Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'CryoEM en temps résolu'
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Moissonnier, Loïck. "Etude fonctionnelle et structurale du transporteur de multiple drogues, BmrA, en condition d’équilibre et en temps résolu. Caractérisation structurale de BmrA en liposome par cryoEM." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10213.
Full textAccording to the World Health Organization, antibiotic resistance is a major problem for humanity due to the emergence of multiresistant bacteria. The emergence of these resistances in bacteria is due to their ability to implement numerous strategies to prevent antibiotics from working. In particular, the first line of defense of these bacteria is the overexpression of ABC (ATP-Binding Cassette) transporters, which expel antibiotics out of the bacterial cell, reducing their concentrations below their cytotoxic thresholds. Over 50 years of study on these transporters have enabled the scientific community to establish a global mechanism, particularly thanks to the increasing acquisition of 3D structures. This has been closely linked to the technological and methodological evolution of structural biology in recent years, especially with the emergence of cryoEM. As knowledge advances, the questions become more precise, and many questions remain about understanding their functioning. As part of my project, I studied BmrA, one of these ABC transporters expressed in Bacillus subtilis, which confers resistance to cervimycin C, an antibiotic secreted by Streptomyces tendae, its natural competitor in the same biotope. Additionally, this transporter is capable of binding and transporting a wide variety of molecules, including many antibiotics, by adopting both a conformation that takes up the ligand (IF, inward-facing conformation) and an outward-facing conformation (OF) to release it. This ability to handle multiple molecules remains a highly debated question, especially in understanding the transport mechanism at the molecular level. During my Ph.D., I participated in a structural enzymology study on an inactive E504A mutant in the presence of ligands (Rhodamine 6G, Hoechst 33342) to improve knowledge of this mechanism. These ligands act as allosteric effectors on the ATP binding of BmrA, impacting the transition between IF and OF conformations. The resolution of several 3D structures by cryoEM was achieved by varying the concentration of ATP. An analysis of the flexibility of each of these conformations highlighted the molecular rearrangements that BmrA can adopt to ensure its polyspecificity. Moreover, I provided numerous functional insights regarding the coupling between ligand transport and the ATPase activity of this transporter. The second part of my work focused on studying the conformational transition occurring in BmrA after ATP binding using so-called "time-resolved" techniques. The objective was to monitor these conformational changes over time using the intrinsic fluorescence of BmrA coupled with cryoEM. I developed and optimized the experimental conditions to conduct this study, particularly acquiring kinetic and dynamic information on mutants as well as the wild-type protein. Finally, the last part of the manuscript involved reconstituting BmrA in a more native amphipathic environment than detergents to obtain its 3D structure by cryoEM. I optimized this reconstitution protocol to obtain the best possible sample for grid deposition. During this process, I characterized the formation of the proteoliposome at each stage of the protocol by observing it with cryoEM. Thanks to this study, I was able to obtain the first 2D classes of BmrA in a lipid bilayer. In conclusion, this thesis offers a new way to study the structure-function relationship of proteins by developing structural enzymology tools and methodology to visualize the dynamics of this ABC transporter, as well as a first approach to studying it in liposomes
Beltako, Katawoura. "Transport résolu en temps dans les nanodispositifs optoélectroniques quantiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0516/document.
Full textRecent advances in excitation frequencies beyond gigahertz now offer the ability to probe the internal response of a quantum system. Time dependence in future nanoelectronics has arisen as the major challenge of next advances in device modeling and simulations. Oscillating gate voltages, time-dependent bias but also applied illumination pulses, all are examples of key issues in quantum transport simulations which require novel approaches as well as efficient numerical methods. This is the context of this thesis, which focuses on three areas. A first part concerns the methodology. We proposed a suitable technique for the simulation of time-dependent transport in nano-systems interacting with lightradiation, relying on the state of the art in quantum statistical methodologies, with a special attention to the formalism of non-equilibrium Green’s functions. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the development and implementationof efficient algorithms to simulate time-resolved quantities for quantum optoelectronic nanodevices. Finally, this new method and the developed algorithms have enabled us to investigate carrier transfer processes in molecular nanojunctions. This study led us to the elucidation of unsuspected physical effects and captivating experimental proposals for the determination of internal quantum characteristics of these nanodevices. This work provides us with a valuable toolfor ultrafast quantum transport simulation. It also gives indeed an insight on the relevance of transient dynamics in the understanding of time-resolved optoelectronic nanodevice operations and open avenues towards the design of futureultrafast optoelectronics
Beltako, Katawoura. "Transport résolu en temps dans les nanodispositifs optoélectroniques quantiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0516.
Full textRecent advances in excitation frequencies beyond gigahertz now offer the ability to probe the internal response of a quantum system. Time dependence in future nanoelectronics has arisen as the major challenge of next advances in device modeling and simulations. Oscillating gate voltages, time-dependent bias but also applied illumination pulses, all are examples of key issues in quantum transport simulations which require novel approaches as well as efficient numerical methods. This is the context of this thesis, which focuses on three areas. A first part concerns the methodology. We proposed a suitable technique for the simulation of time-dependent transport in nano-systems interacting with lightradiation, relying on the state of the art in quantum statistical methodologies, with a special attention to the formalism of non-equilibrium Green’s functions. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the development and implementationof efficient algorithms to simulate time-resolved quantities for quantum optoelectronic nanodevices. Finally, this new method and the developed algorithms have enabled us to investigate carrier transfer processes in molecular nanojunctions. This study led us to the elucidation of unsuspected physical effects and captivating experimental proposals for the determination of internal quantum characteristics of these nanodevices. This work provides us with a valuable toolfor ultrafast quantum transport simulation. It also gives indeed an insight on the relevance of transient dynamics in the understanding of time-resolved optoelectronic nanodevice operations and open avenues towards the design of futureultrafast optoelectronics
Mendonca, Lucille. "Dynamique conformationnelle des protéines étudiée par dichroïsme circulaire résolu en temps." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00843425.
Full textNiezborala, Claire. "Dynamique de repliement des protéines étudiées par dichroïsme circulaire résolu en temps." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004435.
Full textLopez, Evelyne. "Cryptate d'europium (III) trisbipyridine et détection d'acides nucléiques ciblés par fluorescence en temps résolu." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20284.
Full textRubin, Christophe. "Préparation d'une expérience de diffraction de Laue en temps résolu : aspect expérimental et numérique de la méthode." Grenoble 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10125.
Full textHubert, Fabien. "Nucléation et croissance de nanocylindres d'or : mécanismes de développement de l'anisotropie et suivi in situ résolu en temps." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066651.
Full textCourvoisier, Céline. "Etude d'un continuum de lumière en régime femtoseconde. Applications au domaine biologique : microscopies et spectroscopie en temps résolu." Phd thesis, Besançon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BESA2027.
Full textLange, Frédéric. "Développement d’un système de Topographie Optique Diffuse résolu en temps et hyperspectral pour la détection de l’activité cérébrale humaine." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI012.
Full textThe Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT) is now a relevant tool for the functional medical imaging. One of the most widespread application of this technic is the imaging of the human brain function. Indeed, this technic has numerous advantages, especially the richness of the optical contrast accessible. Nevertheless, some drawbacks are curbing the use of the technic, especially for applications on adults in clinics or in particular environment like in the monitoring of sports activity. Indeed, the measured signal contains information coming from different depths of the head, so it contains different tissues types like skin and brain. Yet, the response of interest is the one of the brain, and the one of the skin is blurring it. In this context, this work is about the development of a new instrument of DOT capable of acquiring spatial and spectral information, as well as the arrival time of photons simultaneously and at a high acquisition speed. During the PhD thesis the instrument has been developed and characterised on optical phantoms. Then, it has been validated in-vivo on adults, especially by detecting the cortical activation of the prefrontal cortex, in response to a simple calculation task. Multidimensional information acquired by our system allowed us to better distinguish between superficial and deep layers. It also allowed us to distinguish between the physiological signature of those tissues, and especially to detect the variations of concentration in Cytochrom-c-oxydase. Concurrently to this experimental work, Monte-Carlo simulation of light propagation in a model off a human head has been done. Those simulations allowed us to better understand the light propagation in tissues as function as their wavelength, and to validate the relevance of our multidimensional approach. Perspectives of this work is to use the developed instrument to monitor the brain’s response of the Human adult to several solicitations like tDCS stimulation, or sports activity
Bonfim, Marlio. "Micro bobines à champ pulsé : applications aux champs forts et à la dynamique de renversement de l'aimantation à l'échelle de la nanoseconde par effet Kerr et Dichroïsme Circulaire Magnétique de rayons X." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008020.
Full textMarais, Arthur. "Détection de traces d’éléments lanthanides par fluorescence en temps résolu : application industrielle au marquage anti contrefaçon et à l'analyse chimique." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1012/document.
Full textTime-resolved fluorescence is an advanced spectrophotometric analysis method which allows the selection of emitted luminescent photons on a time-based parameters. It is possible to extract the signal of long-lived luminescent species even in complex and polluted matrix from the industry. This type of analysis is especially fitted for the detection of lanthanide ions. During this thesis two technologies based on time-resolved analysis were designed to answer specific industrial problematics. The first one yields the residual concentration of chemical additives used during oil and gas extraction. The second one aims at protecting crude oils and refined fuels from counterfeiting. They both rely on the use of lanthanide complex and the measurement of their luminescent properties. A prototype of time-resolved spectrofluorimeter was also built to transfer the technologies from the laboratory to the industrial world
Maurel, Damien. "Oligomérisation des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G : deux ou plus ? : application des technologies de FRET en temps résolu au cas du récepteur GABAb." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00165100.
Full textAu cours de ce travail de thèse nous avons développé une approche de FRET en temps résolu permettant de mettre en évidence, à l'aide d'anticorps marqués, des interactions de sous-unités de RCPG à la surface de cellules vivantes. En choisissant le récepteur GABAB comme modèle d'étude, cette approche a permis de révéler l'homo- et l'hétérodimérisation de ce récepteur à la surface cellulaire. De plus, en condition de perméabilisation des cellules, l'oligomérisation de la sous-unité GABAB1 retenue dans les compartiments intracellulaires a pu être caractérisée par cette même approche.
Afin d'analyser plus précisément l'organisation du récepteur GABAB, nous avons mis au point une deuxième méthode permettant de marquer irréversiblement à l'aide de fluorophores les sous-unités GABAB1 et GABAB2 présentes à la surface cellulaire. La combinaison de cette méthode de marquage (SNAP-tag) avec une analyse de FRET en temps résolu a permis de caractériser l'organisation oligomérique de ce récepteur. Ainsi, le récepteur GABAB, connu pour être un hétérodimère obligatoire, semble capable de former des oligomères via la sous-unité GABAB1 qui représente un point de contact entre deux hétérodimères. Le rôle d'une telle organisation sur la fonction de ce récepteur reste toutefois indéterminé.
Teppe, Frédéric. "Dynamique de spin dans des hétérostructures de semi-conducteurs II-VI magnétiques et non-magnétiques étudiée par effet Kerr magnéto-optique résolu en temps." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20157.
Full textVercucque, Isabelle. "Dynamiques de relaxation de l'eau et des solutions aqueuses d'acide chlorhydrique par effet Kerr optique résolu dans le temps et par simulation de dynamiques moléculaires." Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50376-1998-249.pdf.
Full textNguyen, Trong Nghia. "Développement d’un système de microscopie pour la détection en temps résolu de la fluorescence de complexes macromoléculaires mixtes gadolinium/terbium destinés à l’imagerie bimodale de l’atherothrombose." Thesis, Paris 13, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA132005/document.
Full textWe developed a fluorescence imaging microscope system intended for localizing and evaluating its concentration with in arteries slices of a macromolecular (P717) Gd-based MRIcontrast agent used for the visualization of atherosclerotic lesions. As the contrast agent is not initially fluorescent, we modified the agent which is now partially fitted with Tb ions, while preserving its chemical characteristics. A long fluorescence emission time constant enables usto have a suitable signal to noise ratio, despite a low intensity, using pulsed illumination and time gated imaging after the other sources of fluorescence have decayed.The excitation source, on top of the inverted microscope, is a laser diode emitting at 371nm. The fluorescence signal is imaged on an ICCD camera. The fluorescence spectrum is acquired too, to positively insure that the signal really comes from the intended contrast agent. A microcontroller synchronizes electrical gating of the ICCD camera, of the laser pulse and generally controls automatically all parts of the measurement process. For tissue identification, we acquire a “natural image” using the standard halogen lamp of themicroscope. This image is synthesized by the use of the combination of three successive images taken with the three fundamental colors. Then our software assembles the color and fluorescence images.First images of rat arteries show that the contrast agent is indeed localized on specific regions of the tissues. We now have a new tool which allows us to understand and optimize the MRI contrast agent
Fotso, Gueutue Eric Stéphane. "Spectroscopie Raman résolue en temps pour les hautes températures." Thesis, Orléans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ORLE2023/document.
Full textThis work presents the optimization of a time-resolved Raman spectroscopy device dedicated to very high temperatures. This device meets the ever-increasing need to study in real time phase transformations and reaction kinetics in extreme environments. This device has been validated under working conditions on oxides (Gd₂O3, Y₂O3, ZrO₂ , ZrSiO4 et CeO₂) and nitrides (h-BN). The potentialities of the device have enabled the main technological and instrumental locks that limit the use of high temperature Raman spectroscopy to be removed. The three main highlights illustrating the innovative nature of this work are as follows. The first corresponds to the new world record for high temperature Raman analysis through the acquisition of the E₂g mode of h-BN up to 2700°C.A comparison of the performance of the two Pockels and ICCD channels shows that the Pockels channel is more efficient than the ICCD, but more difficult to implement. The second important fact concerns the other applications of time-resolved Raman, as to separate the contribution of Raman scattering and luminescence. The last application presents the study of the comparative time dependence of resonant and non-resonant Raman scattering. The resonant Raman is triggered systematically before the non-resonant. More generally, the interest of time-resolved Raman methods opens new fields of application in the characterization of materials in extreme conditions, possibly in situ: aeronautics, refractories, steel industry, nuclear, etc
Weston, Joseph. "Numerical methods for time-resolved quantum nanoelectronics." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAY040/document.
Full textRecent technical progress in the field of quantum nanoelectronics have lead toexciting new experiments involving coherent single electron sources.When quantum electronic devices are manipulated on time scales shorterthan the characteristic time of flight of electrons through the device, a wholeclass of conceptually new possibilities become available. In order totreat such physical situations, corresponding advances in numerical techniquesand their software implementation are required both as a tool to aidunderstanding, and also to help when designing the next generation ofexperiments in this domain.Recent advances in numerical methods have lead to techniques for which thecomputation times scales linearly with the system volume, but as thesquare of the simulation time desired. This is particularly problematicfor cases where the characteristic dwell time of electrons in the centraldevice is much longer than the ballistic time of flight. Here, we proposean improvement to an existing wavefunction based algorithm fortreating time-resolved quantum transport which scales linearly in both thesystem volume and desired simulation time. We use this technique tostudy a number of interesting physical cases. In particular we find that theapplication of a train of voltage pulses to an electronic interferometercan be used to stabilise the dynamical modification of the interferencethat was recently proposed. We use this to perform spectroscopy on Majoranaand Andreev resonances in hybrid superconductor-nanowire structures.The numerical algorithms are implemented as an extension to the Kwantquantum transport software. This implementation is used for all the numericalresults presented here, in addition to other work, covering a wide varietyof physical applications: quantum Hall effect, Floquet topological insulators,Fabry-Perot interferometers and superconducting junction
Amin, chalhoub Eliane. "Etude des processus thermophysiques en régime d'interaction laser/matière nanoseconde par pyro/réflectométrie rapide." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00635322.
Full textBrichart, Thomas. "Traceurs fluorescents à base de lanthanides en milieu complexe." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01066086.
Full textClaveau, Sandra. "Fluorescent nanodiamonds as siRNA vectors : in vitro efficacy evaluation and high-content/high-resolution quantifications of their distribution in vivo." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS119/document.
Full textEwing Sarcoma is a rare pediatric cancer, caused in the majority of the cases by the expression of the fusion oncogene EWS-Fli1. Current treatments have not much evolved over the past decades. We are investigating a new therapy based on siRNA specifically targeting the oncogene and inhibiting the tumor growth. During my PhD thesis, I have tested different types of synthetic nanodiamonds (ND) used to vectorize siRNA electrostatically bound at their surface: ND produced by detonation (DND) or by High Pressure-High Temperature synthesis (NDHPTH). Their surfaces have been cationized by various processes: (i) plasma or (ii) thermal hydrogenation, (ii) chemical treatment, or (iv) covalent grafting of a copolymer (COP-NDHPHT).My PhD work included two main axis: (i) in vitro study of ND:siRNA complexes (NDs physico-chemical characterization and oncogene inhibition efficacy by the complexes); (ii) tissue distribution of COP-NDHPHT, injected into mice, using fluorescent NDHPHT containing nitrogen-vacancy defects. To detect them individually in sections of mouse organs carrying a subcutaneous xenograft tumor, we developed an epifluorescence imaging system with large numerical aperture and resolved in time to reject tissue autofluorescence (of a shorter lifetime than NDs). We quantified the number, the aggregation state and the cell localization (thanks to simultaneous histopathological imaging) of these vectors 24 hours after injection. NDs have been clearly detected in different organs, including the tumor, paving the way for tumor progression control with siRNA
Amin, Chalhoub Eliane. "Etude des processus thermophysiques en régime d'interaction laser/matière nanoseconde par pyro/réflectométrie rapide." Thesis, Orléans, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ORLE2081/document.
Full textThe recent development of nanotechnology has made the study and the characterisation of thermal properties of thin films and nanomaterials very important for the development and the quality of new technologies. Our experimental setup is designed and built in order to study different phenomena, in real time, that arise while the interaction of a laser with materials at the nanosecond scale. This system is composed of two complementary optical diagnostics, the time resolved reflectivity and the fast infrared pyrometry. First, we have shown the ability to study in real time the surface structural changes in the case of a thin metal layer deposited on an insulating substrate, the phenomenon of photoluminescence and the kinetics of melting/resolidification and also the ablation. In addition, we present a novel method in order to determine the thermal properties (volumetric heat capacity and thermal conductivity) of nanostructured surfaces. The analysis is based on the use of a proven theoretical model that is adjusted with an optimisation algorithm on our experimental measurements
Ould, Metidji Mahmoud. "Nanodispersion et développement de traceurs fluorescents." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1188/document.
Full textThe dispersion of inorganic materials in organic and aqueous media is a decisive factor for their industrial implementation. These materials are used in many areas from the oil industry to polishing. Herein, we focus on studying the stability of these materials in different media such as: (i) the aqueous solvents used for the formulation of abrasive slurries, (ii) the waters of oil operations and (iii) crude oil and its derivatives. Our objective is to improve the luminescence properties of these materials for the oil industry and the abrasive properties for polishing applications.We have developed stable formulations of lanthanide complexes (Ln) derived from DOTA and nanoparticles (NPs) of zinc sulfide doped with manganese for water-management in oil fields. These materials were characterized by time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) to solve the problems associated with the auto-fluorescence of petroleum products in the operating water.Furthermore, we studied the dispersion of specific compounds in different fuels in order to develop new anti-counterfeiting markers for crude oil and its derivatives. Finally, we tried to improve the dispersion of diamond nanoparticles in aqueous media in order to enhance the efficiency of diamond abrasive suspensions based for polishing sapphire a-plan
Mehnaoui, Mohamed. "Synthèse et caractérisation structurale des matrices cristallines apatitiques de phosphates et de vanadates Ca10-xPbx(XO4)6Y2(X=P, V) (Y=OH, Cl, I) : étude du piégeage du métal lourd Pb2+ par photoluminescence en temps résolu." Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10005.
Full textHasil, Asma. "Structural dynamics of photoswitchable complexes : from seconds to femtoseconds." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0212.
Full textOwing to their switching ability as linkage isomers by external stimulus of light, transition metal complexes with ambidentate ligands have become of major interest for tuning structure-property relationship in solid-state materials exhibiting two or more accessible energy states. Complete, stable at room temperature, optically controlled and reversible interconversion of these photoinduced states is ideally desirable to find potential applications ranging from data storage devices to smart windows. Principally, the knowledge of all 'structures' during the whole photocycle, starting from the ground state (GS) and during all the steps involving transient or metastable states after photoexcitation before recovery back to initial state GS, is a prerequisite to interpret correctly the structure-property relationships. The thesis is based on the study of photoswitchable nitrosyl complexes of three peculiarly different types {M(NO)m}n (m = 1,2; n = 6,8,10} and their analysis with coupled photocrystallographic and spectroscopic methods to provide complete information about the geometrical structural changes and energetics after photoexcitation. In terms of photocrystallographic analysis, detailed structural investigations in steady-state conditions are presented and a comparative steady-state study of continuous wave vs pulse laser irradiation sources is performed to study the influence of the type of irradiation source on the generated photoinduced states. Single-shot one-pulse photocrystallography is developed by squeezing all the photons necessary for excitation of the photoinduced states into one laser pulse, as a prerequisite for in-house ms-time resolved X-ray diffraction experiments. Finally, an attempt to reach to ps-time resolved photocrystallography is presented. This step wise methodology contributes to a better understanding of the mechanism of structural dynamics and to comprehend the structure-property relationships of these photoswitchable molecular complexes
Bascoul, Guillaume. "Applications de la cartographie en émission de lumière dynamique (Time Resolved Imaging) pour l’analyse de défaillance des composants VLSI." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14876/document.
Full textVLSI ("Very Large Scale Integration") technologies are part of our daily lives and our miniaturization needs are increasing. The densification of transistors not only means trouble locating the so-called "hard defects" occurring during the development phases (debug) or aging, but also the appearance of pure non-functional behaviors related to component design flaws. Techniques discussed in this document are intended to probe the microelectronic circuits using a tool called dynamic light emission (Time Resolved Imaging - TRI) in search of abnormal behavior in terms of timings and patterns involved in structures. To go further, this instrument also allows viewing thermographic time resolved thermal transients within a component
Leguay, Pierre-Marie. "Dynamique structurelle ultra-rapide lors de la transition solide-plasma dense et tiède produite par laser." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00984288.
Full textCamilleri, Christophe. "Etude de la dynamique de spin des porteurs et des ions Mn2+ par des expériences d'effet Kerr magnéto-optique résolu en temps de type pompe-sonde sur des puits quantiques semimagnétiques de Cd1-xMnxTe de type p et n." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20119.
Full textBascoul, G. "Applications de la cartographie en émission de lumière dynamique (Time Resolved Imaging) pour l'analyse de défaillance des composants VLSI." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00998831.
Full textZhao, Hongming. "ETUDE EXPERIMENTALE DE LA PROPRIETE DE COUPLAGE SPIN-ORBITE DANS DES STRUCTURES SEMI-CONDUCTRICES DE BASSE DIMENSIONALITE." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00595906.
Full textLantz, Gabriel. "Ultrafast electron dynamics in Mott materials." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112014/document.
Full textMott insulators are a perfect example of how local electronic correlations can change macroscopic properties of materials. Varying slightly the doping or the pressure can transform a metal to an insulator. These properties can be modified extremely rapidly by driving these materials far from equilibrium. We have investigated the model Mott-Hubbard material Cr-doped V2O3 using state of the art pump-probe techniques, namely angle resolved photoelectron spectroscopy, optical reflectivity, THz time-domain spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. We were able to unequivocally disentangle the electronic and the lattice response of the system to a femtosecond laser excitation, which was kept in all cases at a wavelength of 800 nm. We present a comparative study of these transient responses, which demonstrates the strong electron-phonon coupling of this strongly correlated model material. We show that before thermalization, spectral weight is transferred from the lower Hubbard band towards the Mott gap. On a longer time scale a metastable state is stabilized by the lattice structure. To further understand the transient response of Mott insulators, we have also studied another Mott compound, BaCo1-xNixS2. The general trends of photoexcitation in Mott insulators are analyzed using a two orbital model. We argue that the filling of the gap can be due to a change of the specific orbital fillings
Monnier, Carine. "Analyse de l'activation du récepteur GABA-B : une machinerie complexe de la transmission synaptique." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20153.
Full textG-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of membrane receptors, and the target of more than 25% of drugs on the market. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of the activation of such oligomeric complexes is crucial to develop more potent drugs. The metabotropic γ-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABA-B) is activated by the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system (GABA). It plays an important role in brain functions and as such, it is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of various neurologic and psychiatric disorders (anxiety, epilepsy or drug addiction). The GABA-B receptor is an obligatory heterodimer composed of two subunits, GB1 and GB2, each of them possessing an extracellular domain called Venus flytrap (VFT) and a seven transmembrane domain (7TM) common to all GPCRs. The VFT of GB1 contains the GABA binding site whereas 7TM domain of GB2, where the positive allosteric modulators bind, is responsible for G-protein activation. My doctoral research project had two main objectives. The first one was to better understand the molecular mechanism underlying the activation of GABA-B receptor. We first demonstrated the importance of the relative movement of GB1 and GB2 VFT domains in the activation, using a « glycan wedge scanning » approach. In addition, we showed a direct transactivation between the two 7TM that is a key step in GABA-B activation. The second objective was the development of a sensor to monitor the GABA-B receptor activation at the cell surface of living cells. This sensor, based on GABA-B receptor conformational changes during activation used new fluorescent tools compatible with time-resolved FRET experiments. To this aim, we set up an orthogonal labelling between an ACP-tag inserted in a loop of one subunit and a Snap-tag fused to the other. This sensor of GABA-B activation should lead to the development of a medium or high throughput screening of specific GABA-B molecules
Bascoul, Guillaume. "Applications de la cartographie en émission de lumière dynamique (Time Resolved Imaging) pour l'analyse de défaillance des composants VLSI." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00880532.
Full textCottet, Martin. "Oligomérisation des récepteurs couplés au protéines G de la famille de la vasopressine et de l’ocytocine : mise en évidence dans les tissus natifs." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20030/document.
Full textG-protein coupled receptors form a very large family of transmembrane receptors. Numerous studies have shown that these receptors showed a tendency to interact and form oligomers. These structures are however the matter of great debate. Indeed, very few elements allow us to maintain that these oligomers could exist in native tissues, most studies being carried out in heterologous systems. We have therefore developed an approach based for one part on the use of fluorescent ligands to label receptors in their native environment, and on the other part on time-resolved FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) by using lanthanide cryptates, more specifically Lumi4-Tb. We have thus been able to show and publish the existence of oxytocin receptor oligomers in the mammary gland. The protocol used for this study was also published and validated for the study of hetero-oligomers, more specifically between vasopressin V1a and V2 receptors. Following on our study of oligomers in native tissues, we have developed our own setup to perform time-resolved FRET microscopy. This setup is based on a wide field microscope to which we added a laser source for the pulsed excitation and a Multigate CCD camera for imaging. We are here presenting the first results as well as its validation for the use of multiple acceptor fluorophores with minimal bleed through from the Lumi4-Tb. Lastly, we propose a pharmacological model showing the use of bivalent ligands to study oligomer coupling
Wenger, Emmanuel. "Installation et mise en oeuvre d'un détecteur de rayons X à pixels hybrides sur un diffractomètre de laboratoire : applications aux études de densité électronique et aux expériences de cristallographie résolues en temps." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0050/document.
Full textCompared to X-ray detectors commonly used for crystallography, hybrid pixels detectors provide major advantages primarily due to the use of a counting system proper to each pixel allowing for very fast and individual photon counting. The main innovations of these detectors are: (1) Almost total suppression of noise ; (2) Ultra-fast electronic shutter (about 100 ns) ; (3) Acquisition rate of 500 images per second. These advantages have already been exploited over the past ten years on synchrotron beam lines and are also very promising for laboratory diffractometers. The thesis work was to realize a prototype laboratory diffractometer equipped with such a detector, XPAD, and to achieve single crystal X-ray diffraction measurements. The necessary corrections and calibrations of the detector required for diffraction measurements on single crystals were determined. The methods and image processing techniques to integrate the diffraction intensities were studied. Benefits of the very low noise of the detector for electron density models study were demonstrated; the prototype diffractometer equipped with an XPAD detector gave better results than conventional diffractometers. A second type of application was to use the pixel detector for the implementation of time-resolved diffraction measurements at millisecond timescale. Measurements under switched electric fields have shown the potential of this type of detector in this area of research
Hergott, Jean-François. "Optimisation de la génération d'harmoniques d'ordre élevé et application à l'interférométrie UVX résolue en temps." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00081880.
Full textDans une première partie, nous présentons une étude approfondie de l'optimisation du flux harmonique produit soit dans une fibre creuse soit dans un jet. Dans chacun des cas, nous déterminons les facteurs limitant l'émission : accord de phase, absorption, ionisation, défocalisation. La comparaison des profils d'émission avec les simulations démontre le rôle crucial de la phase du dipôle atomique pour la génération dans une fibre. L'optimisation dans un jet conduit à des efficacités de conversion allant de 10-5 à 50nm (1010 ph/imp) à 10-7 à 15nm (5.107 ph/imp).
Dans une deuxième partie, nous étudions la focalisation du rayonnement harmonique par une lentille de Bragg-Fresnel, qui permet une focalisation efficace hors axe, sans aberration. Nous mesurons pour l'harmonique 39 une tache focale de l'ordre de 2µm. Compte tenu du flux élevé et de la courte durée (femtoseconde) des harmoniques, des éclairements élevés dans l'UVX peuvent être atteints.
Finalement, nous présentons les premières expériences de diagnostic de plasma par interférométrie UVX utilisant le rayonnement harmonique. Une technique originale est développée à partir de 2 sources harmoniques mutuellement cohérentes séparées spatialement. L'analogue temporel de l'interférométrie spatiale, qui utilise 2 impulsions harmoniques séparées en temps, est également démontré. Cette interférométrie fréquentielle a permis le premier diagnostic UVX de l'évolution temporelle d'un plasma avec une résolution femtoseconde. Une extension du schéma de 2 à 4 impulsions permet de mesurer avec une sensibilité extrême un déphasage équivalent à une demi-période harmonique, soit des écarts temporels à l'échelle attoseconde (1as=10-18s).
Scholler, Pauline. "De la compréhension de la dynamique structurale des récepteurs mGlu au développement de nouveaux agents d’intérêt thérapeutique." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON13519.
Full textGlutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It notably acts on eight metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR), which are G protein coupled receptor responsible for the modulation of synaptic transmission. mGluRs are promising pharmacological targets to treat neurological, psychiatric or neurodegenerative diseases such as depression, schizophrenia or Parkinson's disease. Unfortunately, so far, no drug acting at mGluR is accessible to patients, but several molecules are in clinical trials. The main objective of my thesis has been the study of the structural dynamics of mGluR, for which the molecular mechanism allowing activation are still poorly understood. These receptors are known to form constitutive dimers, with each subunit composed of a large extracellular domain which bind glutamate and a transmembrane domain responsible for G protein activation and where synthetic allosteric modulators bind. A key step in the activation process could be the relative reorientation of the two extracellular domains in the dimer upon glutamate binding. We first developed an orthogonal labeling method of each mGlu subunits by fusion with a suicide enzyme (SNAP-/CLIP-tag) that we combined with time-resolved Förster resonance energy transfer measurements to show that in a heterologous system, mGlu subunits can associate as strict and functional heterodimers. Our experiments also revealed a specific association pattern: mGlu subunits from group I, mGlu1 and mGlu5, can associate with each other, but not with those from group II and III, which can also associate with each other. Then we improved the technology to develop the first conformational sensor to monitor mGluR activation. We were able to monitor in real time in live cells the conformational changes occurring in the mGlu receptor upon activation, and we proved that the variation in FRET signal is correlated with the activation state of the receptor. This allowed us to confirm the activation model proposed based on the crystal structures of the isolated extracellular domains, which consist of a relative movement of the dimer extracellulair domains upon activation. Moreover, this sensor makes it possible to easily discriminate between full and partial agonists, and to better understand the allosteric mechanisms occurring in the mGluR (especially the action mode of positive and negative allosteric modulators binding in the transmembrane domain). This conformational sensor strategy was further applied to study the activation of other receptors (GPCR or tyrosine kinase receptors), and to develop screening assays compatible with high-throughput formats. Finally, we developed innovative ligands acting on mGluRs using single-domain antibodies from llamas. These activating ligands seem to bind to a new site on the surface of the receptor, offering new possibilities to develop better treatment acting at mGluRs
Chollet, Mélanie. "Cinétiques de transition de phase dans le manteau terrestre." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10149.
Full textThe evolution of petrological assemblies with increasing pressure and temperature is commonly perceived at equilibrium and fixed within time. The development of X-ray synchrotron sources now enable to measure in situ, time-resolved rates of mineralogical transformations at high pressure (HP), high temperature (HT). This thesis presents the application of this technology in two geological settings. (i) The seismogenic ability of breakdown of hydrated minerals within the subducting slab is checked. The dehydration kinetics of talc, 10Å phase and antigorite were measured at HP-HT in a closed system. We have found that antigorite dehydrates through an intermediate stage. All associated rates of released fluids are faster than the viscous deformation of rocks and are therefore compatible with the trigger of rupture. (ii) The kinetics of olivineringwoodite transition were determined within the co-stability loop for Fe-rich compositions. They show a partial amorphization of olivine at the beginning of the transformation. This could significantly affect the velocities of seismic waves when crossing the mantle transition zone. Moreover, the characteristic times of this reaction and the substantial reduction in grain size, indicate that such a phase transition may induce a significant seismic attenuation. These in situ HP-HT experimental results reveal novel mechanisms of phase transition and thus contribute to a better understanding of geodynamic models
Sanches, Piaia Monica. "Femtosecond magneto-optical four-wave mixing in Garnet films." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAE024/document.
Full textOne of the goals of Femtomagnetism is to manipulate the magnetization of materials using femtosecond optical pulses. It has been shown in ferromagnetic films that a magneto-optical (MO) coherent response takes place before the thermalization of the spins populations in a pump and probe MOKE experiment. It results from the coherent spin-photon coupling mediated by the spin-orbit interaction. A simplified description of this effect has been made by considering an eight-level system coupled with the laser field. The MO coherence can be defined by the magnetic field dependent dephasing time T2MO. In the present work, it is shown that the coherent MO response of a bismuth-doped garnet can be directly measured in different degenerated MO four-wave mixing configurations. The importance of well-knowing the spectral phase of the pulse to measure T2MO was studied. Using 10fs near infra-red pulses, T2MO was shown to be (2.8+/-1)fs that is of the same order of the charges dephasing time