attribute Disentanglement network (UCAD) which can effectively weaken the influence of clothing (identity-unrelated) and force the model to learn identity-related features that are unrelated to the worn clothing. For further study of Re-ID in cloth-changing scenarios, we construct a large-scale dataset called CSCC with the following unique features: (1) Severe: A large number of people have cloth-changing over four seasons. (2) High definition: The resolution of the cameras ranges from 1920×1080 to 3840×2160, which ensures that the recorded people are clear. Furthermore, we provide two variants of CSCC considering different degrees of cloth-changing, namely moderate and severe, so that researchers can effectively evaluate their models from various aspects. Experiments on several cloth-changing datasets including our CSCC and short-term dataset Market-1501 prove the superiority of UCAD. The dataset is available at https://github.com/yomin-y/UCAD.
Reports on the topic "CSCs markers"
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Avis, William. Funding Mechanisms to Local CSOs. Institute of Development Studies, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.089.
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Civil society can be broadly defined as the area outside the family, market and state. As such, civil society encompasses a spectrum of actors with a wide range of purposes, constituencies, structures, degrees of organisation, functions, size, resource levels, cultural contexts, ideologies, membership, geographical coverage, strategies and approaches.This rapid literature review collates available literature on funding mechanisms and barriers to local CSOs gaining access to funding and the extent to which funding leads towards organisational development and sustainability. Broadly, it is asserted that in terms of funding, local CSOs often struggle to secure funding equivalent to that of INGOs and their local representatives. Kleibl & Munck (2017) reflect that indigenous non-state actors do not receive large shares of development funding. For example, only 10% of the total funding for US-funded health projects in Uganda was allocated to indigenous non-state actors.Given the diversity of CSOs and the variety of contexts, sectors they work in and the services they supply, it is challenging to summarise funding mechanisms available to local CSOs and the barriers to accessing these. Recent analyses of CSO funding report that while the total CSO funding in many contexts has continued to increase in absolute terms since 2015, its relative importance (as a share of total Overseas Development Assistance) has been decreasing (Verbrugge and Huyse, 2018). They continued that ODA funding channelled through CSOs (i.e., funding that is programmed by the donor government) remains far more important in volumes than ODA channelled directly to CSOs (which is programmed by CSOs themselves).The literature identifies three principal mechanisms by which donors provide financial support to civil society actors: a) Direct support to individual or umbrella organisations; b) Via Southern government; c) Via Intermediaries – largely Northern NGOs.