Relevant bibliographies by topics / Crystalline fraction

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Academic literature on the topic 'Crystalline fraction'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Crystalline fraction"

1

Schmidt, K. J., Y. Lin, M. Beaudoin, et al. "The mean crystallite size within a hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon based photovoltaic solar cell and its role in determining the corresponding crystalline volume fraction." Canadian Journal of Physics 92, no. 7/8 (2014): 857–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2013-0526.

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We examine the dependence of the crystalline volume fraction on the mean crystallite size for hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon based photovoltaic solar cells; this work builds upon an earlier study by Schmidt et al. (Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 1536 (2013)). For each photovoltaic solar cell considered, the X-ray diffraction and Raman spectra are measured. Through the application of Scherrer’s equation, the X-ray diffraction results are used to determine the corresponding mean crystallite sizes. Through peak decomposition, the Raman results are used to estimate the corresponding crystalline volume fraction. Plotting the crystalline volume fraction as a function of the mean crystallite size, it is found that larger mean crystallite sizes tend to favor reduced crystalline volume fractions. The ability to randomly pack smaller crystallites with a greater packing fraction than their larger counterparts was suggested as a possible explanation for this observation.
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2

Schmidt, K. J., Y. Lin, M. Beaudoin, et al. "The dependence of the crystalline volume fraction on the crystallite size for hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon based solar cells." MRS Proceedings 1536 (2013): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.599.

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ABSTRACTWe have performed an analysis on three hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) based solar cells. In order to determine the impact that impurities play in shaping the material properties, the XRD and Raman spectra corresponding to all three samples were measured. The XRD results, which displayed a number of crystalline silicon-based peaks, were used in order to approximate the mean crystallite sizes through Scherrer's equation. Through a peak decomposition process, the Raman results were used to estimate the corresponding crystalline volume fraction. It was noted that small crystallite sizes appear to favor larger crystalline volume fractions. This dependence seems to be related to the oxygen impurity concentration level within the intrinsic nc-Si:H layers.
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3

Li, J., A. W. Rate, and R. J. Gilkes. "Fractionation of trace elements in some non-agricultural Australian soils." Soil Research 41, no. 7 (2003): 1389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02146.

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The fractionation of Ag, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn in highly weathered soils was investigated using 5 operationally defined fractions: exchangeable, organic, amorphous Fe oxides, crystalline Fe oxides, and residual fraction. Crystalline Fe oxide and residual phases were the dominant hosts of Ag in the original soils, but for soils to which soluble Ag was added, much Ag was in the crystalline Fe oxide fractions and only a relatively small proportion of Ag was in the residual fraction. Crystalline Fe oxides and the residual fraction were also the major hosts to Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn.
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4

Wang, Fei Peng, Zheng Yong Huang, and Jian Li. "Stretching Induced Crystalline-Phase Transition in Energy-Conversion Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVDF) Films." Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (December 2014): 589–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.589.

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Commercial poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films are uniaxially stretched with varying rates at 110 °C in order to endow PVDF piezo-and pyroelectric by crystalline-phase transition from α to β during the stretching. The crystalline phases are determined by infrared spectroscopy. The β-phase content and its fraction in films increase as a result of stretching with high rates. In addition, higher stretching rates yield a slight increase of γ phase. The crystallite size is evaluated by means of X-ray diffraction. It is found that the β-phase crystallites become smaller with fast stretching, whereas the α-phase crystallites are cracked and disappear at high-speed stretching of 2.5 /min.
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5

Agbo, Solomon, Pavol Sutta, Pavel Calta, Rana Biswas, and Bicai Pan. "Crystallized silicon nanostructures — experimental characterization and atomistic simulations." Canadian Journal of Physics 92, no. 7/8 (2014): 783–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2013-0442.

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We have synthesized silicon nanocrystalline structures from thermal annealing of thin film amorphous silicon-based multilayers. The annealing procedure that was carried out in vacuum at temperatures up to 1100 °C is integrated in a X-ray diffraction (XRD) setup for real-time monitoring of the formation phases of the nanostructures. The microstructure of the crystallized films is investigated through experimental measurements combined with atomistic simulations of realistic nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si) models. The multilayers consisting of uniformly alternating thicknesses of hydrogenated amorphous silicon and silicon oxide (SiO2) were deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition on crystalline silicon and Corning glass substrates. The crystallized structure consisting of nc-Si structures embedded in an amorphous matrix were further characterized through XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared measurements. We are able to show the different stages of nanostructure formation and how the sizes and the crystallized mass fraction can be controlled in our experimental synthesis. The crystallized silicon structures with large crystalline filling fractions exceeding 50% have been simulated with a robust classical molecular dynamics technique. The crystalline filling fractions and structural order of nc-Si obtained from this simulation are compared with our Raman and XRD measurements.
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6

Anwer, Afzana, S. Eilidh Bedford, Richard J. Spontak, and Alan H. Windle. "Electron microscopy of crystalline structure in thermotropic random copolymers." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 1054–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100089585.

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Random copolyesters composed of wholly aromatic monomers such as p-oxybenzoate (B) and 2,6-oxynaphthoate (N) are known to exhibit liquid crystalline characteristics at elevated temperatures and over a broad composition range. Previous studies employing techniques such as X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have conclusively proven that these thermotropic copolymers can possess a significant crystalline fraction, depending on molecular characteristics and processing history, despite the fact that the copolymer chains possess random intramolecular sequencing. Consequently, the nature of the crystalline structure that develops when these materials are processed in their mesophases and subsequently annealed has recently received considerable attention. A model that has been consistent with all experimental observations involves the Non-Periodic Layer (NPL) crystallite, which occurs when identical monomer sequences enter into register between adjacent chains. The objective of this work is to employ electron microscopy to identify and characterize these crystallites.
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7

Gatos, Konstantinos G., Chrysa Minogianni, and Costas Galiotis. "Quantifying Crystalline Fraction within Polymer Spherulites." Macromolecules 40, no. 4 (2007): 786–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma0623284.

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8

Tsuchikawa, T., H. Kaneda, S. Oyabu, et al. "A systematic study of silicate absorption features in heavily obscured AGNs observed by Spitzer/IRS." Astronomy & Astrophysics 651 (July 2021): A117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140483.

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Context. Heavily obscured active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are known to show deep silicate absorption features in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) wavelength range of 10–20 μm. The detailed profiles of the features reflect the properties of silicate dust, which are likely to include information on AGN activities obscured by large amounts of dust. Aims. We reveal AGN activities obscured by large amounts of dust through the silicate dust properties obtained from the mid-IR spectral bands. Methods. We selected 115 mid-IR spectra of heavily obscured AGNs observed by Spitzer/IRS and systematically analyzed the composition of silicate dust by spectral fitting using the 10 μm amorphous and 23 μm crystalline bands. Results. We find that the main component of the silicate dust obscuring AGNs is amorphous olivine, the median mass column density of which is one order of magnitude higher than those of the minor components of amorphous pyroxene and crystalline forsterite. The median mass fraction of the amorphous pyroxene, ∼2%, is significantly lower than that of the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) dust in our Galaxy, while the median mass fraction of the crystalline forsterite, ∼6%, is higher than that of the diffuse ISM dust. We also find that the mass fractions of the amorphous pyroxene and the crystalline forsterite positively correlate with each other. Conclusions. The low mass fraction of the amorphous pyroxene suggests that the obscuring silicate dust is newly formed, originating from starburst activities. The relatively high mass fraction of crystalline forsterite implies that the silicate dust is processed in the high temperature environment close to the nucleus and transported to outer cooler regions by molecular outflows. The positive correlation between the mass fractions can be naturally explained considering that amorphous pyroxene is transformed from crystalline forsterite by ion bombardments. We also find that spectra with high ratios of the H2O ice absorption to silicate mass column density tend to indicate low mass fractions of amorphous pyroxene and crystalline forsterite, which is consistent with the scenario of the thermal dust processing close to the nucleus.
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9

Baser, T. A., M. Baricco, S. Enzo, G. Vaughan, and A. R. Yavari. "Analysis of crystallization behavior of Fe48Cr15Mo14Y2C15B6 bulk metallic glass by synchrotron radiation." Journal of Materials Research 23, no. 8 (2008): 2166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0264.

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The amorphous-to-crystalline transformation behavior of Fe48Cr15Mo14Y2C15B6 bulk metallic glasses was first investigated by high-temperature differential scanning calorimetry. Three events were detected with onset temperatures at 922, 975, and 1036 K, respectively. In situ synchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction patterns were collected during continuous heating and analyzed with the Rietveld approach. To describe simultaneously the amorphous fraction and crystallization products as a function of temperature, a paracrystalline structure-factor model was developed. It was included for quantitative evaluation of the amorphous phase, together with the structure factor of Cr23C6- and Fe3Mo3C-type phases observed during crystallization. Volume fractions of phases as well as lattice parameters, average lattice disorder, and crystallite size of the crystallized phases have been followed as a function of temperature. In this way, the structure evolution and thermal events have been closely inspected and accounted for by a crystallization mechanism.
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10

MacDonald, Malcolm J., Donna L. Hartley, and Marilyn K. Speedie. "Location of cellulolytic enzyme activity in the marine fungus Trichocladium achrasporum." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 31, no. 2 (1985): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m85-028.

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Cellulase activity in Trichocladium achrasporum was demonstrated by its ability to produce cell-associated and extracellular cellulolytic enzymes when grown on a crystalline cellulose substrate. In addition, azure dye was solubilized from dyed crystalline cellulose, appearing in the growth medium during the phase of cell lysis. Exoglucanase activity was highest in the culture filtrate, with slight activity in the cell fractions, while endoglucanase was associated only with the mycelium. No desorbable exoglucanase nor endoglucanase activity could be released by sonication of residual cellulose particles removed from actively growing cultures. β-Glucosidase activity was located only in the cell-associated fractions during active growth. All enzymes had optimal activity at 50 °C; in the particulate fraction β-glucosidase exhibited a second optimum at 30 °C. In the filtrate, soluble intracellular and particulate fractions optimal exoglucanase activity occurred at pH 6.4, 7.0, and 5.8, respectively. Endoglucanase activity was optimal at pH 5.8 in the soluble cell fraction, and at pH 5.4 in the particulate fraction.
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