Relevant bibliographies by topics / CRYOGENIC SOAKING

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Academic literature on the topic 'CRYOGENIC SOAKING'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "CRYOGENIC SOAKING"

1

Yuan, Yi Gao, and Cheng Hui Xu. "Influence of Cryogenic Treatment on Grinding Residual Stress of WC-Co Cemented Carbides." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 1746–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.1746.

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The changes in residual surface stress state significantly affect the mechanical behaviour of the materials. In this paper, the effect of cryogenic treatment on grinding residual stress of ultra-fine grained WC-Co hardmetals has been investigated by measuring the residual stress of ground carbide surfaces before and after cryogenic treatment. The results show that the cryogenic treatment can relieve the residual stresses of ground carbide surfaces. Relaxation degree of residual stresses is highly dependent on the process parameters of cryogenic treatment, such as soaking temperature, cooling rate and warming rate. The relaxation rate of residual stresses decreases with the decreasing of soaking temperature, warming rate or increasing cooling rate, and does not change obviously with the soaking time.
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Min, N., H. M. Li, CH Xie, and X. C. Wu. "Experimental Investigation Of Segregation Of Carbon Atoms Due To Sub-Zero Cryogenic Treatment In Cold Work Tool Steel By Mechanical Spectroscopy And Atom Probe Tomography." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 1109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0268.

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Abstract In this work, we present mechanical spectroscopy of cold work tool steel subjected to sub-zero cryogenic soaking treatment to reveal the carbon segregation and the subsequent carbides refinement. The maximum of Snoek-Köster (SK) peak height was obtained in the sample subjected to soaking 1h at −130°C cryogenic treatment. The SK peak height is reduced with prolonging the soaking time. The results indicate that an increase in the height of SK peak is connected with an increase in dislocation density and the number of segregated carbon atoms in the vicinity of dislocations or twin planes after martensite transformation at −130°C which is confirmed by corresponding TEM and atom probe tomography measurement. Hence, it is suggested that the isothermal martensite, formed during the cryogenic soaking treatment decreases (APT) the height of SK peak.
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Katoch, Sanjeev, Rakesh Sehgal, and Vishal Singh. "Wear behavior of differently cryogenically treated AISI H13 steel against cold work steel." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 233, no. 2 (June 9, 2018): 292–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408918781621.

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The effect of different cryogenic treatments on the wear behavior of chromium base die steel under dry condition has been examined at five levels of sliding velocity and normal loads. Parameters chosen for cryogenic treatment cycles are subjected to soaking duration of 6, 21, and 36 h at soaking temperatures of −154 ℃ and −184 ℃. Soaking period of 21 h shows higher wear resistance, whereas 36 h treatment shows the reduction in wear resistance. Worn out surface and wear debris exhibit that mechanisms responsible for wear of samples are rupturing of martensitic matrix and delaminating.
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Saranraj, Iyyanar, Sudalaimuthu Ganesan, Lenka Čepová, Muniyandy Elangovan, and Libor Beránek. "Microstructure, Mechanical and Wear Behaviour of Deep Cryogenically Treated EN 52 Silchrome Valve Steel." Materials 15, no. 16 (August 10, 2022): 5484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15165484.

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This study has compared the performance of cryogenically processed EN 52 Silchrome valve steel with untreated material. After completing the standard heat treatment process, EN 52 steel material specimens are subjected to a deep cryogenic process with varying soaking temperatures. The parameters of the deep cryogenic procedure were changed to find the best wear qualities. The key features of valve steel, such as microstructure, mechanical, and wear behaviour are evaluated by conducting a test study. The evolution of wear mechanisms after enhancing qualities of EN 52 steel is studied using scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical and wear behaviour improved due to factors such as fine carbide precipitation, conversion of residual austenite, and carbide refining formed after cryogenic treatment. With a maximum reduction in wear rate of up to 45%, the deep cryogenic treatment of EN 52 steel with a soaking temperature of −140 °C was the ideal parameter. All three cryo-treated samples had better properties than the untreated EN 52 valve steel.
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K, Gunasekaran, Pradeep Kumar G, Thanigaivelan R, Arunachalam R, and Shanmugam V. "Optimization of Turning Parameters of Cryogenic Soaked AZ91 Magnesium Alloy using TOPSIS coupled Taguchi Technique." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 24, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v24i1.a09.

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Magnesium alloys is a lightweight material establishing scope in various fields such as aerospace and automobile. Moreover, magnesium alloys are also considered as a hydrogen storage materials. In order to understand the machining behaviour of magnesium alloy a detail research is planned. In this research the turning experiments are conducted on AZ91 magnesium alloy using the L9 orthogonal array (OA) experimental design. Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) coupled with Taguchi and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) methods are used to analysis the experiments. The influence of cryogenic soaking duration, feed, speed and depth of cut on cutting temperature, surface roughness and cutting force were studied. Based on the TOPSIS analysis the optimal combination for the better response is cryogenic soaking time of 30 min, speed of 500 rpm, feed of 40 mm/min and depth of cut of 0.3mm. As per F value the depth of cut shows the 0.4822 and next best factors are cutting speed and feed rate. The chip analysis reveals that the cryogenic soaking duration level of 60 min is found to reduce the self-ignited chips.
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Kumar, Munish, Hazoor Singh Sidhu, and Buta Singh Sidhu. "Slurry erosion behavior of hydro-turbine steel treated cryogenically at different soaking periods." Materials Research Express 8, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 106524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac2fca.

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Abstract The influence of deep cryogenic treatment on the erosive wear performance of Stainless Steel-316L (SS-316L) used in hydropower plants is studied. For this purpose, several SS-316L samples were held at deep cryogenic temperatures (−196 °C) for different soaking periods (12, 24, 36 h). The erosive wear tests were conducted on a self-fabricated slurry erosion test rig and the same was evaluated by weighing the cumulative mass loss (CML) of samples for every 30 min post erosion. From experimental analysis, it was found that the erosive wear was found to be minimum and the hardness reaches to maximum value after 24 h of the soaking period which could be attributed to the significant microstructural changes such as the transformation of γ-austenite phase into (δ-ferrite+α′-martensite) along with precipitation of numerous carbides after deep cryogenic treatments.
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7

Patil, Nagraj, K. Gopalakrishna, and B. Sangmesh. "Performance Evaluation of Cryogenic Treated and Untreated Carbide Inserts during Machining of AISI 304 Steel." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 17, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 7709–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.17.1.2020.18.0573.

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The cutting tool in the machining process plays an important role as it acts on the working material. There are a few methodologies have been persued to improve tool life, for example traditional cooling, single layer coating, multilayer coating, heat treatment process, nitrogen cooling and latest being the cryogenic treatment which reported a significant improvement in cutting tool life, chip morphology, reduction in heat generation. Hence, the cryogenic treatment is emerged as the sustainable machining process. This paper presents machining of AISI 304 steel using both cryogenic treated (CT) and untreated (UT) cutting tool insert. The commercially available uncoated carbide insert has been cryogenically treated at -196°C for 24 hours soaking period. The machining test has been conducted under four different cutting speeds. The material characterization of cutting insert is studied by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), hardness test, and microscopic image analysis has been carried out before and after cryogenic treatment. The cutting tool performance is assessed in terms of of wear, cutting temperature, chip morphology, surface roughness under the influence of cryogenic machining and the results are contrast with UT one. The exploratory findings reveals that the deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) with 24 hours soaking period, performed better wear resistance and improved surface roughness of the cutting tool. Also considerable reduction in the flank wear, crater wear, cutting temperature is obtained and found improved chip morphology.
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Min, Na, Tian Yu Ji, Li Juan Zhu, Xiao Chun Wu, and Hong Bin Wang. "Internal Friction Study of the Influence of Deep Cryogenic Treatment on the Microstructure of a Bainitic Steel." Solid State Phenomena 184 (January 2012): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.184.239.

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The influence of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on the microstructure of a bainitic steel is investigated by means of internal friction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Two relaxation peaks (Pc1and Pc2) are observed during cooling and one relaxation peak (Ph) during heating from 100 to 320K. Peak Pc1may be related to dislocation pinning. Peak Phis attributed to dislocation-carbon atoms interaction. The decreasing of peak Phafter cycles deep cryogenic cooling indicates that soaking time under the deep cryogenic temperature is not contributed to the precipitation of carbides, while the cycles cryogenic treatment lead to more fine carbides precipitation.
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9

Bhowmik, Debottam, and Susanta Kumar Kakoti. "Fitting Regression Model and Optimization of Cutting Parameters In Order To Achieve Economical Machining Of a Cryogenic Soaked Magnesium Alloy." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 992–1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41402.

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Abstract: In present times many industries are giving more importance in reducing the overall cost of production and in this regard reduction in weight of the work material has become necessary which in turn reduces the power consumption required for machining and hence leads to reduction in overall costs. Thus usage of light weight materials has garnered deep interest in the industries. This project deals with the turning of Mg AZ31B alloy for the above stated reasons. The objective of this work is to optimize the influencing cutting parameters like speed, feed, depth of cut and approach angle of the cutting tool by using experimental engineering design techniques like Taguchi method of orthogonal array, analysis of variance method to compute contribution of each of these parameters on the quality of machined output. The response variables taken up for this analysis were surface roughness, material removal rate, tool wear rate and machining time as all these factors governs the quality of the machined product and hence relates to economics of machining. Regression models have been developed in order to study about the mathematical relation between the input cutting parameters and each of the output variables. Contour plots have been drawn to study about interactions between the input cutting parameters and its impact on the output variables. In order to study the effect of cryogenic soaking on the work specimen Vickers hardness test has been performed to check the enhancement of the hardness before and after cryogenic soaking. The experimental data shows that surface roughness is mostly affected by approach angle of the cutting tool whereas material removal rate, tool wear rate and machining time were mostly affected by depth of cut. From the confirmatory test it was evident that Taguchi analysis helps in optimizing the output variables. It was also observed that cryogenic soaking suitably increases the hardness of the material thus making it more machinable. Keywords: Economical Machining, Optimization, Taguchi method, CNC Turning, Mg AZ31B, Regression Modelling, Contour plots, Cryogenic Soaking.
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Yan, Hong Juan, Hong Hai Xu, and Ying Liu. "The Research on Process of Deep Cryogenic Treatment for W4Mo3Cr4VSi HSS Drill." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.457.

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The Deep Cryogenic Treatment(DCT) process of W4Mo3Cr4VSi HSS was studied by orthogonal experiment method. The paper analysed the effect of various DCT process parameters on mechanical properties and observed microstructure before and after DCT treatment by the SEM. The results show that the effect of soaking temperature on the properties of drill is the first factor, the soaking time is second and the cooling rate is third. DCT enhances the transformation of austenite to martensite, and distributable carbide particles are precipitated from martensite. Therefore DCT increase hardness and enhance wear resistance of twist drill.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "CRYOGENIC SOAKING"

1

BHOWMIK, DEBOTTAM. "FITTING REGRESSION MODEL AND OPTIMIZATION OF CUTTING PARAMETERS IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE ECONOMICAL MACHINING OF A CRYOGENIC SOAKED MAGNESIUM ALLOY." Thesis, 2022. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/19107.

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The ultimate aim of a production engineer is to produce a product which is economical in terms of overall cost of production. This motive of attaining economical machining is achieved by analysing the machining process and identifying critical cutting parameters which has definite influence on the machining operation and optimization of these parameters leads to obtaining an economical machining output. In present times, many industries are giving more importance in reducing the overall cost of production and in this regard reduction in weight of the work material has become necessary which in turn reduces the power consumption required for machining and hence leads to reduction in overall costs. Thus usage of light weight materials has garnered deep interest in the industries. This project deals with the turning of Mg AZ31B alloy for the above stated reasons. The objective of this work is to optimize the influencing cutting parameters like speed, feed, depth of cut and approach angle of the cutting tool by using experimental engineering design techniques like Taguchi method of orthogonal array, analysis of variance method to compute contribution of each of these parameters on the quality of machined output. The response variables taken up for this analysis were surface roughness, material removal rate, tool wear rate and machining time as all these factors governs the quality of the machined product and hence relates to economics of machining. Regression models have been developed in order to study about the mathematical relation between the input cutting parameters and each of the output variables. Contour plots have been drawn to study about interactions between the input cutting parameters and its impact on the output variables. In order to study the effect of cryogenic soaking on the work specimen Vickers hardness test has been performed to check the enhancement of the hardness before and after cryogenic soaking. The experimental data shows that surface roughness is mostly affected by approach angle of the cutting tool whereas material removal rate, tool wear rate and machining time were mostly affected by depth of cut. From the confirmatory test it was evident that Taguchi analysis helps in optimizing the output variables. It was also observed that cryogenic soaking suitably increases the hardness of the material thus making it more machinable.
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Book chapters on the topic "CRYOGENIC SOAKING"

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Tembwa, Elysee Nzita, M. E. Makhatha, Pawan Kumar, Srijan Sengupta, and Ankit Dev Singh. "Effect of Normalizing Followed by Deep Cryogenic Soaking on Mechanical Properties of P91 Martensitic Steel." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 35–44. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2921-4_4.

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Priyan Murugan, Shunmuga. "Optimization of Retained Austenite and Corrosion Properties on EN-31 Bearing Steel by Cryogenic Treatment Process." In High Entropy Materials - Microstructures and Properties [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106317.

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In this work, the percentage of retained austenite and corrosion rate presented on EN 31 bearing steel was identified by which cryogenic treatment processes. Further investigation carried out the possible mechanism brought in by which treatment has significantly improving the properties of the EN-31 bearing steel. The hardness values of CHT and DCT were compared by using the microstructure view of the CHT and DCT samples. The optimised cryotreated samples were prepared for metallographic examination as per ASTM E3-01. Then, the specimen were subjected to factor level settings such as cooling rate, soaking period, soaking temperature and tempering temperature at various conditions. Moreover, the precipitation of fine carbides and the transformation of retained austenite to martensite showed considerable variations in the hardness of the optimised DCT samples compared with the CHT samples. The mean hardness value of this sample is 861 HV and 19.20%, 847 HV and 17.25%, 838 HV and 17.10%, 857 HV and 18.40%, 790 HV and 13.45% improvement in the hardness compared with CHT.
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Chopra, Swamini, S. Sreya, Rohit V. Babhulkar, Swaksha P. Halde, Kavita A. Deshmukh, and D. R. Peshwe. "Cryogenic Treatment of Polymer/MWCNT Nano-Composites for Mechanical and Tribological Applications." In Nanotechnology in Aerospace and Structural Mechanics, 103–61. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7921-2.ch004.

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The cryogenic treatment of material has been known to motivate structural stability by rearranging its crystallographic structure in metals and by promoting intermolecular as well as intramolecular rearrangements in polymers. Additionally, in case of polymers reinforced with micro fillers, the structural changes brought about by cryogenic treatment are still largely governed by the polymer matrix itself. Thus, when investigated for their mechanical and tribological properties, the response of polymer/MWCNT nano-composites after cryogenic treatment was found to be depending on the cryo-structural modifications in the polymer matrix, followed by the MWCNT interaction to some extent. The enhancement in the mechanical properties of the polymer/MWCNT nano-composites is attributed to the increasing % crystallinity, changes in crystal structure, conversion of less stable phases into more stable phases, change in the nature of bonding and strengthening of interphase between polymer and MWCNT. Thus, for the cryogenic treatment temperature of -185 °C, the optimum soaking period for PA and PA/MWCNT nano-composite was 24 hrs, whereas for PBT and PBT/MWCNT nano-composite it was 12 hrs and 16 hrs, respectively. This agrees well with the popular claim that each polymer has a specific functional group and/or structural characteristic that readily responds to the cryogenic treatments conditions (irrespective of the filler type, content and/or interaction), thereby, modifying the structure and giving superior properties, which makes cryogenic treatment a material specific process.
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