Relevant bibliographies by topics / Crystal development

Academic literature on the topic 'Crystal development'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Crystal development"

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Brubaker, Curt L., and Harry T. Horner. "Development of epidermal crystals in leaflets of Stylosanthes guianensis (Leguminosae; Papilionoideae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 1664–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-210.

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In developing leaflets of Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw., twin prismatic calcium oxalate crystals form in adaxial and abaxial epidermal crystal idioblasts. These cells eventually die and collapse, leaving the crystals embedded in a matrix of cutin and cell-wall materials. Adaxial crystal idioblasts develop above large conical cells that, in turn, are interspersed among smaller, multiple-layered palisade parenchyma. Abaxial crystal idioblasts develop beneath a uniseriate layer of large horizontally branched cells abutting the abaxial epidermis. Spongy parenchyma occupies the middle mesophyll above the layer of branched cells. The abaxial crystals and the branched cells of the lowermost mesophyll develop simultaneously. Adaxial crystals and the conical cells develop later and in conjunction with each other. In mature leaflets, the adaxial and abaxial crystals and their associated collapsed crystal idioblasts form networks, the interstices of which are occupied by either single stomates and accompanying epidermal cells (adaxial) or clusters of stomates and accompanying epidermal cells (abaxial). Epidermal crystals are known from other Leguminosae; however, to our knowledge this is the first report where epidermal crystal development involving cell death and collapse is correlated with two types of specialized mesophyll cells.
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Rodriguez-Navarro, Alejandro. "Model of textural development of layered crystal aggregates." European Journal of Mineralogy 12, no. 3 (May 31, 2000): 609–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/12/3/0609.

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Skomorovsky, Valery, Galina Kushtal, and Lyubov Tokareva (Lopteva). "Iceland spar and birefringent filter (BF) development." Solar-Terrestrial Physics 8, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/stp-81202209.

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Birefringent crystals for BF are required to provide the necessary linear aperture, wavefront quality, and filter transmission in a given spectral region. Based on the review of foreign and domestic BF developments, the difficulties in using crystals from known deposits are examined. The Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics has developed BFs with extreme characteristics, using an innovative method for enriching crystals from East Siberian deposits and new methods for optical treatment and control of BF elements. We present the characteristics of the filters. Further progress in the creation of BFs in our country depends on the availability of necessary synthetic crystals and natural crystal of Iceland spar, which turned out to be a difficult fate in Russia.
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Anand, Rachna, Arun Kumar, and Arun Nanda. "Pharmaceutical Co-Crystals - Design, Development and Applications." Drug Delivery Letters 10, no. 3 (September 10, 2020): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210303109666191211145144.

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Background: Solubility and dissolution profile are the major factors which directly affect the biological activity of a drug and these factors are governed by the physicochemical properties of the drug. Crystal engineering is a newer and promising approach to improve physicochemical characteristics of a drug without any change in its pharmacological action through a selection of a wide range of easily available crystal formers. Objective: The goal of this review is to summarize the importance of crystal engineering in improving the physicochemical properties of a drug, methods of design, development, and applications of cocrystals along with future trends in research of pharmaceutical co-crystals. Co-crystallization can also be carried out for the molecules which lack ionizable functional groups, unlike salts which require ionizable groups. Conclusion: Co-crystals is an interesting and promising research area amongst pharmaceutical scientists to fine-tune the physicochemical properties of drug materials. Co-crystallization can be a tool to increase the lifecycle of an older drug molecule. Crystal engineering carries the potential of being an advantageous technique than any other approach used in the pharmaceutical industry. Crystal engineering offers a plethora of biopharmaceutical and physicochemical enhancements to a drug molecule without the need of any pharmacological change in the drug.
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Patel, Ekta C., Hemangi S. Patel, Mehul N. Patel, Jenee R. Christian, and B. N. Suhagia. "Development, Characterization and Analysis of Azelnidipine Co-Crystals." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 26, no. 6 (May 25, 2022): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2606rjce15023.

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Azelnidipine, an anti-hypertensive drug of dihydropyridine class, has low solubility and high permeability drug (class-2) and thus often shows dissolution rate-limited oral absorption and high variability in pharmacological effects. The purpose of study was to prepare co-crystals of AZL to enhance its solubility. Co-crystals were prepared by solvent evaporation method using different co-crystal formers. The prepared co-crystals were evaluated for solubility. The solid state property was characterized by microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was observed that the solubility of AZL co-crystals was significantly more than AZL. Co-crystal using succinic acid and saccharine gave maximum solubility. The microscopy, FTIR and DSC and studies of cocrystal confirmed the formation of co-crystals and indicated that new interactions were formed. In conclusion, co-crystals of AZL lead to the solubility enhancement and this can be further explored to study the impact of increased solubility on the bioavailability of AZL.
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Punitha, P., and S. Senthilkumar. "CRYSTAL DEVELOPMENT, THERMAL AND CRYSTALLINE PERFECTION OF POTASSIUM MAGNESIUM COBALT SULFATE HEXAHYDRATE MIXED CRYSTALS." Rasayan Journal of Chemistry 14, no. 04 (2021): 2810–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2021.1446571.

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Potassium magnesium cobalt sulfate hexahydrate (KMCS) was synthesized and single crystals were obtained with a slow evaporation solution growth technique (SESGT). KMCS empirical formula is K2Mg0.26Co0.74(SO4)26H2O with the weight of equation 428.34. KMCS crystal exposed monoclinic space groupP21/c, a = 6.1457, b = 12.2208, c = 9.0677, a = g = 90 °, b = 105 °, V = 657.87, Z = 2, 2.162 Mg m-3, in pink colour.The rate of frequency reduction found in powder indicates the crystal stress resulting from the processing of grown crystals. Single crystals are performed with FT-IR and UV-vis spectral studies. High-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) indicates prevalent site occupation substitution Co (II). For powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) results in the development of crystal stress due to the formation of single crystals. Electron microscopy scanning (SEM) tests the morphological changes in the exterior. The introduction of dopant into the crystalline medium has been verified by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). TG-DTA research has been conducted for single crystal thermal studies.
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Lim, L. C., S. Zhang, Y. X. Xia, D. H. Lin, and N. H. L. Goh. "Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3single crystal and device development." Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 04, no. 01 (January 2014): 1350026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x13500264.

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This paper describes recent device developments with relaxor ferroelectric Pb ( Zn1/3Nb2/3) O3– PbTiO3(PZN–PT) single crystals carried out at Microfine Materials Technologies Pte. Ltd, Singapore. Promising [011]-poled transverse cuts of PZN–PT single crystals and the results on the effect of electric field and axial compressive stress on the rhombohedral-to-orthorhombic ( R – O ) phase transformation behavior of such cuts are presented and discussed. The single crystal devices described include a compact low-frequency broadband power-efficient underwater tonpilz projector, high sensitivity shear accelerometers and acoustic vector sensors (AVS). The unique characteristics offered by these PZN–PT single crystal devices are highlighted, which serve as examples of new-generation piezoelectric devices and systems for a wide range of demanding applications.
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DYBING, STEPHEN T., STEVEN A. BRUDVIG, JAMES A. WIEGAND, and EMIL A. HUANG. "A Simple Method for Estimating the Extent of Surface Crystal Development on Colored Cheddar Cheese." Journal of Food Protection 49, no. 6 (June 1, 1986): 421–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-49.6.421.

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A simple, non-destructive method for estimating the extent of crystal development as white specks on the surface of colored Cheddar cheese is described. This method involves photocopying the surface of the cheese with a photocopier set at an exposure calibrated to clearly show the crystals. The photocopies of the cheese surface are then compared to a series of photocopies showing designated increases in crystal growth. Crystal development was rated as follows: 0 = no crystals, 1= light, 2 = medium, 3 = heavy, and 4 = very heavy to encrusted crystal development. The method does not disrupt or destroy the environmental conditions existing in the cheese package, allowing extended shelf life studies to be done on the same piece of cheese. However, the photocopy technique may not work as well with white cheese or cheeses without flat surfaces.
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Bondokov, Robert T., Kasey Hogan, Griffin Q. Norbury, Justin Mark, Sean P. Branagan, Naoki Ishigami, James Grandusky, and Jianfeng (Jeff) Chen. "(Invited) Development of 3-inch AlN Single Crystal Substrates." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 37 (October 9, 2022): 1346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02371346mtgabs.

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Aluminum nitride (AlN) holds great promise as a substrate for electronic devices such as high-power switches, high power density, high frequency and high operating temperature devices for RF. This promise is largely due to its superior properties, for instance its ultra-wide bandgap (UWBG) of 6.2 eV, high thermal conductivity (> 290 W/m*K), high melting point (> 2800°C), relatively good chemical resistance, similarity of its lattice structure and parameters to that of Gallium nitride (GaN), high hardness value of about 12 GPa (at 1 N using Vickers indenter), etc. Presently AlN substrates are successfully used for fabrication of ultraviolet (UV) light emitting diodes (LEDs) operating at wavelengths shorter than 280 nm, i.e., in the UVC region of the spectrum. The AlN-based UVC LEDs are employed in water disinfection, surface cleaning, air purification, and environmental sensing. Several factors including substrate availability, size, production capacity, quality, and cost influence the commercialization of the aluminum nitride both as an UWBG and as an opto-electronic substrate. In this work we present the present and future outlook for the AlN substrates made using Physical Vapor Transport (PVT) growth technique. The PVT crystal growth method of aluminum nitride is carried out in a Tungsten crucible that accommodate the AlN source material as well as the (0001) oriented AlN seed. The thermal gradient is provided by an rf-heating plus appropriate shielding and insulation. In this setup, the sublimed source material is transported to the Al-polar face of the seed where it incorporates into a single crystal. The AlN crystals are then oriented, sliced, and polished. The resulting 2-inch substrates are tested to meet certain specification needed for further epitaxial growth and LED processing. The two-inch AlN wafer specification as well as number of physical properties and purity were previously reported [1]. In addition to the 2-inch AlN crystal growth there is an ongoing effort to increase the substrate diameter. Large-diameter (e.g. 100 mm) AlN substrates are a practical requirement benefiting high power electronic devices. Again, PVT growth method is used to expand the crystal size and diameter. However, several challenges have yet to be resolved en route to 100 mm diameter crystals. These challenges are associated with increased thermally induced stress, the need for better control of the axial/radial thermal gradients, vendor ability to provide materials, maintaining crystal quality during expansion, etc. Our PVT growth technique demonstrates high crystal growth yield which allows to contain relatively low production cost. Furthermore, we have established a high-capacity process capable to produce many thousands of 2-inch AlN substrates per year. Our current crystal growth process also demonstrated greater than 3-inch diameter single-crystal AlN substrates; properties of such wafers will be reported. Robert T Bondokov et al 2021 ECS Trans. 104 37
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T, Mamatha, Sama M, and Husna K. Qureshi. "Development and Evaluation of Mesalamine—Glutamine Cocrystal Tablets for Colon Specific Delivery." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 10, no. 5 (September 30, 2017): 3866–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2017.10.5.8.

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The objective of the work was to develop the co-crystal formulation of mesalamine with glutamine. It was done to enhance dissolution rate, solubility and physicochemical properties to be used in pharmaceutical composition (tablet) for colon targeting. Co-crystal preparation was carried out by liquid assisted grinding method using glutamine as a co-crystal former (1:1 stoichiometric ratio) and acetonitrile as a solvent giving maximum solubility and dissolution rate. The formation of the co-crystals was confirmed by Fourier Transform – Infra Red spectrometry, Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Powder X-Ray Diffraction. Pre-compression studies included measure-ment of bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Hausner’s ratio and compressibility index. The tablets were prepared by direct compression. Post compression parameters for uncoated tablets included hardness, size and thickness, friability and weight variation. Enteric-coated tablets were prepared by dip-coating process using Eudragit RSPO, Triethyl citrate and isopropyl alcohol mixture as coating solution. The coated tablets were further evaluated for disintegration and dissolution testing. All the results were found to be under specified limits. Finally, co-crystal tablets were compared with marketed formulation. In vitro dissolution rate of optimized mesalamine co-crystal tablet was comparatively higher than marketed formulation, which reflects improvement in solubility. Glutamine has good anti-inflammatory property. Formulation with glutamine as co-crystal added more efficacies to mesalamine for treatment in colon related inflammatory diseases. It was concluded that stable co-crystals of mesalamine -glutamine having better anti-inflammatory property, increased solubility and improved in vitro dissolution of mesalamine can be successfully prepared.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Crystal development"

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Ashraf, Mujahid Al Islam. "Design and development of liquid crystal lenses." Australasian Digital Thesis Program, 2006. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au/public/adt-VSWT20061117.145625.

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Thesis (MEng) - Swinburne University of Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Centre for Micro-Photonics, 2006.
A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Engineering, Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, 2006. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 74-77).
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Ashraf, Mujahid Al Islam, and n/a. "Design and development of liquid crystal lenses." Swinburne University of Technology. Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, 2006. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20061117.145625.

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The use of optics in the fields of nano-technology, telecommunication and medicine has been growing exponentially in recent years. Application of liquid crystals within optics has been a growing trend from flat screen displays to variable focus lenses in a digital versatile discs. One area of the recent developments within optics has been the development of two-photon fluorescence microscopy and high-density three-dimensional optical data storage. In such applications, where a light beam has to be focused deep within the volume of bulk media, aberrations are introduced. The most dominant aberration is spherical aberration which results from the mismatch in refractive indices of the immersion and recording media. The aim of this thesis is to design a liquid crystal lens for dynamic tube length compensation of the spherical aberration. Liquid crystal phase plates are used in everyday liquid crystal displays (LCDs) such as mobile phones and calculators. The technologies required to manufacture a liquid crystal phase plate are well understood. However, an application like three-dimensional data storage requires different properties in the liquid crystal phase plate, which are investigated in this thesis. To fabricate our liquid crystal phase plate we used ZLI-5049-000 from MERCK as the liquid crystal medium, with poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA) and Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) providing the insulating and conducting layers, respectively. It has been demonstrated that vacuum vapour deposition can be used to coat a glass substrate with ITO. However, in order for the ITO coating to be conductive a method is developed where the substrate is heated to 300oC before, during and after the coating. Similarly, a method has been developed for producing a uniform 10 μm coating of PVA on top of the ITO. In order to produce a liquid crystal lens with the properties required to compensate for spherical aberration an investigation into the properties of the liquid crystals is first conducted. A liquid crystal phase plate described in chapter 3 is characterised to determine the effect of the rubbing direction of the insulating layer and the effective refractive index change with applied voltage. It has been demonstrated that an effective change in refractive index of 0.11 can be achieved with 30 volts applied across the ITO electrodes. Based on the characterisation of the liquid crystal phase plate four different liquid crystal lens designs have been proposed and tested. The lens designs are based upon convergent and divergent lenses with different refractive index lens substrates. It is determined that a liquid crystal lens with a divergent lens substrate with a refractive index of 1.785 can be used to effectively compensate for spherical aberration. This has been confirmed experimentally by using the liquid crystal lens in a two-photon confocal microscope and measuring a increase in detected intensity at a depth below the surface of a sample. The research conducted in this thesis shows the ability to dynamically compensate for spherical aberration introduced by a mismatch in the refractive indices between the immersion and sample mediums. It has also been demonstrated that new methods for fabricating the conductive and insulating layers are suitable for producing a liquid crystal lens. A liquid crystal lens based on the research in this thesis could be used in three-dimensional data storage or microscopy applications.
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Finnemeyer, Valerie A. "Development of Liquid Crystal Infrared Imaging Sensors." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1463139065.

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Kilby, Gregory Robert. "Infrared Methods Applied to Photonic Crystal Device Development." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7156.

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Photonic crystal (PC) technology potentially offers lossless control of light propagation at a size scale near the order of the wavelength of light. The advantages and benefits of using such a technology in commercial devices are staggering. Yet, the commercial development of PC structures has been slow. Challenges associated with the repeatable fabrication and testing of structures has been identified as one cause of the slow development pace. To address these challenges, a development methodology that utilizes PC structures operating in the long-wavelength infrared is presented. One-dimensional PC structures, consisting of alternating regions of silicon and air are fabricated and characterized by measuring the transmittance or reflectance of the structure over the wavelength range from 5 쭠to 15 쭮 For the measurements, a model of the focused infrared beam is developed, tested and employed to characterize the structures. A novel measurement method, enabling the calculation of the single-angle plane-wave transmittances and reflectances from composite, multiple-angle transmittance and reflectance measurements, is formulated, tested and applied to PC structures. A new spectral characterization tool using a discretely tunable carbon-dioxide laser is presented and demonstrated. A measurement apparatus employing an FTIR microspectroscopy system is developed and measurements are recorded for the single-angle plane-wave characterization method. Single-angle plane-wave transmittances and reflectances calculated from composite multiple-angle measurements are shown to be in excellent agreement with theory. The results of this research are analyzed to identify the advantages and limitations of the long-wavelength infrared method.
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Ismail, Furrukh. "Photovoltaic Process Development and innovative Techniques." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Elektroteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-6453.

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Photovoltaic processing is one of the processes that have significance in semiconductor process line. It is complicated due to the no. of elements involved that directly or indirectly affect the processing and final yield. So mathematically or empirically we can’t say assertively about the results specially related with diffusion, antireflective coating and impurity poisoning. Here I have experimented and collected data on the mono-crystal silicon wafers with varying properties and outputs. Then by using neural network with available experimental data output required can be estimated which is further tested by the test data for authenticity. One can say that it’s a kind of process simulation with varying input of raw wafers to get desired yield of photovoltaic mono-crystal cells.
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Bahmann, Silvia. "Development of an evolutionary algorithm for crystal structure prediction." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-141596.

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Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit der theoretischen Vorhersage neuer Materialien. Ein evolutionärer Algorithmus, der zur Lösung dieses globalen Optimierungsproblems Konzepte der natürlichen Evolution imitiert, wurde entwickelt und ist als Programmpaket EVO frei verfügbar. EVO findet zuverlässig sowohl bekannte als auch neuartige Kristallstrukturen. Beispielsweise wurden die Strukturen von Germaniumnitrofluorid, einer neue Borschicht und mit dem gekreuzten Graphen einer bisher unbekannte Kohlenstoffstruktur gefunden. Ferner wurde in der Arbeit gezeigt, dass das reine Auffinden solcher Strukturen der erste Teil einer erfolgreichen Vorhersage ist. Weitere aufwendige Berechnungen sind nötig, die Aufschluss über die Stabilität der hypothetischen Struktur geben und Aussagen über zu erwartende Materialeigenschaften liefern.
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Хайдер, А. М., and Ю. П. Мачехин. "Photonic crystal fibers technology development opprtunities in communications systems." Thesis, ХНУРЭ, 2016. http://openarchive.nure.ua/handle/document/8908.

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Drake, Philip. "The development of quartz crystal microbalance based chemical sensors." Thesis, University of Bath, 2000. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323573.

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Bennett, Ian John. "Development and evaluation of alumina calcination." Thesis, University of Bath, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340929.

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This thesis focuses on a number of aspects governing the transformation of gibbsite, via intermediate phases, to a-alumina. These aspects include the size and morphology of the gibbsite grains, the influence of additions of foreign elements, the effect of a mechanical treatment of the gibbsite prior to calcination, and combinations of these factors. The materials were characterisedb y scanninge lectron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and surfacea rea measurementsF. or someo f the calcined materials an attempt was made to sinter the powders to a dense body to investigate if any of the treatments during calcination had an effect on this process. The literature review covers the current state of understanding of the production of bulk alumina powder by the Bayer process and the phase changes seen on calcination of precursors to the stable a-alumina phase. A detailed description of the phase changes is given and the various routes and conditions necessary for the transformations to occur are considered. The transformations are examined in relation to the morphology of the crystals and the variables controlling the phase transformation route are discussed. Calcination in air showed that the size of the gibbsite grain governs the calcination route taken to reach a-alumina. The standard gibbsites used in this work show a mixed calcination sequence transforming both via the boehmite phase, followed by the y, 8 and 0 phases, and via the x and K phases. The formation of boehmite is attributed to retention of water vapour within the grainDifferences in morphology of the starting materials showed that for the range of materials seen, the morphology of the grain is less important than its size. The super fine material confirmed that a small grain size transforms via the non-boehmite route only, with the other gibbsites taking intermediate routes as for the standard gibbsites. Of the additions made prior to calcination, aluminium fluoride was found to reduce the transformation temperature to a-alumina by approximately 300°C. Other additions had little effect on the transformation temperature although a reduction in grain size was seen with aluminium chloride. It was found that good mixing of the alumina fluoride was essential to obtain reliable and reproducible results. This is due to the small amounts of additive that are needed and the sensitivity of the process to concentration variations. Mineralisation of a range of gibbsites showed that the presence of sodium in the starting material was crucial in reducing the calcination temperature. This led to the conclusion that the sodium and fluoride react to form a liquid phase. The presence of a liquid phase increases the mobility of the aluminium and oxygen atoms resulting in a reduction of the transformation temperature. Fluoride additions to the gibbsites with different morphologies showed that the presence of sodium was the governing factor in reduction of the transformation temperature. Milling of the starting materials showed that there was a small reduction in the transformation temperature between some of the phases. The energy involved in milling leads to activation of the gibbsite. This activation takes the form of a reduction in the grain size and in a reduction of the crystallinity seen in the XRD patternFluoride additions during the calcination of sapphire with a standard gibbsite powder showed preferential grain growth. It was possible to initiate growth of small plate-like crystals on the polished surface of a piece of sapphire parallel to the basal plane. Crystal growth was also seen in scratches on a polished surface perpendicular to the basal plane
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Al-Dhafiri, Abdullah M. "CdS-CuₓS single crystal and thin film solar cells." Thesis, Durham University, 1988. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6617/.

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The work presented in this thesis is concerned with photovoltaic cells formed by plating CdS single crystals and thin films, and Cd(_y) Zn(1 _ y)S single crystals, with copper sulphide. An electroplating technique has been used to control the phase of copper sulphide by changing the electric field during its formation. Different phases of Cu(_x)S have been identified directly using Reflection High Energy Diffraction (RHEED), and indirectly from spectral response measurements. A dramatic change in the spectral response accompanying the reduction in the covellite response associated with an increase in that from chalcocite following argon heat treatment has been achieved. The change from the djurleite phase to that of chalcocite has also been obtained by using argon heat treatment for 5 minutes at 200 C. This effect was found to be reversible in that layers of chalcocite were converted to djurleite when air was used as the ambient for the heat treatment. C-V measurements have demonstrated that with increasing plating bias the donor concentration decreases at first before it assumes a constant value. This led to the effect of decreasing the junction capacitance as the width of the depletion region changed. The problem of the stability of the CdS-Cu(_2)S photovoltaic devices formed by wet plating" is addressed by studying the combined effects of the substrate onto which the CdS is deposited and the ambient used during annealing. Thin film cells have been prepared on both Ag/Cr and SnO substrates, and the device characteristics for each have been investigated as a function of annealing ambient. The results have shown that devices formed on Ag/Cr substrates were more stable following annealing in air than in argon, while the converse was true for cells fabricated on SnO(_x) substrates. The degradation effects of CdS-Cu(_2) S photovoltaic cells have been investigated. While devices stored in the dark showed little or no degradation, those maintained under illumination exhibited a significant deterioration in all operational parameters over a four week period. As far as the combined effect of temperature and ambient on the stability of cells are concerned, it was found that the ageing of devices in argon at room temperature in the dark was negligible, and moreover the fill factor was observed to improve marginally. When the devices were stored in the same ambient conditions at 50 C, they showed a significant improvement in the fill factor, but simultaneously exhibited a considerable reduction in the short circuit current. This process was reversible, since the sensitivity of degraded devices could be restored by annealing them in a hydrogen/nitrogen mixture. By comparing Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) studies with solar cell device characteristics, it has been shown that the formation of copper oxide on the Cu(_2)S surface plays a significant role in the degradation of CdS-Cu(_2) S devices. The extent of the cross-over between the dark and light J-V characteristics is a function of the period of etching used prior to junction formation. The variation of current and diode factor has been established as a function of the bias value. The dependence of forward current on the temperature at fixed forward voltage has also been investigated. Finally this work has shown that an increase in V(_oc) can be achieved when Cd(_0◦8)Zn(_0◦2)S is used as a base material for solar cells instead of CdS. Different traps were identified through a photocapacitance investigation. An important trap was found at 0.78eV below the conduction band. It has been demonstrated that the effect of this level was found to be diminished much more slowly when the annealing was carried out in argon rather than in air. This level may play an important role in the Cd(0◦8) Zn(0◦2)S-Cu(_2)S solar cell properties.
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Books on the topic "Crystal development"

1

Development of new nonlinear optical crystals in the borate series. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1993.

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Crystal clear: A human-powered methodology for small teams. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 2005.

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Silbey, Uma. The complete crystal guidebook: A practical path to self development, enpowerment, and healing. Toronto: Bantam Books, 1987.

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Rosenberger, Franz. Vapor crystal growth technology development: Application to cadmium telluride. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.

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The complete crystalguidebook: A practical path to self development, empowerment and healing. Toronto: Bantam, 1987.

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Professional Crystal Reports for Visual Studio .NET. 2nd ed. Indianapolis, Ind: Wiley, 2004.

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Professional Crystal reports for Visual Studio .NET. Indianapolis, IN: Wrox, 2003.

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McAmis, David. Professional Crystal Reports for Visual Studio .NET. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2004.

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Bougas, Vassilis. The development of a crystal modulator using a multipath reflection technique. London: University of North London, 1993.

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Powell, Martin. Our urban future: The Crystal, a sustainable cities initiative by Siemens. Holywood, County Down]: Booklink, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Crystal development"

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Archer, Jim, and Dave Schneider. "Development of Crystal Glazes." In Whitewares and Materials: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, Volume 25, Issue 2, 93–105. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470291177.ch12.

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Schaffers, Kathleen, Andrew J. Bayramian, Joseph A. Menapace, Gregory T. Rogowski, Thomas F. Soules, Christopher A. Stolz, Steve B. Sutton, et al. "Advanced Material Development for Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE)." In Crystal Growth Technology, 229–48. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527632879.ch13.

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Lecoq, Paul, Alexander Gektin, and Mikhail Korzhik. "Examples of Recent Crystal Development." In Inorganic Scintillators for Detector Systems, 345–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45522-8_9.

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Taylor, Robin, Frank H. Allen, Ian J. Bruno, Jason C. Cole, Magnus Kessler, Jos P. M. Lommerse, and Marcel L. Verdonk. "The Development and Application of Knowledge-Based Approaches to Molecular Design." In Crystal Engineering: From Molecules and Crystals to Materials, 243–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4505-3_14.

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Matyáš, J., J. D. Vienna, A. Kimura, M. Schaible, and R. M. Tate. "Development of Crystal-Tolerant Waste Glasses." In Ceramic Transactions Series, 41–50. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470930991.ch5.

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Noda, Susumu, and Toshihiko Baba. "The Present Status of Photonic Crystal Development." In Roadmap on Photonic Crystals, 45–137. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3716-5_3.

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Hanser, Andrew D., and Keith R. Evans. "Development of the Bulk GaN Substrate Market." In Technology of Gallium Nitride Crystal Growth, 3–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04830-2_1.

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Kück, S. "Recent development in laser crystals with 3d ions." In Optical Properties of 3d-Ions in Crystals: Spectroscopy and Crystal Field Analysis, 1–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30838-3_1.

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Yamano, Mitsuhisa. "Development of New Drug and Crystal Polymorphs." In Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, 401–19. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527633678.ch20.

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Wahl, Jacqueline B., and Ken Harris. "CMSX-4® Plus Single Crystal Alloy Development, Characterization and Application Development." In Superalloys 2016, 25–33. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119075646.ch3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Crystal development"

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Lin, Tsung-Hsien. "Technological development of liquid crystal smart window." In Liquid Crystals XXIV, edited by Iam Choon Khoo. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2569330.

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Komatsu, Motohiro. "Development of Crystal Projector Optics." In SAE World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-1391.

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Wilson, J. A., B. Burckel, J. Caulfield, S. Cogan, M. Massie, R. Lamott, D. Snyder, and R. Rapp. "Photonic crystal scene projector development." In SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, edited by James A. Buford, Jr. and Robert Lee Murrer, Jr. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.852388.

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Seabaugh, Matthew M., Gwendolyn L. Cheney, Katarzyna Hasinska, Abdul-Maheed Azad, Scott L. Swartz, and William J. Dawson. "Development of a Templated Grain Growth System for Texturing Piezoelectric Ceramics." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/ad-23735.

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Abstract:
Abstract High strain actuation can be obtained by engineering the crystallographic texture of piezoelectric ceramics. Single crystal piezoelectrics have significantly improved strain performance because crystal orientation can be controlled during use — their highly perfect lattice greatly simplifies the crystal orientation. Single crystals have properties significantly better than those of randomly oriented ceramics, but they are expensive and difficult to produce. Highly textured ceramics offer an alternative means of producing easily aligned crystals, as the majority of the crystallites in the ceramic share a common crystallographic orientation. Textured piezoelectric ceramics are expected to provide improved properties compared to untextured ceramics, with lower processing costs than single crystals. NexTech Materials is developing textured piezoelectrics in PMN-PT system via Templated Grain Growth (TGG). In the TGG process, anisotropic template particles are oriented in a fine particle matrix in the green state. During heat treatment, the crystals consume the surrounding matrix, resulting in a textured polycrystal. A TGG system requires both matrix and template particles. The matrix must provide significant driving force for densification and grain growth. Templates must be large, anisotropic, and crystallographically isostructural with the matrix material. Anisotropic template shape is difficult to achieve in perovskite-based piezoelectrics, which have highly symmetric (cubic) crystal structures at their processing temperature. In addition, the matrix environment often contains highly corrosive lead based liquid phases that make chemical stability difficult to achieve. Characterization of textured samples involves texture evaluation and phase analysis via XRD, and SEM analysis of template growth and chemical stability as well as piezoelectric performance measurement The development and characterization of the TGG components and their integration will be discussed.
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Chigrinov, Vladimir G. "Liquid Crystal Azodye Photoalignment: New Development." In The 2nd International Online Conference on Crystals. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iocc_2020-07340.

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Liu, D. N., Jia-Chong Ho, Shie-Chang Jeng, and Chi-Chang Liao. "Development of flexible liquid crystal displays." In 2005 IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/leos.2005.1548204.

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Shaw, L. B., C. Askins, W. Kim, S. Bayya, J. Peele, D. Rhonehouse, R. Thapa, et al. "Development of Clad Single Crystal Fiber." In Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/acoft.2016.am3c.2.

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Kupp, Tom. "Development of a Double Crystal Monochromator." In SYNCHROTRON RADIATION INSTRUMENTATION: Eighth International Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation. AIP, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1757880.

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Clark, H. R., C. O. Bozler, S. R. Berry, R. K. Reich, P. J. Bos, V. A. Finnemeyer, D. R. Bryant, and C. McGinty. "Liquid crystal uncooled thermal imager development." In SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Paul D. LeVan, Ashok K. Sood, Priyalal Wijewarnasuriya, and Arvind I. D'Souza. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2242295.

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Hu, Zhanggui. "Development of large-size LBO crystal growth." In JSAP-OSA Joint Symposia. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jsap.2013.18a_d5_4.

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Reports on the topic "Crystal development"

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Ho, John, and Yacine Houari. High Performance Crystal Oscillator Development. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada172631.

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Milewski, J. V., R. A. Shoultz, and M. M. Bourque-McConnell. Development of single crystal filaments. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/39127.

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Meyer, Robert B. Development of a Liquid Crystal Smart Reflector. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada308782.

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Matyas, Josef, John D. Vienna, Micah J. Schaible, Carmen P. Rodriguez, Jarrod V. Crum, Alyssa L. Arrigoni, and Rachel M. Tate. Development of Crystal-Tolerant High-Level Waste Glasses. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1009766.

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Mei, Dongming, Guojian Wang, Gang Yang, Wenzhao Wei, Hao Mei, Xianghua Meng, Rajendra Penth, et al. Crystal Growth and Detector Development for Underground Experiments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1463301.

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Mazurek, N., and T. J. Zammit. Development of Large Area, Tiled, Liquid Crystal Display. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada277564.

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Amarendra K. Rai. DEVELOPMENT OF PROTECTIVE COATINGS FOR SINGLE CRYSTAL TURBINE BLADES. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/895828.

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Matyas, Josef, Adam R. Huckleberry, Carmen P. Rodriguez, Jesse B. Lang, Antionette T. Owen, and Albert A. Kruger. HLW Glass Studies: Development of Crystal-Tolerant HLW Glasses. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1062511.

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Smythe, Robert C., and John R. Hunt. Exploratory Development of VHF (Very High Frequency) Quartz Crystal Resonators. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada172879.

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Kagan, Harris, Richard Kass, and K. K. Gan. Development of Single Crystal Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamonds for Detector Applications. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1115741.

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