Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cryogenics; Laser cooling

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Cryogenics; Laser cooling'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Cryogenics; Laser cooling"

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Lisiecki, A., D. Ślizak, and A. Kukofka. "Laser cladding of Co-based metallic powder at cryogenic conditions." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 1, no. 95 (July 2, 2019): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7622.

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Purpose: of this paper was demonstration a novel technique of laser cladding by experimentally composed Co-based metallic powder and forced cooling of the substrate by liquid nitrogen under cryogenic conditions, at the temperature -190°C, for producing clad layers with enhanced microstructure characteristic and properties. Design/methodology/approach: Technological tests of laser cladding were conducted by means of a high power fibre laser HPFL with maximum output power 3.0 kW, and six-axis robot. The experimental Co-based powder was composed for providing high abrasive wear resistance, high resistance for impact load, and also for corrosion resistance at elevated temperature. The unique and novel technique of forced cooling of the substrate was provided by immersing the specimens in the liquid nitrogen bath. The three coaxial nozzle head was designed and custom made to provide precise deposition of the powder delivered into the laser beam irradiation region. The scope of the study included tests of conventional laser cladding at free cooling in ambient air in a wide range of processing parameters, and also trials of laser cladding under cryogenic conditions. The test clad layers produced by conventional laser cladding and by the novel technique of laser powder deposition under cryogenic conditions were investigated and compared. Findings: The obtained results indicate that the novel technique of forced cooling the substrate by liquid nitrogen bath provides lower penetration depth, as well as low dilution of the clad, and also provides higher hardness of the clads. Additionally, it is possible shaping the geometry of the individual bead, providing high reinforcement and low width. Research limitations/implications: The presented results are based just on preliminary test of the novel technique of laser cladding under cryogenic conditions. Therefore, further study and detailed analyse of the influence of the cooling rate on the quality, microstructure, and properties of the deposited coatings are required. Practical implications: The study is focused on practical application of the novel technique for manufacturing of wear resistance coatings characterised with enhanced performance compared to conventional range of application of the laser cladding. Originality/value: Novel technique of laser cladding at forced cooling under cryogenic conditions was demonstrated. The powder used for cladding trials was experimentally composed (not commercially available). The experimental stand custom made was used with custom made powder feeding rate, and also with custom made coaxial nozzle head.
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Lisiecki, Aleksander, and Dawid Ślizak. "Hybrid Laser Deposition of Fe-Based Metallic Powder under Cryogenic Conditions." Metals 10, no. 2 (January 28, 2020): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10020190.

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The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the novel technique of laser deposition of Fe-based powder under cryogenic conditions provided by a liquid nitrogen bath. Comparative clad layers were produced by conventional laser cladding at free cooling conditions in ambient air and by the developed process combining laser cladding and laser gas nitriding (hybrid) under cryogenic conditions. The influence of process parameters and cooling conditions on the geometry, microstructure, and hardness profiles of the clad layers was determined. The optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and XRD test methods were used to determine the microstructure and phase composition. The results indicate that the proposed technique of forced cooling the substrate in a nitrogen bath during the laser deposition of Fe-based powder is advantageous because it provides favorable geometry of the clad, low dilution, a narrow heat-affected zone, a high hardness and uniform profile on the cross-sections, homogeneity, and refinement of the microstructure. The influence of the forced cooling on microstructure refinement was quantitatively determined by measuring the secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS). Additionally, highly dispersed nanometric-sized (200–360 nm) precipitations of complex carbides were identified in interdendritic regions.
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Chvykov, Vladimir. "Ti:Sa Crystals in Ultra-High Peak and Average Power Laser Systems." Crystals 11, no. 7 (July 20, 2021): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11070841.

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In this paper, Ti:Sa amplifiers with crystals of the different geometries are discussed. Benefits of using this active medium for a thin disk (TD) and slab amplifiers are evaluated numerically and tested experimentally. Thermal management for amplifiers with multi-kW average power and multi-J pulse energy has been demonstrated. The presented numerical simulations revealed the existing limitations for heat extraction in TD geometry in the sub-joule energy regime for higher repetition rate operation. Geometry conversion from TD to thin-slab (TS) and cross-thin-slab (XTS) configurations significantly increases the cooling efficiency with an acceptable crystal temperature for pump average power values up to few kW with room temperature cooling, and up to tens of kW with cryogenic cooling. The abilities to attain 0.3 J output energy and a greater than 50% extraction efficiency were demonstrated with a repetition rate exceeding 10 kHz with room temperature cooling and one order more of a repetition rate with cryogenic conditions with pulsed pumping. Direct diode pumping simulated for CW regimes demonstrated 1.4 kW output power with 34% extraction efficiency using room temperature cooling and more than 10 kW and ~40% efficiency with cryogenic cooling.
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Seletskiy, Denis V., Seth D. Melgaard, Stefano Bigotta, Alberto Di Lieto, Mauro Tonelli, and Mansoor Sheik-Bahae. "Laser cooling of solids to cryogenic temperatures." Nature Photonics 4, no. 3 (January 17, 2010): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2009.269.

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Perin, J. P., F. Millet, M. Divoky, and B. Rus. "Cryogenic cooling for high power laser amplifiers." EPJ Web of Conferences 59 (2013): 08005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20135908005.

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Lisiecki, Aleksander, and Dawid Ślizak. "Hybrid Laser Deposition of Composite WC-Ni Layers with Forced Local Cryogenic Cooling." Materials 14, no. 15 (August 2, 2021): 4312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154312.

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The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effect of forced and localized cooling by nitrogen vapours stream under cryogenic conditions during laser deposition of WC-Ni powder on the geometry, microstructure of clad layers and dry sliding wear resistance of the coatings. For this purpose, comparative tests were performed by conventional laser cladding at free cooling conditions in ambient air and by the developed novel process of laser deposition with additional localized cooling of the solidifying deposit by nitrogen vapours stream. Due to presence of gaseous nitrogen in the region of the melt pool and solidifying deposit, the process was considered as combining laser cladding and laser gas nitriding (performed simultaneously), thus the hybrid process. The influence of the heat input and cooling conditions on the geometrical features, dilution rate, share of carbides relative to the matrix, and the fraction share of carbides, as well as hardness profiles on cross sections of single stringer beads was analysed and presented. The XRD, EDS analysis and the sieve test of the experimental powder were used to characterize the composite WC-Ni type powder. The OM, SEM, EDS and XRD test methods were used to study the microstructure, chemical and phase composition of clad layers. Additionally, ball-on-disc tests were performed to determine the wear resistance of representative coatings under dry sliding conditions. The results indicate that the novel demonstrated technique of localized forced cooling of the solidifying deposit has advantageous effect, because it provides approximately 20% lower penetration depth and dilution, decreases tendency for tungsten carbides decomposition, provides more uniform distribution and higher share of massive eutectic W2C-WC carbides across the coating. While the conventionally laser cladded layers show tendency for decomposition of carbide particles and resolidifying dendritic complex carbides mainly M2C, M3C and M7C3 containing iron, nickel, and tungsten, and with Ni/Ni3B matrix. The quantitative relationship between heat input, cooling conditions and the carbides grain size distribution as well as carbides share in relation to the matrix was determined.
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Heep, Thomas, Christian Bickert, and Eberhard Abele. "Application of Carbon Dioxide Snow in Machining of CGI using an Additively Manufactured Turning Tool." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 3, no. 1 (January 23, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp3010015.

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The application of conventional cooling lubricants for the tribological conditioning of machining processes involves high additional costs and health risks. The application of a cryogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) snow cooling strategy is an economical and environmentally sound alternative for oily cooling emulsions since it has a high cooling effect as well as a residue-free sublimation. This article introduces a laser additive manufactured tool holder with an integrated dual nozzle which enables CO2-snow jet application. Initially this work focuses on the characterization and the selection of a suitable nozzle geometry. The modular tool body features an adapted channel structure for process-reliable and targeted CO2-snow cooling for turning processes. This enables the simultaneous cooling of the rake and flank face with CO2-snow, as well as the application of cryogenic multi-component cooling of the rake face. In the context of this study, the focus lies on the technological evaluation of three different supply strategies during the continuous turning of compacted graphite iron CGI-450 at increased cutting speed. It was established that an efficient rake face cooling is indispensable to achieve a low thermal tool load, and thus lower crater wear behavior. Therefore, this study contributes to an improvement in cryogenic machining processes regarding the design of additively manufactured tool bodies for process-reliable CO2-snow cooling, as well as for the selection of supply strategies to minimize the thermomechanical tool load.
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Rybakov, A. S., E. I. Demikhov, E. A. Kostrov, V. S. Litvin, N. M. Sobolevsky, L. N. Latysheva, and N. G. Borisenko. "Cryogenic setup for MJ class laser targets." Laser and Particle Beams 37, no. 01 (March 2019): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034619000077.

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AbstractThe cryogenic system for maintaining a target at a constant temperature in the range 5–25 K after shutting off the pulse tube (PT) cryogenic refrigerator is developed and tested. The temperature stability at the sample is ±2 mK for at least 20 hours. The cryogenic setup consists of cryostat, PT cryocooler, liquid helium vessel, helium gas supply, thermo-radiation shield, thermal resistance. The system provides 0.25 W of cooling power at the target. The appropriate thermal resistance should be used for different temperatures. The designed operation mode is 3 minutes off and 15 minutes on. The deactivation of PT cryocooler allows to achieve the target position stability of 1 micrometer or less during the X-ray characterization. The effect of neutron-shield was estimated using Monte-Carlo simulation.
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Demirorer, Mete, Wojciech Suder, Supriyo Ganguly, Simon Hogg, and Hassam Naeem. "Development of laser welding of high strength aluminium alloy 2024-T4 with controlled thermal cycle." MATEC Web of Conferences 326 (2020): 08005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032608005.

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An innovative process design, to avoid thermal degradation during autogenous fusion welding of high strength AA 2024-T4 alloy, based on laser beam welding, is being developed. A series of instrumented laser welds in 2 mm thick AA 2024-T4 alloys were made with different processing conditions resulting in different thermal profiles and cooling rates. The welds were examined under SEM, TEM and LOM, and subjected to micro-hardness examination. This allowed us to understand the influence of cooling rate, peak temperature, and thermal cycle on the growth of precipitates, and related degradation in the weld and heat affected area, evident as softening. Although laser beam welding allows significant reduction of heat input, and higher cooling rates, as compared to other high heat input welding processes, this was found insufficient to completely supress coarsening of precipitate in HAZ. To understand the required range of thermal cycles, additional dilatometry tests were carried out using the same base material to understand the time-temperature relationship of precipitate formation. The results were used to design a novel laser welding process with enhanced cooling, such as with copper backing bar and cryogenic cooling.
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Lizzul, Lucia, Rachele Bertolini, Andrea Ghiotti, and Stefania Bruschi. "Turning of Additively Manufactured Ti6Al4V: Effect of the Highly Oriented Microstructure on the Surface Integrity." Materials 14, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 2842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14112842.

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Additive manufacturing processes induce a high orientation in the microstructure of the printed part due to the strong thermal gradients developed during the process caused by the highly concentrated heat source that is used to melt the metal powder layer-by-layer. The resulting microstructural anisotropy may have an effect on the post-processing operations such as machining ones. This paper investigates the influence of the anisotropy in turning operations carried out on laser powder bed fused Ti6Al4V parts manufactured with different scanning strategies. The machinability under both transverse and cylindrical turning operations was assessed in terms of surface integrity, considering both surface and sub-surface aspects. The effect of the different cooling conditions, that is flood and cryogenic ones, was studied as well. The outcomes showed that the microstructural anisotropy had a remarkable effect on the machining operations and that the cryogenic cooling enhanced the effect of the anisotropy in determining the surface integrity.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cryogenics; Laser cooling"

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Bance, Peter. "Evaporative cooling of caesium in a TOP trap : prospects for BEC." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244564.

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Iwata, Geoffrey Zerbinatti. "A cryogenic buffer-gas cooled beam of barium monohydride for laser slowing, cooling, and trapping." Thesis, 2018. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8TJ0057.

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Ultracold molecules promise a revolutionary test bed for quantum science with applications ranging from experiments that probe the nature of our universe, to hosting new platforms for quantum computing. Cooling and trapping molecules in the ultracold regime is the first step to unlocking the wide array of proposed applications, and developing these techniques to control molecules is a key but challenging research field. In this thesis, we describe progress towards a new apparatus designed to cool and trap barium monohydride (BaH), a molecule that is amenable to laser cooling and has prospects as a precursor for ultracold atomic hydrogen. The same complexity that makes molecules interesting objects of study creates challenges for optical control. To mitigate some of these challenges, we first cool the molecules using cryogenic techniques and technologies. Our apparatus uses a cryogenic buffer gas to thermalize BaH within a contained cell. The molecules are extracted into a beam with millikelvin transverse temperature, and forward velocities <100 m/s. The BaH beam in this work is the brightest hydride beam to date, with molecule density and kinetic characteristics well suited for laser cooling and trapping.
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Books on the topic "Cryogenics; Laser cooling"

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Cohadon, Pierre-François, Jack Harris, Florian Marquardt, and Leticia Cugliandolo, eds. Quantum Optomechanics and Nanomechanics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828143.001.0001.

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The Les Houches Summer School 2015 covered the emerging fields of cavity optomechanics and quantum nanomechanics. Optomechanics is flourishing and its concepts and techniques are now applied to a wide range of topics. Modern quantum optomechanics was born in the late 70s in the framework of gravitational wave interferometry, initially focusing on the quantum limits of displacement measurements. Carlton Caves, Vladimir Braginsky, and others realized that the sensitivity of the anticipated large-scale gravitational-wave interferometers (GWI) was fundamentally limited by the quantum fluctuations of the measurement laser beam. After tremendous experimental progress, the sensitivity of the upcoming next generation of GWI will effectively be limited by quantum noise. In this way, quantum-optomechanical effects will directly affect the operation of what is arguably the world’s most impressive precision experiment. However, optomechanics has also gained a life of its own with a focus on the quantum aspects of moving mirrors. Laser light can be used to cool mechanical resonators well below the temperature of their environment. After proof-of-principle demonstrations of this cooling in 2006, a number of systems were used as the field gradually merged with its condensed matter cousin (nanomechanical systems) to try to reach the mechanical quantum ground state, eventually demonstrated in 2010 by pure cryogenic techniques and a year later by a combination of cryogenic and radiation-pressure cooling. The book covers all aspects—historical, theoretical, experimental—of the field, with its applications to quantum measurement, foundations of quantum mechanics and quantum information. Essential reading for any researcher in the field.
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Book chapters on the topic "Cryogenics; Laser cooling"

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Gröblacher, Simon. "Mechanical Laser Cooling in Cryogenic Cavities." In Quantum Opto-Mechanics with Micromirrors, 101–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34955-3_5.

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Chatain, D., J. P. Perin, and D. Desenne. "Target Cooling System for the Laser Beam Megajoule Facility." In Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, 1355–62. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4215-5_51.

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Boto, Elena, Niall Holmes, Tim M. Tierney, James Leggett, Ryan Hill, Stephanie Mellor, Gillian Roberts, Gareth R. Barnes, Richard Bowtell, and Matthew J. Brookes. "Magnetoencephalography Using Optically Pumped Magnetometers." In Fifty Years of Magnetoencephalography, 104–24. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190935689.003.0008.

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This chapter explores one of the most promising alternatives to superconducting quantum-interference devices (SQUIDs) as the fundamental building block of magnetoencephalography (MEG) systems: optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs). OPMs exploit the spin properties of alkali atoms, using a technique known as optical pumping to prepare a gas of atoms such that its opacity to laser light becomes a sensitive marker of a local magnetic field. The theoretical sensitivity of the OPM surpasses even that of the SQUID, and OPMs operate without cryogenic cooling. Moreover, they are small and lightweight, offering the potential for development of a flexible MEG system, which could be adapted to any head shape and in principle could become wearable such that subjects could move freely during data acquisition. Because the external surface of an OPM is at approximately body temperature, the sensing volume can be placed close to the head, increasing the signal strength. When operated in the spin exchange relaxation-free (SERF) regime, their bandwidth is suited to MEG acquisition, and their dynamic range, although limited, is acceptable.
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Conference papers on the topic "Cryogenics; Laser cooling"

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Stone, M. "Optical Solid State Cooling within a Laser." In ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGEINEERING: Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference - CEC. AIP, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1774887.

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Eisenstein, Gadi. "How short time scales substitute for cryogenic cooling: quantum coherent effect in room temperature QD amplifiers (Conference Presentation)." In Semiconductor Lasers and Laser Dynamics, edited by Krassimir Panajotov, Marc Sciamanna, and Rainer Michalzik. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2306218.

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Gabzdyl, Jack, A. Johnson, S. Williams, and D. Price. "Laser weld distortion control by cryogenic cooling." In LAMP 2002: International Congress on Laser Advanced Materials Processing, edited by Isamu Miyamoto, Kojiro F. Kobayashi, Koji Sugioka, Reinhart Poprawe, and Henry Helvajian. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.486497.

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Jayich, Andrew, Jack Sankey, Andrei Petrenko, and Jack Harris. "Resolved Sideband Laser Cooling of a Cryogenic Micromechanical Membrane." In Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/qels.2011.qthm3.

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Glur, Hansjuerg, and Thomas Graf. "Avoiding thermal lenses in Nd:YAG with cryogenic cooling." In High-Power Lasers and Applications, edited by Alexis V. Kudryashov and Alan H. Paxton. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.478990.

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Ghasemkhani, Mohammadreza, Alexander R. Albrecht, Seth D. Melgaard, Denis V. Seletskiy, Jeffrey G. Cederberg, and Mansoor Sheik-Bahae. "Cryogenic Intracavity Laser Cooling Using High Power Vertical External Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VECSELs)." In CLEO: QELS_Fundamental Science. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_qels.2013.qtu1e.1.

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Umbrello, D., S. Caruso, S. Yang, F. Crea, O. W. Dillon, and I. S. Jawahir. "The Effect of Cryogenic Cooling on White Layer Formation in Hard Machining." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-65208.

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Microstructural phase transformations, commonly named as the white layer on hard turned components, have in recent times become an interesting research topic in machining. Three main theories have been proposed to justify the mechanisms of white layer formation: (i) rapid heating and quenching; (ii) severe plastic deformation; (iii) surface reaction with the environment. Furthermore, coolant application also affects the surface microstructural alterations resulting from machining operations, which have a significant influence on product performance and life. The present work aims at understanding the effects of cryogenic coolant application on machined surface alterations during orthogonal machining of hardened AISI 52100 bearing steel. Experiments were performed under dry and cryogenic cooling conditions using cubic boron nitride (CBN) tool inserts with varying initial hardness and tool shape. Several experimental techniques were used in order to analyze the machined surface. In particular, optical and scanning electron microscopes (SEM) were used for characterizing the surface topography, whereas the microstructural phase composition analysis and chemical characterization have been performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. The experimental results prove that the microstructural phase changes are partially reduced or can be totally avoided under certain cryogenic cooling conditions. Therefore, cryogenic cooling has the potential to be used for achieving enhanced surface integrity, thus contributing to improved product life and functional performance.
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Kandra, Deepak, Tryfon Charalampopoulos, and Ram Devireddy. "Numerical Investigation of a Novel Method to Vitrify Biological Tissues Using Pulsed Lasers and Cryogenic Temperatures." In ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56197.

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The ability to eliminate freezing damage using “vitrification” (or the formation of glass) has long been an area of intense interest in cryobiology. Typically vitrification is achieved when biological systems are cooled at rates ranging from ∼8,000 °C/min to ∼10,000 °C/min [1–5]. Using traditional cooling methods (immersion in liquid nitrogen), such high cooling rates are currently not achievable, in large tissue sections (∼cm’s). In the present study we investigate a novel method to achieve high cooling rates in large tissue sections by pulsed laser heating in conjunction with cryogenic temperatures, i.e. high cooling rates are achieved by the localized difference in temperature between the laser heated tissue (∼1000’s of °C) and the surrounding liquid nitrogen (∼−160 °C). Additionally, the use of pulsed lasers allows localized heating of the tissue coupled with small time scales of energy deposition (0.1 to 1 pico seconds) such that the heating/thermal damage in tissues is minimized. To amplify this idea further, we developed a numerical model to predict the temperature transients in tissues exposed to laser heating and cryogenic temperatures. Analysis of our numerical simulations suggest that a perturbation of ∼3500 °C in a 5mm thick tissue leads to cooling rates in excess of ∼8000 °C/min throughout the tissue slice. These results indicate the possibility of vitrifying large tissue sections of cryobiological relevance using a combination of laser heating and liquid nitrogen cooling.
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Kuptsov, G. V., V. A. Petrov, V. V. Petrov, and A. V. Laptev. "Optimization of high peak, high average power laser amplifier with cryogenic cooling." In 2020 International Conference Laser Optics (ICLO). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iclo48556.2020.9285724.

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Tokita, Shigeki, Junji Kawanaka, Yasukazu Izawa, Masayuki Fujita, and Toshiyuki Kawashima. "Sapphire-conductive end-cooling of high power cryogenic Yb:YAG laser." In Advanced Solid-State Photonics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/assp.2005.628.

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