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Journal articles on the topic 'Crystallisation'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 May 2024

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1

Coles, Simon J., and Terence L. Threlfall. "A practical guide to the measurement of turbidity curves of cooling crystallisations from solution." CrystEngComm 22, no. 10 (2020): 1865–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ce01622h.

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2

O’Malley, Ciaran, Patrick McArdle, and Andrea Erxleben. "Crystallization from the Gas Phase: Morphology Control, Co-Crystal and Salt Formation." Proceedings 78, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecp2020-08797.

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Multicomponent crystallisation is a widely studied technique in pharmaceutical chemistry to enhance physical properties of API’s such as solubility, stability and bioavailability without chemically modifying the drug moiety itself. Methods to produce multicomponent crystals are varied with solution crystallisation being the predominant method. Crystal morphologies also influence an API’s properties with needle shaped crystals dissolving slower and possessing poor flow properties compared to a more equant block shape. In this paper, we discuss the preparation of co-crystals and co-crystal salts of two poorly soluble drugs, pyrimethamine and diflunisal. In particular, we compare production of multicomponent crystals via cosublimation with the more common methods of mechanical grinding and solution crystallisation. Samples are sublimed on a laboratory scale from both ends of standard 15 × 160 mm test tubes sealed under vacuum with two heaters were used to equalize the sublimation rates of the components. We show that a range of multicomponent pharmaceutical crystals can be prepared that are not accessible via solution crystallisation, including polymorphs and ansolvates. In addition to binary systems, ternary crystals can also be obtained via this technique. Various diflunisal co-crystals crystallise as thin needles and we describe the use of tailor-made additives to obtain unprecedented morphology control of gas phase crystal growth. Finally, we discuss the formation of co-crystal salts in the absence of solvent. Salt formation was observed to occur during gas phase crystallisations in accordance with the pKa rule of 3 and modelling studies were carried out to understand the nature of proton transfer in these crystals in the absence of a solvent.

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3

Yin, Zhichao, Ying Fu, and Qingfeng Chen. "Research progress in recovering phosphorus from wastewater by crystallisation." E3S Web of Conferences 118 (2019): 04031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911804031.

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Phosphorus removal by crystallisation has the advantages of fast reactions, high efficiency, and recyclable resources, and it has attracted much attention at globally in recent years. With extensive research, its theory and process technology have been continuously improved. Magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) crystallisation and calcium hydroxyphosphate (hydroxyapatite, HAP) crystallisation are two common methods for wastewater dephosphorisation, but there are few reviews of these two methods. In this paper, the research results concerning MAP and HAP crystallisation methods are comprehensively reviewed. The reaction principle, influencing factors, and engineering applications of the two products are summarised, and the two crystallisation methods are compared. Finally, the development of future phosphorus crystallisation technology is discussed. These prospects provide a basis for the promotion and application of phosphorus removal by crystallisation.

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4

Azmi, Nik Salwani Md, Nornizar Anuar, Muhamad Fitri Othman, Noor Fitrah Abu Bakar, and Mohd Nazli Naim. "Electric-Potential-Assisted Crystallisation of L-Isoleucine: A Study of Nucleation Kinetics and Its Associated Parameters." Crystals 11, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11060620.

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The potential of producing L-isoleucine crystals with the aid of electric potential and its effect on the nucleation kinetics of L-isoleucine were probed using polythermal and isothermal crystallisation techniques, assisted with 5 V, 9 V, and 20 V electric potentials. The polythermal experiments were conducted with cooling rates of 0.1 °C/min–0.7 °C/min, whilst isothermal crystallisation was conducted with a supersaturation of 1.30–1.70, and both were carried out in a 200 mL temperature-controlled jacketed reactor. Prediction of the nucleation rate and its associated parameters for isothermal crystallisation was carried out using a molecular dynamics simulation. In both crystallisation techniques, electric potentials increased the nucleation rate, but the intensity of the electric potential had less impact on the measured parameters. Nucleation rates for 5 V isothermal crystallisation were in the order of 1010 higher than for polythermal crystallisation. Electric potential doubled the nucleation rates for polythermal crystallisation and increased the nucleation rates 12-fold in isothermal crystallisation. The isothermal technique produced the form B polymorph, but mixtures of forms A and B were produced in polythermal crystallisation. The predicted critical number of molecules, N*, and the critical radius, r*, were in good agreement with the experimental data, with a higher predicted nucleation rate in the order of 102.

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5

Běhálek, Luboš, Jan Novák, Pavel Brdlík, Martin Borůvka, Jiří Habr, and Petr Lenfeld. "Physical Properties and Non-Isothermal Crystallisation Kinetics of Primary Mechanically Recycled Poly(l-lactic acid) and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)." Polymers 13, no. 19 (October 2, 2021): 3396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13193396.

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The physical properties and non-isothermal melt- and cold-crystallisation kinetics of poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) biobased polymers reprocessed by mechanical milling of moulded specimens and followed injection moulding with up to seven recycling cycles are investigated. Non-isothermal crystallisation kinetics are evaluated by the half-time of crystallisation and a procedure based on the mathematical treatment of DSC cumulative crystallisation curves at their inflection point (Kratochvil-Kelnar method). Thermomechanical recycling of PLLA raised structural changes that resulted in an increase in melt flow properties by up to six times, a decrease in the thermal stability by up to 80 °C, a reduction in the melt half-time crystallisation by up to about 40%, an increase in the melt crystallisation start temperature, and an increase in the maximum melt crystallisation rate (up to 2.7 times). Furthermore, reprocessing after the first recycling cycle caused the elimination of cold crystallisation when cooling at a slow rate. These structural changes also lowered the cold crystallisation temperature without impacting the maximum cold crystallisation rate. The structural changes of reprocessed PHBV had no significant effect on the non-isothermal crystallisation kinetics of this material. Additionally, the thermomechanical behaviour of reprocessed PHBV indicates that the technological waste of this biopolymer is suitable for recycling as a reusable additive to the virgin polymer matrix. In the case of reprocessed PLLA, on the other hand, a significant decrease in tensile and flexural strength (by 22% and 46%, respectively) was detected, which reflected changes within the biobased polymer structure. Apart from the elastic modulus, all the other thermomechanical properties of PLLA dropped down with an increasing level of recycling.

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6

Yang, Ke, Bing Li, Yanhong Li, Xin Wang, and Xinhui Fan. "Effect of Gd addition on non-isothermal and isothermal crystallisation of Cu–Zr–Al bulk metallic glass." International Journal of Materials Research 112, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 860–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2021-8421.

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Abstract The crystallisation kinetics of (Cu46Zr46Al8)100–xGdx (x = 0, 2 and 4 at.%) bulk metallic glasses in non-isothermal and isothermal conditions were studied by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the crystallisation product Cu10Zr7 changes to Cu10Zr7 and Cu2Gd in the presence of Gd in non-isothermal and isothermal conditions. Crystallisation activation energy was calculated using the Kissinger and Ozawa methods in non-isothermal conditions and using the Arrhenius model in isothermal conditions. The results show that Gd addition triggers an increase in the energy barrier during crystallisation. The Johnson–Mehl–Avrami model was employed to analyse the crystallisation kinetics in the isothermal condition. The Avrami exponent, n, for Cu46Zr46Al8 is more than 2.5, which demonstrates that the crystallisation is mainly governed by diffusion-controlled three-dimensional growth with increasing nucleation rate. Comparably, n for (Cu46Zr46Al8)98Gd2 and (Cu46Zr46Al8)96Gd4 is 1.5 < n < 2.5, which suggests that the crystallisation is mainly determined by diffusion-controlled three-dimensional growth with decreasing nucleation rate.

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7

Ghosh, Dipankar, Katja Ferfolja, Žygimantas Drabavičius, Jonathan W. Steed, and Krishna K. Damodaran. "Crystal habit modification of Cu(ii) isonicotinate–N-oxide complexes using gel phase crystallisation." New Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 24 (2018): 19963–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj05036h.

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We report the crystallisation of three forms of the copper(ii) isonicotinate–N-oxide complex and their phase interconversion via solvent-mediated crystal-to-crystal transformation and the selective crystallisation of one form via gel phase crystallisation.

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8

Koulountzios, Panagiotis, Tomasz Rymarczyk, and Manuchehr Soleimani. "Ultrasonic Time-of-Flight Computed Tomography for Investigation of Batch Crystallisation Processes." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020639.

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Crystallisation is a crucial step in many industrial processes. Many sensors are being investigated for monitoring such processes to enhance the efficiency of them. Ultrasound techniques have been used for particle sizing characterization of liquid suspensions, in crystallisation process. An ultrasound tomography system with an array of ultrasound sensors can provide spatial information inside the process when compared to single-measurement systems. In this study, the batch crystallisation experiments have been conducted in a lab-scale reactor in calcium carbonate crystallisation. Real-time ultrasound tomographic imaging is done via a contactless ultrasound tomography sensor array. The effect of the injection rate and the stirring speed was considered as two control parameters in these crystallisation functions. Transmission mode ultrasound tomography comprises 32 piezoelectric transducers with central frequency of 40 kHz has been used. The process-based experimental investigation shows the capability of the proposed ultrasound tomography system for crystallisation process monitoring. Information on process dynamics, as well as process malfunction, can be obtained via the ultrasound tomography system.

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9

He, Feng, and Qinghua Liu. "Crystal Structure Analysis of Different Flame Retardant Copolymers." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2468, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2468/1/012043.

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Abstract In this paper, through the DSC rising and cooling scanning and non-isothermal crystallization tests of different flame retardant copolymers, the crystallization process of four types of copolymers formed by adding different flame retardants such as CEPPA, DDP, Carbon-dots (gCDs), and MOF materials was studied. Also, the crystallization kinetics and crystal structure were explored. The results showed that the flame retardant effect of the flame retardant copolymer was improved after adding gCDs. The subcooling temperature (ΔTmc) values of MOF material and CEPPA were both higher than those of the DDP flame retardant copolymer after the addition of carbon dots, indicating that the introduction of the carbon-dots material made crystallisation easier. With the increase of carbon dot content, the value first increases and then decreases, indicating that the crystallization is the easiest when the content is 1%, and 1% gCDs+8% DDP has a higher crystallization ability. Pure DDP has the highest mc values, which also shows good spinnability. Also, the cooling rate strongly influences the crystallisation process, with crystallisation being more rapid when the crystallisation rate is higher. Also, the cooling rate strongly influence the crystallisation process, with crystallisation being more rapid when the crystallisation rate is higher.

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10

Zettergren, Lennart. "INTRACELLULAR PROTEIN CRYSTALLISATION." Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica 36, no. 4 (August 14, 2009): 316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1955.tb04621.x.

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11

Amabilino, David B., and Xavier Obradors. "Nucleation & crystallisation." Chemical Society Reviews 43, no. 7 (2014): 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cs90015d.

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12

Mondal, Raju, and Judith A. K. Howard. "Pseudopolymorphism: “Interrupted” crystallisation." CrystEngComm 7, no. 76 (2005): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b509170p.

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13

Andrews, C. M., and S. Papworth. "Rat haemoglobin crystallisation." Comparative Haematology International 4, no. 4 (1994): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00185183.

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14

Salauze, D. "Rat haemoglobin crystallisation?" Comparative Haematology International 4, no. 1 (1994): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00368270.

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15

Laird, Trevor. "Crystallisation and Polymorphism." Organic Process Research & Development 16, no. 4 (March 20, 2012): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/op3000702.

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16

Mubi Brighenti, Andrea. "Urban phases: Crystallisation." City, Culture and Society 20 (March 2020): 100327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2019.100327.

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17

Rogers, John F., and Dennis E. Creasy. "Crystallisation of pentaerythritol." Journal of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 24, no. 3 (April 25, 2007): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2720240308.

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18

Buanz, Asma, Monica Gurung, and Simon Gaisford. "Crystallisation in printed droplets: understanding crystallisation of d-mannitol polymorphs." CrystEngComm 21, no. 13 (2019): 2212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ce01780h.

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19

Japir, Abd Al-Wali, Jumat Salimon, Darfizzi Derawi, Badrul Hisham Yahaya, Murad Bahadi, Salah Al-Shujaʼa, and Muhammad Rahimi Yusop. "A highly efficient separation and physicochemical characteristics of saturated fatty acids from crude palm oil fatty acids mixture using methanol crystallisation method." OCL 25, no. 2 (February 26, 2018): A203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2018003.

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The objective of the current study was to separate saturated fatty acids (SFAs) from high free fatty acid crude palm oil fatty acid mixture using the methanol crystallisation method. The development of methanol crystallisation method procedure was based on various parameters. The fatty acid composition was determined by using gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) as Fatty Acid Methyl Esters. The highest percentage of SFAs was more than 89% with the percentage yield of 48.9% under the optimal conditions of the fatty acids-to-methanol ratio of 1:15 (w/v), the crystallisation temperature of −15 °C, and the crystallisation time of 24 hours, respectively. After a double crystallisation, the composition of separated SFAs contains 90% of palmitic acid (C16:0) as a major component and 5.8% of stearic acid (C18:0), respectively. Moreover, almost 4.2% of oleic acid (C18:1) was observed in the saturated solid product. Based on the results, the use of methanol as a crystallisation solvent is recommended because of its high efficiency, low cost, stability, obtainability, and comparative ease of recovery.

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20

Zhong-Yi, Shen, Shen De-Jiu, Zhang Yun, Yin Xiu-Jun, and Wu Hao-Quan. "The influence of pressure on crystallisation of amorphous Zr70Cu30 alloy—I. Crystallisation temperature and the crystallisation phases." Acta Metallurgica et Materialia 40, no. 9 (September 1992): 2185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7151(92)90136-3.

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21

Momberg, G. A., and R. A. Oellermann. "The Removal of Phosphate by Hydroxyapatite and Struvite Crystallisation in South Africa." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 5-6 (September 1, 1992): 987–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0540.

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Nutrient removal by chemical means has, over the past decade, become an expensive practice owing to the scarcity of chemicals. A new method of phosphate removal by hydroxyapatite [Ca5(PO4)3OH] crystallisation has gained increasing interest as the need for the implementation of clean technology has become more apparent as we move into the environmentally conscious nineties. This method as well as another method, viz. struvite [NH4MgPO4-6H2O] crystallisation, will be discussed using results obtained from a laboratory scale study using three types of effluent, two demonstrating hydroxyapatite crystallisation and the third, struvite crystallisation. While it has been proven that phosphate crystallisation does work as a tertiary treatment (Van Dijk and Wilms, 1991) this paper will also show that the positioning of the crystalliser can vary to suit the need of the industry for which it has been designed.

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22

Yipyintum, Chetarpa, Jin-Yoo Suh, and Boonrat Lohwongwatana. "Shear strain rate sensitivity and crystallisation kinetics investigation in melt spun Cu₆₄Zr₃₆ binary metallic glass." Materials Testing 65, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2022-0451.

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Abstract Shear strain rate effect on crystallisation behaviour and characteristic temperatures of the three well-known glass formers in Cu–Zr binary amorphous system, namely Cu50Zr50, Cu56Zr44 and Cu64Zr36, were investigated. The crystallisation behaviour of Cu64Zr36 was uniquely found to be heavily dependent on shear strain rate. Crystallisation kinetics were studied through Isochronal transformation and isothermal transformation. The activation energy of crystallisation of each case was compared and contrasted. Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) analyses were also employed to study its kinetics behaviour. Finally, high angle annular dark field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) combined with laser-assisted local electrode atom probe (LEAP) investigation revealed no detectable clustering or phase separation.

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23

Collie, G. W., K. Pulka-Ziach, and G. Guichard. "Surfactant-facilitated crystallisation of water-soluble foldamers." Chemical Science 7, no. 5 (2016): 3377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sc00090h.

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24

Robertson, Karen, and Chick Wilson. "A novel open tubular continuous crystalliser: design and evaluation." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C1182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314088172.

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The ability to continuously manufacture products can be of huge benefit to industry as it can reduce waste and capital expenditure. Continuous crystallisation has received tepid interest for many years but has come to the fore recently as it holds the potential for a radical transformation in the way crystalline products are manufactured, leading to the development method being embraced by major industries such as pharmaceuticals. In addition to the financial benefits offered by continuous crystallisation over conventional batch methods, a higher level of control over the crystallisation process can also be achieved – allowing improved, more consistent particle attributes to be obtained in the crystallisation process. This control is in part a consequence of the smaller volumes involved in continuous crystallisation, which also has the advantage of reducing any hazards associated with the materials being processed. By using smaller volumes, the mixing efficacy is inherently increased which reduces any disparity between local environments, thereby allowing kinetics to dictate the nature of the products. The EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation (CMAC [1]) in the UK is a collaborative national initiative to further the knowledge base and understanding of all aspects relating to continuous crystallisation and its use in the manufacturing of crystalline particulate products. In this work we present the design and construction of a novel continuous crystalliser and its evaluation using various model systems such as calcium carbonate (polymorph control [2]) and Bourne reactions (mixing efficacy [3]). The crystalliser will then be used in the co-crystallisation of agrichemical and pharmaceutical compounds with co-formers in an effort to optimise the solid-state properties of these materials such as solubility. Various aspects of the evaluation of the design of the new crystalliser will be presented with reference to these trials, and assessed critically with respect to evolution of this design and potential implementation in manufacturing processes.

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25

Ghosh, G., and F. R. Chen. "Crystallisation kinetics and microstructural evolution of Ni24Zr76 amorphous alloy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (August 1990): 150–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100173881.

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Apart from technological applications, scientifically amorphous —> crystal transformation is very important in understanding the atomic processes involved. For in-depth understanding of the crystallisation process, it is necessary to employ a combination of a number of experimental techniques. In this investigation, the details of the crystallisation of Ni24Zr76 amorphous alloy has been studied by differential scanning calorimtry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM). This amorphous alloy undergoes eutectic crystallisation i.e., it transforms to (α-Zr) + NiZr2 crystals. It is our interest to study the kinetics of the crystallisation as well as the different steps involved in the evolution of equilibrium microstructure.Ribbons of 2-3 mm wide and 25-30 μm thick were produced by melt-spinning technique. Dynamic as well as isothermal crystallisation were studied in a Du-pont DSC 910 cell coupled with computer controlled thermal analyser (TA9900) having system control and data acquisition capabilities.

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26

Muryanto, S., and A. P. Bayuseno. "Wastewater Treatment for a Sustainable Future: Overview of Phosphorus Recovery." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 2043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.2043.

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Intensified agriculture in response to the growing population has led to excessive nutrient discharges to natural waters causing environmental problems in the form of eutrophication and its associated risks. Treatment options for this adverse effect include removal and recovery of soluble phosphorus by chemical precipitation, biological uptake, and struvite crystallisation. Chemical precipitation is the most common method due to its simplicity, but the chemical requirements can be prohibitive and the removed phosphorus is less reusable. Biological uptake requires less chemicals but the process is complex and prone to seasonal variations. Phosphorus removal and recovery from wastewater by struvite crystallisation is an attractive option since the crystallisation process converts phosphorus into struvite crystals, i.e. phosphate minerals which have proved to be good fertilizer, hence potentially reduces fertilizer production and the subsequent greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, struvite crystallisation helps prevent scaling of wastewater treatment facilities. A number of struvite crystallisation projects utilising primarily agricultural wastewater is already operational at industrial scale.

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27

Sabet, Maziyar, and Hassan Soleimani. "The Impact of Carbon Nanotube on the Thermal Properties of Polypropylene." Defect and Diffusion Forum 429 (December 12, 2023): 191–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-uuq9px.

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This research paper investigates the effect of the addition of carbon nanotubes (0.5 and 1.0% by weight) on crystallisation procedure in isotactic polypropylene. The study found that the crystallisation temperature increased with increasing nanotube content, while the crystallisation of polymers did not substantially change. The critical cooling speed, at which PP does not crystalize, increases with the increase in carbon nanotube content. Using the critical cooling speed and nanotube content, a nucleation effectiveness parameter was developed, that is not dependent on the crystallisation temperature or the CNT load. The study also found that carbon nanotubes only speed up the development of α-phase in isothermal crystallisation experiments. The control fibers had a shrinkage of 27% to 160°C, while the shrinkage of the composite fibers was less than 5%. The melting temperature of PP and its nanocomposites was approximately 150 to 152°C. However, the values for the degree of crystallinity of the nanocomposites rose along with the CNT content.

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28

Pomeroy, Michael J., and Stuart Hampshire. "Controlled Crystallisation of a Y-Si-Al-O-N Glass Typical of Grain Boundary Glasses Formed in Silicon Nitride-Based Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 403 (December 2008): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.403.91.

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This paper provides an overview of the crystallisation of an oxynitride glass likely to remain in a silicon nitride ceramic following firing. The crystallisation process was studied using both differential thermal analysis (DTA) and separate isothermal heat treatments in a tube furnace under nitrogen. The activation energy for the crystallisation process was determined by DTA. The nucleation temperature, Tg + 40°C, which corresponded to the maximum volume fraction of crystalline phases, agreed closely with the optimum nucleation temperature of Tg + 35°C, found from DTA. The optimum crystal growth temperature was observed to be 1210°C and yielded the - and -polymorphs of yttrium disilicate. Heat treatments at other temperatures indicated the development of phase assemblages which contained different polymorphs of yttrium disilicate as well as silicon oxynitride. Not all of the polymorphic transformations of yttrium disilicate were observed by DTA unless some crystallisation exotherms were deconvoluted, indicating that DTA analysis of the crystallisation of complex systems requires careful interpretation. It is, however, possible to simplify the system by substituting some yttrium by lanthanum. This stabilises the -polymorph of yttrium disilicate. The activation energy for crystallisation was observed to be similar to that for viscous flow of Y-Si-Al-O-N glasses.

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29

Pei, Zhen, Haixiao Huang, Xingzhong Guo, Jinming Zhang, and Mingxing Chen. "Preparation and Properties of MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 Glass–Ceramics with Controllable Crystalline Phases." Crystals 13, no. 8 (August 16, 2023): 1261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13081261.

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MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 (MAS) glass–ceramics with controllable crystalline phases were successfully prepared using the melting method followed by heat treatment. The effects of the main components of glass on the crystallisation kinetics, nucleation, crystallisation and properties of glass–ceramics were investigated in detail. As the Al2O3 and MgO contents increase and SiO2 content decreases, the crystallisation peak temperature and activation energy of MAS glass decrease, while the crystal growth tends to follow a homogeneous nucleation crystallisation. The MAS glass nucleation temperature and time increase with higher concentrations of Al2O3 and MgO and with a lower SiO2 concentration. Mg2(Al4Si5O18) indialite and MgAl2O4 spinel precipitate simultaneously in the MAS glass after crystallisation; the relative proportion of crystalline phases is related to the composition and crystallisation temperature. A higher SiO2 content allows the formation of a dominant indialite phase, while higher MgO and Al2O3 contents promote the formation of a dominant spinel phase. The MAS glass ceramic with a greater indialite phase has good dielectric properties with a dielectric constant of 6.499 and dielectric loss of 0.0064, while that of a higher spinel phase possesses improved mechanical properties, with a Vickers hardness of 715 Hv and a bending strength of 244.9 MPa.

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30

Weatherston, J., M. Probert, and M. Hall. "Encapsulated nanodroplet crystallisation: expanding solution-phase crystallisation methodologies for polymorph screening." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 78, a2 (August 23, 2022): a750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273322090337.

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31

Klapwijk, Anneke, Lynne Thomas, and Chick Wilson. "Towards continuous crystallisation of layered and disordered solid forms." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314094546.

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Crystallisation is a vital step in the manufacture of many pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals, producing solids in a form ideal for downstream processes. Unlike others, these industries have not kept pace with advances in continuous production and for centuries industrial crystallisation has operated as a batch process, relying heavily on stirred tank reactors which bring batch to batch variations and limited control over particle attributes. Continuous crystallisation can offer improved product quality, less waste and access to new products more efficiently. One such particle attribute is the presence of molecular disorder in crystalline materials where different ratios of disordered components may show different physical properties [1]. However, disorder can be difficult to control and characterise so has not to date been widely exploited for achieving optimised properties. Multi-component crystallisation can be used to encourage orientational disorder and layering within the crystal lattice by appropriate choice of co-former and by utilising the principles of crystal engineering. The research being presented aims to systematically study disordered and layered materials. Systems that exhibit these characteristics will be discussed structurally, together with results from transferring production of these materials from evaporative to cooling crystallisation, frequently a key first step in achieving crystallisation in a continuous flow environment. In addition, the structural attributes of the particles produced will be correlated with different physical properties such as solubility and compressibility [2].

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32

Adawy, Alaa, Wil Corbeek, Erik de Ronde, Willem J. P. van Enckevort, Willem J. de Grip, and Elias Vlieg. "A practical kit for micro-scale application of the ceiling crystallisation method." CrystEngComm 17, no. 13 (2015): 2602–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ce01814a.

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We present a crystal growth kit for an easy micro-scale application of the ceiling crystallisation method. The kit provides a convenient means for effectuating lab-based microgravity crystallisation conditions.

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33

Tipduangta, Pratchaya, Khaled Takieddin, László Fábián, Peter Belton, and Sheng Qi. "Towards controlling the crystallisation behaviour of fenofibrate melt: triggers of crystallisation and polymorphic transformation." RSC Advances 8, no. 24 (2018): 13513–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra01182f.

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Fenofibrate is a dyslipidemia treatment agent. Its crystallisation behaviour is difficult to predict. This study investigated the controllability of its crystallisation by means of regulating the exposed surface and growth temperatures.

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34

Ridout, Joe, and Michael R. Probert. "Low-temperature and high-pressure polymorphs of isopropyl alcohol." CrystEngComm 16, no. 32 (2014): 7397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ce01012d.

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Single-crystal X-ray diffraction has been used to elucidate the structure of two polymorphs of isopropyl alcohol, one grown through in situ cryo-crystallisation, the other through high-pressure crystallisation.

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35

Pallipurath, Anuradha R., Pierre-Baptiste Flandrin, Lois E. Wayment, Chick C. Wilson, and Karen Robertson. "In situ non-invasive Raman spectroscopic characterisation of succinic acid polymorphism during segmented flow crystallisation." Molecular Systems Design & Engineering 5, no. 1 (2020): 294–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9me00103d.

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Non-invasive confocal Raman spectroscopy has been integrated into a highly controllable tri-segmented flow crystallisation environment to uncover the crystallisation pathway from nucleation to crystal growth of the polymorphic compound succinic acid.

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36

Kravchenko, T. P., I. Yu Gorbunova, S. N. Filatov, M. L. Kerber, E. G. Rakov, and V. V. Kireev. "Polypropylene-based Nanostructured Materials." International Polymer Science and Technology 44, no. 4 (April 2017): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1704400409.

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The effect of nanosized carbon additives on the properties and crystallisation of polypropylene was investigated. It was shown that the introduction of carbon nanoparticles affects the crystallisation rate and the properties of polypropylene.

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37

Youngs, Jack J., Peter R. Birkin, Juhee Lee, Tadd T. Truscott, and Silvana Martini. "Enhanced crystallisation kinetics of edible lipids through the action of a bifurcated streamer." Analyst 146, no. 15 (2021): 4883–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1an00437a.

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The type of environment generated by an ultrasonic source is shown to alter the crystallisation of an oil. In particular a bifurcated streamer, with its unusual dual cluster, is surprisingly efficient at accelerating crystallisation.

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38

Levitus, D., S. Kenig, M. Kazanci, H. Harel, and G. Marom. "The Effect of Transcrystalline Interface on the Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene / Polyethylene Composites." Advanced Composites Letters 10, no. 2 (March 2001): 096369350101000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369350101000202.

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The effect of the transcrystalline layer on the longitudinal properties of unidirectional polyethylene/polyethylene (PE/PE) composites was studied. Two sets of PE/PE composites were prepared by quenching and by isothermal crystallisation, respectively, using a wide range of fibre volume fractions. Quenching and isothermal crystallisation were expected, respectively, to prevent or to induce generation of a highly ordered transcrystalline layer. The experimental results showed that isothermal crystallisation produced a substantial positive effect on both the longitudinal strength and modulus, which was attributed to transcrystallinity.

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Wang, Dianming, Ziran Da, Bohan Zhang, Mark Antonin Isbell, Yuanchen Dong, Xu Zhou, Huajie Liu, Jerry Yong Yew Heng, and Zhongqiang Yang. "Stability study of tubular DNA origami in the presence of protein crystallisation buffer." RSC Advances 5, no. 72 (2015): 58734–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra12159k.

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A method for screening compatible buffer conditions for both DNA origami and protein crystallisation and studied how protein crystallisation buffer conditions notably cations, buffering agents, precipitants, and pH, influenced the stability of tubular DNA origami.

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40

Tischer, Florentin, Björn Düsenberg, Timo Gräser, Joachim Kaschta, Jochen Schmidt, and Wolfgang Peukert. "Abrasion-Induced Acceleration of Melt Crystallisation of Wet Comminuted Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT)." Polymers 14, no. 4 (February 19, 2022): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14040810.

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Within this contribution, the effect of grinding media wear on the melt crystallisation of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) is addressed. PBT was wet ground in a stirred media mill in ethanol using different grinding media beads (silica, chrome steel, cerium-stabilised and yttrium-stabilised zirconia) at comparable stress energies with the intention to use the obtained particles as feed materials for the production of feedstocks for laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing (PBF-AM). In PBF‑AM, the feedstock’s optical, rheological and especially thermal properties—including melt crystallisation kinetics—strongly influence the processability and properties of the manufactured parts. The influence of process parameters and used grinding media during wet comminution on the optical properties, crystal structure, molar mass distribution, inorganic content (wear) and thermal properties of the obtained powders is discussed. A grinding media-dependent acceleration of the melt crystallisation could be attributed to wear particles serving as nuclei for heterogeneous crystallisation. Yttrium-stabilised zirconia grinding beads proved to be the most suitable for the production of polymer powders for the PBF process in terms of (fast) comminution kinetics, unchanged optical properties and the least accelerated crystallisation kinetics.

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41

Schenker, Ben, Joby Jenkins, and David Smith. "Fast, reliable automation of protein crystallisation drop set-up." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C1755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314082448.

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The automation of protein crystallography screening has contributed significantly to the rapid progress of crystallography-based structural biology. Automation offers increased throughput and repeatability. It also offers the ability to accurately dispense smaller volumes of both protein and screen solutions, which saves valuable protein and reduces reagent costs. Automation of protein crystallisation screening trials requires accurate placement of nanoliter volumes of protein and screen drops, in addition to the reproducible and accurate dispensing of solutions of varying viscosities. This is particularly important for the set-up of the highly viscous lipid mesophases in the Lipidic Cubic Phase (LCP) crystallisation technique for membrane protein crystallisation trials. This poster describes the features of TTP Labtech's mosquito® Crystal and mosquito® LCP, showing their ability to address the issues inherent in the automated set-up of protein crystallisation screen trials. An instrument capable of automating both microbatch and vapour diffusion methods of protein crystallography (sitting drop, hanging drop) as well as crystallisation of membrane proteins using the bicelle and LCP methods, without instrument configuration changes, offers significant flexibility for the crystallography laboratory mosquito Crystal and mosquito LCP offer fast throughput, high precision, unrivalled reproducibility and low volume accuracy.

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42

El Osta, Racha, Mark Feyand, Norbert Stock, Franck Millange, and Richard I. Walton. "Crystallisation Kinetics of Metal Organic Frameworks From in situ Time-Resolved X-ray Diffraction." Powder Diffraction 28, S2 (September 2013): S256—S275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715613000997.

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A time-resolved powder diffraction study of the crystallisation of porous metal organic framework materials with the CPO-27 structure ([M2(dhtp)(H2O)2]·8H2O where, dhtp=2,5-dioxoterephthalate) using the energy dispersive X-ray diffraction method is described. Crystallisation under solvothermal conditions is performed between 70 - 110 °C from clear solutions of metal salts (M=Co2+ or Ni2+) and 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid in a mixture of THF-water in sealed reaction vessels, using both conventional and microwave heating. Integration of Bragg peak areas with time provides accurate crystallisation curves, which are modelled using the method of Gualtieri to determine rate constants for nucleation and for growth and then, by Arrhenius analysis, activation energies. Crystallisation is determined to be one-dimensional, consistent with the elongated morphology of the crystals produced in these reactions. With conventional heating the Co-containing CPO-27 crystallises more rapidly than the isostructural Ni-containing analogue and analysis of the kinetic parameters would suggest a complex multi-step crystallisation process. The effect of microwave heating is upon activation energies: the values for both nucleation and for crystal growth are lowered compared to reactions using conventional heating.

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43

Han, Ye, Ming Gu, Wei Wei Zhang, and Shu Yu Yao. "Effects of Heat-Treatment on the Magnetic Properties of Fe₂O₃-CaO-SiO₂ Glass Ceramics." Advanced Materials Research 158 (November 2010): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.158.52.

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The Fe2O3-CaO-SiO2 glass ceramics were prepared by the method of quenching and controlled crystallisation. Differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffractometry and vibrating sample magnetometer were used to study the crystallisation and magnetic properties of Fe2O3-CaO-SiO2 glass ceramics. It was concluded that the main crystalline phases of glass ceramics during the process were Hematite, Iron Silico Oxide and Hedenbergite. The saturation magnetisation values (Ms) of glass ceramics varied between 108 emu•g-1 and 147 emu•g-1. The crystallisation of Hedenbergite lead to the high Hc value (~2000Oe).

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44

Batstone, J. L., and C. Hayzelden. "Microscopic Processes in Crystallisation." Solid State Phenomena 37-38 (March 1994): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.37-38.257.

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45

Idzikowski, B., Z. Śniadecki, and B. Mielniczuk. "Crystallisation of Amorphous Y50Cu42Al8Alloy." Acta Physica Polonica A 115, no. 10 (January 2009): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.115.147.

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46

Jog, J. P. "Crystallisation in polymer nanocomposites." Materials Science and Technology 22, no. 7 (July 2006): 797–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328406x101300.

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47

Stura, Enrico A., Michael J. Taussig, Brian J. Sutton, Stéphane Duquerroy, Stéphane Bressanelli, Anthony C. Minson, and Felix A. Rey. "Scaffolds for protein crystallisation." Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography 58, no. 10 (September 26, 2002): 1715–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0907444902012829.

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Phillips, P. J. "Polymer morphology and crystallisation." Materials Science and Technology 19, no. 9 (September 2003): 1153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708303225004710.

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49

Chen, Kunfeng, and Dongfeng Xue. "Crystallisation of cuprous oxide." International Journal of Nanotechnology 10, no. 1/2 (2013): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijnt.2013.050875.

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PORTINCASA, P., K. J. VAN ERPECUM, and G. P. VANBERGE-HENEGOUWEN. "Cholesterol crystallisation in bile." Gut 41, no. 2 (August 1, 1997): 138–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.41.2.138.

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