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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cryptococcus neoformans

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Academic literature on the topic 'Cryptococcus neoformans'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Cryptococcus neoformans"

1

Mukherjee, Jean, Matthew D. Scharff, and Arturo Casadevall. "Cryptococcus neoformans infection can elicit protective antibodies in mice." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 40, no. 10 (October 1, 1994): 888–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m94-141.

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An IgG1 monoclonal antibody generated from a mouse infected with Cryptococcus neoformans modified the course of intravenous cryptococcal infection in A/J mice by prolonging survival and reducing lung fungal burden, brain mass, and serum polysaccharide levels. The results demonstrate that C. neoformans infection can elicit useful antibodies.Key words: Cryptococcus neoformans, monoclonal antibody, antibody immunity.

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Gaylord, Elizabeth A., Hau Lam Choy, and Tamara L. Doering. "Dangerous Liaisons: Interactions of Cryptococcus neoformans with Host Phagocytes." Pathogens 9, no. 11 (October 27, 2020): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9110891.

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Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen and a leading cause of death in immunocompromised individuals. The interactions of this yeast with host phagocytes are critical to disease outcome, and C. neoformans is equipped with an array of factors to modulate these processes. Cryptococcal infection begins with the deposition of infectious particles into the lungs, where the fungal cells deploy various antiphagocytic factors to resist internalization by host cells. If the cryptococci are still engulfed, they can survive and proliferate within host cells by modulating the phagolysosome environment in which they reside. Lastly, cryptococcal cells may escape from phagocytes by host cell lysis, nonlytic exocytosis, or lateral cell-to-cell transfer. The interactions between C. neoformans and host phagocytes also influence the dissemination of this pathogen to the brain, where it may cross the blood-brain barrier and cause an often-fatal meningoencephalitis. In this review, we highlight key cryptococcal factors involved in various stages of cryptococcal-host interaction and pathogenesis.

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Lev, Sophie, Cecilia Li, Desmarini Desmarini, David Liuwantara, Tania C. Sorrell, Wayne J. Hawthorne, and Julianne T. Djordjevic. "Monitoring Glycolysis and Respiration Highlights Metabolic Inflexibility of Cryptococcus neoformans." Pathogens 9, no. 9 (August 21, 2020): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9090684.

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Cryptococcus neoformans is a human fungal pathogen that adapts its metabolism to cope with limited oxygen availability, nutrient deprivation and host phagocytes. To gain insight into cryptococcal metabolism, we optimized a protocol for the Seahorse Analyzer, which measures extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) as indications of glycolytic and respiratory activities. In doing so we achieved effective immobilization of encapsulated cryptococci, established Rotenone/Antimycin A and 2-deoxyglucose as effective inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis, respectively, and optimized a microscopy-based method of data normalization. We applied the protocol to monitor metabolic changes in the pathogen alone and in co-culture with human blood-derived monocytes. We also compared metabolic flux in wild-type C. neoformans, its isogenic 5-PP-IP5/IP7-deficient metabolic mutant kcs1∆, the sister species of C. neoformans, Cryptococcus deuterogattii/VGII, and two other yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans. Our findings show that in contrast to monocytes and C. albicans, glycolysis and respiration are tightly coupled in C. neoformans and C. deuterogattii, as no compensatory increase in glycolysis occurred following inhibition of respiration. We also demonstrate that kcs1∆ has reduced metabolic activity that correlates with reduced mitochondrial function. Metabolic inflexibility in C. neoformans is therefore consistent with its obligate aerobe status and coincides with phagocyte tolerance of ingested cryptococcal cells.

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Silva, Vanessa K. A., Robin C. May, and Marcio L. Rodrigues. "Pyrifenox, an ergosterol inhibitor, differentially affects Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii." Medical Mycology 58, no. 7 (January 8, 2020): 928–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myz132.

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Abstract Cryptococcosis is a life-threatening fungal infection. New therapeutic approaches are necessary to combat cryptococcosis, as the currently available therapeutic protocols are expensive and generally result in deleterious side effects. Pyrifenox is an antifungal compound that affects phytopathogens by inhibiting the biosynthesis of ergosterol. In this study, we investigated the effects of pyrifenox on Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii growth, capsule architecture and export of the major capsule component, glucuroxylomannan (GXM). Pyrifenox inhibited the growth of C. neoformans, but was significantly less effective against C. gattii. The resistance of C. gattii to pyrifenox was associated with the expression of efflux pump genes, particularly AFR1 and AFR2, since mutant cells lacking expression of these genes became sensitive to pyrifenox. Analysis of the cryptococcal capsule by India ink counterstaining, immunofluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy showed that pyrifenox affected capsular dimensions in both species. However, GXM fibers were shorter and uniformly distributed in C. neoformans, whereas in C. gattii the number of fibers was reduced. Pyrifenox-treated C. gattii developed unusually long chains of undivided cells. The secretion of GXM was markedly reduced in both species after treatment with pyrifenox. Altogether, the results indicated that pyrifenox differently affects C. neoformans and C. gattii. In addition, it highlights a potential role for pyrifenox as an inhibitor of GXM export in experimental models involving pathogenic cryptococci.

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Mylonakis, Eleftherios, Roberto Moreno, Joseph B. El Khoury, Alexander Idnurm, Joseph Heitman, Stephen B. Calderwood, Frederick M. Ausubel, and Andrew Diener. "Galleria mellonella as a Model System To Study Cryptococcus neoformans Pathogenesis." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 7 (July 2005): 3842–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.7.3842-3850.2005.

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ABSTRACT Evaluation of Cryptococcus neoformans virulence in a number of nonmammalian hosts suggests that C. neoformans is a nonspecific pathogen. We used the killing of Galleria mellonella (the greater wax moth) caterpillar by C. neoformans to develop an invertebrate host model system that can be used to study cryptococcal virulence, host immune responses to infection, and the effects of antifungal compounds. All varieties of C. neoformans killed G. mellonella. After injection into the insect hemocoel, C. neoformans proliferated and, despite successful phagocytosis by host hemocytes, killed caterpillars both at 37°C and 30°C. The rate and extent of killing depended on the cryptococcal strain and the number of fungal cells injected. The sequenced C. neoformans clinical strain H99 was the most virulent of the strains tested and killed caterpillars with inocula as low as 20 CFU/caterpillar. Several C. neoformans genes previously shown to be involved in mammalian virulence (CAP59, GPA1, RAS1, and PKA1) also played a role in G. mellonella killing. Combination antifungal therapy (amphotericin B plus flucytosine) administered before or after inoculation was more effective than monotherapy in prolonging survival and in decreasing the tissue burden of cryptococci in the hemocoel. The G. mellonella-C. neoformans pathogenicity model may be a substitute for mammalian models of infection with C. neoformans and may facilitate the in vivo study of fungal virulence and efficacy of antifungal therapies.

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Song, Ying, Yufang Qiu, Weiyou Liu, and Xiaoliang Yuan. "Research progress in immunological mechanisms of Cryptococcus." Trends in Immunotherapy 5, no. 2.1 (October 22, 2021): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/ti.v5.i2.1.1370.

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Whether infection of Cryptococcus causes disease in host or not depends on the virulence of the pathogen and the immune defense ability of the host. Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans) mainly causes opportunistic infections in the immunocompromised or immunodeficient patients. In contrast, Cryptococcus gattii (C. gattii) mainly attacks the immunocompetent individuals. On the one hand, the host immune cells can eliminate the invasive Cryptococcus through a complex immune mechanism; on the other hand, Cryptococcus can evade the clearance of host immune cells by adopting various strategies (immune escape). This review mainly focuses on the pathogenic mechanism of Cryptococcus, and the host’s immune defense mechanism against cryptococcal infection.

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King, John W. "Cryptococcus neoformans." Emerging Infectious Diseases 14, no. 5 (May 2008): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1405.0508.

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Warnock, David W. "Cryptococcus neoformans." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 44, no. 1 (July 1999): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/44.1.139.

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Mayer, François L., and James W. Kronstad. "Cryptococcus neoformans." Trends in Microbiology 28, no. 2 (February 2020): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2019.10.003.

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Rocco, Mark La. "Cryptococcus neoformans." Clinical Microbiology Newsletter 14, no. 23 (December 1992): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-4399(92)90044-a.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cryptococcus neoformans"

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Mathoulin-Pelissier, Simone. "Les sérotypes de cryptococcus néoformans en pathologie humaine et dans l'environnement." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR23005.

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Laurenson, Ian F. "A study of Cryptococcus neoformans varieties gattii and neoformans." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22395.

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This thesis examines C. neoformans and the meningitis it causes, based largely in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Investigation of possible environmental associations in PNG revealed that few E. camaldulensis survive experimental planting, while E. tereticornis is endemic. In Port Moresby E. confertiflora, E. papuana and E. alba are common. Examination of 1130 specimens from plant, bird and animal sources, failed to identify the ecological niche of C. neoformans in PNG. Epidemiological study of 96 patients presenting to Port Moresby General Hospital with cryptococcal meningitis from 1972-1993 showed an annual incidence of 33 cases per million population of Central Province and the National Capital District. 21 of these were infected with var. gattii and 12 with var. neoformans. On average 11 cases of cryptococcal meningitis present here annually. In this study geographical clustering, male predominance and possible seasonal variation were found. Eleven patients with cryptococcal meningitis were prospectively diagnosed and isolates biotyped. Seven isolates were var. gattii (one patient with diabetes mellitus) and four were var. neoformans. The latter came from adult patient with HVI infection, tuberculosis or Plasmodium vivax malaria. Five patients (45.5%) died; the 2 var. neoformans HIVI infected men and 3 adult var. gattii patients. In PNG, where var. gattii has been predominant in the immunocompetent, var. neoformans is emerging amongst immunosuppressed patients, notably those with HIVI infection. These studies confirm the high prevalence in PNG of meningitis caused by C. neoformans var. gattii in immunocompetent individuals. Potential mammal and plant sources are similar to those found in Australia.

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Syme, Rachel Mona. "Antigen processing and presentation of Cryptococcus neoformans." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0014/NQ34704.pdf.

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Scofield, Melanie. "Heme utilization and storage by Cryptococcus neoformans." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/17425.

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The opportunistic fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans has been previously shown to use heme as a sole iron source, but the mechanisms for heme utilization are unknown. The goal of this study was to begin a genetic analysis of heme utilization in C. neoformans by deletion of candidate genes and phenotypic characterization. The first hypothesis was that a putative heme oxygenase protein, Hmx1, was responsible for degrading heme to release iron. However, an hmx1 deletion strain was capable of growth on heme, indicating that the gene is not required for heme utilization. The expression pattern of HMX1 showed down-regulation in the presence of heme and hemoglobin indicating that HMX1 likely plays a regulatory role within the cell. Because loss of the heme-related gene HMX1 did not reveal any phenotypes related to heme as an iron source, the role of the vacuolar protein Vps41 in iron and heme utilization was also examined. The work on Vps41 was designed to test a second more general hypothesis that the vacuole is involved in heme or iron storage and utilization. It was found that vps41 mutants had heme and iron growth defects, as well as increased sensitivity to excess levels of both heme and inorganic iron. Analysis of the wild-type strain grown with heme led to the surprising discovery of dark intracellular aggregates that were visible with light microscopy. These aggregates were reminiscent of the crystallized heme (hemozoin) found in malaria parasites. In contrast, the cells of vps41 mutants became filled with diffuse heme throughout the cell, indicating that an intact vacuole was required for aggregate formation. The inability of the mutant to sequester heme in the aggregates may contribute to the observed sensitivity of the strain to heme toxicity. Overall, these results provide new insights into heme utilization and storage in C. neoformans.

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Alanio, Alexandre. "Dynamique de l'adaptation de Cryptococcus neoformans à l'hôte." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077182.

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La cryptococcose est une infection opportuniste causée par la levure ubiquitaire Cryptococcus neoformans. L'interaction avec les macrophages est importante pour le développement de la maladie chez l'homme. La physiopathologie évolue en trois étapes: (i) primo-infection, (ii) dormance, (iii) réactivation en cas d'immunodépression cellulaire. La présentation clinique et l'évolution de la cryptococcose sont variables en fonction des individus. L'objectif de mon travail était de comprendre l'impact de la diversité de la levure sur l'évolution de l'infection. Nous avons étudiés (i) les souches cliniques et leur diversité d'interaction avec les macrophages; (ii) la corrélation entre le phénotype in vitro et l'évolution clinique de l'infection chez l'homme; (iii) la diversité d'adaptation à l'hôte. Ainsi, nous avons développés de nouveaux outils (cytométrie de flux quantitative, microscopie en temps réel, single-cell quantitative PCR) pour permettre l'analyse de populations de levures rares. Nous avons trouvés une grande variabilité d'interaction de 54 isolats cliniques avec le macrophage. L'échec mycologique et la mortalité chez l'homme était associés à des phénotypes d'interaction particuliers. A partir de l'analyse de 9 isolats cliniques, nous avons pu mettre en évidence que la virulence des isolats et l'expression de certains gènes de virulence connus étaient variables également. En nous focalisant sur la réponse au stress et la prolifération, nous avons observé l'apparition de différentes populations au cours de l'infection. Après tri des différentes populations, nous avons identifié une population ayant une faible réponse au stress et montré qu'elle était potentiellement dormante. Ces données suggèrent que la cryptococcose et les infections fongiques en générale sont des infections complexes résultants d'une grande diversité, plasticité et adaptation des champignons à l'hôte
Cryptococcosis is an opportunistic infection due to the ubiquitous yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. This pathogen is a facultative intracellular organism. Interaction with immune cells including monocytes/macrophages lineage and dendritic cells are of major importance in the natural history of the infection. In humans, the pathophysiology of the infection evolves in three steps (i) primoinfection in childhood, (ii) dormancy, demonstrated from epidemiological and genotypic data in the lab few years ago (Garcia-Hermoso et al. 1999), (iii) reactivation upon immunosuppression. In terms of disease, clinical presentation and outcome of cryptococcosis are known to be diverse among individuals even those sharing the same underlying diseases. To address the question of the impact of fungal diversity on the natural course of the infection at the macrophage-level (standardized model of yeasts/ j774 macrophages in vitro interaction), murine model-level (murine model of cryptococcosis in OF1 outbred mice) and human-level (CryptoA/D database), we studied (i) the diversity of C. Neoformans/macrophages interactions using well characterized clinical isolates (ii) the correlation between in vitro phenotype of the isolate and clinical outcome in humans (iii) the diversity of adaptation to the host. We developed new assays and new tools using flow cytometry I (quantitative flow cytometry, multispectral imaging flow cytometry, sorting), microscopy (dynamic imaging), gene expression analysis (single-cell quantitative real time PCR) to overcome technical issues. We found high variation in phagocytic, 2 hours-, 48hours-intracellular proliferation indexes among the 54 ClinCn compared to H99. No correlation with the genotype was observed. The lack of sterilization at week 2 despite active antifungal therapy was significantly associated with a lower phagocytic index, whereas treatment failure at month 3 and death from cryptococcosis were significantly related to a higher 2 hours-intracellular proliferation. Among 9 selected clinical isolates compared to H99, (i) the virulence in mice was significantly different, intracellular expression of some virulence factors correlated with (ii) intracellular proliferation and (iii) phagocytic indexes. With a focus on multiplication and stress response and considering the H99 reference strain, we observed the appearance of various populations of yeasts during mice and macrophage infections. After sorting yeasts populations, we observed that a specific one was less prone and dependent of serum to grow compared to the other p'opulations. Gene expression analysis revealed that this population had specific metabolic characteristics that could reflect dormancy. We found a high diversity of C. Neoformans upon interaction with macrophages considering 54 clinical isolates in correlation with clinical outcome in humans, but also a considerable adaptation to host in our two models considering the reference strains H99. We observed also even more diversity of fungal adaptation to host when clinical isolates were considered. Ail together, these data suggest that cryptococcosis and fungal disease in general could be more complex diseases since diversity, plasticity and adaptation of the fungal organism to hosts is high and heterogeneous

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Denoyelle, Patricia. "Evaluation comparative du fungitest R avec une méthode de microdilution pour l'étude de la sensibilité aux antifongiques d'isolats de Cryptococcus neoformans." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P056.

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Van, de Moer Ariane. "Production et caractérisation d'anticorps monoclonaux anti-Cryptococcus neoformans dirigés contre le galactoxylomannane de la paroi : application au diagnostic et au pronostic des cryptococcoses chez les patients atteints du syndrome de l'immunodéficience acquise." Montpellier 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON13504.

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Harrison, Thomas Stephen. "Interactions between Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Cryptococcus neoformans." Thesis, St George's, University of London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299059.

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Oliveira, Fabiana Freire Mendes de. "Análise funcional do gene ERG6 em Cryptococcus neoformans." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2013. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/14252.

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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, 2013.
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O advento de pacientes portadores do HIV e de pacientes imunocomprometidos provocou um aumento na incidência de micoses fúngicas, como a criptococcose. Existem várias classes de antifúngicos disponíveis comercialmente para o tratamento dessas infecções que são utilizadas de acordo com a patologia e o patógeno. No entanto, são relatados casos de resistência a essas drogas e existe uma grande preocupação em relação aos efeitos adversos que elas podem causar nos pacientes. Nesse contexto, o desenvolvimento de novas drogas antifúngicas poderia ser uma solução para a problemática atual das drogas disponíveis e isso requer o estudo de novos alvos moleculares. O gene ERG6 codifica a enzima esterol C-24 metiltransferase que atua na conversão de zimosterol em fecosterol. Constitui uma etapa que ocorre em fungos para a biossíntese do ergosterol, mas não ocorre nos hospedeiros animais, que possuem enzimas específicas para a conversão do zimosterol até colesterol. No presente trabalho, a função do gene ERG6 foi investigada e caracterizada no fungo Cryptococcus neoformans demonstrando que a ausência desse gene gera diversas alterações fenotípicas, tais como sensibilidade ao estresse osmótico, ao estresse oxidativo e maior susceptibilidade a diferentes drogas antifúngicas. Além disso, foi ainda observado que a capacidade de crescer em meios contento diferentes estressores de parede se mostra alterada. Em relação aos fatores de virulência conhecidos para C. neoformans, o fungo foi incapaz de crescer a temperatura de 37°C, porém não teve sua produção de cápsula ou melanina afetadas. No entanto, em testes para observação da sua capacidade de virulência in vitro utilizando macrófagos e in vivo com lagartas da espécie Galleria mellonella mostraram uma redução na virulência em mutantes de ERG6. Por fim a análise dos esteróis de membrana mostrou que ocorre uma alteração em toda a composição de esteróis da membrana celular. Dessa forma, por ser uma enzima encontrada principalmente em fungos, a Erg6 pode ser um alvo molecular potencial para drogas antifúngicas. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The advent of HIV patients and immunocompromised patients caused an increase in the incidence of fungal mycoses, such as cryptococcosis. There are several antifungal agents commercially available for the treatment of such infections that are chosen based on the disease and the pathogen. However, cases of resistance are reported to these drugs and there is great concern about the adverse effects that they can cause on patients. In this context, the development of new antifungal drugs could be a solution to the current problem of the available drugs and it requires the study of potential molecular targets. The gene ERG6 encodes the sterol C-24 methyltransferase, an enzyme that acts on the conversion zimosterol in fecosterol. This is a step that occurs in fungi in the ergosterol biosynthesis, but does not occur in the animal hosts which have specific enzymes for the conversion of zymosterol to cholesterol. In this study, gene function of ERG6 was investigated and characterized in the Cryptococcus neoformans demonstrating the absence of this gene generates several phenotypic changes, such as sensitivity to osmotic stress, oxidative stress and increased susceptibility to different antifungal drugs. Furthermore, it was also observed that the ability to grow on media with different cell wall stressors was also altered. It was observed that the lack of ERG6 greatly affects the permeabillity of the membrane resulting in osmotic and oxidative stress sensitivity and changing antifungal drugs susceptibility. Furthermore, it was also observed that the ability to grow in medium with cell wall stressor was altered. About the virulence factor, C. neoformans was unable to grow at 37°C, but it had not affected the production of melanin or capsule. However, virulence tests in vitro with macrophages and in vivo with Galleria mellonella caterpillars showed a decrease in the virulence of ERG6 mutants. Finally, the membrane sterols analysis demonstrated a change in the membrane sterol composition. Thus, being an enzyme found especially fungi, the Erg6 may be a potential molecular target for antifungal drugs.

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Barros, Amanda Lira Nogueira. "Análise funcional do gene VELB de Cryptococcus neoformans." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2014. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/16480.

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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ceilândia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Tecnologias em Saúde, 2014.
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As proteínas Velvet compreendem quatro membros altamente conservados entre ascomicetos e basidiomicetos, os quais compartilham o domínio Velvet. Eles regulam diferentes vias de sinalização em resposta a estímulos ambientais e também coordenam o metabolismo secundário e diferenciação assexual e sexual em diferentes espécies de fungos. Recentemente, as proteínas Velvet foram implicadas na virulência de alguns agentes patogênicos de plantas. Buscou-se avaliar o papel das proteínas Velvet no fungo patogênico humano Cryptococcus neoformans, causador da criptococose, importante micose sistêmica e a terceira doença mais prevalente em indivíduos portadores do vírus HIV. Entre as micoses sistêmicas, ela é classificada como tendo a maior incidência em pacientes imunocomprometidos. A infecção por C.neoformans ocorre pela inalação de células infecciosas e é considerada uma infecção pulmonar primária, o que pode levar a uma infecção disseminada e meningoencefalite. O objetivo geral do trabalho foi avaliar o papel do gene VELB na patogenidade e morfogênese de C. neoformans. O primeiro passo realizado no estudo foi a deleção do gene VELB em Cryptococcus neoformans. O cassete foi transformado em células leveduriformes haploides de C. neoformans diretamente através de biobalística. Confirmou-se a deleção por PCR e Southern Blot. Após confirmação, os transformantes foram submetidos a diferentes condições de crescimento para determinação de seus fenótipos e virulência. Foram realizados testes de estresse osmótico (NaCl), estresse na parede celular (CongoRed, SDS, cafeína) e estresse oxidativo com peróxido de hidrogênio. Foram avaliados os fatores de virulência de C. neoformans como fosfolipase, urease, melanina e cápsula. Os testes fenotípicos não apresentaram alterações entre a linhagem e mutante indicando que o gene VELB parece não ter nenhum envolvimento em virulência e resposta a agentes estressores. Para avaliação da capacidade de acasalamento foram realizados co-cultivos no escuro em diferentes meios de cultura (Filament, SLAD e MS), além disto foi testada a capacidade de fusão dos mutantes. Estes testes demonstraram que a deleção de VELB bloqueia a produção de hifas no acasalamento entre mutantes e que estes apresentam também defeito no processo de fusão celular. Estes resultados gerados neste trabalho sobre o papel de VELB corroboram os dados anteriormente obtidos pelo nosso grupo de pesquisa de que os membros da família velvet estão diretamente envolvidos na regulação do ciclo sexual de C. neoformans. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The Velvet proteins consist of four highly conserved members in ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, sharing the Velvet domain. They regulate different signaling ways in response to environmental stimulation and also coordinate secondary metabolism and asexual to sexual differentiation in different species of fungi. Recently, Velvet proteins have been implicated in the virulence of some pathogenic agents of plants. It was evaluated the role of Velvet proteins in the human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans that causes cryptococcosis, an important systemic mycosis and the third most prevalent disease in HIV positive individuals. Compared to other systemic mycoses, it is classified as having the highest incidence in immunocompromised patients. C.neoformans infection is by inhalation of infectious cells and is considered a primary pulmonary infection, which can lead to widespread infection and meningoencephalitis. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the role of the VELB gene in morphogenesis and pathogenicity of C. neoformans. The first step was performed at study deletion of the gene VELB in Cryptococcus neoformans. The cassette was transformed into haploid yeast cells of C. neoformans directly through biolistic. The deletion was confirmed by PCR and Southern blot. After confirmation, the transformants were submitted to different growth conditions to determine their phenotypes and virulence. Tests of osmotic stress (KCl, NaCl, sorbitol), stress in the cell wall (Congo Red, Calcofluor, SDS, caffeine) and oxidative stress with hydrogen peroxide were performed. Virulence factors of C. neoformans as phospholipase, urease, melanin and capsule were evaluated. Phenotypic tests showed no change between the strain and mutant indicating that the VELB gene seems to have no involvement in virulence and response to stressors. To evaluate the ability of mating co-cultures were performed in the dark in different culture media (Filament, SLAD and MS), in addition it was tested the ability of fusion of mutants. These tests showed that the deletion of VELB blocks the production of hyphae in mating and that these mutants also exhibit defective cell fusion process. These results generated in this paper about the VELB function corroborate data previously 13 obtained by our research group that the members of the velvet family are directly involved in the regulation of the sexual cycle of C. neoformans.

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Books on the topic "Cryptococcus neoformans"

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Casadevall, Arturo, and John R. Perfect. Cryptococcus neoformans. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555818241.

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1949-, Perfect John R., ed. Cryptococcus neoformans. Washington, D.C: ASM Press, 1998.

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Esther, Segal, and Baum Gerald L, eds. Pathogenic yeasts and yeast infections. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1994.

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Casadevall, Arturo, and John R. Perfect. Cryptococcus Neoformans. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2014.

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Halliday, Catriona L., and Sarah E. Kidd. Cryptococcus species. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0012.

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Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are the principal pathogenic species within the genus Cryptococcus and the causative agents of cryptococcosis. Although rare, the incidence of infection due to other Cryptococcus species previously regarded as saprophytes, has increased over the last 40 years. Irrespective of the infecting species, infections are acquired following inhalation from the environment, causing localised or disseminated disease. The severity of disease is dependent on the organism’s virulence factors and the host’s immune response, and the clinical manifestations are indistinguishable. Accurate identification of the pathogenic species relies on rDNA sequencing

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Gómez, Luis Guardiola. Actividad y Farmacodinamia de Cinco Antifungicos Frente a Cryptococcus Neoformans. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Servicio de Publicaciones, 2006.

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SANTOS, P. S., and M. F. C. PIRES. Atividade antifúngica dos óleos essenciais e principais compostos químicos sobre Cryptococcus neoformans. Dialética, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.48021/978-65-252-3019-1.

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Wilson, John W., and Lynn L. Estes. Fungal Infections. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199797783.003.0127.

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•Candida•Cryptococcus neoformans and C gattii• Other: Saccharomyces, Trichosporon, etcTwo different growth forms: Outside the body (25°C), they grow as a mold, producing hyphae and having asexual reproduction of spores; inside the body (37°C), they grow in a yeast form...

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Bicanic, Tihana, and Thomas S. Harrison. Fungal central nervous system infections. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0022.

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Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are amongst the most severe of all fungal infections. Cryptococcus neoformans is the commonest cause of adult meningitis in many countries with high HIV prevalence. C gattii is usually seen in the tropics in apparently immunocompetent patients. Meningitis is also caused by Candida in premature babies, and by the dimorphic fungi in endemic areas. CNS infections with Aspergillus, the mucormycetes, and less common moulds usually present as intracranial mass lesions in immunocompromised hosts. Early suspicion, prompt imaging, and appropriate samples for culture, histology, and antigen and molecular tests are all critical for early diagnosis. Organism-specific antifungal therapy relies largely on liposomal amphotericin B and voriconazole, with therapeutic drug monitoring for the latter. Amphotericin B plus flucytosine is recommended for cryptococcal meningitis. Management of underlying conditions is also critical. Targeted prophylaxis in highest risk groups and pre-emptive therapy for HIV-associated cryptococcosis hold promise for prevention and improved outcome.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cryptococcus neoformans"

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Stechenberg, Barbara. "Cryptococcus neoformans." In The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes, 303–5. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-391-2_31.

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Coia, John, and Heather Cubie. "Cryptococcus neoformans." In The Immunoassay Kit Directory, 691–94. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0359-3_10.

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Lamps, Laura W. "Cryptococcus neoformans." In Surgical Pathology of the Gastrointestinal System: Bacterial, Fungal, Viral, and Parasitic Infections, 115–17. New York, NY: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0861-2_18.

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Kretschmar, Marianne. "Cryptococcus neoformans." In Lexikon der Infektionskrankheiten des Menschen, 206–8. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39026-8_226.

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Lodge, Jennifer K., and John R. Perfect. "Cryptococcus neoformans." In Pathogen Genomics, 197–214. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-172-5_13.

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Dromer, Françoise, Arturo Casadevall, John Perfect, and Tania Sorrell. "Cryptococcus neoformans: Latency and Disease." In Cryptococcus, 429–39. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555816858.ch31.

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Idnurm, Alexander, Yong-Sun Bahn, Wei-Chiang Shen, Julian C. Rutherford, and Fritz A. Mühlschlegel. "Sensing Extracellular Signals in Cryptococcus neoformans." In Cryptococcus, 175–87. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555816858.ch14.

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Pirofski, Liise-Anne, and Arturo Casadevall. "Acquired Humoral Immunity to Cryptococcus neoformans." In Cryptococcus, 397–408. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555816858.ch28.

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Mitchell, Thomas G., Elizabeth Castañeda, Kirsten Nielsen, Bodo Wanke, and Marcia S. Lazéra. "Environmental Niches for Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii." In Cryptococcus, 235–59. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555816858.ch18.

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Coleman, Jeffrey J., Cara J. Chrisman, Arturo Casadevall, and Eleftherios Mylonakis. "Cryptococcus neoformans: Nonvertebrate Hosts and the Emergence of Virulence." In Cryptococcus, 261–67. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555816858.ch19.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cryptococcus neoformans"

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Liu, J., X. Chen, X. Putten, F. Hagen, T. Boekhout, and F. J. Verbeek. "Image mining for pathogen yeast Cryptococcus neoformans." In IET International Conference on Visual Information Engineering (VIE 2006). IEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20060507.

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Furtado, Lucas Cruz, Alexandre Almeida da Silva, and Júlio César Claudino dos Santos. "Cerebral cryptococcoma successfully treated by isavuconazole in an immunocompetent patient: a case report." In XIV Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.141s1.723.

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Introduction: Cryptococcosis has been recognized as an increasing cause of severe systemic mycosis in immunocompetent patients in recent years. Radial cryptococcomas are a more uncommon manifestation of cryptococcal meningitis, which are usually not included in the differential air masses. Thus, transmission of the disease occurs by inhalation of cryptococcus spores, initially infecting the lungs. Infectious propagules may also be restricted to the central nervous system, causing cryptococcal meningitis, meningoencephalitis, and respiratory cryptococcomas. Case report: We report the case of a young immunocompetent woman who rapidly evolved with severe neurological deficits. She was finally diagnosed with cerebral cryptococcoma caused by cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, and was treated with amphotericin B and isavuconazole. This is a case report on antifungal drug treatment in immunocompetent patients with cerebral cryptocoma. After several complications during hospitalization, including hydrocephalus and cerebellitis, she was discharged on isavuconazole. At follow-up, he complained only of anosmia. We reviewed the clinical and radiological findings of similar cases. It is the first time that this form of cryptococcal meningitis is favorably treated with isavuconazole and is caused by two species of Cryptococcus. Conclusion: We emphasize that respiratory cryptococcomas should be suspected in immunocompetent patients who have brain masses or whose symptoms can progress rapidly, sometimes with a lethal outcome.

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Liu, Jinshuo, Dengyi Zhang, Yu Yao, Shubo Liu, and Farry Hagen. "Automated Feature Selection for Pathogen Yeast Cryptococcus Neoformans." In 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isie.2007.4374839.

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McHale, L., and K. Smith. "A Rare Case of Nosocomial Pulmonary Cryptococcus Neoformans." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a3951.

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Saleem, T., H. Qurashi, S. Sendil, C. Qian, and V. Nookala. "Cryptococcus Neoformans Esoteric Lung Mass, a Rare Presentation." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a6954.

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Jinshuo Liu, P. van der Putten, F. Hagen, Xinmeng Chen, and T. Boekhout. "Detecting Virulent Cells of Cryptococcus Neoformans Yeast: Clustering Experiments." In 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR'06). IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2006.437.

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Suleiman, H. A., K. Chapman, V. Badami, and E. Rojas. "Disseminated Cryptococcus Neoformans Following Treatment for PR-3 ANCA Vasculitis." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a7101.

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Kirincich, J., R. Purpura, and M. Dettmer. "A Parkinsonism Mimicker: Subacute Cerebral Vasculitis Secondary to Cryptococcus Neoformans." In American Thoracic Society 2022 International Conference, May 13-18, 2022 - San Francisco, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2022.205.1_meetingabstracts.a1615.

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Teixeira, Lilian Eckstein, and Bruna Kuhn De Freitas Silva. "CRIPTOCOCOSE CUTÂNEA PRIMÁRIA EM PACIENTE IMUNOSSUPRIMIDOS." In I Congresso Brasileiro de Doenças Infectocontagiosas On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/2227.

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Introdução: A criptococose cutânea primária é uma infecção severa causada por Cryptococcus neoformans ou Cryptococcus gattii. A doença é classificada como primária, pois a região afetada é somente a pele e as bactérias fastidiosas dependem tanto desse órgão, como do estado imunológico do hospedeiro. Acomete mais pacientes adultos e imunossuprimidos. Objetivos: Definir a criptococose cutânea primária, seu diagnóstico e ocorrência em pacientes imunossuprimidos. Materiais e métodos: O presente trabalho é uma revisão integrativa da literatura, onde foram selecionados artigos científicos, disponíveis nas bases de dados virtuais em saúde: PubMed, Google Acadêmico, Portal do Ministério da Saúde e SciELO, publicados entre os anos 1998 a 2021. A seleção dos artigos se deu por meio da utilização dos DeCS: “criptococose cutânea primária”, “imunossuprimidos”, “Cryptococcus neoformans”, “Cryptococcus gattii”, “infecção”, os mesmos termos aplicáveis em inglês e foram excluídos artigos que não contemplavam o enfoque temático. Resultados: A contaminação pelos Cryptococcus neoformans ou Cryptococcus gattii ocorre por via inalatória, comprometendo as vias pulmonares por conseguinte. Não há transmissão inter-humana, nem de animais ao homem. Tem maior incidência em áreas rurais e apresenta histórico de lesão local e exposição a matéria orgânica morta presente no solo, em frutas secas, cereais, em árvores e, em especial, contato com excretas de aves. Nos hospedeiros imunossuprimidos, em uso de corticóides, a infecção possui sintomatologia discreta e fica restringida, majoritariamente, ao pulmão. Raramente a transmissão pode ocorrer pela ingestão ou pela via dérmica. A via disseminatória da doença é pelo sangue, com propensão para contaminar células nervosas e outros órgãos. O diagnóstico deve ser clínico e laboratorial. A confirmação desse último é feita com o uso de nanquim, visualizando a presença de criptococos em materiais clínicos. A sustentação é feita pela sorologia e histopatologia e por exames de imagens, para evidenciar danos pulmonares, presença de criptococoma único ou múltiplo. A precisão do diagnóstico efetiva o tratamento correto da patologia. Conclusão: A infecção cutânea primária é uma doença rara, que acomete em grande parte, pacientes imunossuprimidos, destacando os pacientes com AIDS. O aspecto clínico da infecção, efetivado por cultura, exames bioquímicos e de imagem, possibilita diagnóstico e tratamento precoces.

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Lin, Hao, He Zhang, Jiaming Chen, Qinke Zhang, Zihui Fan, and Shuo Chen. "Identifying pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infection by serum surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy." In Optics in Health Care and Biomedical Optics IX, edited by Qingming Luo, Xingde Li, Yuguo Tang, Ying Gu, and Dan Zhu. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2537660.

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Reports on the topic "Cryptococcus neoformans"

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Persisting Cryptococcus yeast species Vishniacozyma victoriae and Cryptococcus neoformans elicit unique airway inflammation in mice following repeated exposure (dataset). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshrd-1061-2023-0.

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