Journal articles: 'Cryogenic liquefaction'

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Wojcieszak, Paweł, and Ziemowit Malecha. "Cryogenic energy storage system coupled with packed-bed cold storage." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400190.

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Cryogenic Energy Storage (CES) systems are able to improve the stability of electrical grids with large shares of intermittent power plants. In CES systems, excess electrical energy can be used in the liquefaction of cryogenic fluids, which may be stored in large cryogenic vessels for long periods of time. When the demand for electricity is high, work is recovered from the cryogen during a power cycle using ambient or waste heat as an upper heat source. Most research is focused on liquid air energy storage (LAES). However, natural gas can also be a promising working fluid for the CES system. This paper presents a natural gas-based CES system, coupled with a low temperature packed bed cold storage unit. The cold, which is stored at a low temperature level, can be used to increase the efficiency of the cryogenic liquefiers. The model for the packed bed in a high grade cold storage unit was implemented and then compared with the experimental data. The impact of cold recycling on the liquefaction yield and efficiency of the cryogenic energy storage system was investigated

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De Salve, M., D. Milani, B. Panella, and G. Roveta. "A Laboratory Plant for Gas Liquefaction." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 23, no. 02 (May 27, 2015): 1550010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132515500108.

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A prototype gas liquefaction plant has been designed and manufactured for Politecnico di Torino cryogenic laboratory and has been used for cryogenic applications like superconducting cables and low temperature refrigeration devices. The plant is able to liquefy nitrogen and, by means of little changes, hydrogen and other cryogenic fluids too. The thermal energy is removed by four high speed (up to 360 000 revolutions per minute) helium turbines that are connected in series. The gas liquefaction is carried out by the cooling condensation process of the gas flow that feeds a 0.15 m3 super insulated tank that is cooled inside. The cryogenic system is based on the Claude and Collins cycles, fed with helium that provides the cold sink. The paper shows the characteristics of the plant main components, and the time history of the measured temperatures, pressures, and flow rates during the plant start-up, as well as the steady state liquefied gas production rate. From the energetic point of view, the plant performance is acceptable for a research laboratory and the plant efficiency is not far from that of commercial larger size plants.

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Bukholdin, Yu S., S. V. Sukhostavets, and I. I. Petukhov. "Cryogenic plant for natural gas liquefaction." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 43, no. 3-4 (March 2007): 212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10556-007-0040-x.

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Melag, Leena, M. Munir Sadiq, Kristina Konstas, Farnaz Zadehahmadi, Kiyonori Suzuki, and Matthew R. Hill. "Performance evaluation of CuBTC composites for room temperature oxygen storage." RSC Advances 10, no. 67 (2020): 40960–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra07068h.

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Hamdy, Sarah, Francisco Moser, Tatiana Morosuk, and George Tsatsaronis. "Exergy-Based and Economic Evaluation of Liquefaction Processes for Cryogenics Energy Storage." Energies 12, no. 3 (February 4, 2019): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030493.

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Cryogenics-based energy storage (CES) is a thermo-electric bulk-energy storage technology, which stores electricity in the form of a liquefied gas at cryogenic temperatures. The charging process is an energy-intensive gas liquefaction process and the limiting factor to CES round trip efficiency (RTE). During discharge, the liquefied gas is pressurized, evaporated and then super-heated to drive a gas turbine. The cold released during evaporation can be stored and supplied to the subsequent charging process. In this research, exergy-based methods are applied to quantify the effect of cold storage on the thermodynamic performance of six liquefaction processes and to identify the most cost-efficient process. For all liquefaction processes assessed, the integration of cold storage was shown to multiply the liquid yield, reduce the specific power requirement by 50–70% and increase the exergetic efficiency by 30–100%. The Claude-based liquefaction processes reached the highest exergetic efficiencies (76–82%). The processes reached their maximum efficiency at different liquefaction pressures. The Heylandt process reaches the highest RTE (50%) and the lowest specific power requirement (1021 kJ/kg). The lowest production cost of liquid air (18.4 €/ton) and the lowest specific investment cost (<700 €/kWchar) were achieved by the Kapitza process.

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NAGAO, Masashi, Takashi INAGUCHI, Hideto YOSHIMURA, Tadatoshi YAMADA, and Masatami IWAMOTO. "Helium liquefaction by Gifford-McMahon cycle cryogenic refrigerator." TEION KOGAKU (Journal of Cryogenics and Superconductivity Society of Japan) 24, no. 4 (1989): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2221/jcsj.24.222.

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Xu, Gang, Le Li, Yongping Yang, Longhu Tian, Tong Liu, and Kai Zhang. "A novel CO2 cryogenic liquefaction and separation system." Energy 42, no. 1 (June 2012): 522–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.02.048.

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Lee, Ho Saeng, S. T. Oh, Jung In Yoon, S. G. Lee, and K. H. Choi. "Analysis of Cryogenic Refrigeration Cycle Using Two Stage Intercooler." Defect and Diffusion Forum 297-301 (April 2010): 1146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.297-301.1146.

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This paper presents the comparison of performance characteristics for the several natural gas liquefaction cycles. The liquefaction cycle with the staged compression was designed and simulated for improving the cycle efficiency using HYSYS software. This includes a cascade cycle with a two-stage intercooler which is consisted of a Propane, Ethylene and Methane cycle. In addition, these cycles are compared with a modified staged compression process. The key parameters of the above cascade cycles were compared and analyzed. The COP (Coefficient of Performance) of the cascade cycle with a two-stage intercooler and a modified staged compression process is 13.7% and 29.7% higher than that of basic cycle. Also, the yield efficiency of LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) improved compared with the basic cycle by 28.5%.

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Cao, Wen Sheng, and Christoph Bluth. "Air Purification System on Reduction of CO2 Concentration Using Low Temperature Liquefaction." Materials Science Forum 980 (March 2020): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.980.493.

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For a closed working environment, the CO2 content in the air in a closed space will rise continuously due to personnel breathing and some equipment or electronic devices, and even exceed the allowable content in the normal working environment. In order to prevent the CO2 content from exceeding the standard in the closed working environment, the method of low temperature liquefaction is used to separate the CO2 in the air. Through simulation calculation and comparison of key parameters of the process of using cascade liquefaction and nitrogen expansion liquefaction to reduce CO2 concentration in air, it is concluded that it is feasible to use cryogenic liquefaction method to separate carbon dioxide from air to purify air and improve air quality in confined space.

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Ede, Andrew. "Liquefaction of Helium and the Promotion of National Science." Scientia Canadensis 14, no. 1-2 (June 18, 2009): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800301ar.

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ABSTRACT In 1923 John McLennan and his assistants succeeded in the liquefaction of helium. This event was heralded by the Canadian media as a major triumph of science. Yet it was neither a scientific first, nor a terminal experiment, but simply a means of producing material for use in McLennan's cryogenic research program. This article examines the events surrounding the liquefaction as they related to McLennan's efforts to promote national science and establish a post-war national science council.

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Chowdhury, Debajyoti R., Nathuram Chakraborty, and Swapan C. Sarkar. "Development of a cryogenic condenser and computation of its heat transfer efficiency based on liquefaction of nitrogen gas." Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering 23, no. 1 (July 10, 2019): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mme-2019-0039.

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Abstract The typical cryogenic condenser described here transfers the refrigerating effect from its inner side to its outer side through the wall of the condenser. The separate close refrigeration cycle operates on Reverse Stirling Cycle using hydrogen or helium as working fluid. The nitrogen gas gets liquefied when it comes in contact with the cold outer surface of the condenser. We have successfully developed a cryogenic condenser using copper of electrolytic grade for a liquefaction duty of 10 liters of liquid nitrogen per hour. Condenser effectiveness is evaluated by assembling it in Cryogenerator model, ZIF-1002 and by noting the liquefaction rate. Both the results are satisfactory. Selection of material, fabrication, testing of the condenser developed for a Cryogenerator have been described in the paper to assess its suitability for a Cryogenerator based on Reverse Stirling cycle liquefier.

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Yoshimura, Hideto, Masashi Nagao, Takashi Inaguchi, Tadatoshi Yamada, and Masatami Iwamoto. "Helium liquefaction by a Gifford–McMahon cycle cryogenic refrigerator." Review of Scientific Instruments 60, no. 11 (November 1989): 3533–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140505.

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Al Rabadi, Said. "A generic concept for Helium purification and liquefaction plant." Volume 2 issue 1 2, no. 1 (August 1, 2019): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.48103/jjeci272019.

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This study describes and evaluates the performance of producing a pure Helium fraction from Helium extraction facility designed for cryogenic natural gas plants. A generic concept for obtaining a Helium pure fraction, which has relatively lower capital and operating costs should be provided. In order to achieve this objective, a new concept for obtaining a Helium pure fraction from a crude Helium fraction, is proposed based on simulations run under diverse process conditions regarding crude Helium gas’ temperature, pressure and composition. This concept is characterized by; reducing the plant safety requirements due to the extensive separation of combustible components, and compact layout of Helium extraction plant. Further re-purification is included in the subsequent Helium liquefaction step through selective adsorption, hence then increasing the purity of the Helium product and reducing the plant energy consumption required for liquefying Helium-rich fraction and the valuable Helium boil-off routed from the storage facility. The Nitrogen-rich fraction is routed to Nitrogen liquefaction installation. Liquid Nitrogen is generated within Helium recovery facility for liquid Helium shielding and container cooling. Surplus gaseous Nitrogen either can be liquefied and used within cryogenic natural gas plant as process coolant or be vented to atmosphere.

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Al Rabadi, Said. "Improved Configurations For Liquefied Natural Gas Cycles." JORDANIAN JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES (JJECI) 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.48103/jjeci132018.

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The most important challenge in a natural gas liquefaction plant is to improve the plant energy efficiency. A process topology should be implemented, which results in a considerable reduction of energy consumption as the natural gas liquefaction process consumes a large amount of energy. In particular, system design focusing on configuring cold part cycle is an attractive option. In this study, various energy recovery-oriented process configurations and the potential improvements of energy savings for small- & midscale liquefied natural gas plants were proposed and compared with almost exclusively commercial trademarks processes. These improved simulation based investigations were validated under the variation in feed gas pressure, mixed refrigerant cooling reference temperature and the pinch temperature of cryogenic plate fin heat exchanger. The simulation results exhibited considerable reduction of specific total energy consumption. Therefore, the proposed liquefaction cycles have a simple topology, hence lower capital cost and compacter plant layout, which is compatible for power-efficient, offshore, floating liquefied natural gas liquefaction plants.

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Qyyum, Muhammad Abdul, Yus Donald Chaniago, Wahid Ali, Hammad Saulat, and Moonyong Lee. "Membrane-Assisted Removal of Hydrogen and Nitrogen from Synthetic Natural Gas for Energy-Efficient Liquefaction." Energies 13, no. 19 (September 24, 2020): 5023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195023.

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Synthetic natural gas (SNG) production from coal is one of the well-matured options to make clean utilization of coal a reality. For the ease of transportation and supply, liquefaction of SNG is highly desirable. In the liquefaction of SNG, efficient removal of low boiling point impurities such as hydrogen (H2) and nitrogen (N2) is highly desirable to lower the power of the liquefaction process. Among several separation processes, membrane-based separation exhibits the potential for the separation of low boiling point impurities at low power consumption as compared to the existing separation processes. In this study, the membrane unit was used to simulate the membrane module by using Aspen HYSYS V10 (Version 10, AspenTech, Bedford, MA, United States). The two-stage and two-step system designs of the N2-selective membrane are utilized for SNG separation. The two-stage membrane process feasibly recovers methane (CH4) at more than 95% (by mol) recovery with a H2 composition of ≤0.05% by mol, but requires a larger membrane area than a two-stage system. While maintaining the minimum internal temperature approach value of 3 °C inside a cryogenic heat exchanger, the optimization of the SNG liquefaction process shows a large reduction in power consumption. Membrane-assisted removal of H2 and N2 for the liquefaction process exhibits the beneficial removal of H2 before liquefaction by achieving low net specific power at 0.4010 kW·h/kg·CH4.

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Verma, Rahul, Ashish Alex Sam, and Parthasarathi Ghosh. "CFD Analysis of Turbo Expander for Cryogenic Refrigeration and Liquefaction Cycles." Physics Procedia 67 (2015): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2015.06.043.

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Wang, Zhe, Fenghui Han, Yulong Ji, and Wenhua Li. "Combined Analysis of Parameter Sensitivity and Exergy for Natural Gas Liquefaction in Cryogenic Fuel Production Process." Processes 8, no. 5 (May 10, 2020): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8050561.

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Compared with conventional natural gas, liquefied natural gas has the advantages of easier storage and transportation, more safety, less indirect investment, better peak regulation, and environmental protection. This paper studies the large-scale cryogenic propane precooled mixed refrigerant (C3MR) liquefied natural gas (LNG) process. The phase equilibrium of the liquefaction process is calculated by the Peng-Robinsonstate equation using ASPEN. A numerical model for the thermal process simulation of the liquefaction process is established by MATLAB. Based on Active X technology, data invocation between software is realized, which overcomes the problem of process variable changes under limited degrees of freedom. The minimum sum of the propane precooling amount for the compressor energy consumption is used as the objective function, the control variate method is used to address the liquefaction process model, and the parameter sensitivity analysis is performed and combined with the exergy analysis. The effects of multiple parameters (e.g., the pressures and temperatures) on the process performance are analyzed and discussed. The results indicate that the combined analysis of the parameter sensitivity and exergy adopted in this paper are able to increase the system performance and reduce the exergy loss of equipment. The maximum reduction of the throttling loss of the process is 60.14%, and the total exergy loss is reduced by 25.8%.

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Taskaev, Sergey, Vladimir Khovaylo, Maxim Ulyanov, Dmitriy Bataev, Ekaterina Danilova, and Danil Plakhotskiy. "Low Temperature Magnetocaloric Materials for Cryogenic Gas Liquefaction by Magnetic Cooling Technique." Key Engineering Materials 833 (March 2020): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.833.176.

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Natural gas is rapidly gaining in geopolitical importance. Gas has grown from a marginal fuel in regionally disconnected markets to an energy source that is transported across great distances for consumption in many different economic sectors. Natural gas is the fuel of choice for consumers seeking for relatively low environmental impacts. As a result, the world’s gas consumption is projected to more than double over the next three decades, rising from 23 – 28 % of the total primary energy demand by 2030 and surpassing coal as the world's number two energy source and potentially overtaking oil's share in many large industrialized economies. This paper is devoted to a short review of materials used in the novel approach to natural gas liquefaction – magnetic cooling process.

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Chang, Ho-Myung. "A thermodynamic review of cryogenic refrigeration cycles for liquefaction of natural gas." Cryogenics 72 (December 2015): 127–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2015.10.003.

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Sadaghiani, Mirhadi S., and Mehdi Mehrpooya. "Introducing and energy analysis of a novel cryogenic hydrogen liquefaction process configuration." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42, no. 9 (March 2017): 6033–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.136.

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Knapik, Ewa, Piotr Kosowski, and Jerzy Stopa. "Cryogenic liquefaction and separation of CO2 using nitrogen removal unit cold energy." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 131 (March 2018): 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2017.12.027.

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Vikse, Matias, Harry Watson, Truls Gundersen, and Paul Barton. "Simulation of Dual Mixed Refrigerant Natural Gas Liquefaction Processes Using a Nonsmooth Framework." Processes 6, no. 10 (October 17, 2018): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr6100193.

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Natural gas liquefaction is an energy intensive process where the feed is cooled from ambient temperature down to cryogenic temperatures. Different liquefaction cycles exist depending on the application, with dual mixed refrigerant processes normally considered for the large-scale production of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). Large temperature spans and small temperature differences in the heat exchangers make the liquefaction processes difficult to analyze. Exergetic losses from irreversible heat transfer increase exponentially with a decreasing temperature at subambient conditions. Consequently, an accurate and robust simulation tool is paramount to allow designers to make correct design decisions. However, conventional process simulators, such as Aspen Plus, suffer from significant drawbacks when modeling multistream heat exchangers. In particular, no rigorous checks exist to prevent temperature crossovers. Limited degrees of freedom and the inability to solve for stream variables other than outlet temperatures also makes such tools inflexible to use, often requiring the user to resort to a manual iterative procedure to obtain a feasible solution. In this article, a nonsmooth, multistream heat exchanger model is used to develop a simulation tool for two different dual mixed refrigerant processes. Case studies are presented for which Aspen Plus fails to obtain thermodynamically feasible solutions.

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Saggu, Mustansar Hayat, Nadeem Ahmed Sheikh, Usama Muhammad Niazi, Muhammad Irfan, and Adam Glowacz. "Predicting the Structural Reliability of LNG Processing Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger for Energy Conservation." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 1, 2020): 2175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092175.

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Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is one of the hydrocarbon fuels with the least carbon footprint having a rapidly rising global share in the prime energy market. LNG processing for transportation at longer distances works under cryogenic conditions, especially when used for liquefaction and gasification applications. The supply chain of the eco-environmental friendly hydrocarbon is heavily dependent on the processing plant used for liquefaction and subsequent re-gasification of the natural gas. Plate-fin heat exchangers are extensively used in the LNG industry for both re-gasification as well as liquefaction processes. The exchange of heat during the process of natural gas phase change involves plate-fin heat exchangers working under cryogenic low-temperature conditions. The heat exchangers are designed to have brazed joints that are most vulnerable to failure under these temperature conditions. One failure of such a joint can not only hinder the supply chain but also may result in fire and life hazards. In almost all earlier studies, analytical and numerical methods were used to analyze these braze joints using finite element method methods and examining the stresses while keeping them at or near to ambient conditions. In this research, the plate-fin heat exchanger is investigated for its structural stability of brazed fins for three different fin configurations: plain, wavy and compound having different joint geometries. In addition, the analyses are carried out using experimentally measured brazed joint strength which is measured to be on average 22% lower than the base material strength owing to brazing process and resultant heat-affected zone (HAZ). Therefore, the reliability is assessed for these joints in terms of factor of safety (FOS) while keeping in view the actual yield criteria. It was found that the structural stability of compound fins configuration is weakest amongst all considered fin configurations. The failure of the compound fin brazed joint is expected to be along the horizontal path of the joint due to yielding. The study also predicts the life of the fin brazed joints in different joining directions with different topologies of fins commonly recommended in the literature. It is observed that the commonly recommended safe fin geometries are predicted to be susceptible to failure if a reduction in the brazed joint is considered. The analysis and recommendation in this paper shall provide a reliable and safe design approach for plate-fin exchangers for different operating conditions especially in low to cryogenic temperature applications.

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Xiao, Lu. "Study on comprehensive utilization technology of low concentration coal bed methane." E3S Web of Conferences 290 (2021): 03010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129003010.

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Aiming at the problems of low utilization rate and serious environmental pollution caused by low concentration coal bed methane emission in a coal mine, the utilization technology of low concentration coal bed methane was studied by means of field investigation and theoretical calculation, and the technical solution of comprehensive utilization of low concentration coal bed methane combining regenerative oxidation and cryogenic liquefaction was obtained, which realized the “coal and gas are co-mined and shared” and constructed the virtuous cycle development of “use to promote pumping, pumping to promote safety”. The research shows that: the low concentration coal bed methane with concentration of about 5% is converted into high temperature flue gas by regenerative oxidation, and the heat energy is extracted to realize the heating in the mining area; the coal bed methane with concentration of more than 35% is purified and liquefied into LNG product by cryogenic liquefaction, so as to realize long-distance transportation. The technology improves the utilization rate of coal bed methane in the mining area and eliminates the burning of coal for heating. The annual utilization of pure gas is 53.38 million m3, generating economic benefits of 211 million yuan and reducing CO2 equivalent by 767,000 t. The safety, economic and environmental benefits are remarkable. This technology has practical significance to improve the utilization rate of gas and promote the realization of the goal of zero gas emission.

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Hofman, Paul, Eric May, Guillaume Watson, Brendan Graham, and Mark Trebble. "Dynamic column breakthrough measurements for increasing LNG production efficiency with cryogenic pressure swing adsorption." APPEA Journal 50, no. 2 (2010): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09102.

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The use of natural gas as a primary energy source is rapidly increasing on a global scale. To economically transport natural gas over long distances and satisfy this increase in demand, efficient production of liquefied natural gas (LNG) is required. Prior to the liquefaction of natural gas to produce LNG, it is highly desirable to remove N2 and CO2 impurities from the reservoir feed gas. Typically, CO2 is removed using a water-based amine solution. The regeneration of this amine solution is both energy intensive and costly. Furthermore, the amine solutions used are undesirable from health and environmental standpoints. Nitrogen is generally not removed prior to the liquefaction and must be separated from the end-flash vapor produced with the LNG. Conventionally this requires the construction of distillation towers operating at cryogenic conditions. In the environment of a cryogenic gas plant, adsorption-based processes for separating gases have several natural advantages over other methods. However, very little work has been done studying the efficiency of adsorption processes at the pressures and temperatures found in LNG plants. We have constructed a dynamic column breakthrough apparatus capable of measuring equilibrium adsorption and kinetics of adsorption at temperatures between 190 and 298 K and pressures to 1 MPa. This system was used to study the adsorption behaviour of N2, CO2 and CH4 on carbon molecular sieves and zeolites. This presentation will describe the measurement results and the challenges that were overcome as well as future plans to construct a larger scale apparatus.

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Jiang, Qingfeng, Ming Zhuang, Zhigang Zhu, Linhai Sheng, and Ping Zhu. "Influence of heat in-leak, longitudinal conduction and property variations on the performance of cryogenic plate-fin heat exchangers based on distributed parameter model." Thermal Science 23, no. 3 Part B (2019): 1969–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci170627235j.

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For helium liquefaction/refrigeration systems, conventional design theory always fails in cryogenic applications and heat exchangers operating at low temperatures are usually sensitive to longitudinal heat conduction, heat in-leak from surroundings and variable fluid properties. Governing equations based on distributed parameter methods are developed to evaluate performance deterioration caused by these effects. The model synthetically considering these loss mechanisms is validated against experimental data and design results obtained by commercial software Aspen MUSETM. Sample multistream heat exchangers are further studied to discuss quantitative effects of these heat losses. In accordance with previous researches, the comprehensive effects of various losses are analyzed qualitatively in order to reveal their influences and investigate on the strategies of improving the heat transfer performance. The numerical method is useful in the design procedure of cryogenic heat exchangers and can be adopted to predict heat transfer and pressure drop performance under the actual low temperature environment.

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Mueller, P., and T. Durrant. "Cryogenic propellant liquefaction and storage for a precursor to a human Mars mission." Cryogenics 39, no. 12 (December 1999): 1021–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-2275(99)00107-1.

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Wilhelmsen, Øivind, David Berstad, Ailo Aasen, Petter Nekså, and Geir Skaugen. "Reducing the exergy destruction in the cryogenic heat exchangers of hydrogen liquefaction processes." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 43, no. 10 (March 2018): 5033–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.01.094.

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Domashenko, Anatoly M., and Andrey L. Dovbish. "The process of production of liquefied methane - the component of rocket propellant." MATEC Web of Conferences 324 (2020): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032401004.

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The use of new fuel components, such as LNG or liquefied methane, in rocket-space, aviation and other special-purpose engineering is promising. On the basis of these fuel components it is possible to provide a number of technical and tactical parameters of aircrafts, which are not achievable when using standard fuels. Considered were the cryogenic systems developed by PJSC "Cryogenmash" for natural gas liquefaction with liquid methane recovery by the method of low-temperature condensation, stage separation and rectification. The second method allows to reduce the content of not only low boiling but also high boiling liquids in methane liquefied.

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Bouabidi, Zineb, Fares Almomani, Easa I. Al-musleh, Mary A. Katebah, Mohamed M. Hussein, Abdur Rahman Shazed, Iftekhar A. Karimi, and Hassan Alfadala. "Study on Boil-off Gas (BOG) Minimization and Recovery Strategies from Actual Baseload LNG Export Terminal: Towards Sustainable LNG Chains." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 11, 2021): 3478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123478.

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Boil-off Gas (BOG) generated at the liquefied natural gas (LNG) export terminal causes negative economic and environmental impacts. Thus, the objective of this study is to develop and evaluate various handling schemes to minimize and/or recover the generated BOG from an actual baseload LNG export terminal with a capacity of 554 million standard cubic feet per day (MMSCFD) of natural gas feed. The following three main scenarios were assessed: JBOG re-liquefaction, LNG sub-cooling, and lean fuel gas (LFG) reflux. For the LNG subcooling, two sub-cases were considered; standalone subcooling before LNG storage and subcooling in the prevailing liquefaction cycle. Steady-state models for these scenarios were simulated using Aspen Plus® based on a shortcut approach to quickly evaluate the proposed scenarios and determine the promising options that should be considered for further rigorous analysis. Results indicated that the flow of attainable excess LNG is 0.07, 0.03, and 0.022 million metric tons per annum (MTA) for the standalone LNG sub-cooling, LNG sub-cooling in the main cryogenic heat exchanger (MCHE), and both LFG-refluxing and jetty boil-off gas (JBOG) liquefaction, respectively. This in turn results in a profit of 24.58, 12.24, 8.14, and 7.63 million $/year for the LNG price of 7$ per Metric Million British Thermal Unit (MMBtu) of LNG.

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Sarkar, S. C. "LNG as an energy efficient eco-friendly cryogenic fuel." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 16, no. 4 (November 1, 2005): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2005/v16i4a3089.

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The use of an old fuel in a new form has progressed at a rapid space for the last couple of years, due to its several advantages. The fuel in question is natural gas and, its new form, is liquefied natural gas designated as LNG. LNG transported in cryogenic vessels offers several advantages over pipe line transport of natural gas when the gas consuming areas are far away from the gas producing areas. Moreover, LNG as an automobile fuel has also a definite edge over other fuel. However, the LNG age in India is of very recent origin and, only in January, 2004, the first LNG cargo had reached an Indian port in the state of Gujarat. In this juncture, this paper presents an effective study on the characteristics of LNG, advantages and disadvantages of various natural gas liquefaction cycles, the present state of affairs of LNG in India, its import and CNG versus LNG as an automobile fuel, eco-friendliness of natural gas fuel etc. It also discusses the potential of natural gas generation from different sources, and the need for indigenous development of LNG technology for import substitution in the Indian context.

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Kalavani, Farshad, Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo, Ali Karimi, and Farshid Kalavani. "Stochastic optimal sizing of integrated cryogenic energy storage and air liquefaction unit in microgrid." Renewable Energy 136 (June 2019): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.12.101.

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Sam, Ashish Alex, and Parthasarathi Ghosh. "Flow field analysis of high-speed helium turboexpander for cryogenic refrigeration and liquefaction cycles." Cryogenics 82 (March 2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2017.01.004.

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Pakzad, Pouria, Mehdi Mehrpooya, and Andrew Zaitsev. "Investigation of a new energy‐efficient cryogenic process configuration for helium extraction and liquefaction." International Journal of Energy Research 45, no. 7 (February 16, 2021): 10355–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.6525.

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BÜSCHER, M., A. BOUKHAROV, A. SEMENOV, A. GERASIMOV, V. CHERNETSKY, and P. FEDORETS. "PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN, NITROGEN AND ARGON PELLETS WITH THE MOSCOW-JÜLICH PELLET TARGET." International Journal of Modern Physics E 18, no. 02 (February 2009): 505–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301309012562.

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Targets of frozen droplets ("pellets") from various liquefiable gases like H 2, D 2, N 2, Ne , Ar , Kr and Xe are very promising for high luminosity experiments with a 4π detector geometry at storage-rings. High effective target densities (> 1015 atoms / cm 2), a small target size (⊘ ≈ 20–30 μ m ), a low gas load and a narrow pellet beam are the main advantages of such targets. Pioneering work on pellet targets has been made at Uppsala, Sweden.1 A next generation target has been built at the IKP of FZJ in collaboration with two institutes (ITEP and MPEI) from Moscow, Russia. It is a prototype for the future pellet target at the PANDA experiment at FAIR/HESR (supported by INTAS 06-1000012-8787, 2007/08) and makes use of a new cooling and liquefaction method, based on cryogenic liquids instead of cooling machines.2 The main advantages of this method are the vibration-free cooling and the possibility for cryogenic jet production from various gases in a wide range of temperatures. Different regimes of pellet production from H 2, N 2 and Ar have been observed and their parameters have been measured.3 For the first time, mono-disperse and satellite-free droplet production was achieved for cryogenic liquids from H 2, N 2 and Ar .

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Qyyum, Muhammad Abdul, Muhammad Yasin, Alam Nawaz, Tianbiao He, Wahid Ali, Junaid Haider, Kinza Qadeer, Abdul-Sattar Nizami, Konstantinos Moustakas, and Moonyong Lee. "Single-Solution-Based Vortex Search Strategy for Optimal Design of Offshore and Onshore Natural Gas Liquefaction Processes." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 5, 2020): 1732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071732.

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Propane-Precooled Mixed Refrigerant (C3MR) and Single Mixed Refrigerant (SMR) processes are considered as optimal choices for onshore and offshore natural gas liquefaction, respectively. However, from thermodynamics point of view, these processes are still far away from their maximum achievable energy efficiency due to nonoptimal execution of the design variables. Therefore, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) production is considered as one of the energy-intensive cryogenic industries. In this context, this study examines a single-solution-based Vortex Search (VS) approach to find the optimal design variables corresponding to minimal energy consumption for LNG processes, i.e., C3MR and SMR. The LNG processes are simulated using Aspen Hysys and then linked with VS algorithm, which is coded in MATLAB. The results indicated that the SMR process is a potential process for offshore sites that can liquefy natural gas with 16.1% less energy consumption compared with the published base case. Whereas, for onshore LNG production, the energy consumption for the C3MR process is reduced up to 27.8% when compared with the previously published base case. The optimal designs of the SMR and C3MR processes are also found via distinctive well-established optimization approaches (i.e., genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization) and their performance is compared with that of the VS methodology. The authors believe this work will greatly help the process engineers overcome the challenges relating to the energy efficiency of LNG industry, as well as other mixed refrigerant-based cryogenic processes.

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Chen, Shuangtao, Lu Niu, Qiang Zeng, Xiaojiang Li, Fang Lou, Liang Chen, and Yu Hou. "Thermodynamic Analysis on of Skid-Mounted Coal-bed Methane Liquefaction Device using Cryogenic Turbo-Expander." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 278 (December 2017): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/278/1/012027.

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Zainal Abidin, Mohd Zaki, Usama Mohamed Nour, and Ku Zilati Ku Shaari. "Effect of Varying Mixed Refrigerant Composition on Main Cryogenic Heat Exchanger Performance." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.13.

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LNG plant requires a lot of energy for its production especially in liquefaction process. One of the reasons is due to inefficiency on some of its major equipments, particularly on Main Cryogenic Heat Exchanger (MCHE). The efficiency of this unit can be improved by the usage of Mixed Refrigerant (MR) which matches closely the heating curve between hot and cold stream. However, the study on this refrigerant is complex and tedious due to multi component refrigerant and phase changing process inside MCHE. In this study, effect of varying MR composition towards MCHE performance is analyzed, with focus on heat transfer coefficient in shell side of MCHE. The analysis was based on single and two phase flow conditions which are gas flow and liquid falling film flow. The adjustment of binary components in MR composition was studied for each flow regime. By doing this, the best composition adjustment that gives the highest value of heat transfer coefficient was determined. It was found that the adjustment of methane-propane (C1-C3) is the best arrangement for both cases. However, it needs to be tested by applying this to actual process condition, in this case by implementing it in simulated LNG process.

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Sayyaadi, Hoseyn, and M. Babaelahi. "Thermoeconomic optimization of a cryogenic refrigeration cycle for re-liquefaction of the LNG boil-off gas." International Journal of Refrigeration 33, no. 6 (September 2010): 1197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2010.03.008.

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Taskaev, Sergey, Vladimir Khovaylo, Konstantin Skokov, Wei Liu, Eduard Bykov, Maxim Ulyanov, Dmitriy Bataev, et al. "Magnetocaloric effect in GdNi2 for cryogenic gas liquefaction studied in magnetic fields up to 50 T." Journal of Applied Physics 127, no. 23 (June 21, 2020): 233906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0006281.

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Sun, Chongzheng, Xuewen Cao, Yuxing Li, Jianlu Zhu, and Liang Liu. "Improvement of offshore adaptability of main cryogenic heat exchanger in FLNG dual mixed refrigerant liquefaction process." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 169 (April 2021): 120909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.120909.

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Buijs, C., J. J. B. Pek, and W. J. Meiring. "THE PMR PROCESS, AN INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR LARGE LNG TRAINS." APPEA Journal 46, no. 1 (2006): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj05008.

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The forecasts in market growth of LNG and the development of large gas fields are a great stimulus for further enhancing the capacity of LNG trains. The increasing cost of upstream development, including the managing of CO2, deepwater, ice, complex reservoirs and so on, makes downstream economies of scale an imperative. This paper addresses Shell’s approach to large LNG trains in the range of 7–10 Mtpa covering both mechanical and electrical drive options to develop innovative and cost effective designs.With the standard Propane Mixed Refrigerant (C3/MR) technology, capacities up to 5 Mtpa can be achieved with two GE Frame 7 gas turbines as drivers. Due to maximum size constraints of key equipment, an additional liquefaction cycle is required to realise higher LNG capacities. The following solutions are presently applied to extend the capacity above the 5 Mtpa range:adding an additional liquefaction cycle in a three-cycle in series line-up; and,a single pre-cool cycle followed by two parallel liquefaction cycles.Both liquefaction configurations, although of different concepts, have a similar number of equipment items. Shell Global Solutions has developed the latter option as the Parallel Mixed Refrigerant (PMR) process. For precooling either propane or a mixed refrigerant, as used in the Double Mixed Refrigerant (DMR) process, are used. With three well-proven GE Frame 7 gas turbines, 8 Mtpa of LNG production is achieved. With larger drivers such as GE Frame 9 or Siemens V84.2 gas turbines, the LNG capacity increases to above 10 Mtpa.The PMR process for large LNG trains has a number of attractive features:robustness through the use of well-proven equipment;high availability by parallel line-up of the liquefaction cycle. For example, the LNG production is designed to continue at 60% of train capacity if one of the liquefaction cycles trips; and,the optimal power balance between the pre-cool and the two parallel liquefaction cycles results in a high efficiency. Shell’s electrically driven DMR process is also very attractive, particularly for Greenfield applications. This concept is based on a parallel line-up of the refrigerant compressors around a common set of cryogenic spoolwound exchangers and achieves an LNG capacity of more than 8 Mtpa. The power station is driven by gas turbines. The following considerations play a key role in the selection process of electrically driven plants.The gas turbine maintenance is decoupled from LNG production, resulting in a lower downtime. A net increase up to 4% in stream days is possible.High efficiency gas turbines can be selected for the power station and efficiency can be further improved by a combined cycle power plant.The step change in efficiency achieved in a combined cycle power plant is very beneficial in lowering the CO2 and NOx emissions, as well as the feed gas intake.

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Trotsenko, A. V. "ANALYSIS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION ECONOMY IN CRYOGENIC SYSTEMS BY THE USE OF HEAT EXCHANGERS." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 60, no. 3 (May 17, 2017): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2017-60-3-256-264.

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Evaluation of energy consumption economy due to implementation of the principle of cold regeneration is a formidable problem of exergy analysis of cryogenic systems. A method or evaluation of power consumption economy due to the presence of heat exchangers in the scheme of cryogenic plant is suggested in the present article. The calculations of the economy for the refrigeration and liquefaction regimes of cryogenic nitrogen plant operating in accordance with a simple throttle cycle have been carried out. The approximate method for evaluation of power consumption economy demonstrated that for a simple throttle cycle the use of the heat exchanger enables to reduce power costs by about 30 % regardless of the mode of operation. The use of a heat exchanger makes it possible to avoid the problems associated with the use of work produced in the expander. The analysis of the results of the performed calculations demonstrated that the economy is practically independent on the operating regime. For the analyzed systems the minimal pressures of the working fluid after compressor that are needed to obtain a specified quantity of a product of required quality have been determined. The calculations made for Linde cycle demonstrated that this value depends on the mode of operation, but it is significantly less than the pressure in the cycle. The presented approach to determining the economy of energy consumption in low-temperature systems is applicable to power plants due to the presence of heat exchangers in its design. For such an application one need to override the purpose of these devices and to alter the equations exergy balances in accordance with it.

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Łaciak, Mariusz. "Thermodynamic Processes Involving Liquefied Natural Gas at the LNG Receiving Terminals / Procesy termodynamiczne z wykorzystaniem skroplonego gazu ziemnego w terminalach odbiorczych LNG." Archives of Mining Sciences 58, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amsc-2013-0024.

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The increase in demand for natural gas in the world, cause that the production of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and in consequences its regasification becoming more common process related to its transportation. Liquefied gas is transported in the tanks at a temperature of about 111K at atmospheric pressure. The process required to convert LNG from a liquid to a gas phase for further pipeline transport, allows the use of exergy of LNG to various applications, including for electricity generation. Exergy analysis is a well known technique for analyzing irreversible losses in a separate process. It allows to specify the distribution, the source and size of the irreversible losses in energy systems, and thus provide guidelines for energy efficiency. Because both the LNG regasification and liquefaction of natural gas are energy intensive, exergy analysis process is essential for designing highly efficient cryogenic installations.

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Spitoni, Marco, Mariano Pierantozzi, Gabriele Comodi, Fabio Polonara, and Alessia Arteconi. "Theoretical evaluation and optimization of a cryogenic technology for carbon dioxide separation and methane liquefaction from biogas." Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 62 (February 2019): 132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2018.12.007.

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Xiong, Xiaojun, Wensheng Lin, and Anzhong Gu. "Integration of CO 2 cryogenic removal with a natural gas pressurized liquefaction process using gas expansion refrigeration." Energy 93 (December 2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.09.022.

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Fazlollahi, Farhad, Alex Bown, Edris Ebrahimzadeh, and Larry L. Baxter. "Transient natural gas liquefaction and its application to CCC-ES (energy storage with cryogenic carbon capture™)." Energy 103 (May 2016): 369–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.02.109.

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Xiao, Lu, and Jinhua Chen. "Experimental Study on Distillation Column Parameters for Liquefaction Device of Low Concentration Coalbed Methane." Processes 9, no. 4 (March 30, 2021): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9040606.

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The input-output ratio and comprehensive energy consumption of low concentration coalbed methane cryogenic liquefaction devices are determined by the process parameters in control of the distillation column. In order to accurately control the actual operation process of the distillation column, the effect of the operating temperature of the distillation column on the liquefaction performance of a cold box was studied experimentally, and the optimal control parameters of the distillation column were obtained. The results show that the recovery rate of methane decreases with the increase in temperature at the top of the distillation column, and when this temperature is higher than −178 °C, the methane recovery rate drops sharply to below 90%. When the temperature at the bottom of the distillation column rises from −154 °C to −142.7 °C, the purity of LNG products is improved, and when this temperature is increased to −143.5 °C, the purity of products at the bottom of the distillation column reaches the standard, and can be stored safely. In actual operation, the evaporation temperature at the bottom of the column should not be higher than −140 °C. In the process of industrial plant design, measures should be taken to reduce the interaction of the temperature regulation at the top and bottom of the distillation column. When selecting the refrigerant circulation compressor, the leakage of the refrigerant should be considered to maintain the operating pressure of the refrigeration cycle.

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Huang, Ning, Zhenlin Li, and Baoshan Zhu. "Cavitating Flow Suppression in the Draft Tube of a Cryogenic Turbine Expander through Runner Optimization." Processes 8, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8030270.

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The application of a cryogenic liquefied natural gas expander can reduce the production of flash steam and improve the efficiency of natural gas liquefaction. Like traditional hydraulic machinery, cavitation will occur during the operation of a liquefied natural gas expander, in particular, there is a strong vortex flow in the draft tube, and the cavitation phenomenon is serious. In this paper, the energy loss coefficient of the draft tube is used to describe the cavitation flow in the draft tube, and the goal of reducing the cavitation in the draft tube is achieved through the optimization design of the runner. Different runner models within the range of design parameters were obtained using the Latin hypercube test, and the relationship between design parameters and objective functions is constructed by a second-order response surface model. Finally, the optimized runners were obtained using a genetic algorithm. The effects of blade loading distribution and blade lean angles on the cavitation in the draft tube were studied. According to the optimization results, the blade loading distribution and blade lean angles are recommended in the end.

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Wu, Xian Li, Lian Ying Wu, Kai Wang, and Yang Dong Hu. "Energy Integration of Air Separation System Utilizing LNG Cryogenic Energy Based on Gradual Energy Integration and Optimization Strategy." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 2534–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.2534.

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Applying gradual energy integration and optimization strategy, the energy utilization system of the air separation system utilizing LNG cryogenic energy is optimized. By analyzing the original process T-H diagram, reducing the pressure of N2 compression cycle will be a more reasonable way to use the LNG cold energy, and decrease the system power consumption. Due to N2 liquefaction temperature falling under the LNG gasification temperature when N2 compression pressure is decreased from 4.0 MPa to 3.0 MPa, a new LNG cold energy utilization method is proposed. Firstly, LNG is throttled to 0.12 MPa, gasification, and then re-compressed to 0.3 MPa. By adjusting the amount of N2 in compression cycle and LNG, hot and cold streams achieved a complete match. The heat transfer temperature difference is significantly reduced. Two basic parallel composite curves are constructed, and the energy is reasonable utilized. After improvement, the power consumption is reduced 44.6 kW, which prove this energy integration is effective.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cryogenic liquefaction'

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