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Journal articles on the topic 'Cryogenic Instrumentation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

Last updated: 22 June 2024

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1

Poncet, J. M., J. Manzagol, A. Attard, J. André, L. Bizel-Bizellot, P. Bonnay, E. Ercolani, et al. "Cryogenic instrumentation for ITER magnets." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 171 (February 2017): 012130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/171/1/012130.

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2

Vaught, Louis, Vasilis Tsigkis, and Andreas A. Polycarpou. "Development of a controlled-atmosphere, rapid-cooling cryogenic chamber for tribological and mechanical testing." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 083911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0102702.

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Mechanical testing of seals, bearing materials, and mechanisms in cryogenic environments is a rapidly growing field of research, as it promises improvements in equipment performance and reliability for applications such as space exploration, liquid hydrocarbon storage, and superconducting devices. Cooling of test equipment is usually performed within a well-insulated test chamber, via direct or indirect evaporation of liquid cryogen. State-of-the-art equipment is frequently insufficient for rigorous testing, being expensive and cumbersome, cooling slowly, struggling to replicate relevant environmental conditions, and/or failing to reach the temperature of the cryogen. Herein, we employ a rapid prototyping approach using polymer 3D printing to iteratively refine cryogen-based cooling of a tribometer. The final design greatly exceeds the minimum temperature of state-of-the-art equipment, cooling a chamber to liquid nitrogen temperatures (−196 °C) while maintaining dry test conditions. When modified for use on a cryogenic tensile tester, the design cools to −150 °C in 149 s, significantly improving upon state-of-the-art performance. By utilizing this 3D-printed equipment, we find that components produced via Fused Deposition Modeling with unmodified, commodity polylactic acid have favorable mechanical properties in a cryogenic environment: tensile strength of 110 MPa, elongation at break of 10%, and specific wear of 5.6 × 10−5 mm3/Nm against stainless steel. By leveraging 3D printing for rapid manufacture of production-quality parts, highly refined cooling chamber designs have been experimentally developed for both a tribometer and a load frame in rapid succession, enabling significant improvements in cryogenic test capabilities.

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3

Ricketson, B. W. A. "Cryogenic Temperature Measurement." Platinum Metals Review 33, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/003214089x3325557.

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Applications of the rhodium-iron resistance thermometer over the last two decades have demonstrated that this sensor has the widest temperature range known; it has been used between 0.01 and 800 K, nearly five orders of magnitude. Recent developments have resulted in the production of a small planar device, which is finding many uses in cryogenic instrumentation.

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4

Fleischer, S. M., M. P. Ross, K. Venkateswara, C. A. Hagedorn, E. A. Shaw, E. Swanson, B. R. Heckel, and J. H. Gundlach. "A cryogenic torsion balance using a liquid-cryogen free, ultra-low vibration cryostat." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 064505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0089933.

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We describe a liquid-cryogen free cryostat with ultra-low vibration levels, which allows for continuous operation of a torsion balance at cryogenic temperatures. The apparatus uses a commercially available two-stage pulse-tube cooler and passive vibration isolation. The torsion balance exhibits torque noise levels lower than room temperature thermal noise by a factor of about four in the frequency range of 3–10 mHz, limited by residual seismic motion and by radiative heating of the pendulum body. In addition to lowering thermal noise below room-temperature limits, the low-temperature environment enables novel torsion balance experiments. Currently, the maximum duration of a continuous measurement run is limited by accumulation of cryogenic surface contamination on the optical elements inside the cryostat.

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5

Huppi, Ernest Ray. "Cryogenic instrumentation and detector limits in FTS." Mikrochimica Acta 93, no. 1-6 (January 1987): 281–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01201695.

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6

Tsai, C. C., J. R. Feller, Bimal K. Sarma, and J. B. Ketterson. "Instrumentation for cryogenic microwave cavity resonance measurements." Review of Scientific Instruments 75, no. 10 (September 20, 2004): 3158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1781387.

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7

Creus Prats, J., D. Montanari, M. Adamowski, G. Cline, F. Matichard, M. Delaney, and A. Lawrence. "Status of LBNF/DUNE near site liquid argon proximity and external cryogenics systems development." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1240, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1240/1/012084.

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Abstract The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) near site located at Fermilab will host the neutrino beam complex. It includes a high voltage liquid argon time projection chamber located 60-meter underground used as beamline instrumentation. The LAr cryogenic system provided by the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) regulates thermohydraulic conditions of the membrane cryostat hosting the detector with 285 Ton purified LAr. The purification system uses molecular sieve and copper oxide pellets to manage the argon contamination below 100 ppt (parts per trillion) oxygen equivalent. The detector and its cryogenics are capable to move a stroke of 30 meters on/off beam. The cryogenic system modes of operation include the cryostat pressure test, purge in open loop, detector cooldown, cryostat fill, closed loop purification, liquid empty, and purification system activation/regeneration process. The system design status and schedule, and technical details such as operating modes and interfaces are reported in this paper.

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8

Boeckmann, T., J. Bolte, Y. Bozhko, M. Clausen, K. Escherich, O. Korth, J. Penning, et al. "Use of PROFIBUS for cryogenic instrumentation at XFEL." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 278 (December 2017): 012088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/278/1/012088.

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9

Burrows, Nathan D., and R. Lee Penn. "Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy: Aqueous Suspensions of Nanoscale Objects." Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, no. 6 (September 4, 2013): 1542–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927613013354.

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AbstractDirect imaging of nanoscale objects suspended in liquid media can be accomplished using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). Cryo-TEM has been used with particular success in microbiology and other biological fields. Samples are prepared by plunging a thin film of sample into an appropriate cryogen, which essentially produces a snapshot of the suspended objects in their liquid medium. With successful sample preparation, cryo-TEM images can facilitate elucidation of aggregation and self-assembly, as well as provide detailed information about cells and viruses. This work provides an explanation of sample preparation, detailed examples of the many artifacts found in cryo-TEM of aqueous samples, and other key considerations for successful cryo-TEM imaging.

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10

Yang, Fan, Xinliang Wang, Sichen Fan, Yang Bai, Junru Shi, Dandan Liu, Hui Zhang, et al. "Development and tuning of the microwave resonant cavity of a cryogenic cesium atomic fountain clock." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 044708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0082708.

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A cryogenic cesium atomic fountain clock is a novel clock with the microwave cavity and atomic free flight region placed in liquid nitrogen. On the one hand, the blackbody radiation shift is reduced at cryogenic temperature. On the other hand, the vacuum in the atomic free flight region is optimized, and the background gas collision shift reduced. The microwave resonant cavity is the most important unit in a cryogenic cesium atomic fountain clock. Through theoretical and simulative investigation, this study designs the configuration and dimensions for an optimized microwave cavity. Concurrently, experiments reveal the effects of temperature, pressure, humidity, and other factors on the resonant frequency of the microwave cavity. Combining the theoretical and experimental study, we obtain the resonant frequency difference between the microwave cavity in a cryogenic vacuum and at room temperature and ambient pressure. By subtracting this frequency difference, we adjust the microwave cavity for room temperature and ambient pressure, then vacuumize and immerse it in liquid nitrogen for verification and fine tuning. Finally, we determine that the microwave cavity resonant frequency deviation from the clock transition frequency is 10 kHz with an unloaded quality factor of 25 000, which meets the application requirements of the cryogenic cesium atomic fountain clock.

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11

Kamiya, Naoki, Kazuki Kuramoto, Kento Takishima, Tatsuya Yumoto, Haruka Oda, Takeshi Shimi, Hiroshi Kimura, Michio Matsushita, and Satoru Fujiyoshi. "Superfluid helium nanoscope insert with millimeter working range." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 103703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0107395.

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A superfluid helium insert was developed for cryogenic microscopy of millimeter-sized specimens. An optical-interferometric position sensor, cryogenic objective mirror, and piezo-driven cryogenic stage were fixed to an insert holder that was immersed in superfluid helium. The single-component design stabilized the three-dimensional position of the sample, with root-mean-square deviations of ( x, lateral) 0.33 nm, ( y, lateral) 0.29 nm, and ( z, axial) 0.25 nm. Because of the millimeter working range of the optical sensor, the working range of the sample under the active stabilization was ( x, y) 5 mm and ( z) 3 mm in superfluid helium at 1.8 K. The insert was used to obtain the millimeter-sized fluorescence image of cell nuclei at 1.8 K without a sample exchange.

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12

Wollack, E. J., R. E. Kinzer, and S. A. Rinehart. "A cryogenic infrared calibration target." Review of Scientific Instruments 85, no. 4 (April 2014): 044707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4871108.

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13

Mezhov-Deglin, L. P., A. V. Lokhov, V. N. Khlopinskii, and Z. V. Kalmykova. "Portable devices for cryogenic medicine." Instruments and Experimental Techniques 43, no. 5 (September 2000): 683–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02759083.

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14

Tancredi, G., S. Schmidlin, and P. J. Meeson. "Note: Cryogenic coaxial microwave filters." Review of Scientific Instruments 85, no. 2 (February 2014): 026104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4863881.

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15

Jarc, Giacomo, Shahla Yasmin Mathengattil, Francesca Giusti, Maurizio Barnaba, Abhishek Singh, Angela Montanaro, Filippo Glerean, et al. "Tunable cryogenic terahertz cavity for strong light–matter coupling in complex materials." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 033102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0080045.

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We report here the realization and commissioning of an experiment dedicated to the study of the optical properties of light–matter hybrids constituted of crystalline samples embedded in an optical cavity. The experimental assembly developed offers the unique opportunity to study the weak and strong coupling regimes between a tunable optical cavity in cryogenic environment and low energy degrees of freedom, such as phonons, magnons, or charge fluctuations. We describe here the setup developed that allows for the positioning of crystalline samples in an optical cavity of different quality factors, the tuning of the cavity length at cryogenic temperatures, and its optical characterization with a broadband time domain THz spectrometer (0.2–6 THz). We demonstrate the versatility of the setup by studying the vibrational strong coupling in CuGeO3 single crystal at cryogenic temperatures.

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16

Słowiński, Michał, Marcin Makowski, Kamil Leon Sołtys, Kamil Stankiewicz, Szymon Wójtewicz, Daniel Lisak, Mariusz Piwiński, and Piotr Wcisło. "Cryogenic mirror position actuator for spectroscopic applications." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 115003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0116691.

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We demonstrate a mirror position actuator that operates in a wide temperature range from room temperature to a deep cryogenic regime (10 K). We use a Michelson interferometer to measure the actuator tuning range (and piezoelectric efficiency) in the full temperature range. We demonstrate an unprecedented range of tunability of the mirror position in the cryogenic regime (over 22 μm at 10 K). The capability of controlling the mirror position in the range from few to few tens of microns is crucial for cavity-enhanced molecular spectroscopy techniques, especially in the important mid-infrared spectral regime where the length of an optical cavity has to be tunable in a range larger than the laser wavelength. The piezoelectric actuator offering this range of tunability in the cryogenic conditions, on the one hand, will enable development of optical cavities operating at low temperatures that are crucial for spectroscopy of large molecules whose dense spectra are difficult to resolve at room temperature. On the other hand, this will enable us to increase the accuracy of the measurement of simple molecules aimed at fundamental studies.

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17

Kogut, A., T. Essinger-Hileman, S. Denker, N. Bellis, L. Lowe, and P. Mirel. "The balloon-borne cryogenic telescope testbed mission: Bulk cryogen transfer at 40 km altitude." Review of Scientific Instruments 91, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 124501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0021483.

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18

Völksen, F., J. A. Devlin, M. J. Borchert, S. R. Erlewein, M. Fleck, J. I. Jäger, B. M. Latacz, et al. "A high-Q superconducting toroidal medium frequency detection system with a capacitively adjustable frequency range >180 kHz." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 093303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0089182.

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We describe a newly developed polytetrafluoroethylene/copper capacitor driven by a cryogenic piezoelectric slip-stick stage and demonstrate with the chosen layout cryogenic capacitance tuning of [Formula: see text] pF at [Formula: see text] pF background capacitance. Connected to a highly sensitive superconducting toroidal LC circuit, we demonstrate tuning of the resonant frequency between 345 and 685 kHz, at quality factors Q > 100 000. Connected to a cryogenic ultra low noise amplifier, a frequency tuning range between 520 and 710 kHz is reached, while quality factors Q > 86 000 are achieved. This new device can be used as a versatile image current detector in high-precision Penning-trap experiments or as an LC-circuit-based haloscope detector to search for the conversion of axion-like dark matter to radio-frequency photons. This new development increases the sensitive detection bandwidth of our axion haloscope by a factor of [Formula: see text].

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19

Jiménez, José Miguel, and Paolo Chiggiato. "Vacuum science and technology at CERN." Europhysics News 51, no. 4 (July 2020): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epn/2020404.

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Vacuum is essential in particle accelerators. Low gas density allows charged particles beams to circulate without excessive losses. Indeed, beam losses are detrimental for instrumentation; they increase induced radioactivity, background noise in particle detectors, and beam-induced heat loads to cryogenic equipment.

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20

Cohen, L. F., and E. L. Wolf. "Microwave-coupled cryogenic STM." Measurement Science and Technology 2, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/2/1/014.

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21

Krzhimovskii, V. I. "Constant cryogenic voltage divider." Measurement Techniques 34, no. 10 (October 1991): 1039–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00981062.

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22

Weiss, Nicolas, Ute Drechsler, Michel Despont, and Stuart S. P. Parkin. "Cryogenic current-in-plane tunneling apparatus." Review of Scientific Instruments 79, no. 12 (December 2008): 123902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2972167.

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23

Anashkin, E. V., V. M. Aul’chenko, R. R. Akhmetshin, V. Sh Banzarov, L. M. Barkov, S. E. Baru, N. S. Bashtovoi, et al. "The CMD-2 cryogenic magnetic detector." Instruments and Experimental Techniques 49, no. 6 (December 2006): 798–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0020441206060066.

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24

Li, Yuzhang, Robert Sinclair, and Yi Cui. "Cryogenic-electron Microscopy for Battery Materials." Microscopy and Microanalysis 26, S2 (July 30, 2020): 1824–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927620019509.

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25

Esser, Tim K., Benjamin Hoffmann, Scott L. Anderson, and Knut R. Asmis. "A cryogenic single nanoparticle action spectrometer." Review of Scientific Instruments 90, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 125110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5128203.

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26

Perez, Davis, Peter D. Dahlberg, and W. E. Moerner. "Advanced Cryogenic Light Microscopy Stage to Enable 3D Super-resolved Cryogenic Correlative Light and Electron Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 29, Supplement_1 (July 22, 2023): 1941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/micmic/ozad067.1005.

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27

Bradu, B., K. Brodzinski, J. Casas-Cubillos, D. Delikaris, J. B. Deschamps, S. Le Naour, M. Pezzetti, et al. "Beam induced heat load instrumentation installed in LHC during the Long Shutdown 2." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1240, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1240/1/012043.

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Abstract During the second run of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) between 2015 and 2018, significant beam induced heat loads have been observed on the beam screens circuits impacting the cryogenic system capacity, mainly due to the electron clouds generated by the beams. To validate these measurements and to obtain precise heat load assessments and comparison with preliminary calculations based on existing hardware equipment at selected locations, it was decided to add new cryogenic instrumentation around the machine. In total, 23 Coriolis flowmeters (cold conditions), 4 thermal flowmeters (room temperature conditions) and 58 Cernox thermometers have been installed and commissioned between 2019 and 2021 during the so-called long shutdown 2 (LS2). This paper presents an overview of this project, including the commissioning of these instruments and confirming at first stage the original heat load estimations.

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28

Grauso, G., A. Basco, N. Canci, R. de Asmundis, F. Di Capua, G. Matteucci, Y. Suvorov, and G. Fiorillo. "A versatile cryogenic system for liquid argon detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 03 (March 1, 2023): C03018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/03/c03018.

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Abstract Detectors for direct dark matter search using noble gases in the liquid phase as a detection medium need to be coupled to liquefaction, purification and recirculation systems. A dedicated cryogenic system has been assembled and operated at the INFN-Naples cryogenic laboratory with the aim to liquefy and purify the argon used as an active target in liquid argon detectors to study the scintillation and ionization signals detected by large SiPM arrays. The cryogenic system is mainly composed of a double wall cryostat hosting the detector, a purification stage to reduce the impurities below one part per billion level, a condenser to liquefy the argon, and a recirculation gas panel connected to the cryostat equipped with a custom gas pump. The main features of the cryogenic system are reported as well as the performance, long term operation and stability in terms of the most relevant thermodynamic parameters.

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29

Yang, Jinbo, Jian Li, Wei Liu, Yihao Li, Yalin Huang, Jun Zhou, and Xingyi Zhang. "Development of a load frame for neutron diffraction and fluorescent thermometry at cryogenic temperature." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): 073904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0068365.

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Over the years, rapidly rising interest in the mechanical properties of various materials at low temperatures has been simulated because of the growing cryogenic applications in modern engineering fields of space technology, environmental engineering, and superconductivity engineering. Realizing in situ measurement of the internal strain and the full-field strain and the temperature distribution of related materials in a cryogenic loading environment is a significant requirement for safety assessment and related research of some new large science facility projects. Here, we present a novel cryogenic load frame, which is suitable for neutron scattering measurements of internal stress at the temperature range of 6–300 K. The loading capacity is 2500 N, and the slowest loading speed is 0.001 mm/s. By replacing the vacuum chamber sealing plate with a K9 glass window, the in situ digital image correlation strain measurement can be realized. Furthermore, fluorescence thermometry has also been investigated during a heating and cooling process without deformation. Using the present design, some typical results of the 316LN stainless steel and the YBCO tape at low temperatures were introduced.

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30

Lin, Kuan-Ting, Qianchun Weng, Sunmi Kim, Susumu Komiyama, and Yusuke Kajihara. "Development of a cryogenic passive-scattering-type near-field optical microscopy system." Review of Scientific Instruments 94, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 023701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0133575.

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Passive scattering-type, scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) has been employed to study localized, long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) surface waves without external illumination. Here, we develop a cryogenic passive s-SNOM instrument in a vacuum chamber with 4 K liquid-helium cooling. Notably, the extremely low-temperature environment inside the chamber enables the realization of passive near-field detection with low background thermal noise. The technique mainly utilizes a highly sensitive LWIR confocal optical system and a tuning fork-based atomic force microscope, and the near-field detection was performed at a wavelength of 10.2 ± 0.9 µm. In this paper, we discuss the cryogenic s-SNOM implementation in detail and report the investigation of thermally excited surface electromagnetic fields on a self-heated NiCr wire deposited on SiO2 at a temperature of 5 K. The origin of the surface electromagnetic fields was established to be the thermally excited fluctuating charges of the conduction electrons. The cryogenic s-SNOM method presented herein shows significant promise for application in a variety of spheres, including hot-carrier dissipation in ballistic conductors.

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31

Biassoni, M., A. Caminata, S. Caprioli, A. Celentano, S. Davini, A. Marini, and G. Sobrero. "Characterization of the performances of commercial plastic scintillators in cryogenic environments." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 05 (May 1, 2023): P05036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/05/p05036.

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Abstract Plastic scintillators have become increasingly important in particle physics for time-of-flight and calorimetry measurements. Their light yield and the possibility of customizing their geometry make them also attractive for the construction of active vetoes in rare event physics experiments. For this purpose, some commercial plastic scintillators (purchased from Eljen Technology) were tested in cryogenic environments (liquid nitrogen and liquid helium). Their relative light yield was estimated by comparing the data acquired at room temperature with those acquired at cryogenic temperatures. Finally, estimates of the variation of the light yield at cryogenic temperatures were obtained.

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32

Bondar, A., A. Buzulutskov, A. Dolgov, E. Frolov, V. Nosov, L. Shekhtman, and A. Sokolov. "Study of cryogenic photomultiplier tubes for the future two-phase cryogenic avalanche detector." Journal of Instrumentation 12, no. 05 (May 5, 2017): C05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/12/05/c05002.

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33

Qi, H. Y., F. Z. Shen, H. C. Zhang, C. J. Huang, Y. M. Han, Y. C. Zhao, J. J. Xin, et al. "A tensile property measuring system for miniaturized samples from 300 K to 70 K based on pulse tube cryocooler." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 06 (June 1, 2023): P06004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/06/p06004.

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Abstract With the rapid development and wide application of cryogenic, superconducting and space technologies in engineering fields, measurements of the mechanical properties especially the tensile properties of small-sized samples at cryogenic temperatures are more and more important. In this study, a tensile property measuring system for miniaturized samples was designed and built, where the samples can be measured from 300 K to 70 K with a resolution of 0.1 K. The cryogenic environment was provided by a pulse tube cryocooler. The force load applied to the sample was up to 10 N with a resolution of 0.001 N. The structure of the cryogenic system and sample holders were specially designed for miniaturized samples. A control and automatic data acquisition system was used to control and acquire data from all devices of the instrument. The simulations of the stretching part under load at cryogenic temperature were performed to ensure the measurement accuracy and reliability. To verify the performance and accuracy of the system, the tensile properties of two kinds of fine high-purity copper wires were measured at both 77 K and 300 K. The tensile measurement results were discussed and the measurement uncertainty of the system was analyzed. With different clamps more kinds of mechanical measurements of miniaturized samples can be carried out on this system.

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34

Schubert, M., L. Kilzer, T. Dubielzig, M. Schilling, C. Ospelkaus, and B. Hampel. "Active impedance matching of a cryogenic radio frequency resonator for ion traps." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 093201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0097583.

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A combination of direct current (DC) fields and high amplitude radio frequency (RF) fields is necessary to trap ions in a Paul trap. Such high electric RF fields are usually reached with the help of a resonator in close proximity to the ion trap. Ion trap based quantum computers profit from good vacuum conditions and low heating rates that cryogenic environments provide. However, an impedance matching network between the resonator and its RF source is necessary, as an unmatched resonator would require higher input power due to power reflection. The reflected power would not contribute to the RF trapping potential, and the losses in the cable induce additional heat into the system. The electrical properties of the matching network components change during cooling, and a cryogenic setup usually prohibits physical access to integrated components while the experiment is running. This circumstance leads to either several cooling cycles to improve the matching at cryogenic temperatures or the operation of poorly matched resonators. In this work, we demonstrate an RF resonator that is actively matched to the wave impedance of coaxial cables and the signal source. The active part of the matching circuit consists of a varactor diode array. Its capacitance depends on the DC voltage applied from outside the cryostat. We present measurements of the power reflection, the Q-factor, and higher harmonic signals resulting from the nonlinearity of the varactor diodes. The RF resonator is tested in a cryostat at room temperature and cryogenic temperatures, down to 4.3 K. A superior impedance matching for different ion traps can be achieved with this type of resonator.

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35

Zhu, Rusong, Guofu Yin, Gengsheng Tang, Hai Wang, and Shuangxi Zhang. "Temperature trajectory control of cryogenic wind tunnel with robust L1 adaptive control." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 40, no. 13 (October 9, 2017): 3675–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331217728569.

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Temperature control in a cryogenic wind tunnel is the key to realizing finely controlled Reynolds number close to true flight. This study deploys the L1 adaptive control methodology to ensure the total temperature profile of the cryogenic wind tunnel tracks a specified reference trajectory. After introducing a non-linear model of a cryogenic wind tunnel and a linear temperature model, a linear–quadratic–Gaussian (LQG) controller is implemented as the baseline controller. The L1 adaptive controller with piecewise constant adaptive law is used as an augmentation to the baseline controller to cancel the matched and unmatched uncertainties within the actuator’s bandwidth. By introducing two modifications to the standard L1 adaptive controller, which are the transportation delay modelling in the state predictor and the non-linear state dependent filter, the L1 adaptive controller improves the performance of the baseline controller in the presence of uncertainties in temperature control, guaranteeing proper stability and delay margin. The simulation results and analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control architecture. The main contribution of this paper lies in the first applications of L1 adaptive control to the wind tunnel control problem and the non-linear state dependent filter in L1 adaptive control structure.

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36

Gugliandolo, Giovanni, Andrea Alimenti, Mariangela Latino, Giovanni Crupi, Kostiantyn Torokhtii, Enrico Silva, and Nicola Donato. "Inkjet-Printed Interdigitated Capacitors for Sensing Applications: Temperature-Dependent Electrical Characterization at Cryogenic Temperatures down to 20 K." Instruments 7, no. 3 (July 19, 2023): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments7030020.

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Microwave transducers are widely used for sensing applications in areas such as gas sensing and microfluidics. Inkjet printing technology has been proposed as a promising method for fabricating such devices due to its capability to produce complex patterns and geometries with high precision. In this work, the temperature-dependent electrical properties of an inkjet-printed single-port interdigitated capacitor (IDC) were investigated at cryogenic temperatures down to 20 K. The IDC was designed and fabricated using inkjet printing technology, while its reflection coefficient was measured using a vector network analyzer in a cryogenic measurement setup and then transformed into the corresponding admittance. The resonant frequency and quality factor (Q-factor) of the IDC were extracted as functions of the temperature and their sensitivity was evaluated. The results showed that the resonant frequency shifted to higher frequencies as the temperature was reduced, while the Q-factor increased as the temperature decreased. The trends and observations in the temperature-dependent electrical properties of the IDC are discussed and analyzed in this paper, and are expected to be useful in future advancement of the design and optimization of inkjet-printed microwave transducers for sensing applications and cryogenic electronics.

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37

MIGLIORI, A., F. F. BALAKIREV, J. B. BETTS, G. S. BOEBINGER, C. H. MIELKE, and D. RICKEL. "DEVELOPMENT OF ADVANCED INSTRUMENTATION FOR STATIC AND PULSED FIELDS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 16, no. 20n22 (August 30, 2002): 3398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979202014553.

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The DC and pulsed magnets now available at the NHMFL provide routine access to high magnetic fields in cryogenic environments (down to even dilution refrigerator levels), that are world-record unique. This uniqueness comes with a price that reflects constraints of the magnets and the low temperatures, including limited volume and time at peak magnetic field, cryogenic power limits on electronics, and, particularly for pulsed magnets, increased noise. In effect, the instrumentation constraints are similar for NHMFL superconducting, resistive and pulsed magnets. An NHMFL experimentalist therefore has a simple goal: acquisition of all the information produced by a measurement in the shortest time permitted by information theory, with minimum sensitivity to noise and interference. To assist with this, we propose here to eliminate commercial general-purpose lock-in amplifiers, preamplifiers and digitizers and replace them with commercial-quality custom building blocks optimized for NHMFL measurements, that are faster, quieter, more versatile, and cheaper. We will use these new instruments to support users by improving present measurements as well as adding new capabilities, including specific heat for materials that suffer adiabatic effects in pulsed fields, and thermal conductivity in both dc and pulsed magnets based on 3rd harmonic methods. We will use these techniques to measures the thermal conductivity of high Tc superconductors at high field in the normal state, and to test the Weideman-Franz relationship between electronic thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity in the extreme high-field limit.

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Abrecht, M., A. Adare, and J. W. Ekin. "Magnetization and magnetoresistance of common alloy wires used in cryogenic instrumentation." Review of Scientific Instruments 78, no. 4 (2007): 046104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2719652.

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Arnaldi, L. H., and H. D. Dellavale. "Oversampled filter bank channelizer for cryogenic detectors." Review of Scientific Instruments 92, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 023304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0035449.

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Harris, C. Thomas, and Tzu-Ming Lu. "A PtNiGe resistance thermometer for cryogenic applications." Review of Scientific Instruments 92, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 054904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0014007.

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41

Antonio, D., H. Pastoriza, P. Julián, and P. Mandolesi. "Cryogenic transimpedance amplifier for micromechanical capacitive sensors." Review of Scientific Instruments 79, no. 8 (August 2008): 084703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2970944.

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Mitin, V. F., V. V. Kholevchuk, A. V. Semenov, A. A. Kozlovskii, N. S. Boltovets, V. A. Krivutsa, A. S. Slepova, and S. V. Novitskii. "Nanocrystalline SiC film thermistors for cryogenic applications." Review of Scientific Instruments 89, no. 2 (February 2018): 025004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5024505.

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Brandl, M. F., M. W. van Mourik, L. Postler, A. Nolf, K. Lakhmanskiy, R. R. Paiva, S. Möller, et al. "Cryogenic setup for trapped ion quantum computing." Review of Scientific Instruments 87, no. 11 (November 2016): 113103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4966970.

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Meshkov, I. N., V. N. Pavlov, A. O. Sidorin, and S. L. Yakovenko. "A cryogenic source of slow monochromatic positrons." Instruments and Experimental Techniques 50, no. 5 (September 2007): 639–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0020441207050028.

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Ilett, Martha, Teresa Roncal-Herrero, Rik Brydson, Andy Brown, and Nicole Hondow. "Progress on Cryogenic Analytical STEM of Nanomaterials." Microscopy and Microanalysis 25, S2 (August 2019): 1086–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927619006160.

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Okamoto, Hiroshi, and Hans-Werner Fink. "Cryogenic low energy electron point source microscope." Review of Scientific Instruments 77, no. 4 (April 2006): 043714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2195120.

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Kanno, Ikuo, Shigeomi Hishiki, Osamu Sugiura, Ruifei Xiang, Tatsuya Nakamura, and Masaki Katagiri. "Photon detection by a cryogenic InSb detector." Review of Scientific Instruments 76, no. 2 (February 2005): 023102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1835632.

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Gillespie, Andrew K., Cuikun Lin, Robert P. Thorn, Heather Higgins, Robert Baca, Andrew A. Durso, Django Jones, Ruth Ogu, Jeremy Marquis, and R. V. Duncan. "A new fast response cryogenic evaporative calorimeter." Review of Scientific Instruments 91, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 085103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0013713.

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Son, Jiwon, and Taiha Joo. "Ultrafast time-resolved fluorescence at cryogenic temperature." Review of Scientific Instruments 89, no. 8 (August 2018): 083115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5028367.

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Ivanov, B. I., D. N. Klimenko, A. N. Sultanov, E. Il'ichev, and H. G. Meyer. "Narrow bandpass cryogenic filter for microwave measurements." Review of Scientific Instruments 84, no. 5 (May 2013): 054707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4807152.

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