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Journal articles on the topic 'Crystallines'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Hou, Zhao Xia, Zhao Lu Xue, Shao Hong Wang, Xiao Dan Hu, Hao Ran Lu, Chang Lei Niu, Hao Wang, Cai Wang, and Yin Zhou. "Transparent Oxyfluoride Glass-Ceramics Containing CaF₂ Nano-Crystalline Phase." Key Engineering Materials 512-515 (June 2012): 1015–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.512-515.1015.

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Transparent oxyfluoride tellurite glass with the composition of TeO2-SiO2-AlF3-CaO-KF system were prepared by conventional melting and annealing technique, and the transparent oxyfluoride glass-ceramics containing CaF2 nano-crystallines were obtained by controlled heat-treatment. The effect of heat-treatment schedules on the crystallization behavior and the microstructure of the glass-ceramics were analyzed by differential scanning caborimetry (DSC) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, infrared (IR) spectrum and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The sole CaF2 crystalline phase was confirmed by XRD, the spherical CaF2 nano-crystallines at about 20~100nm embed homogeneously among the glassy matrix after crystallization by SEM observation. The size of CaF2 grains grew with the increase of crystallization temperature and holding time. Te and Si atoms existed in [TeO3] and [SiO4] forms. Part of Al atoms existed in the form of [AlO4] and formed network together with [SiO4] tetrahedron. The other Al atoms acted as modifiers in the form of [AlO6]. The transmittance of glass-ceramics can reach 85% in visible light and 90% in infrared waveband. The novel transparent oxyfluoride tellurite glass-ceramics are excellent matrix materials in up-conversion luminescence field.

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Zhang, Xin, Yi Wen Hu, Yin Wu, and Wen Jie Si. "Crystal Phase Formation and Mechanical Properties of Lithium Disilicate Glass-Ceramics for Dental Restoration." Advanced Materials Research 177 (December 2010): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.177.447.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the crystal phase formation behavior and its influence on the mechanical properties of LiO2-SiO2-P2O5 glass-ceramics system. High temperature XRD was used to analyze the crystal phase formation in situ. The crystalline phases in the material both before and after heat-treatment were also analyzed. The flexural strength was measured by three-point bending test according to ISO 6872:2008(E). The SEM analysis showed that the high strength of the glass-ceramics is attributed to the continuous interlocking microstructure with fine lithium disilicate crystallines.

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3

Kim, Jang Soon, Ok Hyoung Lee, and Yun Soo Lim. "AFM Studies on the Effect of Crystalline Interphase on Adhesion of Polyurethane Thin Film to Al Substrate." Materials Science Forum 658 (July 2010): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.658.65.

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Polyurethanes crystallized at the aluminum surface, but the crystalline interphase varied with polyol OH number. Early stage of spherulite formation was characterized using AFM after removing amorphous polyurethane. The crystallite shapes of polyurethanes were correlated with the bond strength measured from indentation debonding. Interestingly, the samples involving non-specific shape of crystallites displayed high bond strength, while the polyurethanes with rod-like crystallite poorly adhered to aluminum substrate. Although crystallite shape did not unequivocally relate to bond strength, the results propose that there is a probable correlation.

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Zhu, Tao, Meng Nan Chong, and Eng Seng Chan. "Size-Dependent Photoelectrochemical Properties of Nanostructured WO₃ Thin Films Synthesized via Electrodeposition Method." Advanced Materials Research 1105 (May 2015): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1105.269.

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The main aim of this study was to investigate size-dependent effect on the photoelectrochemical properties of nanostructured tungsten trioxide (WO3) thin films synthesized via electrochemical method. Firstly, the nanostructured WO3 thin films of different crystalline sizes were synthesized on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass working electrodes followed by controlled annealing treatment at temperature of 100-600°C. The resultant nanostructured WO3 thin films were further characterized using field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and photocurrent density measurements. Through FE-SEM analysis, it was found that the WO3 crystalline size increases with increasing annealing temperature that resulted in elevated photocurrent per unit area of the synthesized nanostructured WO3 thin films. Finally, it was observed that the highest photocurrent density of up to 35μA/cm2 was attained for WO3 crystallines size of 86nm that formed at the annealing temperature of 600°C.

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Singh, V. K., and P. S. Saklani. "Metamorphic and geodynamic evolution of the Central Crystallines of the Garhwal Himalaya, India." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 199, no. 1 (December 2, 1996): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/199/1996/89.

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6

Sheu, Hwo-Shuenn, Chung-Kai Chang, Yu-Chun Chuang, Wei-Tsung Chuang, Chun-Yu Chen, Sean Blamires, Chen-Pan Liao, and I.-Min Tso. "Nutrient and Wind Effects on Dragline Properties: Perspectives from WAXS & SAXS." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C1322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205327331408677x.

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Spider dragline silk is one of the strongest nature fibers and some of their features are even better than those of the best synthetic fibers. Understanding the mechanisms inducing silk variability may have implications for biomimetics and the synthesis of environmentally responsive materials. Dragline silk contains both elasticity (amorphous) and crystalline regions. Our previous studies had demonstrated that spiders might vary the protein composition and thus physical properties of silks when experiencing food with different nutrient level. In this study we fed Nephila pilipes with high, low and no protein foods and collected their dragline silks for synchrotron Radiation (SR) wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) examinations. The WAXS data showed a significant difference in crystalline fractions of dragline silks produced by N. pilipes experiencing different food treatments. In addition, the orientation of crystallines also varied considerably among silks produced by spiders in three treatment groups. The SAXS data, obtained with the beam incident along and perpendicular to the fiber axis revealed a mesostructure comprising nano crystallites (beta sheets) stack spirally along the spider fibril axis. Such results indicate that spiders experiencing different nutrient stress level might produce dragline silks of different physical properties due to variations in crystalline density, orientation and the meso-phase structures in nano scale. Furthermore, varying environmental wind strength leads to changes in tensile mechanics of spider dragline silk hence produced. Exposing the spider Cyclosa mulmeinensis to controlled stress from constant airflow, we found correlated changes in (i) amino acid composition, (ii) tensile mechanics and (iii) crystallinity, of the dragline silk; which results suggest that protein variation and/or post secretion crystalline variations are associated with the mechanical properties of the spider silks.

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7

Et al., Jassim. "Synthesis, Characteristics and Study the Photoluminscience of the CdSxSe1-x Nanocrystaline Thin Film." Baghdad Science Journal 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 0116. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2020.17.1.0116.

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The present work focuses on the changing of the structural characteristics of the grown materials through different material characterization methods. Semiconductor CdSxSe 1-x nano crystallines have been synthesized by chemical vapor depostion. (X- ray Diffraction; XRD), (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy; FESEM), measured the characterization of Semiconductor CdSxSe1-x nano crystallines. The optical properties of semiconductor CdSxSe1-x nanocrystallines have been studied by the photoluminescence (PL) (He-Cd pulsed ultraviolet laser at 325nm excitation wavelength) at room temperature. The results showed the change rule of photoluminsence peak at different S/Se ratios according to the photoluminsence spectral analysis technology. The photuminscence peak can be continuously modulated between (500- 650) nm, so the tunable emission of the materials in the present work have novle applications in the area of bioscience and spectroscopy, etc.

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8

Shen, Guozhen, Di Chen, Kaibin Tang, Liying Huang, Yitai Qian, and Guien Zhou. "Novel polyol route to nanoscale tin sulfides flaky crystallines." Inorganic Chemistry Communications 6, no. 2 (February 2003): 178–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1387-7003(02)00716-5.

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9

George, Ashley R., Patricia A. Schofield, and Kenneth D. M. Harris. "Surface Structural Properties of Crystallines-Triazine: A Computational Investigation." Molecular Simulation 15, no. 2 (August 1995): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927029508022331.

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Singh, S. P., V. K. Singh, and P. S. Saklani. "Metamorphic evolution of the Central Crystallines of Higher Himalaya along Dhauliganga valley, Garhwal Himalaya, India." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 206, no. 2 (November 14, 1997): 249–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/206/1997/249.

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11

Naithani, N. P., and Mala Bhatt. "Drainage basin morphometric analysis and its relationship with altitude of Uttarkashi District." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v4i2.242.

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The area of investigation lies between Maneri and Gangnani along the Bhagirathi river in the lesser and central Himalayan block of Garhwal Himalayas. The rocks of Garhwal group are represented by quartzites, sericite quartzite’s and talc chlorite schist intruded by metabasics, whereas the Central crystallines are constituted by gneisses, schists, migmatites and amphibolites. For the purpose of drainage basin morphometric analysis 100 third order drainage basins were marked. Drainage basin morphometric parameters of 100 basins were calculated. On the basis of lithology and tectonic setup,the area was divided into three morphogenetic units viz Central crystallines, Thrust zone and Garhwal group. The basins which were situated below 2500 mts are categorized under low altitudes and above 2500 as basins of higher altitudes.The relationship between deainage basinmorphometric parameters and altitude suggest that basins situated at higher altitude have higher value of stream frequency, number of first and second order streams,fine texture and low drainage density.

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12

Efimov, V., V. Sikolenko, I. O. Troyanchuk, D. Karpinsky, E. Efimova, S. I. Tiutiunnikov, B. N. Savenko, D. Novoselov, and D. Prabhakaran. "Anomalous behavior of displacement correlation function and strain in lanthanum cobalt oxide analyzed both from X-ray powder diffraction and EXAFS data." Powder Diffraction 32, S1 (February 28, 2017): S151—S154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715617000148.

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A combined X-ray powder diffraction (XPD) and high-resolution extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) at the Co and Ga K-edges study has been performed for LaCoO3 and LaGaO3 ceramics, the latter sample was used as a reference without spin transitions. Based on the X-ray diffraction data, we have found that isotropic atomic displacement parameters (ADP) or mean-squared displacement of the Co–O bond exhibit gradual growth below ~50 K, wherein the strain dependencies testify rapid increase below 150 K for the LaCoO3 having rhombohedral structure. No similar features could be observed for LaGaO3 sample. Above ~100 K the isotropic ADP of the Co–O bond indicate a gradual growth, whereas strain curves show distinct bend near the spin-state transition temperature at about 150 K. According to the EXAFS data, the correlated parallel mean squared relative displacement (MSRD||) of Co–O and Ga–O bonds exhibit a gradual growth above 150 K; however, in the LaCoO3 this parameter is notably bigger. It is supposed that at low temperature the cobalt ions are dominantly in low-spin (LS) state, while certain amount of Co3+ ions located within the surface layer of the crystallines have high-spin state (HS). Temperature growth leads to a gradual transformation of the HS state of the cobalt ions into the highly-hybridized intermediate-spin (IS) state, while the cobalt ions located in the inner part of the crystallines remain LS configuration up to 150 K. Further temperature increase leads to a spin transition of the Co3+ ions located within the crystallines from the LS state into the IS one.

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13

Jowhar, Tejender N. "Geothermobarometry of the Dudatoli-Almora Crystallines, Garhwal, Kumaun Lesser Himalaya." Himalayan Journal of Sciences 2, no. 4 (February 11, 2008): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hjs.v2i4.857.

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14

Ray, Labani, Anurup Bhattacharya, and Sukanta Roy. "Thermal conductivity of Higher Himalayan Crystallines from Garhwal Himalaya, India." Tectonophysics 434, no. 1-4 (April 2007): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2007.02.003.

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15

Kaiyang, Li, Zhang Shaopin, Yang Tong, Yang Xuandong, Luo Zhaohui, and Zhang Xianliang. "The electro-optical effects of liquid crystallines side-chain polysiloxane." Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences 2, no. 3 (September 1997): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02829926.

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16

Rameshwar Rao, D., and Rajesh Sharma. "Petrogenesis of the granitoid rocks from Askot crystallines, Kumaun Himalaya." Journal of the Geological Society of India 74, no. 3 (September 2009): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-009-0133-6.

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17

Zhao, Jianling, Rongqing Xu, Xixin Wang, and Yangxian Li. "In situ synthesis of zirconia nanotube crystallines by direct anodization." Corrosion Science 50, no. 6 (June 2008): 1593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2008.01.026.

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18

Gopalakrishnan, N., B. C. Shin, K. P. Bhuvana, J. Elanchezhiyan, and T. Balasubramanian. "Fabrication of GaN Doped ZnO Nanocrystallines by Laser Ablation." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 8 (August 1, 2008): 4168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.an19.

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Here, we present the fabrication of pure and GaN doped ZnO nanocrystallines on Si(111) substrates by KrF excimer laser. The targets for the ablation have been prepared by conventional ceramic method. The fabricated nanocrystallines have been investigated by X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence and atomic force microscopy. The X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the crystalline size of pure ZnO is 36 nmand it is 41 nmwhile doped with 0.8 mol% of GaN due to best stoichiometry between Zn and O. Photoluminescence studies reveal that intense deep level emissions have been observed for pure ZnO and it has been suppressed for the GaN doped ZnO structures. The images of atomic force microscope show that the rms surface roughness is 27 nm for pure ZnO and the morphology is improved with decrease in rms roughness, 18 nm with fine crystallines while doped with 1 mol% GaN. The improved structural, optical and morphological properties of ZnO nanocrystalline due to GaN dopant have been discussed in detail.

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19

Matijasevic, Srdjan, Vladimir Zivanovic, Mihajlo Tosic, Snezana Grujic, Jovica Stojanovic, Jelena Nikolic, and Sonja Zdrale. "Crystallization behaviour of Li2O·Nb2O5·SiO2 glass containing TiO2." Processing and Application of Ceramics 5, no. 4 (2011): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac1104223m.

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This paper deals with the crystallization of glass 30Li2O?15Nb2O5?50SiO2?5TiO2 (mol%). The crystallization behavior was studied under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. XRD and SEM methods were employed for determination of phase composition and microstructure of crystallized glass. It was detected that this glass crystallizes by the surface crystallization mechanism. SEM micrographs of the crystallized samples revealed that the crystals grow in the form of dendrites. The glass-ceramics with complex phase composition was obtained. Three crystalline phases were detected where LiNbO3 has grown as primary phase and a secondary ones Li2Si2O5 and SiO2 appeared. The calculated average crystallite sizes are: 27 nm for LiNbO3 , 115 nm for Li2Si2O5 and 45 nm for SiO2 . From the experimental data an activation energy of crystals growth, calculated using the Kissinger relation, is Ea = 275 ?10 KJ / mol.

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20

Kojdecki, Marek Andrzej. "Approximate Estimation of Contributions to Pure X-Ray Diffraction Line Profiles from Crystallite Shapes, Sizes and Strains by Analysing Peak Widths." Materials Science Forum 443-444 (January 2004): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.443-444.107.

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A polycrystalline material may be considered as a set of crystallites. Since the crystallites have rather regular shapes, the assumption about the same shape is not far from physical reality for most polycrystals, especially powders. Such a system may be characterised in a statistical manner by two functions, the crystallite size distribution and the crystalline lattice strain distribution (for some materials other lattice distortions inside the crystallites, like stacking faults or dislocations, are to be considered additionally). The crystalline microstructure can be determined by investigating an X-ray diffraction pattern, what should be based on comparing an experimental pattern with a simulated one, derived from an appropriate physical model. Pure X-ray diffraction line profiles, containing information about crystalline microstructure, can be extracted from experimental data. An important step in analysing them is the separation of contributions from crystallite shapes and sizes and from strains, enabling the proper determination of both distributions together with the estimation of prevalent crystallite shape. A model of polycrystalline material combined with a description of X-ray diffraction on it, making such an analysis possible, is presented in this article. An approximate formula for separating both effects is based on results of computer simulation of pure X-ray diffraction line profiles from different crystalline powders, done under simplifying assumptions that the crystallites are prismatic or spherical, the size distribution is logarithmic-normal and the second-order strain distribution is normal.

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21

Han, Xian Gen, Xu Zhong Chen, Lu Lu Qian, and Xian Yong We. "Hydrogen Bonded Side Chain Liquid Crystallines Based on Poly(4-Vinylpridine)." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.455.

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A series of novel liquid crystal were synthesized with alkyloxyben- zimidoylbenzoic acid (CnABOH) and poly(4-binylpridind) (PVP) through hydrogen bond self-assemble between carboxyl groups of alkyloxybenzimidoylbenzoic and nitrogen of PVP. PVP was used as a hydrogen bond acceptor polymer. The CnABOH (n is the number of carbon atom) had been used as H-bond donor. The existence of H-bond was confirmed used FTIR spectroscopy. Optical microscopy was used to investigate liquid crystalline behaviors. The mesophases of the complexes (PVP-CnABOH) were obviously different from LC behaviors of the CnABOH. With increasing length of terminal group, the melting temperature reduced and the temperature range of the LC mesophase increased. For instance, while the number of carbon atom increased from 3 to 8, the melting temperature reduced from 180°C to 156°C and the range of LC mesophase increased from 36°C to 84°C.

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22

Rui, HE, JIAO Yan-Hua, LIANG Yuan-Yuan, and CHEN Can-Yu. "Accurate Predictions of the NMR Parameters in Organic and Biological Crystallines." Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica 27, no. 09 (2011): 2051–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3866/pku.whxb20110930.

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23

POGNANTE, U., and B. LOMBARDO. "Metamorphic evolution of the High Himalayan Crystallines in SE Zanskar, India." Journal of Metamorphic Geology 7, no. 1 (January 1989): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1989.tb00571.x.

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24

Carosi, R., B. Lombardo, G. Musumeci, and P. C. Pertusati. "Geology of the Higher Himalayan Crystallines in Khumbu Himal (Eastern Nepal)." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 17, no. 5-6 (October 1999): 785–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1367-9120(99)00014-0.

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25

Schmidt, K. J., Y. Lin, M. Beaudoin, G. Xia, S. K. O’Leary, G. Yue, and B. Yan. "The mean crystallite size within a hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon based photovoltaic solar cell and its role in determining the corresponding crystalline volume fraction." Canadian Journal of Physics 92, no. 7/8 (July 2014): 857–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2013-0526.

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We examine the dependence of the crystalline volume fraction on the mean crystallite size for hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon based photovoltaic solar cells; this work builds upon an earlier study by Schmidt et al. (Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 1536 (2013)). For each photovoltaic solar cell considered, the X-ray diffraction and Raman spectra are measured. Through the application of Scherrer’s equation, the X-ray diffraction results are used to determine the corresponding mean crystallite sizes. Through peak decomposition, the Raman results are used to estimate the corresponding crystalline volume fraction. Plotting the crystalline volume fraction as a function of the mean crystallite size, it is found that larger mean crystallite sizes tend to favor reduced crystalline volume fractions. The ability to randomly pack smaller crystallites with a greater packing fraction than their larger counterparts was suggested as a possible explanation for this observation.

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26

Kim, Dae-Young, Yoshiharu Nishiyama, Masahisa Wada, Shigenori Kuga, and Takeshi Okano. "Thermal Decomposition of Cellulose Crystallites in Wood." Holzforschung 55, no. 5 (September 19, 2001): 521–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2001.084.

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Summary Decomposition of cellulose crystallites in wood during pyrolysis was studied by X-ray diffraction using a tension wood of Populus maximowiczii (cottonwood), which contains highly crystalline cellulose. X-ray diffraction profiles were recorded at varied temperature up to 360°C. By one-hour isothermal treatments, the cellulose crystallites did not decompose at 300°C, but completely decomposed at 340°C. The change in equatorial diffraction profile was studied by temperature scan up to 360°C and by isothermal treatment at the critical temperature of 320°C. Along with the changes by thermal expansion, the changes in diffraction diagram revealed a characteristic discrepancy between the diminishment of crystalline order and the reduction in crystallite size; i.e., the intensity of crystalline reflections diminished steadily while the crystallite size decreased much more slowly. A model of highly heterogeneous decomposition is proposed to explain this behavior.

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27

Aprilia, Annisa, Priastuti Wulandari, and Rahmat Hidayat. "Effect of Solvent Used in the Preparation of Aluminum-Doped ZnO as Electron Acceptor Layer on the Characteristic of its Hybrid Solar Cell." Materials Science Forum 737 (January 2013): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.737.74.

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Aluminum doped Zinc Oxide (AZO) layer has been employed as electron acceptor in hybrid solar cell based on Poly(3-hexylthiophene) with inverted structure. AZO layers used in this work were prepared by sol-gel process using two different solvents, namely methanol and methoxyethanol. From X-ray diffraction measurements, AZO layer prepared using methanol solvent (AZO-me) indicates the formation of crystallines with the same (002) orientation, whereas AZO layer prepared using methoxyethanol (AZO-mx) indicates the formation of crystallines with (100), (002), and (101) orientations. The nanomorphology of those AZO layer surfaces was also remarkably different, which might be related to differences in crystal orientation. For both solvents, the photocurrent density-voltage (J-V) characteristics were also affected by the Al ion concentration in AZO layer. However, solar cell with AZO-mx shows better performances in comparison to that of AZO-me with the same Al ion concentration. The observation of performance variations in those fabricated solar cells are suggested to be strongly related with the crystal orientation and nanomorphology of AZO layer. These experimental results then suggest that charge carrier dissociation by AZO layer are significantly influenced by the crystal orientation and nanomorphology of AZO layer, which are affected by the solvent used for preparing the AZO layer.

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Carosi, Rodolfo, Chiara Montomoli, and Dario Visonà. "Deformation features of the Higher Himalayan Crystallines in Western Bhutan during exhumation." Himalayan Journal of Sciences 2, no. 4 (January 21, 2008): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hjs.v2i4.818.

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Xiangfeng, Chu, Jiang Dongli, Guo Yu, and Zheng Chenmou. "Ethanol gas sensor based on CoFe2O4 nano-crystallines prepared by hydrothermal method." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 120, no. 1 (December 2006): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2006.02.008.

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30

Guo, Jian, Ruimao Hua, Yan Sui, and Jianhua Cao. "Synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted 1,2,4-oxadiazoles and their behavior of liquid crystallines." Tetrahedron Letters 55, no. 9 (February 2014): 1557–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.01.066.

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Harrison, T. Mark. "Did the Himalayan Crystallines extrude partially molten from beneath the Tibetan Plateau?" Geological Society, London, Special Publications 268, no. 1 (2006): 237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2006.268.01.11.

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32

Keum, Sam-Rok, Chul-Hee Cho, and Yoon-Ki Choi. "Synthesis and mesomorpic properties of liquid crystallines, alkyloxybenzoyloxy phenylated indolinobenzospiropyrans. Part 7." Dyes and Pigments 60, no. 2 (February 2004): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2003.07.006.

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Bikramaditya Singh, R. K. "Geochemistry and petrogenesis of granitoids of Lesser Himalayan crystallines, Western Arunachal Himalaya." Journal of the Geological Society of India 75, no. 4 (April 2010): 618–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-010-0055-3.

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34

Wei-rong, Qiang, Wang Xiao-mei, and Liu Wei-qi. "Theoretical calculation for the phonon spectrum and thermodynamic functions of vanadium and its hydride." E3S Web of Conferences 252 (2021): 03039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125203039.

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Based on density functional theory(DFT), using virtual crystal approximation and generalized gradient approximation(GGA)with pseudopotential method, the lattices and energies for five crystallines of vanadium hydrides are optimized and calculated. The phonon densities of states are calculated based on density functional perturbation theory(DFPT). The standard Heat capacities, Entropies, Helmholtz free energies and Gibbs functions of vanadium and its hydride are deduced at 298.15K. The calculated results are discussed and compared with experimental data.

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Rai, L. K., K. K. Acharya, and M. R. Dhital. "Lithostratigraphy and structure of the Dharan–Mulghat area, Lesser Himalayan sequence, eastern Nepal Himalaya." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 51 (December 31, 2016): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v51i0.24095.

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The Dharan–Mulghat area of the eastern Nepal can be divided into three tectonic units: the Higher Himalayan Crystallines, the Lesser Himalayan Sequence and the Siwaliks from north to south separated by the Main Central Thrust (MCT) and Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), respectively. The Lesser Himalayan Sequence is divided into two groups separated by Chimra Thrust: the Bhedetar Group and the Dada Bajar Group. The Bhedetar Group includes the Raguwa Formation, the Phalametar Quartzite, the Churibas Formation, the Sangure Quartzite, and the Karkichhap Formation from the bottom to top, respectively; overthrusted by the Dada Bajar Group consisting: the Ukhudanda Formation, the Mulghat Formation, the Okhre Formation, and the Patigau Formation, from lower to upper sections, respectively along the Chimra Thrust and the Bhorleni Formation as an individual formation overthrusted by Bhedetar Group along the Chhotimorang Thrust. The Main Central Thrust, the Main Boundary Thrust, the Chimra Thrust and the Chhotimorang Thrust are the major faults in Dharan–Mulghat area. The Leutiphedi Anticline and the Malbase Syncline are the major folds in the study area plunging towards east. The trend/plunge of anticline and syncline are 131o/24o and 096o/09o respectively. The microstructural study in the quartz grains reveals a sharp difference in the history across the MCT; dynamic in the rocks of the Lesser Himalayan Sequences and static in the rocks of the Higher Himalayan Crystallines.

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Gautam, Siddharth, and David Cole. "CO2 Adsorption in Metal-Organic Framework Mg-MOF-74: Effects of Inter-Crystalline Space." Nanomaterials 10, no. 11 (November 17, 2020): 2274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10112274.

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Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOF) have been identified as highly efficient nanoporous adsorbents for CO2 storage. In particular, Mg-MOF-74 has been shown to promise exceptionally high CO2 sorption. Although several studies have reported adsorption isotherms of CO2 in Mg-MOF-74, the effect of inter-crystalline spacing in Mg-MOF-74 on the sorption of CO2 has not been addressed. These effects have been shown to be profound for a quadrupolar molecule like CO2 in the case of silicalite (Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 22 (2020) 13951). Here, we report the effects of inter-crystalline spacing on the adsorption of CO2 in Mg-MOF-74, studied using grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations. The inter-crystalline spacing is found to enhance adsorption at the crystallite surfaces. Larger inter-crystalline spacing up to twice the kinetic diameter of CO2 results in higher adsorption and larger crystallite sizes suppress adsorption. Magnitudes of the inter-crystalline space relative to the kinetic diameter of the adsorbed fluid and the surface to volume ratio of the adsorbent crystallites are found to be important factors determining the adsorption amounts. The results of this study suggest that the ideal Mg-MOF-74 sample for CO2 storage applications should have smaller crystallites separated from each other with an inter-crystalline space of approximately twice the kinetic diameter of CO2.

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Massey, J. A. "Contrasting Fluid-Deformation-Melt Histories within the High Himalayan Crystallines, Langtang Valley, Nepal." Mineralogical Magazine 58A, no. 2 (1994): 567–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1994.58a.2.32.

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38

Shang, Yun-Feng, Meng Xu, Guang-Na Zhang, and Jian-Ming Ouyang. "Concave Urinary Crystallines: Direct Evidence of Calcium Oxalate Crystals Dissolution by CitrateIn Vivo." Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/637617.

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Li, ChenSha, YingJie Qiao, and YuMing Li. "Decorating multiwalled carbon nanotubes with zinc oxide nano-crystallines through hydrothermal growth process." Science China Technological Sciences 55, no. 5 (March 8, 2012): 1365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11431-012-4787-8.

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Guo, Jing, Feizhong Ma, Shuangna Gu, Ying Shi, and Jianjun Xie. "Solvothermal synthesis and upconversion spectroscopy of monophase hexagonal NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ nanosized crystallines." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 523 (May 2012): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.01.135.

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41

Meechoowas, Ekarat, Surisa Suriyoporn, Usanee Pantulap, and Kanit Tapasa. "The Effect of Zirconium Oxide on Properties and Crystallization of Soda-Lime Silicate Glass." Key Engineering Materials 751 (August 2017): 374–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.751.374.

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In this study, the properties and crystallization of re-melted soda-lime silicate glass cullet added with Al2O3, CaCO3 and ZrO2 were investigated in order to study the potential usage as a parent glass for glass-ceramics. Al2O3, CaCO3 and ZrO2 were added into the 71SiO2-10Na2O-6K2O-5CaO-4MgO-2SrO-ZrO2-Al2O3 glass cullet to increase the crystallization of the glass. The glass batches (%wt) of (65-x) Cullet:13Al2O3:22CaCO3:xZrO2 (x = 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8) were melted at 1500°C for 3 hours. The crystallization was investigated by Differential Scanning Colorimetry technique (DSC) and it was found that the glasses with 6 and 8 %wt of ZrO2 crystallized rapidly. It means that ZrO2 acted as the nucleating agent in this glass system. The major crystallines determined by X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) were silica (SiO2), wollastonite (CaSiO3) potassium silicate (K6Si3O9) and zirconium oxide (ZrO2). The thermal expansion of glasses determined by dilatometric method indicated the characteristic of glass-ceramics and the effect of ZrO2 on the thermal properties of glass. In conclusion, modifying the composition of soda-lime silicate cullet with Al2O3 CaCO3 and ZrO2 had potential to produce glass-ceramics.

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Maletin, Marija, Željka Cvejić, S. Rakić, L. M. Nikolić, and Vladimir V. Srdić. "Low Temperature Synthesis of Nanocrystalline ZnFe₂O₄ Powders." Materials Science Forum 518 (July 2006): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.518.91.

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Advances in nanoscale electronics require superior ceramic powders, preferable prepared with techniques for the direct synthesis of crystalline nanoparticles. Zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) nanopowders were prepared by co-precipitation method, from nitrate precursors. Crystalline powders having the single-phase cubic spinel structure were directly synthesized at temperature ≥80°C in the presence of NaOH. The obtained powders are agglomerated with ultra-fine crystallites having the average crystallite size about 3-4 nm.

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De Rosa, Claudio, Rocco Di Girolamo, Alessandra Cicolella, Giovanni Talarico, and Miriam Scoti. "Double Crystallization and Phase Separation in Polyethylene—Syndiotactic Polypropylene Di-Block Copolymers." Polymers 13, no. 16 (August 4, 2021): 2589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162589.

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Crystallization and phase separation in the melt in semicrystalline block copolymers (BCPs) compete in defining the final solid state structure and morphology. In crystalline–crystalline di-block copolymers the sequence of crystallization of the two blocks plays a definitive role. In this work we show that the use of epitaxial crystallization on selected crystalline substrates allows achieving of a control over the crystallization of the blocks by inducing crystal orientations of the different crystalline phases and a final control over the global morphology. A sample of polyethylene-block-syndiotactic polypropylene (PE-b-sPP) block copolymers has been synthesized with a stereoselective living organometallic catalyst and epitaxially crystallized onto crystals of two different crystalline substrates, p-terphenyl (3Ph) and benzoic acid (BA). The epitaxial crystallization on both substrates produces formation of highly ordered morphologies with crystalline lamellae of sPP and PE highly oriented along one direction. However, the epitaxial crystallization onto 3Ph should generate a single orientation of sPP crystalline lamellae highly aligned along one direction and a double orientation of PE lamellae, whereas BA crystals should induce high orientation of only PE crystalline lamellae. Thanks to the use of the two selective substrates, the final morphology reveals the sequence of crystallization events during cooling from the melt and what is the dominant event that drives the final morphology. The observed single orientation of both crystalline PE and sPP phases on both substrates, indeed, indicates that sPP crystallizes first onto 3Ph defining the overall morphology and PE crystallizes after sPP in the confined interlamellar sPP regions. Instead, PE crystallizes first onto BA defining the overall morphology and sPP crystallizes after PE in the confined interlamellar PE regions. This allows for discriminating between the different crystalline phases and defining the final morphology, which depends on which polymer block crystallizes first on the substrate. This work also shows that the use of epitaxial crystallization and the choice of suitable substrate offer a means to produce oriented nanostructures and morphologies of block copolymers depending on the composition and the substrates.

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Wang, Fei Peng, Zheng Yong Huang, and Jian Li. "Stretching Induced Crystalline-Phase Transition in Energy-Conversion Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVDF) Films." Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (December 2014): 589–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.589.

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Commercial poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films are uniaxially stretched with varying rates at 110 °C in order to endow PVDF piezo-and pyroelectric by crystalline-phase transition from α to β during the stretching. The crystalline phases are determined by infrared spectroscopy. The β-phase content and its fraction in films increase as a result of stretching with high rates. In addition, higher stretching rates yield a slight increase of γ phase. The crystallite size is evaluated by means of X-ray diffraction. It is found that the β-phase crystallites become smaller with fast stretching, whereas the α-phase crystallites are cracked and disappear at high-speed stretching of 2.5 /min.

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MORAIS, Francisca Edivânia, Sheila Pricila Marques CABRAL, Eliane Gonçalves ARAUJO, Carlos Alberto MARTINEZ-HUITLE, and Nedja Suely FERNANDES. "THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF PARACETAMOL AND TABLETS OF REFERENCE, GENÉRIC AND SIMILAR." Periódico Tchê Química 09, no. 17 (January 20, 2012): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v9.n17.2011.17_periodico17_pgs_17_27.pdf.

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The present study utilized the thermoanalytical techniques (TG, DTG, DTA and DSC) to evaluate the thermal behavior of tablets containing paracetamol and marketed as reference, generic and similar. The samples were also characterized by IR, X-ray diffraction and SEM. The TG/DTG curves presented similar behaviour indicanting a low influence of the excipients present in pharmaceutical formulations. The DTA and DSC curves showed an endothermic peak between about 165.0 and 195.0 oC characteristic of melting of paracetamol in all samples. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed similarities and characterized the compounds as crystallines. The micrographs indicated heterogeneity in particle size.

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Kjeldsen, Henrik, Jan Heinemeier, Steffen Heegaard, Christina Jacobsen, and Niels Lynnerup. "Dating the time of birth: A radiocarbon calibration curve for human eye-lens crystallines." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 268, no. 7-8 (April 2010): 1303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.158.

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He, Ping, Hua-Rong Cheng, Yuan Le, and Jian-Feng Chen. "Preparation and characterization of nano-sized Sr0.7Ca0.3TiO3 crystallines by low temperature aqueous synthesis method." Materials Letters 62, no. 14 (May 2008): 2157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2007.11.040.

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Keum, Sam-Rok, and Hye-Ryun Jang. "Synthesis and characterization of new liquid crystallines containing a thiophenylated indolinobenzospiropyranyl group. Part 5." Dyes and Pigments 57, no. 1 (April 2003): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0143-7208(02)00172-9.

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YANG, Xiaosong. "Anatexis in Himalayan crust: Evidence from geochemical and chronological investigations of Higher Himalayan Crystallines." Science in China Series D 48, no. 9 (2005): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/03yd0254.

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50

Guo, Jian, Ruimao Hua, Yan Sui, and Jianhua Cao. "ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3,5-Disubstituted 1,2,4-Oxadiazoles and Their Behavior of Liquid Crystallines." ChemInform 45, no. 31 (July 17, 2014): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201431141.

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