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Journal articles on the topic 'Crystallization system'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Faeghinia, Aida, Roghaieh Nemati, and Mandana Sheikhani. "The Crystallization Kinetic of Te-Li Glass System." International Journal of Materials, Mechanics and Manufacturing 5, no. 1 (February 2017): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijmmm.2017.5.1.282.

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2

Suljkanovic, Midhat, Milovan Jotanovic, Elvis Ahmetovic, Goran Tadic, and Nidret Ibric. "Formalized methodology for the separation of three component electrolytic systems: Partial separation of the system." Chemical Industry 67, no. 4 (2013): 569–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind120808099s.

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This work presents a formalized methodology for salt's separation from three component electrolytic systems. The methodology is based on the multi-variant modelling block of a generalized crystallization process, with options for simulating the boundary conditions of feasible equilibrium processes and the elements of crystallization techniques. The following techniques are considered: cooling crystallization, adiabatic evaporative-cooling crystallization, salt-out crystallization, isothermal crystallization, and a combination of the mentioned techniques. The multi-variant options of the crystallization module are based on different variable sets with assigned values for solving mathematical models of generalized crystallization processes. The first level of the methodology begins with the determination of salt crystallization paths from a hypothetical electrolytic AX-BX-H2O system, following by an examination of salt-cooling crystallization possibilities. The second level determines feasible processes by the communication of a feed-system with the environment through a stream of evaporated water, or introduced water with introduced crystallized BX salt. The third level determines the value intervals of the variables for feasible processes. The methodological logic and possibilities for the created process simulator are demonstrated on examples of sodium sulphate separation from the NaCl-Na2SO4-H2O system, using different salt concentrations within the feed system.

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3

Adachi, Hiroaki, Hiroyoshi Matsumura, Tsuyoshi Inoue, Ai Niino, Kazufumi Takano, Satoshi Murakami, Yusuke Mori, and Takatomo Sasaki. "Semiautomatic Protein Crystallization System Featuring Crystallization Solution Preparation Function." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 44, no. 8 (August 5, 2005): 6302–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.44.6302.

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4

Gerdts, C., L. Li, Q. Fu, P. Nollert, R. Ismagilov, and L. Stewart. "The microcapillary protein crystallization system." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 64, a1 (August 23, 2008): C596—C597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767308080823.

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5

Qin, Hong Wu, Xiao Xue Xing, and Xian Zhang. "The Analysis for Crystallization of Sn-Pb Alloys Using Acoustic Emission Testing about Wind Turbine Root Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 668-669 (October 2014): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.668-669.83.

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Regular researches of system Sn-Pb alloys with use AE are carried out in various crystallization conditions. In the given researches the technique has been used, which allow to divide the signals radiated with plastic deformation and crack's formation and development from each process. In the metals and alloys majority radiation of AE signals begins in the middle of crystallization's area and comes to an end at the moment of the crystallization termination However in a number of materials AE signals have been registered below an excess point on a cooling curve in a firm condition. Essential influence of small impurity on AE feature and is revealed at crystallization AE character with crystallization of pure metals is defined by a kind of a crystal lattice. Linear dependence total AE from cooling rate is established Influence of superfluous and low residual pressure on AE character established with crystallization.

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6

Slivchenko, Evgeniy S., Vadim N. Isaev, Alexander P. Samarskiy, and Valerian N. Blinichev. "STABILITY OF SUPERCOOLING SOLUTIONS OF CRYSTALLIZATION SYSTEMS IN CLASSICAL THEORY OF NEW PHASE FORMATION." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 60, no. 5 (June 23, 2017): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.2017605.5427.

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Theoretical and experimental evaluations of crystallization systems solutions stability to overcooling were summarized. The general regulariries of the kinetics of the crystallization process are discussed from the standpoint of the classical theory of the formation and growth of new-phase particles. During the analysis of the process of periodic homogeneous crystallization kinetic diagram, three characteristic periods were revealed: the period of resistance to supercooling, the period of crystal growth, and the period of recrystallization. The nature of the processes determining the duration of the characteristic periods has been established. The applicability of the mathematical apparatus of the new phase formation classical theory for calculating the basic and particular functionals of the crystallization system is substantiated. Relations are given that make it possible to calculate the main and particular functionals of the crystallization system stability for supercooling. The analysis of crystallization system category influence on the magnitude of limit supercooling and periodic homogenous crystallization induction period extreme was made. Parameters of the resistance to supercooling of supersaturated aqueous solutions of inorganic and organic substances certain classes under periodic homogeneous crystallization are presented. Conclusions are drawn regarding the position of the main and particular functionals extrema of the crystallization system. The correctness of the conclusions is confirmed by an analysis of the experimental data on the crystallization kinetics of a number of inorganic and organic substances from aqueous and aqueous-organic solvents. On the example of periodic homogeneous crystallization process of the vitamin B1 thiamin bromide from the water-ethanol solution, a complete series of the crystallization system main and particular functionals extremum positions the are constructed. The regularities of the influence of the organic component concentration in a binary solvent on the stability functionals of the crystallization system are noted.Forcitation:Slivchenko E.S., Samarskiy A.P., Isaev V.N., Blinichev V.N. Stability of supercooling solutions of crystallization systems in classical theory of new phase formation. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 5. P. 88-93.

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7

Orujlu, E. N., A. N. Mammadov, and M. B. Babanly. "3D ANALYTICAL MODELING OF CRYSTALLIZATION SURFACES OF THE MnTe–SnTe–Sb2Te3 SYSTEM." Azerbaijan Chemical Journal, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/0005-2531-2021-2-94-100.

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An analytical method was used for 3D modeling of crystallization surfaces of the MnTe–SnTe–Sb2Te3 system based on the existing data of boundary systems and a small number of experimental DTA- measurements. All analytical dependencies temperatures on composition for liquidus of the binary and three-system were obtained using the 2D and 3D options of the OriginLab software. The obtained results allowed us to visualize the crystallization surfaces of the phases based on initial components of the MnTe–SnTe–Sb2Te3 system as a separate form and in one graph

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8

Suljkanovic, Midhat, Milovan Jotanovic, Elvis Ahmetovic, and Nidret Ibric. "Multivariant simulator for vacuum cooling processes of three component electrolyte systems." Chemical Industry 64, no. 1 (2010): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind1001021s.

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In this paper, a computer aided analysis and synthesis of the crystallization processes from multicomponent electrolyte systems were studied. In addition, the vacuum crystallization processes with adiabatic cooling of the system are presented. The cooling process of a multicomponent electrolyte system can be considered as a process with the concentration of the system and/or the crystallization of the solid phase from the system. Requirements for multivariant options of the process simulator are the result of practical needs in the design of new processes or the improvement of exploitation processes. According to this, there are needs for a simulation of a simple flashing of the system as well as for the vacuum cooling crystallization processes with the cyclic structure. The possibilities of the created process simulator are illustrated on three component electrolyte systems. Application of the process simulator for any other electrolyte systems requires only an update of the thermodynamic model, and physico-chemical properties related to electrolyte system.

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9

Omarova, Sabina M., Zaira N. Verdieva, Alibek B. Alkhasov, Uhumaali G. Magomedbekov, Patimat A. Arbukhanova, and Nadinbeg N. Verdiev. "PHASE EQUILIBRIA IN SYSTEM (LiF)2 – (NaCl)2 – Na3FSO4." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 60, no. 10 (November 16, 2017): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.20176010.5631.

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The liquidus surface of the quasi-triple system LiF–NaCl–Na3FSO4 was studied by a differential-thermal method of physicochemical analysis. As a result of the studies, the crystallization temperature (554 °C) and the composition of the three-component eutectic, which can be used as a heat accumulator in thermal energy storage devices, are determined. When designing plants based on renewable energy sources, it is necessary to provide storage tanks for the concentration of thermal energy, so that the stored heat energy can be used even in the period of absence of solar radiation. The most suitable for thermal accumulation are salt eutectic mixtures. Priority in this respect is research devoted to the development of compositions as possible with large values of the latent heat of the solid-liquid phase transition. The experiment was carried out on the synchronous thermal analysis unit STA 449 F3 Phoenix, the company Netzsch, designed to operate in the temperature range from room temperature to 1500 ° C in an atmosphere of inert gases (argon). All facet triangle (LiF)2 – (NaCl)2 – Na3FSO4: stable diagonal (LiF)2 – (NaCl)2 of the triple mutual system Li, Na // F, Cl and quasibinary systems: LiF–Na3FSO4; NaCl – Na3FSO4 is of the eutectic type, therefore it can be assumed that a triple eutectic is formed in the system. To determine the thermo physical characteristics of the eutectic composition, the experiment is planned in accordance with the general rules of the projection-thermographic method. The one-dimensional polythermal section AB located in the crystallization field of lithium fluoride, where A is 50% (LiF)2+ 50% Na3FSO4, B is 50% (LiF)2+ 50% (NaCl)2 was experientally studied. The study of the AB section reveals the direction to the triple eutectic, from the poles of lithium fluoride crystallization, i.e. the study of this section revealed a constant ratio of sodium chloride and sulfate-sodium fluoride in the triple eutectic. At the point showing a constant ratio of the two initial components in the eutectic, the thermal effects of the secondary and tertiary crystallizations are combined, and the primary crystallization is fixed at 657 °C. This composition is the starting point for the investigation of the next section. The content of lithium fluoride in the eutectic is determined by studying the polythermal section of lithium fluoride from the crystallization pole and passing through the projection Ē to the side of the triangle (NaCl)2 – Na3FSO4. As a result of the studies, the crystallization temperature and the concentration of the initial salts in the triple eutectic have been established. The detected eutectic composition (EΔ) crystallizes at 554 °C and contains eq. %: (LiF)2 – 26; (NaCl)2 – 23; Na3FSO4 – 51.Forcitation:Omarova S.M., Verdieva Z.N., Alkhasov A.B., Magomedbekov U.G., Arbukhanova P.A., Verdiev N.N. Phase equilibria in system (LiF)2 – (NaCl)2 – Na3FSO4. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 10. P. 4-8

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10

Baker, D. R., and Armela Freda. "Eutectic crystallization in the undercooled Orthoclase-Quartz-H2O system: experiments and simulations." European Journal of Mineralogy 13, no. 3 (May 29, 2001): 453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2001/0013-0453.

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11

Nikolic, Jelena, Sonja Smiljanjic, Srdjan Matijasevic, Vladimir Zivanovic, Mihajlo Tosic, Snezana Grujic, and Jovica Stojanovic. "Preparation of glass-ceramic in Li2O-Al2O3-GeO2-P2O5 system." Processing and Application of Ceramics 7, no. 4 (2013): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac1304147n.

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The results of preparation and structural characterization of glass-ceramics from the system Li2O-Al2O3-GeO2-P2O5 are shown in this paper. The crystallization behaviour of the selected glass was examined under non-isothermal and isothermal crystallization conditions. DTA, XRD and SEM methods were employed for analyses. It was confirmed that this glass crystallizes by the volume crystallization mechanism. The results also showed that the glass crystallize by primary crystallization. As a primary phase the LiGe2(PO4)3 is formed and the traces of GeO2 as a secondary one is present. The crystallization process occurred at a high homogeneous nucleation rate and the spherical morphology of crystal growth. By applying the Kissinger relation the activation energy of crystal growth Ea = 462 kJ/mol was determined.

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12

Jotanovic, Milovan, and Vladan Micic. "Modeling of multistage salt crystallization from the NaCl-Na2SO4-H2O system." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 11, no. 1 (2005): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq0501036j.

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A three-component system and the crystallization of selected salts from this system were investigated in this study. The studied system was a NaCl-Na2SO4-H2O three-component solution. A methodology for selective crystallization by various elementary pathways was developed, followed by a mathematical model of the complex process of selective crystallization. The developed mathematical model and algorithm of the process enabled the simulation of selective salt crystallization from the multicomponent system NaCl-Na2SO4-H2O.

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13

Tian, F., H. Qu, M. Louhi-Kultanen, and J. Rantanen. "Crystallization of a polymorphic hydrate system." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 99, no. 2 (February 2010): 753–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.21865.

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14

Meining, Winfried. "XtalBase– a comprehensive data management system for macromolecular crystallography." Journal of Applied Crystallography 39, no. 5 (September 12, 2006): 759–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889806029979.

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The rate at which successful crystallization experiments and new structures of macromolecules are reported is growing at a fast pace. It is therefore desirable to collect data systematically, handle these data effectively and evaluate the accumulated knowledge in an automated fashion in order to optimize procedures for crystallization and data evaluation. A new web-based program,XtalBase, has been developed in order to aid the crystallographer in designing, preparing, documenting and evaluating crystallization experiments.XtalBasehosts a database of physicochemical data of compounds commonly used for the crystallization of macromolecules. Experimental conditions are constructed either from existing commercial screening sets, by random, by interpolation between start and end concentrations, or as sets of individually composed drops. Recipes needed for the preparation of solutions and drops are instantly calculated and displayed. The program allows for documenting observations in the form of scores, notes and pictures. The experimental data recorded within the program as well as data imported from the Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database (BMCD) can be used to estimate a probability of success for crystallization conditions. The program enables the user statistically to correlate conditions with observations not only from their own experiments but from all experiments documented within the system.XtalBaseprovides facilities for storing a large variety of data, such as a sample history, collection and refinement parameters, coordinates, as well as publication data. Data can be imported and exportedviacustomizable templates. The system can be configured to execute programs, which are fed by data from the database, and to extract data from the program output. The administrative interface allows the customization of all data tables and fields. All data can be searched in a unified search facility. The program presents the basis for a consistently defined database of crystallization data combined with tools to handle crystallization and crystallographic dataviaa web browser. The program home page is http://www.xtalbase.net.

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15

Adiguzel, Vedat, Wei Liu, Asadullah Memon, Hongtao Zhou, Imran Akbar, Atif Zafar, and Ubedullah Ansari. "Solid-liquid phase equilibria of (H2O-Mn(H2PO2)2-MnCl2-NaCl), (H2O-Mn(H2PO2)2-MnCl2) and (H2O-NaCl- MnCl2) systems at 323.15 K." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, no. 00 (2020): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc200521059a.

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The solid-liquid phase equilibria (SLE) and densities of H2O-NaCl- -MnCl2-Mn(H2PO2)2 quaternary system, H2O-NaCl-MnCl2 and H2O-MnCl2- -Mn(H2PO2)2 ternary systems were investigated at 323.15 K by the isothermal solution saturation method. The analyses of the liquid and solid phases were used to determine the composition of the solid phase using the Schreinemakers graphic method. The ternary systems contain one invariant point, two invariant curves and two crystallization regions. In the quaternary system, there is one invariant point, three invariant curves, and three crystallization areas corresponding to NaCl, MnCl2 4H2O, and Mn(H2PO2)2H2O. The crystallization area of Mn(H2PO2)2 H2O, being the largest in comparison with those of other salts, occupied 80.75 % of the total crystallization area.

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16

Lutsyk, Vasily, and Anna Zelenaya. "Crystallization paths in SiO2-Al2O3-CaO system as a genotype of silicate materials." Epitoanyag - Journal of Silicate Based and Composite Materials 65, no. 2 (2013): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14382/epitoanyag-jsbcm.2013.7.

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17

Cherezov, Vadim, and Martin Caffrey. "Picolitre-scale crystallization of membrane proteins." Journal of Applied Crystallography 39, no. 4 (July 15, 2006): 604–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889806022953.

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Crystallization of membrane proteins in lipidic mesophases by the standardin mesomethod is extremely efficient in that small amounts of valuable protein are required per trial. Here it is shown that it is possible to reduce the requisite amount of protein (and lipid) by two orders of magnitude into the picolitre volume range. Successful crystallizations have been performed with two integral membrane proteins, bacteriorhodopsin and the vitamin B12receptor, BtuB, using volumes of mesophase corresponding to 210 pl of protein solution (2–4 ng protein) and 320 pl of lipid. The total dead volume of the system is 1 µl. This means that thousands of crystallization trials can be performed with just micrograms of the target. Thus, for a given amount of protein, which is often in short supply, the likelihood of obtaining crystals is significantly enhanced. The reproducibility of crystallogenesis and of volume delivery at this picolitre scale is described. This advance will contribute to broadening the range of membrane proteins that yield to structure determination.

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18

Zhang, Jing, Lu Qi, and Zhen Yu Cui. "Nonisothermal Crystallization Behavior of Poly(vinylidenefluoride)/Polysulfone/Diethylene Glycol Dibenzoate/Dibutyl Phthalate System via Thermally Induced Phase Separation." Advanced Materials Research 1120-1121 (July 2015): 581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1120-1121.581.

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Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement is used to investigate the nonisothermal crystallization behavior of poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/polysulfone (PSF)/diethylene glycol dibenzoate (DEDB)/dibutyl phthalate (DBP) system via solid-liquid (S-L) phase separation during a thermally induced phase separation process. The effect of benzene ring in PSF on PVDF crystallization for PVDF/PSF/DEDB/DBP system is investigated. It is found that the Ozawa model can describe nonisothermal crystallization behavior of PVDF/PSF/DEDB/DBP system in a certain crystallization temperature range. Jeziorny method indicates that the secondary crystallization of PVDF exists in the process of nonisothermal crystallization and is enhanced by the increase of cooling rate.

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19

Aspeling, B. J., J. Chivavava, and A. E. Lewis. "Selective salt crystallization from a seeded ternary eutectic system in Eutectic Freeze crystallization." Separation and Purification Technology 248 (October 2020): 117019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117019.

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20

Zhang, Xiaohua, Zhigang Wang, Murugappan Muthukumar, and Charles C. Han. "Fluctuation-Assisted Crystallization: In a Simultaneous Phase Separation and Crystallization Polyolefin Blend System." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 26, no. 16 (August 19, 2005): 1285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.200500304.

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21

Fukami, Takeshi, I. Noda, M. Asada, D. Okai, and T. Yamasaki. "Crystal Growth in Amorphous Binary Alloys of Zr-Ni System." Advanced Materials Research 26-28 (October 2007): 675–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.26-28.675.

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A crystallization process in an amorphous state under isothermal condition is examined for binary alloys ZrNi and ZrNi2 by differential thermal analysis (DTA). Time dependence of DTA curves is measured at several constant temperatures just below crystallization temperature. The fraction of crystallized volume in amorphous state and its time evolution during isothermal annealing are measured. These data are analyzed by the Johnson-Mehl–Avrami formula. The Avrami exponent is 2.4±0.1 for ZrNi and 3~4 depending on the set temperature for ZrNi2. The activation energy for crystallization of amorphous ZrNi and ZrNi2 was estimated by plots of lnt1/2 vs. 1/T.

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22

TAHARA, Kohei. "Spherical Crystallization for Pharmaceutical Continuous Manufacturing System." Hosokawa Powder Technology Foundation ANNUAL REPORT 25 (2017): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14356/hptf.15111.

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23

Ekimov, E. A., R. A. Sadykov, N. N. Mel'nik, A. Presz, E. V. Tat'yanin, V. N. Slesarev, and N. N. Kuzin. "Diamond Crystallization in the System B4C–C." Inorganic Materials 40, no. 9 (September 2004): 932–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:inma.0000041324.72935.3b.

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24

Sadaoui, N., J. Janin, and A. Lewit-Bentley. "TAOS: an automatic system for protein crystallization." Journal of Applied Crystallography 27, no. 4 (August 1, 1994): 622–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889894000543.

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25

Delitsyn, L. M., V. A. Sinel’shchikov, V. M. Batenin, G. A. Sychev, T. I. Borodina, and G. E. Val’yano. "Phase Crystallization in the CePO4–NaF System." Doklady Chemistry 483, no. 2 (December 2018): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0012500818120066.

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26

Kizilaslan, O., and M. A. Aksan. "Crystallization of glass-ceramic Bi3Sr2Ca2Cu3Oy superconducting system." Journal of Crystal Growth 381 (October 2013): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2013.06.020.

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27

Karamanov, Alexander, and Mario Pelino. "Sinter-crystallization in the diopside–albite system." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 26, no. 13 (January 2006): 2519–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2005.12.007.

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28

Svoboda, Roman, Miloš Krbal, and Jiří Málek. "Crystallization kinetics in Se–Te glassy system." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 357, no. 16-17 (August 2011): 3123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2011.05.002.

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29

Goswami, Madhumita, P. Sengupta, Kuldeep Sharma, Rakesh Kumar, V. K. Shrikhande, J. M. F. Ferreira, and G. P. Kothiyal. "Crystallization behaviour of Li2OZnOSiO2 glass–ceramics system." Ceramics International 33, no. 5 (July 2007): 863–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2006.01.013.

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30

Bai, Shu Zhan, Shuai Guo Lang, Ke Ping Yuan, Yang Liu, and Guo Xiang Li. "Experimental Study of Urea Depositions in Urea-SCR System." Advanced Materials Research 937 (May 2014): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.937.74.

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Avoiding the urea deposition in the exhaust stream is one of the basic requirements for SCR system normal application. Unreasonable structure design, machining and installation position all could lead to urea crystallization on the wall of exhaust pipe and the front end surface of the catalyst, in addition, unreasonable control strategy also could deteriorate this phenomenon. The components of the urea depositions are the urea and cyanuric acid analyzed by thermogravimetry - FTIR technology. The integrated injector mounting is designed to alleviate the urea crystallization based on analysis results. The engine test and the vehicle road test are all shown that the optimal structural design and calibration strategies could avoid crystallization and sedimentation effectively in the exhaust system.

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31

Brown, J., T. S. Walter, L. Carter, N. G. A. Abrescia, A. R. Aricescu, T. D. Batuwangala, L. E. Bird, et al. "A procedure for setting up high-throughput nanolitre crystallization experiments. II. Crystallization results." Journal of Applied Crystallography 36, no. 2 (March 15, 2003): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889803002012.

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An initial tranche of results from day-to-day use of a robotic system for setting up 100 nl-scale vapour-diffusion sitting-drop protein crystallizations has been surveyed. The database of over 50 unrelated samples represents a snapshot of projects currently at the stage of crystallization trials in Oxford research groups and as such encompasses a broad range of proteins. The results indicate that the nanolitre-scale methodology consistently identifies more crystallization conditions than traditional hand-pipetting-style methods; however, in a number of cases successful scale-up is then problematic. Crystals grown in the initial 100 nl-scale drops have in the majority of cases allowed useful characterization of X-ray diffraction, either in-house or at synchrotron beamlines. For a significant number of projects, full X-ray diffraction data sets have been collected to 3 Å resolution or better (either in-house or at the synchrotron) from crystals grown at the 100 nl scale. To date, five structures have been determined by molecular replacement directly from such data and a further three from scale-up of conditions established at the nanolitre scale.

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32

Deng, Lan Qing, Jun Fa Xue, Li Kuan, and Jian Ming Ouyang. "Crystallization Kinetics of CaOx in Artificial Urine and in Saline System." Advanced Materials Research 881-883 (January 2014): 708–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.881-883.708.

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The crystallization kinetics of calcium oxalate (CaOx) was comparatively studied by detecting the change of free Ca2+ ions concentration with the reaction time in artificial urine and in saline system. The dynamics equations of CaOx crystallization was r=kcα, and the average reaction order (α) was 3.3 regardless of the relative suprasaturation degree (RS) of CaOx in the range of RS=10.58~17.53. The average reaction rate constant (κ) was (0.97±0.1)×109 in artificial urine and κ=(3.1±1.8)×109 in saline system, due to the presence of inhibitors to CaOx crystallization in artificial urine.

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33

Takeuchi, Masayuki, Kimihiko Yano, Yuji Sanbonmatsu, Atsuhiro Shibata, Tadahiro Washiya, Masanobu Nagata, and Takahiro Chikazawa. "ICONE19-43298 EFFECT OF SOLID IMPURITIES ON CRYSTAL PURIFICATION PERFORMANCE IN URANIUM CRYSTALLIZATION SYSTEM." Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2011.19 (2011): _ICONE1943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2011.19._icone1943_132.

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34

Martikan, Milan, Frantisek Brumercik, and Ronald Bastovansky. "Development of Mechatronic Deformation System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 803 (October 2015): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.803.173.

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The paper describes a comprehensive management system concept and implementation of the development of the production strain crystallization vessel of molybdenum sheet for the production of single crystal sapphire.

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35

Zipper, Lauren E., Xavier Aristide, Dylan P. Bishop, Ishita Joshi, Julia Kharzeev, Krishna B. Patel, Brianna M. Santiago, et al. "A simple technique to reduce evaporation of crystallization droplets by using plate lids with apertures for adding liquids." Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology Communications 70, no. 12 (November 28, 2014): 1707–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053230x14025126.

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A method is described for using plate lids to reduce evaporation in low-volume vapor-diffusion crystallization experiments. The plate lids contain apertures through which the protein and precipitants were added to different crystallization microplates (the reservoir was filled before fitting the lids). Plate lids were designed for each of these commonly used crystallization microplates. This system minimizes the dehydration of crystallization droplets containing just a few nanolitres of protein and precipitant, and results in more reproducible diffraction from the crystals. For each lid design, changes in the weight of the plates were used to deduce the rate of evaporation under different conditions of temperature, air movement, droplet size and precipitant. For comparison, the state of dehydration was also visually assessed throughout the experiment. Finally, X-ray diffraction methods were used to compare the diffraction of protein crystals that were conventionally prepared against those that were prepared on plates with plate lids. The measurements revealed that the plate lids reduced the rate of evaporation by 63–82%. Crystals grown in 5 nl drops that were set up with plate lids diffracted to higher resolution than similar crystals from drops that were set up without plate lids. The results demonstrate that plate lids can be instrumental for improving few-nanolitre crystallizations.

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Ke, Z. B., An Xian Lu, and G. F. Huang. "Effect of K₂O Addition on Crystallization and Microstructure of Li₂O-ZnO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ System Glass-Ceramics." Advanced Materials Research 11-12 (February 2006): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.11-12.205.

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The Li2O-ZnO-Al2O3-SiO2 system glasses with varying content of K2O were prepared. Crystallization processes of these glasses were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Microstructure of the glass-ceramics was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The sequence of crystallization of Li2O-ZnO-Al2O3-SiO2 glasses can be divided into three stages such as crystallization of β1-Li2ZnSiO4, crystallization of Li2Al2Si3O10 and conversion of β1-Li2ZnSiO4 to γ0-Li2ZnSiO4. The K2O content doesn’t vary the crystallization sequence but enhances the crystallization of β1-Li2ZnSiO4. At the same time the introducing of K2O in Li2O-ZnO-Al2O3-SiO2 system hinders the crystallization of Li2Al2Si3O10 and the transformation of β1-Li2ZnSiO4 to the more stable phase γ0- Li2ZnSiO4.

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Fateev, Sergey A., Ekaterina I. Marchenko, Alexandra S. Shatilova, Victor N. Khrustalev, Eugene A. Goodilin, and Alexey B. Tarasov. "Crystallization Pathways of FABr-PbBr2-DMF and FABr-PbBr2-DMSO Systems: The Comprehensive Picture of Formamidinium-Based Low-Dimensional Perovskite-Related Phases and Intermediate Solvates." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23 (December 5, 2022): 15344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315344.

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In this study, we systematically investigated the phase diversity and crystallization pathways of the FABr excessive regions of two ternary systems of FABr-PbBr2-DMF and FABr-PbBr2-DMSO (where FA+—formamidinium cations, DMF—dimethylformamide and DMSO—dimethyl sulfoxide solvents). In these systems, a new FA3PbBr5 phase with a structure containing chains of vertex-connected PbBr6 octahedra is discovered, and its crystal structure is refined. We experimentally assess fundamental information on differences in the mechanisms of crystallization process in FABr-PbBr2-DMF and FABr-PbBr2-DMSO systems and determine possible pathways of crystallization of hybrid perovskites. We show that intermediate solvate phases are not observed in the system with DMF solvent, while a number of crystalline solvates tend to form in the system with DMSO at various amounts of FABr excess.

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Gu, Allen, Bevan Marshall, Nicholas Rosa, Marko Ristic, and Janet Newman. "Organizing a crystallization laboratory." Journal of Applied Crystallography 51, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576717016727.

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Managing chemical stocks and samples in any laboratory is an arduous task; in a crystallization laboratory this is particularly burdensome, given the need for many stocks to facilitate optimization of crystal hits obtained from screening experiments. Although inventory management is widespread in retail and other arenas, most small academic laboratories do not adopt formal stock management systems. Without an overarching system for handling stocks and samples, problems such as stock duplication, inappropriate stock storage and insufficient labelling are rife. Two applications have been developed in the Collaborative Crystallization Centre, the first of which manages the hundreds of stocks used for crystallization, and a second which manages protein (and other) samples stored in the 193 K freezer. Both applications are built around a simple database, with a Python front end that allows samples or stocks to be scanned in or out. Information from a decade of crystallization stock usage allows a good estimation of what chemicals are used (and in what quantities) in a crystallization laboratory.

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Verdieva, Zaira N., Alibek B. Alkhasov, Nadinbeg N. Verdiev, Gadzhi A. Rabadanov, Patimat A. Arbukhanova, and Eldar G. Iskenderov. "PHASE EQUILIBRIUM IN SYSTEM (LiF)2 – Li2CO3 – Li2SO4." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 62, no. 1 (December 30, 2018): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20196201.5727.

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The liquidus surface of the system (LiF)2-Li2SO4-Li2CO3 was studied by the calculated and differential thermal method of physicochemical analysis. An analysis of the systems of lower dimensionality of the facets of the investigated object showed that the most informative, for the experimental study, is the sections located in the crystallization field of lithium fluoride. A study of the DTA of a number of compositions located at the initially chosen polythermal section in the lithium fluoride crystallization field, the ratios of lithium sulfate and carbonate in the eutectic are determined. The composition of the triple eutectic was revealed by studying a non-invariant cut from the vertex of the triangle (LiF), through a point showing a constant ratio of sulfate and lithium carbonate in the eutectic, to the fusion of the thermal effects of the primary and tertiary crystallizations. The complexity of the study was that lithium carbonate is the most fusible component in the system, and according to the literature, after the melting of lithium carbonate, decomposition begins, which greatly complicates the interpretation of research results. In order to avoid the decomposition of lithium carbonate, each experimentally studied composition was heated to the melting temperature of lithium carbonate and kept in isothermal mode, at a temperature below its melting. Thus, the theoretical melting calculations and the region of location of the non-invariant composition have been extrapolated, allowing to limit the number of experimentally studied samples, and the subsequent experimental investigation of DTA of two polythermal sections revealed a eutectic composition crystallizing at 476 ° C and containing LiF-20 eq.%, Li2SO4 - 51 eq.%, Li2CO3 – 29 eq.%. The discrepancies between theoretical calculations and experimental studies are 8.3% in temperature and 5.05% in composition.

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40

Xin, Rui-Feng, Yu Du, and Xing-Min Guo. "Effect of Alumina on Crystallization Behavior of Calcium Ferrite in Fe2O3-CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 System." Materials 15, no. 15 (July 29, 2022): 5257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15155257.

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Al2O3 is a gangue component in iron ores, significantly influencing the formation and crystallization of calcium ferrite in the sintering process. But the mechanism of the Al2O3 effect on the crystallization of calcium ferrite is rarely reported. In this work, a crystallization device was designed to investigate the crystallization behavior of calcium ferrite in Fe2O3-CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 melt under non-isothermal conditions. XRD, SEM-EDS, and optical microscopy were used to identify the crystalline phase and the microstructure of samples. The result shows that the crystal morphology of SFCA changed in the order of strip, column, and needle as the Al2O3 content increased. The crystallization sequence of samples containing Al2O3 was observed as Ca4Fe14O25 (C4F14) → Fe2O3 → Ca3.18Fe15.48Al1.34O36 (SFCA-I) → CaFe2O4 (CF) → Ca5Si2(Fe, Al)18O36 (SFCA) → γ-Ca2SiO4 (C2S). The generation pathway of SFCA-I was found to be C4F14 + Si4+ + Al3+ → SFCA-I. Increasing the cooling rate can promote the formation of C4F14, SFCA-I, Fe2O3 and the amorphous phase. However, it prevented the crystallization of CF and SFCA while inhibiting the transformation of β-C2S to γ-C2S. When the Al2O3 content reached or exceeded 2.5 mass pct, the viscosity of Fe2O3-CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 melt increased sharply, resulting in the decrease in the crystal size of calcium ferrite.

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41

Palyanov, Yuri N., Yuri M. Borzdov, Alexander F. Khokhryakov, and Igor N. Kupriyanov. "Effect of Rare-Earth Element Oxides on Diamond Crystallization in Mg-Based Systems." Crystals 9, no. 6 (June 11, 2019): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9060300.

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Diamond crystallization in Mg-R2O3-C systems (R = Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb) was studied at 7.8 GPa and 1800 °C. It was found that rare-earth oxide additives in an amount of 10 wt % did not significantly affect both the degree of graphite-to-diamond conversion and crystal morphology relative to the Mg-C system. The effect of higher amounts of rare-earth oxide additives on diamond crystallization was studied for a Mg-Sm2O3-C system with a Sm2O3 content varied from 0 to 50 wt %. It was established that with an increase in the Sm2O3 content in the growth system, the degree of graphite-to-diamond conversion decreased from 80% at 10% Sm2O3 to 0% at 40% Sm2O3. At high Sm2O3 contents (40 and 50 wt %), instead of diamond, mass crystallization of metastable graphite was established. The observed changes in the degree of the graphite-to-diamond conversion, the changeover of diamond crystallization to the crystallization of metastable graphite, and the changes in diamond crystal morphology with increasing the Sm2O3 content attested the inhibiting effect of rare-earth oxides on diamond crystallization processes in the Mg-Sm-O-C system. The crystallized diamonds were studied by a suite of optical spectroscopy techniques, and the major characteristics of their defect and impurity structures were revealed. For diamond crystals produced with 10 wt % and 20 wt % Sm2O3 additives, a specific photoluminescence signal comprising four groups of lines centered at approximately 580, 620, 670, and 725 nm was detected, which was tentatively assigned to emission characteristic of Sm3+ ions.

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Garg, N., R. Tona, P. Martin, P. M. Martin-Soladana, G. Ward, N. Douillet, and D. Lai. "Seeded droplet microfluidic system for small molecule crystallization." Lab on a Chip 20, no. 10 (2020): 1815–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0lc00122h.

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A microfluidic approach to seeded crystallization has been demonstrated using abacavir hemisulfate, a nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in droplet reactors to control polymorphism and produce particles with a low particle size distribution.

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43

Meechoowas, Ekarat, Benjamon Petchareanmongkol, Usanee Pantulap, and Kanit Tapasa. "The Effect of Lithium on Crystallization and Microstructure of Glass-Ceramics in Soda-Lime Silicate System." Solid State Phenomena 283 (September 2018): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.283.160.

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This study investigated the crystallization of soda-lime silicate (NCS) system by re-melting soda-lime silicate glass cullet with Al2O3 CaCO3 and Li2O. The Li2O was added as a nucleating agent. The effect of the nucleating agent on crystallization was investigated in order to study the possibility for use as a parent glass for glass-ceramics. Soda-lime silicate cullet was the main raw material and its chemical composition by weight was 68% SiO2 2% Al2O3 9% Na2O 9% K2O 3.5% CaO 2.5% MgO 1.2% TiO2 3% SrO and 2% ZnO. Glass batches with composition (%wt) of (65-x) Cullet:13Al2O3:22CaCO3:x(Li2O) (x = 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8) were melted at 1500°C for 3 hours and annealed at 600°C. All glasses added with Li2O were clear except x = 8. The crystallization was investigated by Differential Scanning Colorimetry technique (DSC). The results exhibited the exothermic peak of crystallization (TpI and TpII). The glasses with added Li2O exhibited decreasing crystallization temperature with increasing Li content. The glasses were heated at temperatures around the crystallization temperature (700, 750 and 800°C). After heat treatment, the crystalline phase in the glasses was determined by X-ray diffraction technique (XRD). The microstructure was investigated by optical microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The phases of Nepheline (Na,K)AlSiO4 and Wollastonite (CaSiO3) were found. The crystallization depended on the heat treatment temperature. The thermal expansion of the glasses was determined by the dilatometric method to indicate the characteristics of the glass-ceramics. In conclusion, Li2O had a strong effect on the crystallization in soda-lime silicate system. The result could be applied for the production of glass-ceramics from soda-lime cullet.

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Zhang, Caiduan, Feng Liu, Fengjia Wang, Haotian Li, Fang Zeng, Yongliang Ma, and Lidong Wang. "Crystallization process and nucleation kinetics of Mg2+//SO42−, NO3−-H2O system." Water Science and Technology 80, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): 950–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.341.

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Abstract In order to achieve efficient recovery of ions from the simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification wastewater, the effects of various factors (i.e. the saturation temperature, the cooling termination temperature, the stirring rate and the cooling rate) on crystallization yield, metastable zone width and crystal morphology were investigated to determine the optimal crystallization conditions of Mg2+//SO42−, NO3–-H2O system. According to the results of experiments, the nucleation kinetics were also speculated by Nývlt self-consistent equation and classical 3D nucleation theory. Also, the crystallization products were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Under the determined optimal conditions, the yield of the crystal can reach 78%, and the crystal products were verified as pure MgSO4· 7H2O, whose morphology is complete without defects.

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Chen, Kunfeng, Shuyan Song, and Dongfeng Xue. "Hopper-like framework growth evolution in a cubic system: a case study of Cu2O." Journal of Applied Crystallography 46, no. 6 (October 26, 2013): 1603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889813022322.

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Crystallization of hopper-like Cu2O cubes is demonstrated in alkaline citrate–copper solution upon the equilibrium between complexation, precipitation and redox reactions. The complexation reactions of Na3cit and NaOH with Cu2+manipulate the current chemical reaction routes, phase transformation, and thus crystallization morphologies and compositions. During the crystallization of Cu2O variations of mother solution such as pH and the concentration of Cu2+(Cu+) are monitored byex situpH measurement and UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy. The shape evolution of Cu2O hopper cubes is consistent with the chemical reaction routes, which demonstrates the interplay between chemical reactions and crystal growth. The appropriate reaction concentration, Na3cit:Cu2+> 2 and 1 < NaOH:Cu2+< 2, has been identified for the growth of these hopper cubes. The current reaction-controllable crystal growth may further the synthesis chemistry toward rational control over crystallization.

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46

Sugahara, Michihiro, Katsumi Shimizu, Yukuhiko Asada, Hideki Fukunishi, Hirohumi Kodera, Takeshi Fujii, Eiji Osada, et al. "Autolabo: an automated system for ligand-soaking experiments with protein crystals." Journal of Applied Crystallography 43, no. 4 (June 19, 2010): 940–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889810018595.

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Ligand soaking of protein crystals is important for the preparation of heavy-atom derivative crystals for experimental phasing as well as for large-scale ligand screening in pharmaceutical developments. To facilitate laborious large-scale ligand screening, to reduce the risk of human contact with hazardous ligand reagents and to increase the success rate of the soaking experiments, a protein crystallization robot `Autolabo' has been developed and implemented in the high-throughput crystallization-to-structure pipeline at RIKEN SPring-8 Center. The main functions of this robotic system are the production of protein crystals for experiments, the ligand soaking of these crystals and the observation of soaked crystals. The separate eight-channel dispensers of Autolabo eliminate the cross-contamination of reagents which should be strictly avoided in the ligand-soaking experiment. Furthermore, the automated approach reduces physical damage to crystals during experiments when compared with the conventional manual approach, and thereby has the potential to yield better quality diffraction data. Autolabo's performance as a ligand-soaking system was evaluated with a crystallization experiment on ten proteins from different sources and a heavy-atom derivatization experiment on three proteins using a versatile cryoprotectant containing heavy-atom reagents as ligands. The crystallization test confirmed reliable crystal reproduction in a single condition and the capability for crystallization with nucleants to improve crystal quality. Finally, Autolabo reproducibly derivatized the test protein crystals with sufficient diffraction quality for experimental phasing and model building, indicating a high potentiality of this automated approach in ligand-soaking experiments.

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Kumar, Suresh, and Charles H. Drummond. "Crystallization of various compositions in the Y2O3–SiO2 system." Journal of Materials Research 7, no. 4 (April 1992): 997–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1992.0997.

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In as-sintered silicon nitride with yttria as a sintering aid, the intergranular glassy phase contains Y, Si, O, and N. Results of crystallization of partly crystalline, as-quenched melt samples containing 28–40 mol% Y2O3 in the Y2O3–SiO2 system are presented. Three different compositions were melted in tungsten crucibles at 2100 °C in 1 and 50 atm nitrogen and heat treated in air in the temperature range of 1200 to 1600 °C. Phase identification by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed crystallization to β, γ, and δ polymorphs of Y2Si2O7.

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Lee, Kyu Ho, Young Seok Kim, Young Joon Jung, Tae Ho Kim, and Bong Ki Ryu. "Laser Induced Crystallization of LAS Glass System Doped with Samarium Ion." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 1439–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.1439.

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Laser induced Crystallized glasses including nonlinear optical crystals have been taken attention, because of a high potential for laser host, tunable waveguide, tunable fiber grating, etc.. Laser irradiation of glass has been regarded as a process for selective structure modification and crystallization in glass, various researches of laser-induced structural changes have been progressed so far. In this work, Li2O–Al2O3–SiO2 (LAS) glass was irradiated by Nd: YAG laser with a wavelength of 1064nm by increasing Sm2O3 contents as a dopant which induces heat processing in a glass. Crystallized glasses by irradiation of Nd: YAG laser has been compared with conventional crystallization heat-treated in an electric furnace from x-ray diffraction analyses. Finally, we could achieve results which laser irradiation affect crystallization of glass by changing crystallinity between Tx and Tp.

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Delitsyn, L., V. Sinelshchikov, V. Batenin, G. Sychyov, T. Borodina, and G. Valiano. "Crystallization of phases in the system СеРО4–NaF." Доклады академии наук 483, no. 6 (December 2018): 641–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086956520003529-4.

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Kim, Hoyeon, and Jonghwi Lee. "Evaporative Crystallization System Based on Temperature-Responsive Hydrogel." Polymer Korea 45, no. 6 (November 30, 2021): 897–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.7317/pk.2021.45.6.897.

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