Academic literature on the topic 'Crytosporidium'

Kualitas air yang menurun di Hulu Sungai Citarum dapat disebabkan oleh banyak faktor. Faktor-faktor tersebut dapat diketahui dari parameter fisika, kimia dan biologi. Parameter biologi yang digunakan untuk mengevaluasi kualitas air adalah mikroorganisme patogen yang menimbulkan penyakit di sistem pencernaan seperti diare akut, yaitu Coliform dan Cryptosporidium. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui status kualitas air di Hulu Sungai Citarum dengan indeks kualitas air NSF-WQI, mengetahui hubungan dan pengaruh parameter fisik dan kimia air terhadap parameter biologi, menentukan faktor utama dari parameter air yang paling berpengaruh dan mengetahui hubungan serta pengaruh faktor utama tersebut terhadap Cryptosporidium. Metode yang digunakan adalah mengambil sampel di tiap stasiun dengan composite, mengidentifikasi dan analisis Coliform dengan MPN dan identifikasi Crytosporidium dengan Ziehl Neelsen staining, kemudian menganalisis parameter kimia dan fisika dengan indeks NSF-WQI, lalu data tersebut diolah menggunakan metode statistik PCA. Hasil pengukuran kualitas air berdasarkan NSF-WQI adalah kualitas air di Hulu Sungai Citarum termasuk kategori buruk dan medium. Keberadaan Cryptosporidium di Hulu Sungai Citarum disebabkan oleh 2 (dua) faktor utama, yaitu faktor pertama terdiri dari DO, turbiditas, NO2, NH4 dan total Colifom, sedangkan faktor kedua terdiri dari TSS, COD dan PO4. Kedua faktor tersebut tidak signifikan dengan keberadaan Cryptosporidium di Hulu Sungai Citarum. Kata kunci: Cryptosporidium, Hulu Sungai Citarum, Indeks NSF-WQI, Kualitas Air

ABSTRACT Fecal samples were taken from wild ducks on the lower Rio Grande River around Las Cruces, N. Mex., from September 2000 to January 2001. Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were purified from 69 samples by sucrose enrichment followed by cesium chloride (CsCl) gradient centrifugation and were viewed via fluorescent-antibody (FA) staining. For some samples, recovered cysts and oocysts were further screened via PCR to determine the presence of Giardia lamblia and Crytosporidium parvum. The results of this study indicate that 49% of the ducks were carriers of Cryptosporidium, and the Cryptosporidium oocyst concentrations ranged from 0 to 2,182 oocysts per g of feces (mean ± standard deviation, 47.53 ± 270.3 oocysts per g); also, 28% of the ducks were positive for Giardia, and the Giardia cyst concentrations ranged from 0 to 29,293 cysts per g of feces (mean ± standard deviation, 436 ± 3,525.4 cysts per g). Of the 69 samples, only 14 had (oo)cyst concentrations that were above the PCR detection limit. Samples did test positive for Cryptosporidium sp. However, C. parvum and G. lamblia were not detected in any of the 14 samples tested by PCR. Ducks on their southern migration through southern New Mexico were positive for Cryptosporidium and Giardia as determined by FA staining, but C. parvum and G. lamblia were not detected.

ABSTRACT Interactions between CD40 expressed on macrophages and CD40 ligand expressed on T lymphocytes can be an important signal for optimal macrophage activation. Previous studies have demonstrated that the optimal response against certain intracellular pathogens (e.g.,Crytosporidium and Leishmania spp.) by macrophages requires CD40-CD40 ligand interactions. However, this finding is not universal, since two recent reports utilizing CD40 knockout mice have shown no such contribution to the protective immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis orHistoplasma capsulatum. We demonstrate here that CD40-CD40 ligand interactions are significant events in the protective response against the intracellular pathogen Salmonella dublin in normal mice but not for animals genetically deficient in CD40 ligand expression. Treating BALB/c mice exogenously with a CD40 agonist (i.e., soluble trimeric CD40 ligand) increased resistance against a lethal, orally administered dose of S. dublin. Conversely, in vivo administration of a monoclonal antibody against CD40 ligand to block endogenous CD40-CD40 ligand interactions resulted in a decreased resistance to salmonellosis. In contrast, CD40 ligand knockout mice demonstrated no increased susceptibility to salmonellosis. In vitro treatment of Salmonella-infected macrophages from BALB/c mice with soluble trimeric CD40 ligand resulted in an elevated production of interleukin 12p70 by these cells, suggesting a mechanism whereby CD40-CD40 ligand interactions might enhance protective immune responses to this pathogen. Taken together, these studies strongly suggest that CD40-CD40 ligand interactions in normal mice play an important protective role in immune responses against the gram-negative, intracellular pathogen S. dublin.

Introdução: Crytosporidium é um protozoário parasita do trato gastrointestinal, com incidência significativamente maior em crianças do que em adultos. Infecta, principalmente, o intestino delgado e provoca diarreia aguda em imunocompetentes. Entretanto, em pacientes imunocomprometidos, a criptosporidiose pode ser uma doença grave e crônica com sintomas persistentes, além de causar manifestações atípicas, como doença gastrintestinal atípica, doença do trato biliar, doença do trato respiratório e pancreatite. A infecção por Cryptosporidium parvum parece estar fortemente associada ao desenvolvimento de colangite. No entanto, as modalidades disponíveis de tratamento são limitadas, devendo a prevenção e redução de risco configurarem as intervenções principais. Objetivo: Relatar o panorama de conhecimentos atuais e prover informações sobre colangite associada à criptosporidiose em pacientes imunodeprimidos na faixa etária pediátrica contribuindo desta forma para o diagnóstico e condutas terapêuticas. Metodologia: Foi feita uma revisão nas principais bases de dados, Institute of Health PUBMED, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), utilizando descritores, buscando artigos que contemplassem os assuntos: Colangite, Imunodeficiência, Criptosporidiose, Pediatria, sendo realizado o cruzamento entre eles. Foram pesquisados artigos nas línguas portuguesa, inglesa e espanhola, contendo textos compreendidos entre o período de 2001 a 2018. Discussão: A suspeita da doença hepática crônica surge com o aparecimento de hepatomegalia considerável e de alterações laboratoriais (transaminases hepáticas, fosfatase alcalina e gama GT com níveis séricos aumentados) em pacientes com diagnóstico prévio de imunodeficiência. Diversos trabalhos mostraram que o arsenal terapêutico – de agentes antiparasitários e antibióticos macrolídeos - não foi eficaz para erradicar a infecção e impedir a progressão da doença. Dessa forma, o transplante hepático se faz necessário com a evolução da doença. No entanto, nem mesmo o procedimento é capaz de melhorar os índices de sobrevida deste grupo de pacientes, devido às complicações inerentes ao transplante, como ausência de imunocompetência, uso de medicações e, rejeição do enxerto. A recorrência pode chegar a um quinto dos pacientes. Conclusão: A colangite esclerosante secundária à criptosporidiose deve ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial de doença hepática crônica em crianças. O diagnóstico pode ser feito pela associação da infecção pelo protozoário na via hepática e biliar com alterações colangiográficas características do ducto biliar. Tais alterações em crianças são, frequentemente, sutis. Portanto, ensaios prospectivos, controlados e colaborativos em pacientes com colangite esclerosante por criptosporidiose são necessários para fornecer uma melhor compreensão da prevalência, patogênese, possível tratamento e prognóstico.

Objetivo: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar el nivel de la contaminación enteroparasitaria de lechugas para consumo humano irrigadas con aguas servidas del río Rímac en poscosecha. Metodología: Se estableció tres zonas de estudio Z-1 curva del cerro Cuncacucho, Z-2 puente o mercado de Carapongo a 50 m de rivera del río y Z-3 paradero Portillo a 50 m de la ribera del río Las muestras de lechuga, (Lactuca sativa), fueron tomadas in situ en número de dos unidades, de las cuales se utilizaron aproximadamente 200g. de hojas basales que estuvieron en contacto directo con el suelo y las aguas durante el período de irrigación; la colecta se hizo mediante el uso de guantes de examen, bisturíes, pinzas simples y colectadas en bolsas cristal de polietileno con click de seguridad.Las muestras fueron procesadas por el método directo de observación y por la técnica de colo- ración de Ziehl Neelsen modificado. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos demostraron un nivel de contaminación enteroparasitaria de lechugas, encontrándose los siguientes parásitos Blastocystis hominis (23.88%), Balantidium coli (4.47%), Entamoeba coli (1%) Crytosporidium spp. (10.44%), Giardia lamblia. (8.95%), Ascaris lumbricoides. (17.91%), entamoeba hystolitica (19.40%), Isospora sp (2.98%), toxocara sp (5.97%). Frente a estos resultados, es necesario que se tomen medidas de control para mejorar la calidad higiénica sanitaria de estos alimentos. Por los resultados hallados en el presente estudio se recomienda el monitoreo continuo en pos cosecha de lechuga como producto hortícola de consumo directo. Conclusiones: Se encontró la presencia de especies de enteroparásitos en las lechugas (Lactuca sativa) para consumo humano irrigadas con aguas servidas del río Rímac en la zona hortícola de Carapongo. El mayor porcentaje de enteroparásitos fueron Blastocystis hominis 29.91%, Entamoeba hystolitica 19.03%, Áscaris lumbricoides 17.84%, Cryptosporidium s11.14% respectivamente. Se ha podido evaluar la presen- cia de enteroparàsitos en varios niveles descritos como alto, medio, regular y bajo según los estándares de la OMS.

The mechanisms responsible for overland transport of faecal pathogens, particularly Cryptosporidium oocysts, from animal sources to water bodies are not fully understood. Surface properties of microbes, such as electrostatic charge and hydrophobicity, are thought to contribute to their aggregation and attachment to solid surfaces. There is conflicting evidence that methods used to purify Cryptosporidium oocysts from faecal material may affect the oocyst surface, leading to biased conclusions from transport studies. By studying oocyst surface properties, aggregation and soil attachment, this thesis addressed whether oocyst purification methods influence overland transport studies, and whether oocysts are likely to be associated with particles during transport. When using the microbial adhesion to hydrocarbon (MATH) assay with octane, oocyst hydrophobicity was shown to be method and isolate dependent, with oocysts displaying moderate to high hydrophobicity in 0.01 M KNO3. There was no observed attachment, however, to the hydrophobic octyl-SepharoseTM bead ligands when using the same suspension solution. Oocyst age did not appear to influence their hydrophobicity. A small but statistically significant proportion of oocysts displayed a net negative surface charge as observed by their attachment to an anion exchange ligand (DEAE). There was no difference in hydrophobicity or surface charge observed between purified oocysts and oocysts that had been extracted without the use of harsh chemicals and solutions with dehydrating properties. Purified oocysts did not aggregate at pH values between 3.3 and 9.0, nor in solutions lower than 0.59 M in ionic strength at a pH 2.7 which is approaching the reported isoelectric point of oocysts. This finding suggests that oocysts may not form aggregates under general environmental conditions. The association of purified oocysts with soil particles was observed in settling columns. Attachment to soil particles was not conclusive since the settling of the soil particles may have entrained single oocysts. Nonetheless, approximately 27% of oocysts were estimated to be unbound to soil or associated with small soil particles. Hence models for oocyst overland transport should consider a significant fraction as single entities or associated with soil particles less than about 3 μm in size.