Journal articles: 'Cryptosporidium'

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Leoni, F., C. Amar, G. Nichols, S. Pedraza-Díaz, and J. McLauchlin. "Genetic analysis of Cryptosporidium from 2414 humans with diarrhoea in England between 1985 and 2000." Journal of Medical Microbiology 55, no. 6 (June 1, 2006): 703–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.46251-0.

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The characterization of Cryptosporidium using DNA extracted from whole faecal samples collected from 2414 humans with diarrhoea in England between 1985 and 2000 where cryptosporidial oocysts were detected using conventional methods is described. Characterization was achieved by PCR/RFLP and DNA sequencing of fragments of the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein and the 18S rDNA genes. Cryptosporidium parvum was detected in 56.1 % of cases, Cryptosporidium hominis in 41.7 % and a mixture of C. parvum and C. hominis in 0.9 %. In the remainder of cases, Cryptosporidium meleagridis (0.9 %), Cryptosporidium felis (0.2 %), Cryptosporidium andersoni (0.1 %), Cryptosporidium canis (0.04 %), Cryptosporidium suis (0.04 %) and the Cryptosporidium cervine type (0.04 %) were detected.

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Rambozzi, Luisa, Arianna Menzano, Alessandro Mannelli, Simona Romano, and Maria Cristina Isaia. "Prevalence of cryptosporidian infection in cats in Turin and analysis of risk factors." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 9, no. 5 (October 2007): 392–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2007.03.005.

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An epidemiological study was carried out to identify factors associated with the risk of cryptosporidian infection in cats. Faecal samples from 200 domestic cats were collected in the small animal clinic at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Turin (north-west Italy). The faecal samples were analysed for the presence of Cryptosporidium species oocysts using a centrifugation concentration floatation method. For each cat, age, sex, breed, indoor/outdoor status, diet, diarrhoea and presence of other enteric parasites were analysed for association with Cryptosporidium species infection. Cryptosporidia oocysts were identified in 49 cats (24.5%) aged from 2 months to 18 years. Statistical analysis revealed that four variables are significantly associated with an increased risk of infection: less than 1 year of age ( χ2=6.5, P=0.01), feeding home-cooked diet ( χ2=6.92, P<0.01), presence of diarrhoea ( χ2=4.34, P<0.037), and presence of other enteric parasites ( χ2=10.31, P<0.01). No statistical differences were found for sex ( χ2=1.56, P=0.21), breed ( χ2=0.78, P=0.38) and outdoor/indoor status ( χ2=1.49, P=0.22). Cryptosporidium species was the parasite most frequently detected in the cats surveyed.

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Starikova, Elena G., Natalia I. Schubina, Olga V. Voronkova, Yulia V. Kovshirina, and Nikolai D. Yarovoy. "Prevalence and Clinical Laboratory Features of Cryptosporidiosis in Children under 5 Years of Age: A Cross-Sectional Study of Hospital Cases of Acute Intestinal Infection." Current pediatrics 17, no. 4 (October 5, 2018): 316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vsp.v17i4.1925.

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Background. Cryptosporidium protozoa are the leading causative agent of diarrhea and cause of death in children under 5 years of age. The role of cryptosporidia in the development and course of acute intestinal infections (AII) in children in Russia remains unstudied. Objective. Our aim was to study the prevalence and clinical laboratory features of cryptosporidium-associated aII in children under 5 years of age. Methods. A cross-sectional study (conducted in March-June 2017) included children admitted to hospital with symptoms of AII (fever, loose watery stools, weakness, decreased appetite and/or vomiting) by the ambulance service. On admission, stool samples were collected from all patients. Cryptosporidium oocysts were determined by microscopic examination of faecal smears stained according to Tsil-Nielsen after preliminary concentration by a modified formalin-ether technique. The presence of intestinal pathogens was determined by a bacteriological technique and using a polymerase chain reaction. Results. The study included 107 children with AII (girls — 51%). Cryptosporidia were detected in 28 (26%) patients, in 93% of cases — together with bacterial and/or viral pathogens. The etiological structure of cryptosporidium-associated AII and AII in cryptosporidiosis negative children (n = 79) did not differ. On admission, children with cryptosporidium-associated AII had a higher blood leukocyte count — 13.0_109/L (9.2; 16.0) versus 8.3_109/L (6.1; 11.2) in children without cryptosporidiosis (p < 0.001). It has been also found that antibiotics were more often used in the treatment of children with cryptosporidium-associated AII — in 21 (75%) versus 39 (49%) in the comparison group (p = 0.026). Conclusion. Cryptosporidia are detected in every fourth child with AII under 5 years of age. Patients with cryptosporidia are distinguished by a higher level of blood leukocytes upon admission and a more frequent prescription of antibiotics than in the group of cryptosporidiosis negative patients.

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Souza, M. S. de, B. R. Vieira, H. G. Riva, C. G. Homem, D. C. da Silva, A. A. Nakamura, and M. V. Meireles. "Ocorrência de Cryptosporidium spp. em animais exóticos de companhia no Brasil." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 67, no. 5 (October 2015): 1321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-7468.

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RESUMOA infecção por algumas espécies ou genótipos de Cryptosporidiumrepresenta um risco em potencial para a saúde pública, principalmente por causa de morbidade e mortalidade em crianças de zero a cinco anos de idade e em pacientes imunodeprimidos. Embora existam alguns relatos de infecção por Cryptosporidiumem animais de companhia, sua participação na epidemiologia da criptosporidiose humana é incerta, e a literatura sobre esse tema ainda é bastante escassa. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a ocorrência e realizar a classificação molecular deCryptosporidiumspp. em amostras fecais de animais exóticos criados como animais de estimação no Brasil. Um total de 386 amostras de seis espécies de animais foi colhido e armazenado em solução de dicromato de potássio 5% a 4°C. Os oocistos foram purificados por centrífugo-sedimentação em água/éter, seguindo-se a extração de DNA genômico e a realização da nestedPCR para amplificação de fragmento parcial do gene da subunidade 18S do rRNA. Positividade para Cryptosporidiumspp. foi observada em 11,40% (44/386) das amostras. O sequenciamento de fragmentos amplificados permitiu a identificação de Cryptosporidium tyzzeri em camundongos,Cryptosporidium murisem camundongos, hamster e chinchila, Cryptosporidium parvumem chinchila, Cryptosporidiumgenótipo hamsterem hamstere Cryptosporidiumsp. em porquinho-da-índia. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que há uma variedade de espécies de Cryptosporidiumpresentes em animais exóticos de companhia no Brasil. Os dados sugerem que esses animais podem participar da epidemiologia da criptosporidiose humana, particularmente por seu estreito convívio.

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Zhou, Ling, Hailu Kassa, Monica L. Tischler, and Lihua Xiao. "Host-Adapted Cryptosporidium spp. in Canada Geese (Branta canadensis)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 7 (July 2004): 4211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.7.4211-4215.2004.

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ABSTRACT The prevalence and distribution of Cryptosporidium spp. in the fecal droppings of the free-living waterfowl Canada geese were examined at 13 sites in Ohio and Illinois. On the basis of the analysis of the small-subunit rRNA gene by PCR, followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing, 49 (23.4%) of 209 fecal specimens collected from 10 sites (76.9%) were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. The following five Cryptosporidium species and genotypes were identified: Cryptosporidium goose genotype I (in 36 specimens), Cryptosporidium goose genotype II (in 9 specimens), Cryptosporidium duck genotype (in 1 specimen), Cryptosporidium parvum (in 4 specimens), and C. hominis (in 2 specimens). Cryptosporidium goose genotype I was the most prevalent parasite and was found at all five Cryptosporidium-positive sites in Ohio and at four of five positive sites in Illinois, followed by Cryptosporidium goose genotype II, which was found at two of five positive sites in Ohio and at four of five positive sites in Illinois. Cryptosporidium goose genotype II was detected for the first time, and it is phylogenetically related to goose genotype I and the duck genotype. All three genotypes have not so far been reported in humans, and their pathogenicity in geese has not been determined. Only 10.2% of the Cryptosporidium-positive specimens had C. parvum and C. hominis. The results of this study indicate that Canada geese might only serve as accidental carriers of cryptosporidia infectious to humans and probably play a minor role in the animal-to-human transmission cycle of the pathogen.

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SILVERLÅS, C., and I. BLANCO-PENEDO. "Cryptosporidium spp. in calves and cows from organic and conventional dairy herds." Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 3 (May 8, 2012): 529–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268812000830.

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SUMMARYA cohort study was performed to investigate cryptosporidial prevalence and species distribution in 13 organic and 13 conventional dairy herds. Faecal samples were collected from 221 calves and 259 cows. Management routines were recorded at farm inspection and through a questionnaire. Samples were concentrated using sodium chloride flotation and cryptosporidial oocysts were detected by epifluorescence microscopy. Molecular analysis was used to determine species and subtypes. A multivariable model for factors associated with calves being Cryptosporidium spp. positive was built. Cryptosporidium spp.-positive animals were identified in all herds. Prevalences were similar in organic and conventional calves (44·7% vs. 52·3%), as well as in cows (3·1% vs. 3·8%), P > 0·05. Cryptosporidium bovis, C. ryanae and C. parvum were identified. C. ryanae was identified in a calf younger than the described prepatent period. The multivariable model included four significant variables; calf age, cleanliness of bedding, cleaning routines for group pens and farmers' attitudes towards biosecurity.

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Mansoor, Sadia, Sumaiya Shamsi, Priyanka Shukla, and Shrish Bhatnagar. "Clinico-Epidemiological Profile and Utility of Diagnostic Techniques in Immunocompetent Children with Cryptosporidium Diarrhoea." Journal of Medical Sciences and Health 8, no. 3 (December 15, 2022): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.46347/jmsh.v8i3.22.93.

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Purpose: To assess the Clinical and Epidemiological profile of children 6 months to 5 years having Cryptosporidium diarrhoea and to compare the diagnostic accuracy of rapid diagnostic test (RDT) against modified acid-fast stain technique to detect Cryptosporidium in stool. Materials and Methods: Details of demography, presenting complaints, and detailed examination of children presenting with acute or persistent diarrhoea were recorded in a predesigned proforma. Two Stool samples were collected and examined same day by rapid antigen test and microscopy for presence of antigen or oocyst of cryptosporidium. Results: Out of the total of 280 samples tested, 40 (14.3%) samples were positive for Cryptosporidium. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium in children presenting with diarrhoea in our study came out to be 14.3%. Fever, vomiting and pain abdomen were the most common presenting complaints. Epidemiological factors like providing clean water, proper feeding and hygiene, and avoidance of overcrowding can help in reducing the burden of Cryptosporidium diarrhoea. Persistent diarrhoea was more common among cryptosporidium positive cases. Rapid detection kits enhance the detection rate and are sensitive as well as specific. It could be utilised as an aid in diagnosis of Cryptosporidium diarrhoea. Conclusion: The study shows that cryptosporidial diarrhoea is not uncommon in immunocompetent children. Improvement in personal hygiene, feeding practices and access to safe and potable water can help in reducing burden of this disease. Antigen detection kits aid in early diagnosis. Keywords: Paediatric cryptosporidiosis, Persistent diarrhoea, Sanitation, RDT in diarrhoea, Abdominal pain

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Graczyk, Thaddeus K., Ronald Fayer, James M. Trout, Earl J. Lewis, C. Austin Farley, Irshad Sulaiman, and Altaf A. Lal. "Giardia sp. Cysts and Infectious Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts in the Feces of Migratory Canada Geese (Branta canadensis)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 2736–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.7.2736-2738.1998.

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ABSTRACT Fecal droppings of migratory Canada geese, Branta canadensis, collected from nine sites near the Chesapeake Bay (Maryland), were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia spp. Cryptosporidiumsp. oocysts were found in feces at seven of nine sites, andGiardia cysts were found at all nine sites. The oocysts from three sites were infectious for mice and molecularly identified as the zoonotic genotype of Cryptosporidium parvum. Waterfowl can disseminate infectious C. parvum oocysts in the environment.

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Starikova, E. G., O. V. Voronkova, Yu V. Kovshirina, and N. I. Shubina. "CRYPTOSPORIDIA AND MACROORGANISM: FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS." Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 72, no. 6 (November 22, 2017): 420–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn888.

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Cryptosporidiosis is a disease caused by unicellular parasites belonging to the Cryptosporidium genus. The small intestine is the primary site of localization of infection which predicts the main clinical symptom of the disease — diarrhea. The most important factors influencing Cryptosporidium infection and the course of disease are molecular genetic variability of the parasite, its virulence and infectivity, and viability of the mucosa of the digestive tract and local and systemic immunity of the macroorganism. The immune status of the host plays a key role in determining sensitivity to infection and the severity of the disease. Cryptosporidium infection differs in outcomes: asymptomatic in some patients, acute enteritis accompanied by profuse diarrhea, lesions of internal organs, and fatal outcome in others. Current therapeutic approaches to the treatment of cryptosporidiosis are ineffective. Despite the existence of a large number of drugs with antiparasitic effect, there are no medications with a specific effect on cryptosporidia. Understanding the factors that determine both the pathogenicity of Cryptosporidia and the protective properties of host defense systems will allow developing effective prevention measures and therapeutic interventions of this protozoosis.

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Loureiro, Edvaldo Carlos Brito, Alexandre da Costa Linhares, and Leonardo Mata. "Criptosporidiose em crianças de 1 a 2 anos de idade, com diarréia aguda em Belém, Pará, Brasil." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 84, no. 1 (March 1989): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761989000100021.

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Num período de 12 meses, 201 espécimes fecais de 61 crianças foram examiandos com vista a detecção de Cryptosporidium. Cento e quinze espécimes foram obtidos durante os episódios diarréicos e 86 de crianças sem diarréia (grupo controle). Todos os espécimes fecais foram examinados pelo método de coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen modificado. Cryptosporidum foi identificado em seis (5,2%) das 115 amostras das crianças com diarréia. Em nenhum dos controles foi obtida a presença desse parasito. O presente estudo sugere que o Cryptosporidium é um agente causal de diarréia auto-limitada em crianças imunocompetentes em Belém, Pará.

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Trottier, Caitlin A., Christina F. Yen, Grace Malvar, Jon Arnason, David E. Avigan, and Carolyn D. Alonso. "Case Report: Refractory Cryptosporidiosis after CAR T-Cell Therapy for Lymphoma." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 105, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 651–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0246.

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ABSTRACT. Cryptosporidial diarrhea is uncommon in immunocompetent individuals, more often seen in severely immunocompromised patients. Severe refractory cases have been described in patients with HIV/AIDS before the advent of modern antiretroviral therapy due to an inability to mount an adequate cellular immune response. We describe an 85-year-old patient post–chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy relapsed lymphoma who developed refractory Cryptosporidium spp. diarrhea in the setting of persistent CD4+ cytopenia. Despite receiving multiple antiparasitic agents, including failure of a prolonged course of nitazoxanide, the patient experienced persistent symptoms for 9 months with repeatedly positivity stool Cryptosporidium spp. direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test. We highlight this case of refractory Cryptosporidium spp. and the importance of recognizing the pathogen in a non–HIV-infected immunosuppressed host.

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Gonzalez-Astudillo, Viviana, Matthew F. Sheley, Francisco A. Uzal, and Mauricio A. Navarro. "Pathology of cryptosporidiosis in raccoons: case series and retrospective analysis, 1990–2019." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 33, no. 4 (May 6, 2021): 721–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10406387211011949.

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Cryptosporidiosis is an intestinal protozoal disease of public health importance caused by Cryptosporidium spp. Despite the high synanthropism of raccoons, studies describing the pathology of Cryptosporidium spp. infections in this species are lacking. Therefore, we characterized the pathology of cryptosporidiosis in 2 juvenile raccoons. In addition, we conducted a retrospective search of the database of the California Animal Health and Food Safety laboratory for 1990–2019 and found 6 additional cases of cryptosporidiosis in raccoons. Sequencing of cryptosporidia was performed in one autopsied raccoon, and PCR on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues in archived cases. The Cryptosporidium skunk genotype (CSkG), a strain of zoonotic relevance, was detected in 6 of 8 cases (75%). Frequently, cryptosporidiosis was associated with enteritis, eosinophilic infiltrates, villus atrophy or blunting and/or fusion, and crypt abscesses or necrosis. In 7 of the 8 cases, there was confirmed concurrent coinfection with canine distemper virus; 1 case was coinfected with canine parvovirus. Although crypt necrosis is considered a classic lesion of canine parvoviral infection in mesocarnivores and not a hallmark of cryptosporidiosis, results suggest that canine distemper virus is capable of mimicking such lesions in combination with cryptosporidia and immunosuppression.

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He, Wei, Juan Li, Ai-Yu Gong, Silu Deng, Min Li, Yang Wang, Nicholas W. Mathy, Yaoyu Feng, Lihua Xiao, and Xian-Ming Chen. "Cryptosporidial Infection Suppresses Intestinal Epithelial Cell MAPK Signaling Impairing Host Anti-Parasitic Defense." Microorganisms 9, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010151.

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Cryptosporidium is a genus of protozoan parasites that infect the gastrointestinal epithelium of a variety of vertebrate hosts. Intestinal epithelial cells are the first line of defense and play a critical role in orchestrating host immunity against Cryptosporidium infection. To counteract host defense response, Cryptosporidium has developed strategies of immune evasion to promote parasitic replication and survival within epithelial cells, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unclear. Using various models of intestinal cryptosporidiosis, we found that Cryptosporidium infection caused suppression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in infected murine intestinal epithelial cells. Whereas expression levels of most genes encoding the key components of the MAPK signaling pathway were not changed in infected intestinal epithelial cells, we detected a significant downregulation of p38/Mapk, MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (Mk2), and Mk3 genes in infected host cells. Suppression of MAPK signaling was associated with an impaired intestinal epithelial defense against C. parvum infection. Our data suggest that cryptosporidial infection may suppress intestinal epithelial cell MAPK signaling associated with the evasion of host antimicrobial defense.

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WARD, P. I., P. DEPLAZES, W. REGLI, H. RINDER, and A. MATHIS. "Detection of eight Cryptosporidium genotypes in surface and waste waters in Europe." Parasitology 124, no. 4 (April 2002): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182001001317.

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Cryptosporidia are important protozoan parasites of vertebrates, and a number of species and genotypes, with different host ranges, have been described. In this study a protocol was established for the detection and the genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. isolated from various types of surface waters (rivers, creeks, lakes, sewage plant in- and outlets and swimming pools) from the area between Zurich (Switzerland) and Munich (Germany). Cryptosporidium oocysts were isolated by continuous-flow-centrifugation and immunomagnetic separation (IMS). A novel nested PCR combined with direct sequencing of the amplicon which spans a variable region of the 18S rRNA allowed characterization of species and genotypes. Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 23 of the 68 water samples investigated. Almost half of these isolates represent species and genotypes known to be pathogenic to man, namely C. parvum ‘bovine genotype’ (from 6 samples) and C. parvum ‘human genotype’ (4). Furthermore, we identified C. muris ‘genotype A’ (3), C. muris ‘genotype B’ (6), C. baileyi (1) as well as 3 novel Cryptosporidium genotypes. Our results confirm the ubiquitous presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in surface waters. The detection of a variety of species and genotypes stresses the importance that molecular characterization is indispensable before drawing conclusions of medical or epidemiological significance.

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Bushen, Oluma Y., Anita Kohli, Relana C. Pinkerton, Kate Dupnik, Robert D. Newman, Cynthia L. Sears, Ronald Fayer, Aldo A. M. Lima, and Richard L. Guerrant. "Heavy cryptosporidial infections in children in northeast Brazil: comparison of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 101, no. 4 (April 2007): 378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.06.005.

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Hall, T., J. Pressdee, R. Gregory, and K. Murray. "Cryptosporidium removal during water treatment using dissolved air flotation." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 3-4 (February 1, 1995): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0523.

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The occurrence of the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum in water supplies, and the resultant outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in the UK and USA, have led to concern over the ability of conventional water treatment processes to remove Cryptosporidia from water sources. Large scale pilot plant trials of water treatment have been carried out in the UK to establish the degree of removal that can be achieved by a range of treatment processes, including dissolved air flotation, and to compare the performance of different treatment options. Results from part of these trials are presented in this paper. These results suggest that well operated chemical coagulation based treatment, using either dissolved air flotation or floc blanket clarification, should be capable of achieving removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts of over 99%. There was no evidence of differences in performance between the different types of filter media investigated. The risk of increased Cryptosporidium concentration in the filtered water will increase as filtrate turbidity increases. However, other factors such as high coagulant metal-ion concentration in the filtered water, or a sudden increase in clarified water turbidity, without any increase in filtered water turbidity, may also indicate treatment problems and associated risk from Cryptosporidia. Recycling of backwash waters may also increase the risk.

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Zainab A. Makawi, Hind D Hadi, and Azhar Ali. "Revision of some species of the genus Cryptosporidium (Tyzzer, 1907) (Eucoccidiorida, cryptosporidiidae) in cattle in Iraq." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 14, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.14.1.0003.

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Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite of medical and veterinary significance that causes gastroenteritis in a number of vertebrate hosts. Several studies have recorded different degrees of pathogenicity and virulence among Cryptosporidium species and isolates of the same species as well as evidence of variation in host susceptibility to infection. Nevertheless, important progress has been made in determining Cryptosporidium's putative virulence factors. Since the publication of C parvum and C. Hominis this development has been accelerated genomes, identified by a range of immunological and molecular techniques with the characterization of over 25 putative virulence factors, which are proposed to be involved in aspects of host-pathogen interactions from adhesion and locomotion to invasion and proliferation. There has also been improvement in the contribution of host variables correlated with differences in both the severity and risk of infection. In view of our current understanding of microbial virulence, we present a summary of the current state of information on Cryptosporidium infectivity, pathogenesis, and transmissibility here.

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Khalifa, A. M., I. R. Ibrahim, and E. D. El Kerdany. "Coccidial infection in immunosuppressed mice: prophylaxis and treatment with dehydroepiandrosterone." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 6, no. 5-6 (December 15, 2000): 908–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2000.6.5-6.908.

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Cryptosporidiosis and toxoplasmosis are diseases caused by opportunistic coccidial parasites that can lead to life-threatening infection in immunocompromised patients. We evaluated dehydroepiandrosterone as prophylaxis and therapy in immunosuppressed mice infected with Cryptosporidium parvum and avirulent Toxoplasma gondii. Mice were infected with either Cryptosporidium oocysts or Toxoplasma cysts. Assessment was by mortality rates, parasitic counts and electron microscopic studies. Mortality rates were significantly reduced in all treated groups. A significant reduction in the cryptosporidial oocyst count in stool and intestinal villi and in Toxoplasma cysts in the brains of infected mice was observed in all the groups. The effect of the drug was greater when given prior to infection.

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Michel, M. Y., A. M. Khalifa, and I. R. Ibrahim. "Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum antigen by co-agglutination test and ELISA." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 6, no. 5-6 (December 15, 2000): 898–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2000.6.5-6.898.

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Confirmation of the presence of Cryptosporidium in environmental samples is laborious, costly and often difficult. We report here a simple and economic slide agglutination test [co-agglutination test]for detecting cryptosporidial antigen in stool, serum and water. The results show that as a screening method co-agglutination is clearly superior to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining, although ELISA is more accurate. The co-agglutination test is recommended for application as a new tool for detecting cryptosporidial antigen in large-scale epidemiological surveys.

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Anastasi, Joyce K., and Bernadette Capili. "Cryptosporidium." Home Healthcare Nurse: The Journal for the Home Care and Hospice Professional 15, no. 5 (May 1997): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004045-199705000-00002.

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Sunnotel, O., C. J. Lowery, J. E. Moore, J. S. G. Dooley, L. Xiao, B. C. Millar, P. J. Rooney, and W. J. Snelling. "Cryptosporidium." Letters in Applied Microbiology 43, no. 1 (July 2006): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765x.2006.01936.x.

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Gibson, Alexis R., and Boris Striepen. "Cryptosporidium." Current Biology 28, no. 5 (March 2018): R193—R194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.070.

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Chalmers, Rachel M., Angharad P. Davies, and Kevin Tyler. "Cryptosporidium." Microbiology 165, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 500–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.000764.

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Sterling, Charles R., Dennis Juranek, Joan B. Rose, Gary S. Logsdon, Jerry E. Ongerth, Lewis Mason, and Beth L. P. Ungar. "Cryptosporidium." Journal - American Water Works Association 80, no. 2 (February 1988): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1988.tb02988.x.

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Rose, J. B., A. Cifrino, M. S. Madore, C. P. Gerba, C. R. Sterling, and M. J. Arrowood. "Detection of Cryptosporidium from Wastewater and Freshwater Environments." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 10 (October 1, 1986): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0134.

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Cryptosporidium is a coccidian protozoan and has recently been recognized as a cause of human gastroenteritis. The illness may be severe in immunocom-promised individuals and can result in death. The organism is monoxenous, and infective oocysts are shed in the feces, which are transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Therefore, Cryptosporidium may be a possible candidate as an etiological agent of waterborne or foodborne disease. Previously, the lack of methods for detection of this organism in diarrheal samples as well as environmental samples, has made it difficult to substantiate this premise. Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water has now been accomplished using a filtration-elution procedure. A fluorescently-labelled monoclonal antibody which has been used for the detection of Cryptospori di urn in feces was also used to detect the oocysts in environmental samples. The method developed for detection of Cryptosporidium in water including: 1) filtration with polypropylene cartridge filters, 2) elution with Tween 80/detergent, 3) concentration with Sheather's flotation, and 4) detection on membrane filters, was evaluated and used to examine wastewater and fresh water for Cryptosporidiurn oocyst concentrations. Recovery from the sucrose gradient step averaged 72 – 82%. Overall recovery efficiencies ranged from 25 – 82% (average 50%), but were diminished with low seeds. Concentrations were found in ranges from 60 to 52,000 oocysts/gal in treated and raw sewage. In fresh water, oocysts numbered 8 to 22,000/gal and were concentrated in rapid sand filters averaging 59,000/gal in the backflush. Cryptosporidium may now be considered a potential waterborne parasite.

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Mravcová, K., M. Ferko, G. Štrkolcová, and M. Goldová. "Opportunistic Protozoan Infections of Carnivores." Folia Veterinaria 61, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fv-2017-0037.

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AbstractGiardiasis and cryptosporidiosis are protozoan infections of the digestive tract and one of the most frequent causes of enteritis in dogs and cats, associated with acute and chronic diarrhoea. Generally, the risk of infection is higher for younger individuals in which the overall clinical picture and the course of disease are more serious. In this study we investigated the prevalence of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in dogs in Košice district of eastern Slovakia. From September 2015 until November 2016, we examined samples of faeces from 100 dogs from two shelters. Giardia duodenalis was diagnosed by the flotation method according to Faust, and by the molecular biologic method (Nested PCR). For the diagnosis of cryptosporidium oocysts, we used a staining method according to Kinyoun, and for detection of the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. a sandwich ELISA method. The total prevalence of these protozoan infections were 22 % (22/100), and of that, 19 % of the samples (19/100) were positive for Giardia duodenalis and 3 % (3/100) for the Cryptosporidium spp. In the shelter in Haniska, the giardia cysts were present in 9/54 samples (16.6 %) and cryptosporidia oocysts in 1/54 (1.85 %) samples of the faeces. In the Malá Farma shelter, 10/46 (21.73 %) samples were positive for G. duodenalis and 2/46 (4.34 %) showed positivity for Cryptosporidium spp.

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Tilley, Michael, Steve J. Upton, and Clarence E. Chrisp. "A comparative study on the biology of Cryptosporidium sp. from guinea pigs and Cryptosporidium parvum (Apicomplexa)." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 37, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 949–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m91-163.

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Cryptosporidum sp. from guinea pigs and C. parvum were compared morphologically, electrophoretically, and for the ability to infect suckling mice. Oocysts from guinea pigs measured 5.4 × 4.6 (4.8–5.6 × 4.0–5.0) μm and had a shape index (length/width) of 1.17 (1.04–1.33). Oocysts of C. parvum were similar and measured 5.2 × 4.6 (4.8–5.6 × 4.2–4.8) μm with a shape index of 1.16 (1.04–1.33). All suckling mice inoculated with oocyts of C. parvum became infected, whereas most, but not all, mice fed oocysts of the guinea pig isolate also became infected. However, mice inoculated with oocysts from guinea pigs produced on average 100-fold fewer oocysts by day 7 postinoculation than did mice infected with C. parvum, and the resulting infections were sparse and patchy along the ileum. Electrophoretic profiles were similar, but 125I surface labeling of outer oocyst wall proteins revealed striking differences between the two isolates. Cryptosporidium parvum had a wide molecular size range of 125I-labeled bands, whereas C. sp. from guinea pigs had a banding pattern clustered between 39 and 66 kDa, with a smaller number of bands >100 kDa. Key words: Cryptosporidium parvum, coccidia, Apicomplexa, guinea pig, mouse.

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Nugraha, Arifin Budiman, Umi Cahyaningsih, and Etih Sudarnika. "Prevalence and risk factors of Cryptosporidium spp. on dairy farms in Bogor." Jurnal Sain Veteriner 39, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jsv.55961.

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Cryptosporidial infection is one of the most common causes of diarrhea in humans and livestock worldwide. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection and to identify potential risk factors associated with shedding of oocysts in Bogor. A total of 308 faecal samples were collected from 136 calves less than 6 months, 44 from those 6-12 months and 128 from those than 12 months. Data of factors potentially associated with the likelihood of Cryptosporidium spp. infection were recorded (i.e., enviromental status, size of herd, and herd management). Cryptosporidium spp. oocyst was identified by using modified acid fast (Ziehl Neelsen) staining technique and microscopically examined under 400x magnifition. Results showed that the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in Bogor was 21.1% (CI 95%; 16.5%-25.6%). The highest prevalence was 29% (CI 95%; 26.8%-31.7%) in cattle aged less than 6 months. The oocysts abundance were around <5 oocysts per microscopy visual area. Data was analyzed using logistic regression models. Statistical analysis showed that there were association between cryptosporidiosis and calves aged less than 6 months with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.7 (CI 95%; 1.5-5.2) times compared with cattle aged more than 12 months.

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Lichtmannsperger, Katharina, Josef Harl, Katharina Freudenthaler, Barbara Hinney, Thomas Wittek, and Anja Joachim. "Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium ryanae, and Cryptosporidium bovis in samples from calves in Austria." Parasitology Research 119, no. 12 (October 15, 2020): 4291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-020-06928-5.

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AbstractFecal samples of 177 calves of up to 180 days of age with diarrhea from 70 farms in Austria were examined to obtain information on the occurrence of Cryptosporidium species. Initially, all samples were examined by phase-contrast microscopy. Cryptosporidium-positive samples (55.4%; n = 98) were screened by gp60 PCR, resulting in 68.4% (n = 67) C. parvum–positive samples. The remaining 31 gp60-PCR-negative and the phase-contrast microscopy negative samples (n = 79) were screened by PCR targeting a 700 bp fragment of the 18S rRNA gene. Sequencing of the PCR products revealed the presence of C. parvum (n = 69), C. ryanae (n = 11), and C. bovis (n = 7). The latter two species have never been described in Austria. C. parvum–positive samples were genotyped at the gp60 gene locus, featuring four subtypes (IIaA15G2R1, IIaA21G2R1, IIaA19G2R1, IIaA14G1R1). The most frequently detected subtype IIaA15G2R1 (n = 52) was present in calves from 30 different farms. IIaA14G1R1 (n = 5) occurred on a single farm, subtype IIaA21G2R1 (n = 4) on two farms, and subtype IIaA19G2R1 (n = 4) on three farms. The results confirm the widespread occurrence of zoonotic C. parvum in diarrheic calves.

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Su, Jiayuan, Yiting Shen, Na Li, Yu Li, Ziding Zhang, Lihua Xiao, Yaqiong Guo, and Yaoyu Feng. "Comparative Characterization of CpCDPK1 and CpCDPK9, Two Potential Drug Targets Against Cryptosporidiosis." Microorganisms 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10020333.

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As the invasion, egress, and growth of Cryptosporidium spp. are regulated by the calcium ion, calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are considered potential drug targets against these pathogens. In this study, we expressed CpCDPK1 of Cryptosporidium parvum encoded by the cgd3_920 gene and CpCDPK9 encoded by the the cgd7_1260 gene in Escherichia coli, and we conducted some comparative studies with quantitative PCR, immunofluorescence staining, and in vitro neutralization assays. By immunofluorescence microscopy, CpCDPK1 was expressed over the entirety of the sporozoites, while CpCDPK9 was mainly expressed in the apical region. The expression of the cgd3_920 gene was the highest at 12 h of the in vitro culture, whereas the expression of the cgd7_1260 gene peaked between 2 h and 6 h. Polyclonal antibodies against these two CpCDPK proteins had similar neutralization efficiency on C. parvum growth, reaching approximately 40%. Of the 50 candidate compounds from the molecular docking of CpCDPK1, 10 had significant in vitro anti-cryptosporidial effects, but only one inhibited enzyme activity. For CpCDPK9, five of the forty-five candidate compounds showed significant in vitro anti-cryptosporidial effects. Results obtained from this study suggest that CpCDPK1 and CpCDPK9 might function differently in C. parvum infection.

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Hussain, Shakeel, Syed Mohsin Bukhari, Lixin Wang, Nimra Khalid, and Zhijun Hou. "Exploration of Zoo felids in North-East China for the prevalence and molecular identification of Cryptosporidium spp." PeerJ 9 (August 19, 2021): e11819. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11819.

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Cryptosporidium spp. is a protozoan having the potential to cause zoonosis in humans and animals. Despite the zoonotic importance of this protozoan parasite, limited data are available about its prevalence in zoo felids in North-Eastern China. Hence, the current study was designed to determine the occurrence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. from the fecal samples of captive zoo felids. Fecal samples (N = 244) were collected from different felids from five different zoos of North-Eastern China. 18S rRNA gene was amplified from the genomic DNA using species specific primers in nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) and Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium spp. was found. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 9.43% (23/244). The 18S rRNA gene similarity analysis showed that 6 Cryptosporidium isolates were Cryptosporidium parvum and the remaining 17 Cryptosporidium isolates were resembling to a Cryptosporidium spp., which is similar to Cryptosporidium NEV10. Phylogenetic tree was constructed based on 18S rRNA of Cryptosporidium spp. The similarity of Cryptosporidium parvum was with its other isolates in China, India, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Czech Republic, Spain and USA while Cryptosporidium NEV10 alike had a close relationship with Turkish isolates. In conclusion, Cryptosporidium was prevailing in feline animals of China zoo and zoo officials are directed to consider their control policy as it can be a cause of zoonosis.

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Perec-Matysiak, Agnieszka, Joanna Hildebrand, Marcin Popiołek, and Katarzyna Buńkowska-Gawlik. "The Occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Wild-Living Carnivores in Poland—A Question Concerning Its Host Specificity." Pathogens 12, no. 2 (January 28, 2023): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12020198.

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Cryptosporidium is an apicomplexan protozoan parasite that primarily infects the gastrointestinal epithelium in humans and domestic and wild animals. The majority of studies have been focused on human, livestock, and pet infections. Hence, Cryptosporidium spp. in wildlife, including wild carnivores, remained neglected. There are several studies reporting the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in wild foxes, but these are only a few molecular surveys; no data is available concerning the occurrence of this parasite in raccoon dogs and martens in Europe, and to the best of our knowledge to date, only one study has reported Cryptosporidium from badgers in Spain. Therefore, we used molecular analyses to identify and genotype Cryptosporidium spp. in wild-living mesocarnivores in Poland. A total of 322 individual fecal samples from six carnivore species, i.e., raccoon, raccoon dog, red fox, European badger, pine, and beech martens were collected and then analyzed for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. using the nested PCR method. The appearance of PCR products in the reaction with Cryptosporidium-specific primers against the 18S rRNA and actin genes demonstrated that Cryptosporidium spp. occurred in 23.0% of all examined species of animals. Performed sequence analyses showed the presence of the Cryptosporidium skunk genotype, Cryptosporidium vole genotype II, Cryptosporidium canis dog and fox genotypes, as well as Cryptosporidium erinacei, Cryptosporidium ditrichi, Cryptosporidium suis, and Cryptosporidium alticolis, in these hosts. Molecular data presented here indicate that examined mesocarnivores may be a significant reservoir of specific and non-specific Cryptosporidium species, including those with zoonotic potential. Most studies of carnivores have described the presence of non-specific Cryptosporidium spp. in carnivore hosts, and this is probably the result of the transfer of these parasites from prey species through the digestive tract or the transfer of the parasite from a contaminated environment.

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Laatamna, Abd Elkarim, Pavla Wagnerová, Bohumil Sak, Dana Květoňová, Miriem Aissi, Michael Rost, and Martin Kváč. "Equine cryptosporidial infection associated with Cryptosporidium hedgehog genotype in Algeria." Veterinary Parasitology 197, no. 1-2 (October 2013): 350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.04.041.

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Xiao, Lihua, Una M. Ryan, Thaddeus K. Graczyk, Josef Limor, Lixia Li, Mark Kombert, Randy Junge, et al. "Genetic Diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in Captive Reptiles." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 2 (February 2004): 891–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.2.891-899.2004.

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ABSTRACT The genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium in reptiles was analyzed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analysis of the small subunit rRNA gene. A total of 123 samples were analyzed, of which 48 snake samples, 24 lizard samples, and 3 tortoise samples were positive for Cryptosporidium. Nine different types of Cryptosporidium were found, including Cryptosporidium serpentis, Cryptosporidium desert monitor genotype, Cryptosporidium muris, Cryptosporidium parvum bovine and mouse genotypes, one C. serpentis-like parasite in a lizard, two new Cryptosporidium spp. in snakes, and one new Cryptosporidium sp. in tortoises. C. serpentis and the desert monitor genotype were the most common parasites and were found in both snakes and lizards, whereas the C. muris and C. parvum parasites detected were probably the result of ingestion of infected rodents. Sequence and biologic characterizations indicated that the desert monitor genotype was Cryptosporidium saurophilum. Two host-adapted C. serpentis genotypes were found in snakes and lizards.

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Danziger, Larry H., Thomas P. Kanyok, and Richard M. Novak. "Treatment of Cryptosporidial Diarrhea in an AIDS Patient with Paromomycin." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 27, no. 12 (December 1993): 1460–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809302701209.

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OBJECTIVE: To report a case of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium in an AIDS patient which was successfully treated with paromomycin. CASE SUMMARY: An AIDS patient with a 12-month history of Cryptosporidial diarrhea unresponsive to other treatment measures was treated with paromomycin 500 mg q6h for 14 days. Before initiating therapy, the patient was experiencing, on average, 20 bowel movements per day and had lost more than 25 kg. After therapy was initiated, the number of bowel movements dropped to 1–2 per day and the patient began to gain weight. The diarrhea recurred when therapy was discontinued. After retreatment for 14 days with paromomycin 500 mg q6h, the diarrhea stopped. The patient has not had a recurrence of Cryptosporidium diarrhea, stool cultures remain negative for Cryptosporidium oocysts, and the patient has regained most of the weight. DISCUSSION: Literature concerning the use of paromomycin for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis is discussed. A treatment algorithm for the management of cryptosporidiosis in AIDS patients is presented. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that we have presented a clear example of a case in which paromomycin was effective in treating and eradicating intestinal cryptosporidiosis in an AIDS patient. Paromomycin is the most effective agent available to date for the treatment of this devastating complication of AIDS.

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KHURSHEED, A., ANISH YADAV, SHAFIYA IMTIAZ RAFIQI, R. KATOCH, R. GODARA, S. SOOD, and T. SALEEM. "Periparturient rise in the Cryptosporidium oocyst count in Beetal goats and evaluation of infection in new born kids." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 88, no. 9 (September 26, 2018): 994–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v88i9.83539.

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In cryptosporidial infection, very scarce literature is available about periparturient pattern of oocyst excretion in goats and its implications in the epidemiology of disease in kids; thus the present investigation was done. Faecal samples (160) were examined from 20 pregnant goats, collected at weekly interval, commencing from 4 weeks before kidding up to 3 weeks after kidding. Faecal sample examination by Sheather’s floatation sedimentation technique followed by modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique revealed an overall positivity of 26.25% for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Prevalence of oocysts excretion was high around parturition and the number of oocysts shed oscillated between 20–400 oocysts/g (OPG) of faeces. Examination of 60 faecal samples of 20 kids born to studied goats from 1 to 3 weeks of age revealed 40% samples positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts and 65% kids became infected by the end of the 3 weeks. The OPG of kids ranged from 100 to 1,560. Molecular characterization by PCR-RFLP of 18S small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene showed that 73.80% and 26.19% goat samples, and 87.5% and 12.5% kids samples were positive for C. parvum and C. ubiquitum, respectively. The study indicated periparturient transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. from pregnant goats to their new born kids.

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Mufa, Romy Muhammad Dary, Nunuk Dyah Retno Lastuti, Djoko Legowo, and Mufasirin . "Detection of Cryptosporidiosis in Dogs of Veterinary Clinics in Surabaya City Using Acid-Fast Staining and PCR." World's Veterinary Journal 11, no. 4 (December 25, 2021): 602–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj76.

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The need for maintaining pets, such as dogs, is increasing along with the human population. When individuals keep dogs as their pets, they must be aware of disease transmission from dogs. One of the disease agents transmitted from pets to their owners is Cryptosporidium spp. causing cryptosporidiosis. The aim of the present study was to detect Cryptosporidium spp. infection in dogs through a fecal examination using the acid-fast staining method (Ziehl Neelsen) confirmed with the molecular examination of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Detection of Cryptosporidium sp. in feces of dogs was set up by using an acid-fast staining method. Positive results of the acid-fast staining were further confirmed using PCR. Polymerase Chain Reaction used primary AB210854 specific to the Cryptosporidium canis and S139-S141 genes which were specific primary for the Cryptosporidium parvum gene. Results of the acid-fast staining showed that 80% of the samples (40 samples from total samples) were infected with Cryptosporidium spp. Further detection using PCR showed that four samples were positive for Cryptosporidium canis infection, and two samples showed positive results of Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Dog samples were mostly infected with Cryptosporidium spp. including Cryptosporidium canis and Cryptosporidium parvum through a fecal examination using acid-fast staining and PCR. Keywords: Acid-fast staining, Cryptosporidium spp., Dogs, PCR

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Couso-Pérez, Seila, Elvira Ares-Mazás, and Hipólito Gómez-Couso. "A review of the current status of Cryptosporidium in fish." Parasitology 149, no. 4 (January 26, 2022): 444–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182022000099.

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AbstractSpecies of the genus Cryptosporidium (phylum Apicomplexa) infect the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract of several vertebrate hosts, including humans and domestic and wild animals. In the past 20 years, several studies have focused on Cryptosporidium in fish. To date, a total of four piscine-host-specific species (Cryptosporidium molnari, Cryptosporidium huwi, Cryptosporidium bollandi and Cryptosporidium abrahamseni), nine piscine genotypes and more than 29 unnamed genotypes have been described in fish hosts. In addition, Cryptosporidium species and genotypes typical of other groups of vertebrates have also been identified. This review summarizes the history, biology, pathology and clinical manifestations, as well as the transmission, prevalence and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium in wild, cultured and ornamental fish from both marine and freshwater environments. Finally, the potential role of piscine hosts as a reservoir of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species is also discussed.

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Roark, Tim. "Cryptosporidium outbreaks." Environmental Health Review 58, no. 2 (June 2015): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5864/d2015-013.

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Zygmunt, Deborah J. "Cryptosporidium Species." Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 10, no. 12 (December 1989): 570–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30144240.

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Joyce, S. "Capturing Cryptosporidium." Environmental Health Perspectives 104, no. 8 (August 1996): 834–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.96104834.

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Zygmunt, Deborah J. "Cryptosporidium Species." Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 10, no. 12 (December 1989): 570–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/645954.

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Dell, Helen. "Decoding Cryptosporidium." Genome Biology 4 (2004): spotlight—20040329–01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-spotlight-20040329-01.

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Dixon, Bernard. "Cryptosporidium education." Lancet Infectious Diseases 7, no. 10 (October 2007): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(07)70220-7.

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Venter, Alexandra. "Cryptosporidium outbreak." Trends in Microbiology 9, no. 6 (June 2001): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-842x(01)02091-1.

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Dumaine, Jennifer E., Jayesh Tandel, and Boris Striepen. "Cryptosporidium parvum." Trends in Parasitology 36, no. 5 (May 2020): 485–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2019.11.003.

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Villanueva, M. Teresa. "Decrypting Cryptosporidium." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 16, no. 8 (July 31, 2017): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2017.147.

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Cohen, Greg S., and Robert J. Schenck. "Cryptosporidium Pouchitis." Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 15, no. 7 (July 2017): A27—A28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2017.02.010.

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Massimillo, Anthony J., John Chang, Lester Freedman, Rashmikant Baxi, Nalini Kanth, and Crescens Pellecchia. "Cryptosporidium gastropathy." Digestive Diseases and Sciences 40, no. 1 (January 1995): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02063964.

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Chai, Yijun, Lei Deng, Haifeng Liu, Jingxin Yao, Zhijun Zhong, Leiqiong Xiang, Hualin Fu, et al. "First detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in red-bellied tree squirrels (Callosciurus erythraeus) in China." Parasite 26 (2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2019029.

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Cryptosporidium spp. are opportunistic pathogens that cause diarrhea in a variety of animal hosts. Although they have been reported in many animals, no information has been published on the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in red-bellied tree squirrels (Callosciurus erythraeus). A total of 287 fecal specimens were collected from Sichuan province in China; the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp., measured by nested-PCR amplification of the partial small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene, was 1.4% (4/287). Three different Cryptosporidium species or genotypes were identified: Cryptosporidium parvum (n = 1), Cryptosporidium wrairi (n = 1), and Cryptosporidium rat genotype II (n = 2). The present study is the first report of Cryptosporidium infection in red-bellied tree squirrels in China. Although there is a relatively low occurrence of Cryptosporidium, the presence of C. parvum and C. wrairi, which were previously reported in humans, indicates that red-bellied tree squirrels may be a source of zoonotic cryptosporidiosis in China.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cryptosporidium'

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