Journal articles: 'CRYOGENIC SOAKING'

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Yuan, Yi Gao, and Cheng Hui Xu. "Influence of Cryogenic Treatment on Grinding Residual Stress of WC-Co Cemented Carbides." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 1746–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.1746.

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The changes in residual surface stress state significantly affect the mechanical behaviour of the materials. In this paper, the effect of cryogenic treatment on grinding residual stress of ultra-fine grained WC-Co hardmetals has been investigated by measuring the residual stress of ground carbide surfaces before and after cryogenic treatment. The results show that the cryogenic treatment can relieve the residual stresses of ground carbide surfaces. Relaxation degree of residual stresses is highly dependent on the process parameters of cryogenic treatment, such as soaking temperature, cooling rate and warming rate. The relaxation rate of residual stresses decreases with the decreasing of soaking temperature, warming rate or increasing cooling rate, and does not change obviously with the soaking time.

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Min, N., H. M. Li, CH Xie, and X. C. Wu. "Experimental Investigation Of Segregation Of Carbon Atoms Due To Sub-Zero Cryogenic Treatment In Cold Work Tool Steel By Mechanical Spectroscopy And Atom Probe Tomography." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 1109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0268.

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Abstract In this work, we present mechanical spectroscopy of cold work tool steel subjected to sub-zero cryogenic soaking treatment to reveal the carbon segregation and the subsequent carbides refinement. The maximum of Snoek-Köster (SK) peak height was obtained in the sample subjected to soaking 1h at −130°C cryogenic treatment. The SK peak height is reduced with prolonging the soaking time. The results indicate that an increase in the height of SK peak is connected with an increase in dislocation density and the number of segregated carbon atoms in the vicinity of dislocations or twin planes after martensite transformation at −130°C which is confirmed by corresponding TEM and atom probe tomography measurement. Hence, it is suggested that the isothermal martensite, formed during the cryogenic soaking treatment decreases (APT) the height of SK peak.

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Katoch, Sanjeev, Rakesh Sehgal, and Vishal Singh. "Wear behavior of differently cryogenically treated AISI H13 steel against cold work steel." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 233, no. 2 (June 9, 2018): 292–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408918781621.

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The effect of different cryogenic treatments on the wear behavior of chromium base die steel under dry condition has been examined at five levels of sliding velocity and normal loads. Parameters chosen for cryogenic treatment cycles are subjected to soaking duration of 6, 21, and 36 h at soaking temperatures of −154 ℃ and −184 ℃. Soaking period of 21 h shows higher wear resistance, whereas 36 h treatment shows the reduction in wear resistance. Worn out surface and wear debris exhibit that mechanisms responsible for wear of samples are rupturing of martensitic matrix and delaminating.

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Saranraj, Iyyanar, Sudalaimuthu Ganesan, Lenka Čepová, Muniyandy Elangovan, and Libor Beránek. "Microstructure, Mechanical and Wear Behaviour of Deep Cryogenically Treated EN 52 Silchrome Valve Steel." Materials 15, no. 16 (August 10, 2022): 5484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15165484.

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This study has compared the performance of cryogenically processed EN 52 Silchrome valve steel with untreated material. After completing the standard heat treatment process, EN 52 steel material specimens are subjected to a deep cryogenic process with varying soaking temperatures. The parameters of the deep cryogenic procedure were changed to find the best wear qualities. The key features of valve steel, such as microstructure, mechanical, and wear behaviour are evaluated by conducting a test study. The evolution of wear mechanisms after enhancing qualities of EN 52 steel is studied using scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical and wear behaviour improved due to factors such as fine carbide precipitation, conversion of residual austenite, and carbide refining formed after cryogenic treatment. With a maximum reduction in wear rate of up to 45%, the deep cryogenic treatment of EN 52 steel with a soaking temperature of −140 °C was the ideal parameter. All three cryo-treated samples had better properties than the untreated EN 52 valve steel.

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K, Gunasekaran, Pradeep Kumar G, Thanigaivelan R, Arunachalam R, and Shanmugam V. "Optimization of Turning Parameters of Cryogenic Soaked AZ91 Magnesium Alloy using TOPSIS coupled Taguchi Technique." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 24, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v24i1.a09.

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Magnesium alloys is a lightweight material establishing scope in various fields such as aerospace and automobile. Moreover, magnesium alloys are also considered as a hydrogen storage materials. In order to understand the machining behaviour of magnesium alloy a detail research is planned. In this research the turning experiments are conducted on AZ91 magnesium alloy using the L9 orthogonal array (OA) experimental design. Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) coupled with Taguchi and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) methods are used to analysis the experiments. The influence of cryogenic soaking duration, feed, speed and depth of cut on cutting temperature, surface roughness and cutting force were studied. Based on the TOPSIS analysis the optimal combination for the better response is cryogenic soaking time of 30 min, speed of 500 rpm, feed of 40 mm/min and depth of cut of 0.3mm. As per F value the depth of cut shows the 0.4822 and next best factors are cutting speed and feed rate. The chip analysis reveals that the cryogenic soaking duration level of 60 min is found to reduce the self-ignited chips.

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Kumar, Munish, Hazoor Singh Sidhu, and Buta Singh Sidhu. "Slurry erosion behavior of hydro-turbine steel treated cryogenically at different soaking periods." Materials Research Express 8, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 106524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac2fca.

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Abstract The influence of deep cryogenic treatment on the erosive wear performance of Stainless Steel-316L (SS-316L) used in hydropower plants is studied. For this purpose, several SS-316L samples were held at deep cryogenic temperatures (−196 °C) for different soaking periods (12, 24, 36 h). The erosive wear tests were conducted on a self-fabricated slurry erosion test rig and the same was evaluated by weighing the cumulative mass loss (CML) of samples for every 30 min post erosion. From experimental analysis, it was found that the erosive wear was found to be minimum and the hardness reaches to maximum value after 24 h of the soaking period which could be attributed to the significant microstructural changes such as the transformation of γ-austenite phase into (δ-ferrite+α′-martensite) along with precipitation of numerous carbides after deep cryogenic treatments.

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Patil, Nagraj, K. Gopalakrishna, and B. Sangmesh. "Performance Evaluation of Cryogenic Treated and Untreated Carbide Inserts during Machining of AISI 304 Steel." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 17, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 7709–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.17.1.2020.18.0573.

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The cutting tool in the machining process plays an important role as it acts on the working material. There are a few methodologies have been persued to improve tool life, for example traditional cooling, single layer coating, multilayer coating, heat treatment process, nitrogen cooling and latest being the cryogenic treatment which reported a significant improvement in cutting tool life, chip morphology, reduction in heat generation. Hence, the cryogenic treatment is emerged as the sustainable machining process. This paper presents machining of AISI 304 steel using both cryogenic treated (CT) and untreated (UT) cutting tool insert. The commercially available uncoated carbide insert has been cryogenically treated at -196°C for 24 hours soaking period. The machining test has been conducted under four different cutting speeds. The material characterization of cutting insert is studied by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), hardness test, and microscopic image analysis has been carried out before and after cryogenic treatment. The cutting tool performance is assessed in terms of of wear, cutting temperature, chip morphology, surface roughness under the influence of cryogenic machining and the results are contrast with UT one. The exploratory findings reveals that the deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) with 24 hours soaking period, performed better wear resistance and improved surface roughness of the cutting tool. Also considerable reduction in the flank wear, crater wear, cutting temperature is obtained and found improved chip morphology.

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Min, Na, Tian Yu Ji, Li Juan Zhu, Xiao Chun Wu, and Hong Bin Wang. "Internal Friction Study of the Influence of Deep Cryogenic Treatment on the Microstructure of a Bainitic Steel." Solid State Phenomena 184 (January 2012): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.184.239.

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The influence of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on the microstructure of a bainitic steel is investigated by means of internal friction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Two relaxation peaks (Pc1and Pc2) are observed during cooling and one relaxation peak (Ph) during heating from 100 to 320K. Peak Pc1may be related to dislocation pinning. Peak Phis attributed to dislocation-carbon atoms interaction. The decreasing of peak Phafter cycles deep cryogenic cooling indicates that soaking time under the deep cryogenic temperature is not contributed to the precipitation of carbides, while the cycles cryogenic treatment lead to more fine carbides precipitation.

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Bhowmik, Debottam, and Susanta Kumar Kakoti. "Fitting Regression Model and Optimization of Cutting Parameters In Order To Achieve Economical Machining Of a Cryogenic Soaked Magnesium Alloy." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 992–1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41402.

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Abstract: In present times many industries are giving more importance in reducing the overall cost of production and in this regard reduction in weight of the work material has become necessary which in turn reduces the power consumption required for machining and hence leads to reduction in overall costs. Thus usage of light weight materials has garnered deep interest in the industries. This project deals with the turning of Mg AZ31B alloy for the above stated reasons. The objective of this work is to optimize the influencing cutting parameters like speed, feed, depth of cut and approach angle of the cutting tool by using experimental engineering design techniques like Taguchi method of orthogonal array, analysis of variance method to compute contribution of each of these parameters on the quality of machined output. The response variables taken up for this analysis were surface roughness, material removal rate, tool wear rate and machining time as all these factors governs the quality of the machined product and hence relates to economics of machining. Regression models have been developed in order to study about the mathematical relation between the input cutting parameters and each of the output variables. Contour plots have been drawn to study about interactions between the input cutting parameters and its impact on the output variables. In order to study the effect of cryogenic soaking on the work specimen Vickers hardness test has been performed to check the enhancement of the hardness before and after cryogenic soaking. The experimental data shows that surface roughness is mostly affected by approach angle of the cutting tool whereas material removal rate, tool wear rate and machining time were mostly affected by depth of cut. From the confirmatory test it was evident that Taguchi analysis helps in optimizing the output variables. It was also observed that cryogenic soaking suitably increases the hardness of the material thus making it more machinable. Keywords: Economical Machining, Optimization, Taguchi method, CNC Turning, Mg AZ31B, Regression Modelling, Contour plots, Cryogenic Soaking.

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Yan, Hong Juan, Hong Hai Xu, and Ying Liu. "The Research on Process of Deep Cryogenic Treatment for W4Mo3Cr4VSi HSS Drill." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.457.

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The Deep Cryogenic Treatment(DCT) process of W4Mo3Cr4VSi HSS was studied by orthogonal experiment method. The paper analysed the effect of various DCT process parameters on mechanical properties and observed microstructure before and after DCT treatment by the SEM. The results show that the effect of soaking temperature on the properties of drill is the first factor, the soaking time is second and the cooling rate is third. DCT enhances the transformation of austenite to martensite, and distributable carbide particles are precipitated from martensite. Therefore DCT increase hardness and enhance wear resistance of twist drill.

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Dhande, S. T., V. A. Kane, M. M. Dhobe, and C. L. Gogte. "Influence of Soaking Periods in Cryogenic Treatment of Tungsten Carbide." Procedia Manufacturing 20 (2018): 318–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2018.02.047.

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Sri Siva, R., and M. Shunmuga Priyan. "Precipitation of Fine Carbides, Transformation of the Retained Austenite and Corrosion Properties on EN-31 Steel by Cryogenic Treatment Process." Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 1 (June 10, 2022): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arme-2022.11.1.3287.

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Investigate of precipitation carbides transformation of the retained austenite and corrosion properties on EN-31 steel by cryogenic treatment method. In this work to identify the percentage of retained austenite and corrosion rate, was presented on EN 31 bearing steel by which cryogenic treatment process. Further, the hardness values of CHT and DCT were compared by using the microstructure view of the CHT and DCT samples. The optimized cryotreated samples were prepared for metallographic examination as per ASTM E3-01. Then the specimen was subjected to factor level setting like cooling rate, soaking period, soaking temperature and tempering temperature at various conditions. Moreover, the precipitation of fine carbides and the transformation of retained austenite to martensite showed considerable variations in the hardness of the optimized DCT samples compared to the CHT samples. The mean hardness value of this sample is 861HV and 19.20%, 847HV and 17.25%, 838HV and 17.10%, 857HV and 18.40%, 790HV and 13.45% improvement in the hardness compared to CHT.

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Franklin, M., P. Perumal, and P. Keerthi Vasan. "A Review Article on Various Phytochemicals and Different Medicinal Activities of Haritaki." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 6 (July 16, 2020): 1445–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jun1041.

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Heat treatment process is a resultant process to improve the mechanical and metallurgical properties of the material. Deep cryogenic treatment is not an alternative process to the heat treatment process it is a complimentary process to the heat treatment and it affects the entire cross section of the material. Deep cryogenic treatment is a heat treatment process where the material is subjected to comparatively extreme low temperature condition in order to enhance the mechanical and metallurgical behaviors of the material. Low alloyed case hardening steels used for manufacturing of parts which required to withstand high operating condition such as axle drives, gears & shafts. In this proposed work 20MnCr5 steel has been subjected to Deep Cryogenic Treatment at different soaking temperature and period. A comparative characterization study has to be conducted, before and after the cryogenic treatment, to investigate the behavior of materials.

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Marzuki, Alfa Sendya Hayu, Satrio Herbirowo, Bintang Adjiantoro, Yeni Muriani Zulaida, and Efendi Mabruri. "Studi Pengaruh Paduan Cr/Mo dengan Waktu Perendaman Cryogenic Treatment terhadap Sifat Keras, Tangguh, Tahan Abrasif, dan Struktur Mikro Baja Ni berbasis Laterit." Metal Indonesia 42, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32423/jmi.2020.v42.20-27.

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Grinding ball merupakan salah satu komponen dari industri tambang dan pengolahan mineral yang mempengaruhi biaya produksi. Kebutuhan grinding ball dalam negeri saat ini masih bergantung pada produk impor. Pemilihan baja berbasis laterit karena cadangan laterit di Indonesia sangat melimpah, selain itu baja laterit sudah memiliki kandungan nikel dimana unsur paduan tersebut baik untuk meningkatkan kekerasan yang dibutuhkan pada grinding ball. Namun tingkat kekerasan baja berbasis laterit yang digunakan pada penelitian ini belum memiliki nilai yang cukup untuk digunakan sebagai material grinding ball. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini dilakukan proses cryogenic treatment dengan variasi waktu perendaman 10, 60, dan 360 menit serta menggunakan perbedaan komposisi paduan Cr dan Mo kemudian dilakukan pengujian kekerasan, ketahanan aus, ketangguhan dan analisis struktur mikro. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa kekerasan setelah perlakuan mengalami peningkatan signifikan dari 17 menjadi 33,55 HRC. Selain itu, ketahanan abrasif setelah perlakuan juga meningkat seiring dengan penambahan waktu perendaman dari 0,000603 menjadi 0,000475 mg/cm2·putaran. Peningkatan tersebut terjadi karena adanya peningkatan persentase martensit pada sampel. Nilai kekerasan dan ketahanan aus terbaik terdapat pada sampel dengan paduan CrMo pada waktu perendaman 360 menit yaitu 44,1 HRC dan 0,000475 mg/cm2·putaran. Sehingga pada penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa waktu perendaman cryogenic treatment dan komposisi paduan Cr dan Mo berpengaruh terhadap kekerasan, ketahanan abrasif serta ketangguhan baja nikel berbasis laterit. Grinding ball is a component of the mining and mineral processing industry that affects production costs. Grinding ball needs in Indonesia still depend on imported products. Laterite-based steel is chosen because of the resource of laterite in Indonesia are very abundant, besides laterite steel has nickel content which is great for increasing the hardness that needed in grinding ball. However, the hardness of Ni laterite steel used in this study does not have enough hardness to be used as a grinding ball material. Therefore, in this study cryogenic treatment was carried out with variations in soaking time during10, 60 and 360 minutes and also using differences in the alloying composition of Cr/Mo then performed characterization of hardness, abrasive resistance, toughness and microstructure analysis. Based on the results obtained showed that hardness after treatment increases with increasing soaking time from 17 to 33,55 HRC significantly. In addition, abrasive resistance after treatment also increases with increasing soaking time from 0,000603 to 0,000475 mg/cm2.cycle. This increase occurred because of an increase in the percentage of the martensite phase in the sample. The optimum value of hardness and wear resistance is found in samples with CrMo alloy at 360 minutes soaking time, which is 44.1 HRC and 0.000475 mg/cm2·cycle. This study shows that cryogenic treatment soaking time and Cr and Mo alloy composition affect the hardness, abrasive resistance, and toughness of laterite nickel-based steel.

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Vinothkumar, Thilla Sekar, Deivanayagam Kandaswamy, Gopalakrishnan Prabhakaran, and Arunachalam Rajadurai. "Effect of dry cryogenic treatment on Vickers hardness and wear resistance of new martensitic shape memory nickel-titanium alloy." European Journal of Dentistry 09, no. 04 (October 2015): 513–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.172626.

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ABSTRACT Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the role of dry cryogenic treatment (CT) temperature and time on the Vickers hardness and wear resistance of new martensitic shape memory (SM) nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloy. The null hypothesis tested was that there is no difference in Vickers hardness and wear resistance between SM NiTi alloys following CT under two soaking temperatures and times. Materials and Methods: The composition and the phase transformation behavior of the alloy were examined by X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. Fifteen cylindrical specimens and 50 sheet specimens were subjected to different CT conditions: Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) 24 group: −185°C, 24 h; DCT six group: −185°C, 6 h; shallow cryogenic treatment (SCT) 24 group: −80°C, 24 h; SCT six group: −80°C, 6 h; and control group. Wear resistance was assessed from weight loss before and after reciprocatory wet sliding wear. Results: The as-received SM NiTi alloy contained 50.8 wt% nickel and possessed austenite finish temperature (Af) of 45.76°C. Reduction in Vickers hardness of specimens in DCT 24 group was highly significant (P < 0.01; Tukey's honest significant difference [HSD]). The weight loss was significantly higher in DCT 24 group (P < 0.05; Tukey's HSD). Conclusion: Deep dry CT with 24 h soaking period significantly reduces the hardness and wear resistance of SM NiTi alloy.

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Yan, Hong Juan, Hong Hai Xu, and Xin Min Li. "Experimental Research on Deep Cryogenic Treatment Process of YT30 Cemented Carbide Inserts." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 702–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.702.

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Deep Cryogenic treatment (DCT) is a one time permanent process, carried out in such a way that the material is slowly cooled down to the cryogenic temperature, after which it is held at that temperature for a specified period of time and is heated back to room temperature at slow rate followed by low temperature tempering. In this study, the orthogonal experiment method was used to study the DCT process of YT30 cemented carbide inserts. The primary relation of the different factors of DCT was analyzed. TH300 sclerometer was used to measure the hardness of inserts. The microscopes were used to observe the wearing profiles of inserts and microstructures before and after DCT. The orthogonal experiment results show that the effect of soaking temperature on the properties of inserts is the first factor, the soaking time is second one, the cooling rate is third one, and the last one is the tempering temperature. DCT improves the multi-type martensite transformation of Co. Therefore DCT increases hardness and enhance wear resistance of the cemented carbide inserts.

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Wannaprawat, Nuwan, and Karuna Tuchinda. "Influence of Soaking Time on Deep Cryogenic Treatment of CuCoNiBe Alloy." Engineering Journal 26, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4186/ej.2022.26.4.25.

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Luo, Fang, Xiaosong Jiang, Yali Zhang, Hongliang Sun, and Zhenyi Shao. "Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of a CoCrFeNiMo medium-entropy alloy." Materials Testing 64, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2021-2049.

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Abstract The effects of different soaking times and cycles of deep cryogenic treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Co28.5Cr21.5Fe20Ni26Mo4 medium entropy alloys were studied. The results show that the maximum hardness and compress strength were 364 HV and 3153 MPa after cryogenic deep treatment for 8 h, which were increased by about 9.97% and 33.32%, respectively. The maximum hardness and compressive strength were 375 HV and 3039 MPa, which were increased by about 13.29% and 28.50%, respectively, after three deep cryogenic cyclic times. The reason is that μ phase is rich in Mo, and Mo element has high strength and hardness. After deep cryogenic treatment, the agglomeration of μ phase in the alloys was improved, the distribution of μ phase was more uniform, the content of μ phase was increased, and the content of Mo element in the μ phase was increased, so that the strengthening effect of μ phase was enhanced.

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Vahdat, Seyed Ebrahim, and Keyvan Seyedi Niaki. "XRD, STEM, and Tensile Properties of AISI S1 Tool Steel after Deep Cryogenic Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 1088 (February 2015): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1088.195.

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Successful employment of advanced tool steel in engineering applications is related to its ability in terms of meeting service life requirements and fabrication with proper dimensions. Deep cryogenic treatment may be used to produce advanced tool steel by simultaneously increasing toughness, strength, and hardness. Twelve sets of specimens were tested in this paper, 9 of which were deep cryogenic treated and then tempered. Tensile properties, hardness, X-ray diffraction, and scanning transmission electron microscopy were applied for macroscopic and microscopic investigations. The best results of simultaneous improvement in toughness, hardness, and strength were obtained for 36 h soaking time and 1 h tempering time.

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Singla, Anil Kumar, Jagtar Singh, Vishal S. Sharma, Munish Kumar Gupta, Qinghua Song, Dariusz Rozumek, and Grzegorz M. Krolczyk. "Impact of Cryogenic Treatment on HCF and FCP Performance of β-Solution Treated Ti-6Al-4V ELI Biomaterial." Materials 13, no. 3 (January 21, 2020): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030500.

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The poor fatigue strength of Ti-6Al-4V ELI is a main cause of failure in structural implants. In this work, Ti-6Al-4V ELI was subjected to β-solution treatment to obtain martensite microstructure and further subjected to −196 °C for 24 h. Significant improvement in high cycle fatigue performance of martensite Ti-6Al-4V ELI was observed on exposure to cryogenic cycle. Resistance to fatigue crack growth of alloy was augmented in martensite structure as compared with mill annealed sample and the same was retained even after exposure to cryogenic treatment. The variation observed in fatigue behavior due to cryogenic treatment was correlated with fractography and metallurgical investigations. Improvement in high cycle fatigue performance can be attributed to a combined effect of a decrease in the size of prior β grain, formation of massive α patch and its subsequent transformation into ultra-fine α and β during the soaking period at −196 °C.

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Vinothkumar, Thilla Sekar, Deivanayagam Kandaswamy, Gopalakrishnan Prabhakaran, and Arunachalam Rajadurai. "Mechanical behavior of deep cryogenically treated martensitic shape memory nickel–titanium rotary endodontic instruments." European Journal of Dentistry 10, no. 02 (April 2016): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.178314.

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ABSTRACT Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on the cyclic fatigue resistance and cutting efficiency of martensitic shape memory (SM) nickel–titanium (NiTi) rotary endodontic instruments. Materials and Methods: Seventy-five HyFlex® CM instruments were randomly divided into three groups of 25 each and subjected to different DCT (–185°C) conditions based on soaking time: DCT 24 group: 24 h, DCT 6 group: 6 h, and control group. Each group was randomly subdivided for evaluation of cyclic fatigue resistance in custom-made artificial canals (n = 15) and cutting efficiency in plexiglass simulators (n = 10). The cyclic fatigue resistance was measured by calculating the number of cycles to failure (NCF) and cutting efficiency was measured using the loss of weight method. Results: Increase in NCF of instruments in DCT 24 group was highly significant (P < 0.01; Tukey's honest significant difference). There was no difference in weight loss of plexiglass simulators in all the groups (P > 0.05; one-way analysis of variance). In conclusion, deep dry cryogenic treatment with 24 h soaking time significantly increases the cyclic fatigue resistance without affecting the cutting efficiency of SM NiTi endodontic instruments.

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Wannaprawat, Nuwan, and Karuna Tuchinda. "Study of Deep Cryogenic Treatment Process Effect on Microstructure and Properties of CuBeZr Alloy." Key Engineering Materials 841 (May 2020): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.841.335.

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The aim of this research was study the influence of the Deep Cryogenic Treatment (DCT) on the microstructure transformation and materials properties of beryllium copper alloy (CuBeZr alloy). Microstructure analysis such as size, shape and number of precipitates were studied by Optical microscopy (OM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Microstructure analysis showed that transformation into the rod shape precipitates appeared after the process. The dispersion of CuNi precipitates and CuNiZr precipitates in the ⍺ matrix after deep cryogenic treatment was found to be increased. The change in number of CuNi precipitates and CuNiZr precipitates led to an increase in hardness and wear resistance. The maximum increase in hardness of 11% was observed with 48 hours soaking time with a reduction in surface wear of approx. 60%.

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Ramesh Kannan, C., S. Manivannan, J. Vairamuthu, Samuel Tilahun, M. D. Vijayakumar, and B. Stalin. "Investigation of cryogenic soaking period on flank wear in turning using Response Surface Methodology." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 988 (December 16, 2020): 012110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/988/1/012110.

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Baldissera, Paolo, and Cristiana Delprete. "Fatigue Focused Optimization of Treatment Parameters – A Case Study about Deep Cryogenic Treatment." Key Engineering Materials 488-489 (September 2011): 498–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.488-489.498.

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The problem of treatment parameter optimization focused on the fatigue resistance is analysed through a case study about Deep Cryogenic Treatment (DCT) of AISI 302 steel. In particular, the possibility to integrate fatigue data fittings through the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) method in the optimization process is evaluated. Two levels of two parameters (soaking time and temperature) are considered and then expanded to three by proper scaling of their values in order to include the untreated case as a “zero” level. Fatigue focused optimization is then achieved by standard Response Surface Method (RSM) and by MLE with two models for comparison purposes.

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Singh, Paramjit, Harish Pungotra, and Nirmal S. Kalsi. "Parametric optimization of deep cryogenic treatment for the wear response of implant material UNS R56700: Taguchi’s approach." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 234, no. 1 (November 5, 2019): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411919884775.

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Using the Taguchi’s robust design of experiments methodology, this article presents the systematic identification and optimization of most influential parameters of deep cryogenic treatment process to minimize the specific wear rate of UNS R56700 (Ti6Al7Nb). In addition to the different soaking durations (0–96 h) at 77 K and different tempering temperatures (room temperature, 403–523 K), three commonly used variables of pin-on-disk test, namely, sliding speed (1.047–2.723 ms−1), contact pressure (0.641–1.282 MPa), and sliding time (600–2280 s) were chosen to conduct the tests. During dry sliding conditions, pin-on-disk tribo-tests were performed to slide Ti6Al7Nb on the surface of UNS 52986 (En31) material as per standardized ASTM G99 guidelines. Experimentally measured wear rate values were converted to signal–noise ratio to statistically analyze the influence of five control variables using pooled analysis of variance and F-test. Statistically found influential control variables are confirmed experimentally. The results show that sliding speed, contact pressure and soaking duration are the most significant factors influencing the wear rate. In contrast, the parameters, that is, tempering temperature and sliding time, exhibit a lower level of influence. Microstructural characterizations done using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques suggested that deep cryogenic treatment favors the refinement of grain size of present phases with reduction in β-stabilization (β-phase) in Ti6Al7Nb. The possible reasons for the improvement in wear rate of Ti6Al7Nb underlying the morphological alterations have been explained.

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Laksanasittiphan, Somchai, Karuna Tuchinda, Anchalee Manonukul, and Surasak Suranuntchai. "Use of Deep Cryogenic Treatment to Reduce Particle Contamination Induced Problem in Hard Disk Drive." Key Engineering Materials 730 (February 2017): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.730.265.

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In this study, the effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the generation of stainless steel particles in screw tightening process in hard disc drive assembly was investigated. During the cryogenic treatment, the specimens of both stainless steel screw and contacting tool (called as “bit”) material were quenched in a chamber containing liquid nitrogen at-196 oC with the soaking times of 33 hr. The specimens were then subjected to sliding wear tests under normal loading conditions. The experiments used for simulating dry sliding wear mechanisms were carried out by TriboGear machine. The machine consists of a stationary bit loaded against the plate containing screw. The screws used were made of martensitic 410 stainless steel and the bit was made of S2 tool steel. The experiments were carried out under both under single and multiple loading cycles under the normal load corresponding to the effective stresses higher and lower than the yield strength of screw material. The results showed that the deep cryogenic treatment led to more homogeneous distribution of fine size carbide particles in both martensitic 410 stainless steel and S2 tool steel. This lead to different failure mechanism of the stainless steel resulting in smaller and slender stainless steel particles generated. This was expected due to the effect of the change in the dimension of carbide, the stress distribution in the material and the crack propagation path.

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Mohamed, Hareer S., Ali H. Ataiwi, and Jamal J. Dawood. "Mechanical Properties of Martensitic Stainless Steel (AISI420) Subjected to Conventional and Cryogenic Treatments." Engineering and Technology Journal 38, no. 8A (August 25, 2020): 1096–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v38i8a.517.

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Martensitic Stainless Steel (AISI420) MSS are vastly used because of their properties conventional which mix good mechanical and corrosion resistance. Cryogenic up to -196°C for different soaking time and heat treatments at (1000,500,200°C) for 15 minutes is one of the ways that used to enhance mechanical properties of these steels by means transformation of retained austenite, deformation regarding martensite then carbide refinement. the result showed an increase in tensile strength of samples that were treated cryogenically and tempered at 500°C was 933 (MPa) compared to samples that just treated conventionally in austenitizing and tempering at the same temperature that was 880 (MPa). The hardness values increased considerably to 414HV and 321 HV for the specimen that tempered at 200°C and 500°C respectively, precipitation of small carbides was observed that this is responsible for the improvement in the mechanical properties of the material.

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Jandová, Dagmar, Pavel Šuchmann, and Jana Nižňanská. "Microstructure of Tool Steel X37CrMoV5 after Cryogenic Treatment and its Effect on Wear Resistance." Key Engineering Materials 647 (May 2015): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.647.23.

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<p>A deep cryogenic heat treatment (DCT) was applied to X37CrMoV5 steel, which included soaking at -160°C for 12 and 30 hours followed by tempering at 180°C. Microstructures were compared with those after conventional heat treatment (HT). Microstructures with conspicuous dendritic segregation were observed in all specimens. After HT coarser and finer tempered martensite occurred in depleted and enriched areas of carbon and alloying elements respectively. Coarse molybdenum and vanadium carbides, fine secondary Fe2MoC carbides and retained austenite were identified after HT. Deep freezing resulted in microstructure refinement, transformation of retained austenite into twinned martensite, spinodal decomposition of martensite plates and precipitation of semicoherent h-carbide. The mechanism of h-carbide precipitation was discussed. Wear rate was measured using pin-on-disc test. The best results were obtained after DCT with cryosoaking for 12 hours.</p>

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Arunkarthikeyan, K., and K. Balamurugan. "Studies on the impact of soaking time on a cryogenic processed and post tempered WC-Co insert." Materials Today: Proceedings 44 (2021): 1692–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.869.

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Huang, Chia-Ying, Nathalie Meier, Martin Caffrey, Meitian Wang, and Vincent Olieric. "3D-printed holders for in meso in situ fixed-target serial X-ray crystallography." Journal of Applied Crystallography 53, no. 3 (April 23, 2020): 854–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576720002897.

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The in meso in situ serial X-ray crystallography method was developed to ease the handling of small fragile crystals of membrane proteins and for rapid data collection on hundreds of microcrystals directly in the growth medium without the need for crystal harvesting. To facilitate mounting of these in situ samples on a goniometer at cryogenic or at room temperatures, two new 3D-printed holders have been developed. They provide for cubic and sponge phase sample stability in the X-ray beam and are compatible with sample-changing robots. The holders can accommodate a variety of window material types, as well as bespoke samples for diffraction screening and data collection at conventional macromolecular crystallography beamlines. They can be used for convenient post-crystallization treatments such as ligand and heavy-atom soaking. The design, assembly and application of the holders for in situ serial crystallography are described. Files for making the holders using a 3D printer are included as supporting information.

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Alcorn, Thomas, and Douglas H. Juers. "Progress in rational methods of cryoprotection in macromolecular crystallography." Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography 66, no. 4 (March 24, 2010): 366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s090744490903995x.

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Cryogenic cooling of macromolecular crystals is commonly used for X-ray data collection both to reduce crystal damage from radiation and to gather functional information by cryogenically trapping intermediates. However, the cooling process can damage the crystals. Limiting cooling-induced crystal damage often requires cryoprotection strategies, which can involve substantial screening of solution conditions and cooling protocols. Here, recent developments directed towards rational methods for cryoprotection are described. Crystal damage is described in the context of the temperature response of the crystal as a thermodynamic system. As such, the internal and external parts of the crystal typically have different cryoprotection requirements. A key physical parameter, the thermal contraction, of 26 different cryoprotective solutions was measured between 294 and 72 K. The range of contractions was 2–13%, with the more polar cryosolutions contracting less. The potential uses of these results in the development of cryocooling conditions, as well as recent developments in determining minimum cryosolution soaking times, are discussed.

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Essam, Mahmoud A., Ahmed Y. Shash, Mohamed Kamal El-Fawakhry, Emad El-Kashif, and Hassan Megahed. "Effect of Deep Cryogenic Treatment on Wear Behavior of Cold Work Tool Steel." Metals 13, no. 2 (February 13, 2023): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13020382.

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Shock resisting cold work tool steel is one of the most applicable steels for several applications such as cutting sheets, chisels, hammers, etc. It has been categorized according to its characteristic properties into different categories as hot and cold work tool steel. This work aims to study the effects of conventional and deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on shock-resistant cold work tool steel. In this study, three alloys were cast and prepared with different carbides forming elements such as vanadium (V) and niobium (Nb). The samples were quenched in water at 900 ℃ followed by a tempering treatment at 200 ℃ for 30 min. After quenching in water, the other samples were subjected to DCT at −196 ℃ for a 5-h soaking time, followed by tempering at 200 ℃ for 30 min. To study the wear behavior of the three heats, pin-on-disc tests were used, where the sliding speed was kept constant at a value of 0.5 m/s. The normal applied loads during the wear test were 50 N and 100 N. In order to understand the wear behavior, wear tracks were studied by scanning electron microscopy, coefficient of friction and weight loss were evaluated. The results showed that the lowest average coefficient of friction was achieved by a sample of steel 3 with quenching + DCT at a load of 100 N of load by value of 0.33. A sample of steel 3 at load 50 N achieved the lowest weight loss by using DCT plus tempering. On the other hand, a sample of steel 3 achieved the lowest weight loss at 100 N by using quenching + DCT.

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Kursuncu, Bilal. "Influence of cryogenic heat-treatment soaking period and temperature on performance of sintered carbide cutting tools in milling of Inconel 718." International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 92 (November 2020): 105323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2020.105323.

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Zare, Ahmad, and S. R. Hosseini. "Influence of soaking time in deep cryogenic treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of low-alloy medium-carbon HY-TUF steel." International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials 23, no. 6 (June 2016): 658–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12613-016-1278-0.

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Khan, I., R. Gillilan, I. Kriksunov, R. Williams, W. R. Zipfel, and U. Englich. "Confocal microscopy on the beamline: novel three-dimensional imaging and sample positioning." Journal of Applied Crystallography 45, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): 936–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s002188981203470x.

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Confocal microscopy, a technique that has been extensively applied in cellular biological studies, may also be applied to the visualization and three-dimensional imaging of protein crystals at high resolution on synchrotron beamlines. Protein crystal samples are examined using a commercially available confocal microscope adapted for cryogenic use. A preliminary test using a custom confocal design adapted for beamline use is also presented. The confocal optics configuration is compatible with nonlinear imaging techniques such as two-photon excited fluorescence imaging and second harmonic generation. The possibilities of this method are explored using two modes: fluorescence and reflection confocal. In fluorescence mode, small amounts of dye are introduced into the crystal through soaking or growth conditions. Under such conditions, protein crystals are easily resolved from salts and amorphous precipitates, which do not generally take up dye. Reflection mode, which does not require dye, still exhibits greater resolution and sensitivity to surface detail than conventional wide-field microscopy as a result of the confocal optics configuration. The inherent three-dimensional nature of the method means that on-axis sample views (along the direction of the X-ray beam) can be reconstructed from an off-axis configuration, simplifying the beamline setup and providing uniquely detailed views of cryogenically cooled crystals.

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Suprapto, Wahyono, Yudy Surya Irawan, Sudjito Suparman, Muhammad Rafi Amrullah, Pratama Auliasyah, and Aditya Rafi Ramdhani. "The effect of hold-melt time of micro-regime precipitation size and hardness in Al-Cu alloy." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, no. 2 (March 22, 2023): 222–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2023.002684.

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This study aims to control the characterization and mechanical properties of smelting Al-Cu Alloy through Hold-Melt Time. This research uses aluminum scrap and copper wire scrap to produce quality as-cast ingots, clean the environment, and increase waste utilization. Copper melting point of 1083 °C is immersed in molten aluminum at a temperature of 900 °C for 10–30 minutes causing copper to dissolve in aluminum due to smelting events based on diffusion phenomena. Parameters of temperature and immersion time of copper in molten aluminum in this study are expressed by hold-melt time. In the copper aluminum alloy trade, commonly called Duralumin, it is commonly used for impact loads and is heat-treatable. Resistance to cryogenic temperatures, in the future Duralumin has the potential to replace stainless steel. This study used an electric resistance furnace with the specifications for smelting aluminum 3 kg, electric power 2.5–3.0 kW, electric voltage 220 Volts, maximum temperature 1000 °C. It had been conducted an experiment where copper had been melted under its melting point in duralumin ingot casting. In this study, copper pieces were soaked in liquid aluminum with temperature of 900 °C. After 10–30 minutes of holding melt, the soaked copper became Al-Cu alloys and was called molten Duralumin. After the molten duralumin had been cleaned from dross, it was poured into ingot casting. From specific weight test, more soaking time of the copper in liquid aluminum caused specific weight of ingot duralumin increase from 47.08 % to 57.56 % and its hardness increase from 93 to 113 BHN. This study contributes on melting energy saving and improves the characteristic and hardness of ingot aluminum type 2xxx

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Van Der Linden, Peter, Antoine Royant, Sean Mc Sweeney, Christoph Mueller-Dieckmann, and Philippe Carpentier. "Pressure and high-pressure macromolecular crystallography at the ESRF." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205327331408810x.

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Almost all diffraction experiments in structural biology are done at cryogenic temperature to mitigate radiation damage with cryoprotected crystals to avoid solvent crystallization and its harmful consequences: formation of ice rings, loss of diffraction and exaggeration of mosaicities. Crystallographers often protect crystals with glycerol rather than with genuine conditions whose search is time consuming. Moreover, cryo-protection has detrimental consequences: Soaking somewhat destabilizes crystals, mosaicity expend upon cooling, cryo-agents may interact with macromolecules and in extreme cases, cryo-conditions are destructive. High pressure (HP) cooling is an alternative method which consists of flash-cooling cryoprotectant-free samples under 200 MPa of Helium [1]. The solvent is directly turned into high density amorphous (HDA) ice avoiding water crystallization and preserving/improving the sample quality owing to the absence of cryo-agents and to HAD-ice properties. We have developed a HP-cooling system and its associated methodology paying attention to user-friendliness and throughput aspects through a new pluggable Spine compatible base-pin and to its handling-toolkit [2]. The machine allows vitrifying solution with 5% glycerol for cooling diluted bio-objects, but importantly, it is very effective for cryoprotectant-free crystals since the sole mother liquor components act as anti-freeze agents. Its capability was demonstrated with test crystals and resulting structures appear isomorphous to those deposited in the PDB since the structural changes are limited to flexible loops. Nevertheless, pressure is a key thermodynamic variable which produces structural modifications associated with different conformational protein substates or reaction coordinates [3], and we provide examples of HP structures which address biological questions. On the basis of the HP-cooling technique, we have designed a novel of pressure cell for gases of biological interest. The method takes advantage of thermodynamic properties which allow liquefying pressurized gases; crystals are soaked in the gas phase prior to be flash-frozen in the liquid phase without pressure relaxation. This technique has been applied to noble gas derivatives and oxygen sensitive macromolecules.

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"The Influence of Deep Cryogenic Treatment (DCT) on the Mechanical Behaviour of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 9, no. 1 (November 10, 2019): 1425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.a4167.119119.

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The outcome of cryogenic treatment (CTT) on the mechanical behaviour of Al alloy LM 25, LM25+5% fly ash and LM25+10%fly ash composites was investigated. Cryogenic treatments were performed with threedifferent soaking periods (0 hr (Untreated), 12hr, 24hr) ata constant cryogenic temperature of -196°C. After the CTT, the mechanical behaviour of the materials was measured. It is obvious that LM25+10% fly ash composites exhibitbetter mechanical properties than the LM25 and LM25+10% fly ash composites.As cryogenic soaking period increases mechanical properties of the MMCs tend to increase too. The effect of fly ash mass percentage and cryogenic soaking period on the mechanical behaviour of materials was studied by using Taguchi and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).

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"The Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on the Wear Resistance of Al Alloy-Fly Ash Composites." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 9, no. 1 (October 30, 2019): 5115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.a1396.109119.

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The effect of cryogenic treatment on the wear resistance of aluminium alloy LM 25, LM25+5 % fly ash and LM25+10% fly ash composites, which are synthesized by squeeze casting method, was investigated. The impact of the parameters on the wear resistance was studied under two different cryogenic soaking periods [0hrs (untreated), 12hrs and 24 hrs.] and three different load and sliding velocities with the help of pin-on-disc test rig. The wear tests were performed according to Taguchi’s approach. The percentage contribution of the cryogenic soaking period was determined by means of analysis of variance. The load was found to be more significant than cryogenic soaking period and velocity on wear loss of the composites. Regression model was generated to envisage the wear loss.

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Singh, Gurkirat, and Kailash N. Pandey. "Effect of soaking time on deep cryogenic treatment of Nimonic-90 alloy." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering, August 24, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09544089231193507.

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The current experimental work on Nimonic-90 alloy presents the behaviour of hardness as a result of microstructural change occurring after deep cryogenic treatment. The results of the microstructure alterations at sub-zero temperature showed an effective change in hardness. Compared to the hardness value corresponding to a 36-h soaking period, the 24-h soaking period's hardness value was lower. One of the main factors contributing to the enhancement in Nimonic-90's hardness was the phase change and grain size reduction during the soaking period. Nimonic-90's hardness behaviour was largely controlled by tempering following deep cryogenic treatment. The maximum and minimum hardness values were corresponding to 100 °C and 200 °C, respectively. At the soaking period of 36 h, tempering temperature of 100 °C and tempering time of 1 h, and the hardness of Nimonic-90 came as 443.36 HV. With more tempering cycles and higher tempering temperatures, a corresponding decline in hardness value was observed. The sample that was subjected to a tempering temperature of 200 °C, a soaking time of 24 h, and three tempering had the lowest value of hardness out of all the deep cryogenically treated samples. According to the findings, the maximum hardness was 1.56 times the hardness of untreated sample.

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Singh, Gurkirat, and K. N. Pandey. "Effect of cryogenic treatment on properties of materials: A review." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering, April 19, 2022, 095440892210901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09544089221090189.

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The objective of this review paper is to introduce Cryogenic temperature effect on different properties of materials. Results showed that cryogenic operation improves properties like hardness, fatigue strength, tensile strength, toughness and resistance to wear in comparison to conventional operations. The improvement is a result of microstructural changes at cryogenic temperature which helps in conversion of austenite to martensite and carbide nucleation. The results also showed that doing tempering before or after cryogenic operation has significant influence on material properties which helps to achieve better carbide distribution. Different heat treatment sequences which involve tempering before or after Deep Cryogenic Treatment (DCT), provides varied results. Soaking time at cryogenic temperature also has an important role in refinement of microstructure and affect material properties.

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Singh, Gurkirat, and Kailash Nath Pandey. "Effect of deep cryogenic treatment, tempering temperature and time on hardness of Nimonic-90." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering, March 7, 2023, 095440892311597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09544089231159780.

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The present study has been done to determine the effect of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on the hardness of Nimonic-90. From the study, it has been found that the hardness of the material is significantly affected with cryogenic treatment which includes soaking the samples at subzero temperature (−196 °C) for 24 h and 48 h and tempering operation which includes heating the samples in temperature range of 100–200 °C. Also, it has been found that as the tempering temperature decreases from 200–100 °C, the hardness of the samples increases. The number of tempering cycles affected the hardness of the samples as well. The lowest hardness value came out for the untreated sample as 284 HV. Among all the cryo-treated samples, the highest value of hardness was for the single tempering at a tempering temperature of 100 °C, soaking period of 48 h, and tempering time of 1 h which was 435.76 HV. The minimum hardness in DCT samples was for the case of 24 h soaking period, tempering temperature of 200 °C and tempering time of 3 h. which was 376.9 HV. The tremendous improvement in hardness of Nimonic-90 is because of microstructural changes at different soaking period and tempering temperature which includes phase transformation and morphological changes that includes grain size which decreased from 43 to 4.418 µm, precipitation of Cr23C6, NiC, and Cr2Ti at respective soaking period, tempering temperature, and the number of tempering cycles in each treatment.

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Arslan, Y., I. Uygur, and A. Jazdzewska. "The Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Response of AISI D3 Tool Steel Punches." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 137, no. 3 (June 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4029567.

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Recently, deep cryogenic treatment is performed to improve the mechanical responses (wear, hardness, fatigue, and thermal conductivity) of various steel components. Researchers have tried to evaluate the eco-friendly and nontoxic process to optimize the parameters. Cold-shearing punches used to manufacture various holes that undergo severe impact loading and wear in the metal forming process. This study concerns the effect of soaking time (24 hr, 36 hr) at liquid nitrogen temperature (−145 °C) during the deep cryogenic treatment on the microstructural changes which are carbide distribution and retained austenite percentage of AISI D3 tool steel punches. It was shown that the deep cryogenic treatment reduces retained austenite and enhanced uniform distribution of carbide particles. It is concluded that for significantly improved punch life and performance, it is an advisable application of 36 hr deep cryogenic treatment.

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Velusamy, Mohankumar, Soorya Prakash Kumarasamy, and Sendhil Kumar Sathiavelu. "Investigation of Electrical Discharge Machining Properties of Reinforced Cryogenic Treated AA7075 Composites." Chiang Mai Journal of Science 49, no. 4 (July 29, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/cmjs.2022.065.

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The demand for materials arises to improve the effi ciency of the structural, aerospace and automotive components. It induces to identifi cation and production of composite materials. Amongst the varieties, Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite is widely used in automotive and aerospace industries because if inheriting wide range of acceptable mechanical and tribological properties besides being constructive by holding high strength to weight ratio. Herein, ED machining properties of cryogenic treated AA7075-B4C composites were analysed. B4C particles reinforced Aluminium metal matrix composites were prepared by using one of the liquid metrological method viz. stir casting. The samples were cryogenically treated at various soaking time periods (12, 24 & 36 hours). In ED Machining, material removal (MR) rate, tool wear (TW) rate and surface roughness (Ra) parameters were analysed depending upon the inputs viz. soaking time (SoT), electrode gap (Gap), current, Pon (pulse ON time), Poff (pulse OFF time). Experimentation remarks that current be one of the mostly infl uencing parameter towards ED machining than any other considerations in this part of research.

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Karuppusamy, P., K. Lingadurai, and V. Sivananth. "To Study the Role of WC Reinforcement and Deep Cryogenic Treatment on AZ91 MMNC Wear Behavior Using Multilevel Factorial Design." Journal of Tribology 141, no. 4 (January 29, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4042506.

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The present investigation explores the collective outcome of hard particle reinforcement with deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on wear responses of magnesium metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNC). A multilevel factorial design of experiments with control factors of applied load (20 and 40 N), sliding speed (1.3, 1.7, 2.2, and 3.3 m/s), reinforcement % (0% and 1.5%), and cryogenic treatment (cryogenic-treated and nontreated) was deployed. Around 1.5 wt % WC-reinforced MMNC were fabricated using stir-casting process. DCT was performed at −190 °C with soaking time of 24 h. The dry sliding wear trials were done on pin-on-disk tribometer with MMNC pin and EN8 steel disk for a constant sliding distance of 2 km. The WC reinforcement contributed toward the improvement in wear rate of MMNC appreciably by absorbing the load and frictional heat at all loads and speeds. During DCT of AZ91, the secondary ß-phase (Mg17Al12) was precipitated that enriched the wear resistance, only for the higher load of 40 N. Scanning electron microscope analyses of the cryogenic-treated MMNC ensured the existence of both ß-phase precipitates and WC in the contact area. As a result, the adhesiveness of this pin was lesser, which attributed to the improved wear resistance (approximately 33%) as compared to base alloy. The coefficient of friction was also less for cryogenic-treated MMNC. A regression analysis was made to correlate the control elements and the responses.

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Bhople, Narendra, Sachin Mastud, and Rinku Mittal. "Metallurgical and machining performance aspects of cryotreated tungsten carbide micro-end mill cutters." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, June 22, 2022, 095440542211017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09544054221101765.

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Demand for miniaturized parts with tight geometrical tolerances and superior surface finish has been increasing. Development of micromachining processes has enabled adaptation of miniaturized parts and products in mechanical systems. Machining at the microscale level has supplementary challenges like high cutting forces, reduced tool life, and damaged machined surfaces. Catastrophic failure of microtools is notable problem, if tool deflection increases significantly. Therefore, incorporating tool life improvement measures are essential to minimize tool replacement cost and also to achieve efficient cutting at micro-level. Cryotreatment imparts better physical properties to cutting tools. In the present work, effects of different cryogenic treatment parameters on micro tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) end mill cutters and its performance while machining Ti-6Al-4V have been investigated. The metallurgical changes imparted to cutting tool by cryotreatment are studied via micro-hardness test along with EDS, SEM and XRD methods. It is found that all cryotreated tools have higher hardness compared to untreated tools. Additional η (eta) carbide formation has been clearly observed for the tools soaked for 24 h, moreover a variation in other phase of WC is also observed for different set of cryotreatment. Machining process is significantly affected by the low thermal conductivity of Ti-6Al-4V. In case of untreated micro-milling tool, abrasive wear is dominant, whereas built-up-edge affected the performance of cryotreated tools at shallow cryotreatment temperatures for 8–16 h soaking time. Deep cryotreated tool (at 24 h soaking time) performed better in terms of cutting force and surface roughness due to retainment of sharp cutting edge.

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Chen, Chih-Yuan, and Zhen-Wei Chen. "The effects of room temperature soaking and deep cryogenic treatment on the stress relief phenomenon of Ti-Mo maraging stainless steel." Journal of Materials Research and Technology, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.01.104.

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Journal articles on the topic 'CRYOGENIC SOAKING'

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