Relevant bibliographies by topics / Crustal fluids

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Crustal fluids'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Crustal fluids"

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Li, Jiahao, Xing Ding, and Junfeng Liu. "The Role of Fluids in Melting the Continental Crust and Generating Granitoids: An Overview." Geosciences 12, no. 8 (July 22, 2022): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12080285.

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Granite is a distinctive constituent part of the continental crust on Earth, the formation and evolution of which have long been hot research topics. In this paper, we reviewed the partial melting processes of crustal rocks without or with fluid assistance and summarized the role of fluids and volatiles involved in the formation of granitic melts. As a conventional model, granitoids were thought to be derived from the dehydration melting of hydrous minerals in crustal basement metamorphic rocks in the absence of external fluids. However, the external-fluid-assisted melting of crustal metamorphic rocks has recently been proposed to produce granitoids as extensive fluids could be active in the deep continental crust, especially in the subduction zones. It has been demonstrated experimentally that H2O plays a crucial role in the partial melting of crustal rocks, in which H2O can (1) significantly lower the solidus temperature of the melted rocks to facilitate partial melting; (2) affect the melting reaction process, mineral stability, and the composition of melt; and (3) help the melt to separate more easily from the source area and aggregate to form a large-scale magma chamber. More importantly, dissolved volatiles and salts in the crustal fluids could also lower the solidus temperature of rocks, affect the partitioning behaviors of trace elements between minerals and melts, and facilitate the formation of some distinctive granitoids (e.g., B-rich, F-rich, and high-K granitoids). Furthermore, various volatiles dissolved in fluids could result in elemental or isotopic fractionation as well as the diversity of mineralization during fluid-assisted melting. In-depth studies regarding the fluid-assisted partial melting of crustal rocks will facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of melting of the Earth’s crust, thus providing strong theoretical constraints on the genesis and mineralization of granitoids as well as the formation and evolution of the continental crust.
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Nesbitt, Bruce E. "Electrical resistivities of crustal fluids." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 98, B3 (March 10, 1993): 4301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92jb02576.

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Fyfe, W. S. "Fluids, tectonics and crustal deformation." Tectonophysics 119, no. 1-4 (October 1985): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(85)90031-9.

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Beaudoin, Georges, D. F. Sangster, and C. I. Godwin. "Isotopic evidence for complex Pb sources in the Ag–Pb–Zn–Au veins of the Kokanee Range, southeastern British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 29, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 418–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e92-037.

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In the Kokanee Range, more than 370 Ag–Pb–Zn–Au vein and replacement deposits are hosted by the Middle Jurassic Nelson batholith and surrounding Cambrian to Triassic metasedimentary rocks. The Kokanee Range forms the hanging wall of the Slocan Lake Fault, an Eocene, east-dipping, low-angle normal fault. The Pb isotopic compositions of galenas permit the deposits to be divided into four groups that form linear arrays in tridimensional Pb isotopic space, each group having a distinct geographic distribution that crosses geological boundaries. The Kokanee group Pb is derived from a mixture of local upper crustal country rocks. Ainsworth group Pb and Sandon group Pb plot along a mixing line between a lower crustal Pb reservoir and the upper crustal Pb reservoir. The Ainsworth group Pb isotopic signature is markedly lower crustal, whereas the Sandon group Pb is slightly lower crustal. The Bluebell group Pb plots along a mixing line between a depleted upper mantle Pb reservoir and the lower crustal Pb reservoir.The geographic distribution and the Pb isotopic composition of each group probably reflect deep structures that permitted mixing of lower crustal, upper crustal, and mantle Pb by hydrothermal fluids. Segments of, or fluids derived from, the lower crust and the upper mantle were leached by, or mixed with, evolved meteoric water convecting in the upper crust. Fracture permeability, hydrothermal fluid flow, and mineralization resulted from Eocene crustal extension in southeastern British Columbia.
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Cheng, Yuanzhi, Yanlong Kong, Zhongxing Wang, Yonghui Huang, and Xiangyun Hu. "Crustal Electrical Structure of the Ganzi Fault on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau: Implications for the Role of Fluids in Earthquakes." Remote Sensing 14, no. 13 (June 22, 2022): 2990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14132990.

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The initiation and evolution of seismic activity in intraplate regions are controlled by heterogeneous stress and highly fractured rocks within the rock mass triggered by fluid migration. In this study, we imaged the electrical structure of the crust beneath the Ganzi fault using a three-dimensional magnetotelluric inversion technique, which is host to an assemblage of resistive and conductive features extending into the lower crust. It presents a near-vertical low-resistance zone that cuts through the brittle ductile transition zone, extends to the lower crust, and acts as a pathway for fluid migration from the crustal flow to the upper crustal depths. Conductors in the upper and lower crust are associated with saline fluids and 7% to 16% partial melting, respectively. The relationship between the earthquake epicenter and the surrounding electrical structure suggests that the intraplate seismicity is triggered by overpressure fluids, which are dependent on fluid volume changes generated by the decompression dehydration of partially molten material during upwelling and native fluid within the crustal flow.
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Yardley, B. W. D. "The Ligand Chemistry of Crustal Fluids." Mineralogical Magazine 58A, no. 2 (1994): 994–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1994.58a.2.252.

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Tagirov, Boris, and Jacques Schott. "Aluminum speciation in crustal fluids revisited." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65, no. 21 (November 2001): 3965–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(01)00705-0.

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Saxena, S. K., and Y. Fei. "Fluids at crustal pressures and temperatures." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 95, no. 3 (March 1987): 370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00371850.

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Gudelius, Dominik, Sonja Aulbach, Hans-Michael Seitz, and Roberto Braga. "Crustal fluids cause strong Lu-Hf fractionation and Hf-Nd-Li isotopic provinciality in the mantle of continental subduction zones." Geology 50, no. 2 (November 2, 2021): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g49317.1.

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Abstract Metasomatized mantle wedge peridotites exhumed within high-pressure terranes of continental collision zones provide unique insights into crust-mantle interaction and attendant mass transfer, which are critical to our understanding of terrestrial element cycles. Such peridotites occur in high-grade gneisses of the Ulten Zone in the European Alps and record metasomatism by crustal fluids at 330 Ma and high-pressure conditions (2.0 GPa, 850 °C) that caused a transition from coarse-grained, garnet-bearing to fine-grained, amphibole-rich rocks. We explored the effects of crustal fluids on canonically robust Lu-Hf peridotite isotope signatures in comparison with fluid-sensitive trace elements and Nd-Li isotopes. Notably, we found that a Lu-Hf pseudo-isochron is created by a decrease in bulk-rock 176Lu/177Hf from coarse- to fine-grained peridotite that is demonstrably caused by heavy rare earth element (HREE) loss during fluid-assisted, garnet-consuming, amphibole-forming reactions accompanied by enrichment in fluid-mobile elements and the addition of unradiogenic Nd. Despite close spatial relationships, some peridotite lenses record more intense fluid activity that causes complete garnet breakdown and high field strength element (HFSE) addition along with the addition of crust-derived unradiogenic Hf, as well as distinct chromatographic light REE (LREE) fractionation. We suggest that the observed geochemical and isotopic provinciality between peridotite lenses reflects different positions relative to the crustal fluid source at depth. This interpretation is supported by Li isotopes: inferred proximal peridotites show light δ7Li due to strong kinetic Li isotope fractionation (−4.7–2.0‰) that accompanies Li enrichment, whereas distal peridotites show Li contents and δ7Li similar to those of the depleted mantle (1.0–7.2‰). Thus, Earth's mantle can acquire significant Hf-Nd-Li-isotopic heterogeneity during locally variable ingress of crustal fluids in continental subduction zones.
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Chen, Chien-Chih, Chow-Son Chen, and Chiou-Fen Shieh. "Crustal Electrical Conductors, Crustal Fluids and 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, Earthquake." Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 13, no. 3 (2002): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3319/tao.2002.13.3.367(cce).

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Crustal fluids"

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Ballentine, Christopher John. "He, Ne, and Ar isotopes as tracers in crustal fluids." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387053.

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Wilkinson, Jamie John. "The origin and evolution of Hercynian crustal fluids, South Cornwall, England." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252719.

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Blythe, Lara S. "Understanding Crustal Volatiles : Provenance, Processes and Implications." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Berggrundsgeologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-171486.

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Knowledge of the provenance of crustal volatiles and the processes by which they are released is extremely important for the dynamics of magmatic systems. Presented here are the results of multiple investigations, which aim to understand magmatic volatile contamination from contrasting but complementary perspectives. The main methodologies used include He and C isotope values and CO2/3He ratios of volcanic gases and fluids; simulation of magma-carbonate interaction using high-pressure high-temperature experimental petrology; X-ray microtomography of vesiculated xenoliths and computer modeling. Findings show that the contribution from upper crustal volatiles can be substantial, and is dependant on the upper crustal lithology on which a volcano lies, as well as the composition of the magma supplied. Carbonate dissolution in particular is strongly controlled by the viscosity of the host magma. The details of the breakdown of vesiculated xenoliths is complex but has wide reaching implications, ranging from the dissemination of crustally derived materials through a magma body to highlighting that crustal volatiles are largely unaccounted for in both individual volcano and global volatile budgets. In synthesizing the conclusions from each of the individual perspectives presented, I propose the contribution of volatiles from crustal sources to play a significant role in many geological systems. This volatile component should be taken into consideration in future research efforts.
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Dantas, Cardoso Carolina. "Isotopic tracing of fluids sources and transfer in the crust." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0139.

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Les gaz rares sont présents en faible concentration sur Terre et sont relativement inertes, ce qui en fait de bons traceurs des interactions fluides. Contrairement à la plupart des isotopes stables ou des éléments majeurs couramment utilisés comme traceurs géochimiques, les gaz rares sont moins sensibles aux modifications dues aux interactions eau/roche. En raison de leurs rapports très variables entre les trois principaux réservoirs terrestres, les systèmes isotopiques He et Ne présentent un intérêt particulier, fournissant des informations sur la source des fluides. L'objectif principal de cette thèse était de détecter les sources de fluides crustaux dans différents contextes géologiques et géotectoniques avec un accent particulier sur la précision des processus de transport dans la croûte : (i) monitoring et signature régionale isotopique dans le Nord de l'Islande, (ii) traçage de la source de He dans un bassin continental dans la Nièvre, et (iii) traçage de la source de He dans le champ géothermique du Lac Abhe (Djibouti). D'après les résultats rapportés dans cette thèse, les isotopes de l'He montrent que l'apport du manteau est présent dans différents contextes géotectoniques, pas nécessairement liés au volcanisme actif ou à l'extension, comme le cas des zones hors-rift en Islande et du Bassin parisien, ce dernier en contexte de croûte continentale. Dans le système géothermique du Lac Abhe, la signature isotopique de l'He est inférieure à celle attendue pour ce segment du système du rift est-africain, où un composant mantellique de type panache était anticipé, comme observé à quelques kilomètres de là, dans le SW Afar (∼ 55 km) et le Graben de Tendaho (∼ 110 km NO). Les isotopes de l'He sont un outil puissant pour retracer l'influence et les complexités de la présence et du transfert du composant mantellique dans les différents contextes géologiques. Cette thèse est organisée en 7 chapitres ; les trois premiers d'entre eux présentent des informations générales sur les différentes études et les suivants traitent des résultats et des conclusions de ces études. Le chap. 4 présente les résultats de l'enquête dans le nord de l'Islande - à la fois l'étude isotopique de divers systèmes et la série temporelle de 3He/4He d'échantillons d'eau géothermales provenant d'un forage (HA-01). Les résultats montrent l'influence d'un composant enrichi de type panache mantellique dans cette zone hors rift de l'Islande, via le transport vertical le long de zones de fissures volcaniques actuellement inactives. L'un des fjords présente des rapports 3He/4He inférieurs à une valeur mantellique standard pour ce contexte que nous attribuons à la libération de 4He* (radiogènique) renforcée par l'activité sismique le long du linéament de Dalvík. Nous interprétons les petites variations que nous avons observées dans la série temporelle comme dues à un mélange latéral à l'échelle locale des eaux souterraines pendant les périodes d'activité sismique (M ≥ 5 tremblements de terre). Le chap. 5 présente les principaux résultats de notre étude du gisement de gaz et des sources naturelles voisines dans la Nièvre. Nos résultats, à partir des différents systèmes isotopiques utilisés, indiquent un apport mantellique clair mais limité (∼ 2,5%) dans ce segment de la croûte continentale, le long des systèmes de failles N-S du centre de la France, en lien avec le Bassin parisien. Le chap. 6 rapporte les résultats de l'étude isotopique réalisée sur le champ géothermique du lac Abhe et les régions voisines. À partir des résultats isotopiques, nous déduisons que la source de chaleur du champ géothermique du lac Abhe est le volcan Dama Ali (∼ 30 km), qui est aussi la source du signal mantellique observé pour l'He et le CO2, tous deux transportés par un aquifère régional alimenté par de l'eau météorique. Le chap. 7 résume les principaux résultats et conclusions de cette thèse, ainsi que les questions restantes et les études futures potentielles
Noble gases occur in low concentration on Earth and are relatively inert, making them good tracers of fluid interactions. Contrary to most stable isotopes or major elements commonly used as geochemical tracers, noble gases are less susceptible to water/rock interactions modifications. Due to their widely variable ratios among the three main Earth reservoirs (mantle, continental crust, and atmosphere), the He and Ne isotopic systems are of particular interest, providing information on the source of fluids. The main goal of this thesis was to detect the sources of crustal and geothermal fluids in different geological and geotectonic settings with a specific emphasis on precising transport processes in the crust: : (i) isotopic monitoring and survey in North Iceland, (ii) tracing the source of He in a continental basin in Central France, and (iii) tracing the source of He in the Lake Abhe geothermal field (Djibouti). From the results reported in this thesis, helium isotopes show that mantle input is present in different geotectonic contexts, not necessarily linked to active volcanism or extension, such as the case of off-rift zones in Iceland (Chapter 4) and of the Paris Basin (Chapter 5), the latter inserted in a continental crust setting. In the Lake Abhe geothermal system (Chapter 6), the helium isotopic signature is below the one expected for this segment of the East African Rift System (EARS), where an enriched plume-like endmember was anticipated, as observed a few kilometres away, in SW Afar (∼ 55 km) and Tendaho Graben (∼ 110 km NW). Thus, helium isotopes are a powerful tool to trace the mantle influence and transport complexities at different geological settings. This thesis is organized in seven chapters; the first three of them give background information on the different studies and the the next ones deal with the results and conclusions of such studies. Chapter 1 presents the context of the thesis, the helium isotopes systematics, and target areas. I detail the principle of helium and neon isotopes, the different applications of these systems in the study of fluids in the crust, finalizing with the presentation of the objectives of each case study. Chapter 2 lists the main sampling procedures I followed and Chapter 3 describes the different steps of helium isotope analyses, the main methodology I employed in this thesis. Chapter 4 presents the results of the investigation in North Iceland - both the isotopic survey of various systems and the time series of 3He/4He of groundwater samples from a borehole (HA-01). The results show the influence of an enriched and plume-like endmember in this off-rift zone of Iceland, via vertical transport along extinct volcanic fissure swarms. One of the fjords exhibit 3He/4He ratios lower than expected for typical mantle values in such a context, that we attribute to 4He* (radiogenic) release enhanced by seismic activity along the Dalvík lineament. We interpret the small variations we observed in the time series as a result of a local scale lateral mixing of groundwater during periods of unrest (M ≥ 5 earthquakes). Chapter 5 presents the main results of our study of the gas reservoir and its nearby springs in Nièvre, Central France. Our findings, from the various isotopic systems employed, indicate a clear yet limited mantle input (∼ 2.5%) in this segment of the continental crust, along N-S fault systems in Central France, reaching the Paris Basin. Chapter 6 reports results from the isotopic investigation performed at the Lake Abhe geothermal field and nearby regions (SW Afar and Tendaho Graben). From the results of multiple isotopic systems, we infer the Lake Abhe geothermal field source of heat is the Dama Ali volcano (∼ 30km), source of the mantle signal observed in helium and CO2, both transported by a regional aquifer fed by meteoric water. Chapter 7 summarizes the main results and conclusions of this thesis, along with the remaining questions and potential future studies
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Eglinger, Aurélien. "Cycle de l'uranium et évolution tectono-métamorphique de la ceinture orogénique Pan-Africaine du Lufilien (Zambie)." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0306/document.

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L'uranium, élément lithophile et incompatible, peut être utilisé en traceur géochimique pour discuter des différents modèles de formation et d'évolution de la croûte continentale. Ce travail de thèse, ciblé sur la ceinture Pan-Africaine du Lufilien en Zambie, caractérise le cycle de l'U et les minéralisations d'U pour ce segment de croûte continentale. Les séries silicoclastiques/évaporitiques de la ceinture du Lufilien, encaissant les minéralisations d'U, se sont déposées en contexte de rift (bassin du Roan) lors de la dislocation du supercontinent Rodinia au Néoprotérozoïque inférieur. Les âges U-Pb des grains de zircon détritique de ces séries métasédimentaires soulignent une source principalement Paléoprotérozoïque. Ces mêmes grains de zircon présentent des signatures isotopiques epsilonHf inférieures au CHUR (entre 0 et -15) et des âges modèles TDM Hf, compris entre ~2.9 et 2.5 Ga. Ces données suggèrent donc la formation d'une croûte continentale précoce, et donc une extraction mantellique de l'U dès la fin de l'Archéen puis une remobilisation par déformation et métamorphisme au cours du Protérozoïque. L'U aurait donc été remobilisé et re-concentré au cours d'orogenèses successives jusqu'au cycle Pan-Africain. Durant ce cycle Pan-Africain, la datation U-Pb et la signature REY (REE et Yttrium) des cristaux d'uraninite caractérisent un premier évènement minéralisateur, daté vers 650 Ma, associé à la circulation de fluides de bassin expulsés des évaporites du Roan, circulant à l'interface socle/couverture, dans ce contexte de rift continental. Un second événement minéralisateur, daté vers 530 Ma et contemporain du pic métamorphique, est assuré par des fluides métamorphiques issus de la dissolution des évaporites, en contexte de subduction/accrétion continentale. Quelques remobilisations tardives de l'U sont observées lors de l'exhumation des roches métamorphiques
Uranium is an incompatible and lithophile element and can be used as a geochemical tracer to discuss the generation and the evolution of continental crust. This thesis, focused on the Pan-African Lufilian belt in Zambia, characterizes the U cycle for this crustal segment. Silici-clastic and evaporitic sediments have been deposited within an intracontinental rift during the dislocation of the Rodinia supercontinent during the early Neoproterozoic. U-Pb ages on detrital zircon grains in these units indicate a dominant Paleoproterozoic provenance. The same zircon grains show subchondritic epsilonHf (between 0 and -15) and yield Hf model ages between ~2.9 and 2.5 Ga. These data suggest that the continental crust was generated before the end of the Archean associated with U extraction from the mantle. This old crust has been reworked by deformation and metamorphism during the Proterozoic. U has been remobilized and re-concentrated during several orogenic cycles until the Pan-African orogeny. During this Pan-African cycle, U-Pb and REY (REE and Yttrium) signatures of uranium oxides indicate a first mineralizing event at ca. 650 Ma during the continental rifting. This event is related to late diagenesis hydrothermal processes at the basement/cover interface with the circulation of basinal brines linked to evaporites of the Roan. The second stage, dated at 530 Ma, is connected to metamorphic highly saline fluid circulations, synchronous to the metamorphic peak of the Lufilian orogeny. These fluids are derived from the Roan evaporite dissolution. Some late uranium remobilizations are described during exhumation of metamorphic rocks and their tectonic accretion in the internal zone of the Lufilian orogenic belt
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Hopkinson, Laurence. "The role of aqueous fluids in crustal processes at the inter and intra-crystalline level." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296147.

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Ay, Erkan. "Origin of crustal reflectivity and influence of fluids and fractures on velocity at the Kola superdeep borehole." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1453231711&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Ricci, Andrea <1989&gt. "Geochemistry of C-bearing gas compounds in natural fluids under crustal conditions: insights into deep and shallow processes." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9007/1/ricci_andrea_tesi.pdf.

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The PhD research project was aimed to improve the scientific knowledge of the origin and fate of C-bearing gas compounds released from active volcanoes, hydrothermal systems and tectonically active sedimentary basins. The first goal was to investigate the primary source(s) of CH4 and light hydrocarbons in volcanic-hydrothermal gases under crustal conditions. This objective was achieved by comparing the composition of low molecular weight organic fraction (C1-C4) and associated CO2 and H2O in fumarolic gases and geothermal wells from different study areas around the world. We demonstrated that these hydrocarbons derive from biotic sources, i.e., predominantly from the thermal decomposition of organic matter. Meteoric waters and seawater circulating through the crust shuttle organic matter from Earth’s surface into the reservoir rocks. There, high temperature pyrolysis of organic matter and open system degassing generates n-alkanes with isotopic compositions previously classified as being indicative for abiogenesis. These results led us to question the dogma of crustal production of abiotic hydrocarbons and highlighted the potential of n-alkanes to become sensitive indicators of life on habitable (exo)planets. The second goal was to study the secondary processes affecting the composition of CO2, CH4 and light hydrocarbons in natural fluids during their uprising from the deep reservoirs to the surface in different geologic setting, ranging from active volcanoes to sedimentary basins. Under magmatic-hydrothermal conditions, catalytic organic reactions may strongly affect volatile organic compounds, drastically changing alkanes-alkenes-aromatics relative abundances and isotopic composition of C1–C4 hydrocarbons. At peripheral areas of volcanic systems and tectonically active sedimentary basins, composition of CO2 and CH4 in interstitial soil gases and dissolved gases in groundwater are mainly controlled by supergene mechanisms, such as calcite precipitation and microbial-driven processes. These secondary processes likely play a major role in regulating the ultimate release of C-bearing gas compounds into the atmosphere.
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Fichtel, Katja [Verfasser], Heribert [Akademischer Betreuer] Cypionka, and Ralf [Akademischer Betreuer] Rabus. "Influence of crustal fluids on growth and activity of marine deep biosphere microbial populations / Katja Fichtel. Betreuer: Heribert Cypionka ; Ralf Rabus." Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1066873305/34.

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Moore, Myles Thomas. "Noble Gas and Hydrocarbon Geochemistry of Coalbed Methane Fields from the Illinois Basin." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1462561493.

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Books on the topic "Crustal fluids"

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National Research Council (U.S.). Geophysics Study Committee., ed. The Role of fluids in crustal processes. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1990.

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Bos, Bart. Faults, fluids and friction: Effect of pressure solution and phyllosilicates on fault slip behaviour, with implications for crustal rheology. [Utrecht]: Faculteit Aardwetenschappen der Universiteit Utrecht, 2000.

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Shmulovich, K. I., B. W. D. Yardley, and G. G. Gonchar, eds. Fluids in the Crust. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1226-0.

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D, Spudis Paul, Guest John E, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. The dynamics of rapidly emplaced terrestrial lava flows and implications for planetary volcanism. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Axel, Liebscher, and Heinrich Christoph A. 1953-, eds. Fluid-fluid interactions. Chantilly, Va: Mineralogical Society of America, Geochemical Society, 2007.

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I, Shmulovich K., Yardley B. W. D, and Gonchar G. G, eds. Fluids in the crust: Equilibrium and transport properties. London: Chapman & Hall, 1995.

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Craven, James A. Electromagnetic imaging of deep fluids in Archean crust. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1991.

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B, Forster C., Nesbitt Bruce E, and Mineralogical Association of Canada, eds. Fluids in tectonically active regimes of the continental crust. Nepean, Ont., Canada: Mineralogical Association of Canada, 1990.

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Larsen, C. S. Crust and spray. Minneapolis: Millbrook Press, 2010.

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Japan-U.S. Seminar on "Magmatic Contributions to Hydrothermal Systems" (1991 Kagoshima-shi, Japan, and Ebino-shi, Japan). Magmatic contributions to hydrothermal systems: Extended abstracts of the Japan-U.S. Seminar on "Magmatic Contributions to Hydrothermal Systems", held at Kagoshima and Ebino, November, 1991 and The behavior of volatiles in magma : abstracts of the 4th Symposium on Deep-crustal Fluids "The behavior of Volatiles in Magma", held at Tsukuba, November, 1991. Tsukuba-shi: Geological Survey of Japan, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Crustal fluids"

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Bosl, William J., and Amos Nur. "Crustal fluids and earthquakes." In Geocomplexity and the Physics of Earthquakes, 267–84. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm120p0267.

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Yardley, Bruce W. D., and Kirill I. Shmulovich. "An introduction to crustal fluids." In Fluids in the Crust, 1–12. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1226-0_1.

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Thompson, A. B. "Heat, Fluids, and Melting in the Granulite Facies." In Granulites and Crustal Evolution, 37–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2055-2_4.

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Sen, S. K., and A. Bhattacharya. "Granulites of Satnuru and Madras: A Study in Different Behaviour of Fluids." In Granulites and Crustal Evolution, 367–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2055-2_18.

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Pirajno, Franco. "Crustal Hydrothermal Fluids and Mesothermal Mineral Deposits." In Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits, 612–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75671-9_16.

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Newton, Robert C. "Fluids and melting in the Archaean deep crust of southern India." In High-temperature Metamorphism and Crustal Anatexis, 149–79. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-3929-6_7.

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Manning, Craig E. "5. Thermodynamic Modeling of Fluid-Rock Interaction at Mid-Crustal to Upper-Mantle Conditions." In Thermodynamics of Geothermal Fluids, edited by Andri Stefánsson, Thomas Driesner, and Pascale Bénézeth, 135–64. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781501508295-005.

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Sheppard, Simon M. F. "The Isotopic Characterization of Aqueous and Leucogranitic Crustal Fluids." In Fluid Movements — Element Transport and the Composition of the Deep Crust, 245–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0991-5_22.

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Quesnel, Benoît, Christophe Scheffer, and Georges Beaudoin. "The Light Stable Isotope (Hydrogen, Boron, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Silicon, Sulfur) Composition of Orogenic Gold Deposits." In Isotopes in Economic Geology, Metallogenesis and Exploration, 283–328. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27897-6_10.

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AbstractOrogenic gold deposits formed in various terranes of most ages since the Paleoarchean and generally consist of quartz veins hosted in shear zones formed at the ductile brittle transition under greenschist to lower amphibolite metamorphic conditions. Vein mineralogy is dominated by quartz with various amounts of silicates, carbonates, phyllosilicates, borates, tungstates, sulfides, and oxides. The isotopic composition of these minerals and fluid inclusions has been investigated since the 1960s to constrain the characteristics of orogenic fluid systems involved in the formation of gold deposits worldwide. This review is based on 8580 stable isotope analyses, including δ18O, δD, δ13C, δ34S δ15N, δ11B, and δ30Si values, from 5478 samples from 558 orogenic gold deposits reported in the literature from 1960 to 2010. This contribution describes the variability of the light stable isotopic systems as function of the minerals, the age of the deposits, their regional setting, and their country rocks. The temperature of isotopic equilibrium of orogenic gold veins is estimated from mineral pairs for oxygen and sulfur isotopes. Based on these temperatures, and on fractionation between mineral and fluid components (H2O, CO2 and H2S), the isotopic composition of fluids is estimated to better constrain the main parameters shared by most of auriferous orogenic fluid systems. Orogenic gold deposits display similar isotopic features through time, suggesting that fluid conditions and sources leading to the formation of orogenic gold deposits did not change significantly from the Archean to the Cenozoic. No consistent secular variations of mineral isotope composition for oxygen (−8.1‰ ≤ δ18O ≤ 33‰, n = 4011), hydrogen (−187‰ ≤ δD ≤ −4‰, n = 246), carbon (−26.7‰ ≤ δ13C ≤ 12.3‰, n = 1179), boron (−21.6‰ ≤ δ11B ≤ 9‰, n = 119), and silicon (−0.5‰ ≤ δ30Si ≤ 0.8‰, n = 33) are documented. Only nitrogen (1.6‰ ≤ δ15N ≤ 23.7‰, n = 258) and sulfide sulfur from deposits hosted in sedimentary rocks (−27.2‰ ≤ δ34S ≤ 25‰, n = 717) display secular variations. For nitrogen, the change in composition is interpreted to record the variation of δ15N values of sediments devolatilized during metamorphism. For sulfur, secular variations reflect incorporation of local sedimentary sulfur of ultimate seawater origin. No significant variation of temperature of vein formation is documented for orogenic gold deposits of different ages. Quartz-silicate, quartz-carbonate and sulfide-sulfide mineral pairs display consistent temperatures of 360 ± 76 °C (1σ; n = 332), in agreement with the more common greenschist facies hostrocks and fluid inclusion microthermometry. Fluid sources for orogenic gold deposits are complex but the isotopic systems (hydrogen, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur) are most consistent with contributions from metamorphic fluids released by devolatilization of igneous, volcano-sedimentary and/or sedimentary rocks. The contribution of magmatic water exsolved from magma during crystallization is not a necessary component, even if permissible in specific cases. Isotopic data arrays can be interpreted as the result of fluid mixing between a high T (~550 °C)—high δ18O (~10‰)—low δD (~−60‰) deep-seated (metamorphic) fluid reservoir and a low T (~200 °C)—low δ18O (~2‰)—high δD (~0‰) upper crustal fluid reservoir in a number of orogenic gold deposits. The origin of the upper crustal fluid is most likely sea- or meteoric water filling the host rock porosity, with a long history of water–rock isotope exchange. Mixing of deep-seated and upper crustal fluids also explains the large variation of tourmaline δ11B values from orogenic gold veins. Regional spatial variations of oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of deep-seated fluid reservoirs are documented between orogenic gold districts. This is the case for the Val-d’Or (Abitibi), Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie (Yilgarn) where the oxygen isotope composition of the deep-seated fluid end-member is 4‰ lower compared to that from the Timmins, Larder Lake, and Kirkland Lake districts (Abitibi). However, both mixing trends converge towards a common, low δ18O upper crustal fluid end-member. Such variations cannot be related to fluid buffering at the site of deposition and suggest provinciality of the fluid source. The contribution of meteoric water is mainly recorded by fluid inclusions from Mesozoic and Cenozoic age deposits, but micas are not systematically in isotopic equilibrium with fluid inclusions trapped in quartz from the same vein. This suggests late involvement of meteoric water unrelated to deposit formation. Yet, a number of deposits with low δD mica may record infiltration of meteoric water in orogenic gold deposits. Isotope exchange between mineralizing fluid and country rocks is documented for oxygen, carbon, sulfur and silicon isotopes. Large variations (> 10‰) of sulfide δ34S values at the deposit scale are likely related to evolving redox conditions of the mineralizing fluid during reaction with country rocks. Deposits hosted in sedimentary rocks show a shift to higher δ18O values as a result of fluid/rock oxygen exchange with the regional sedimentary country rocks.
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Lühr, Birger G., Ivan Koulakov, and Wiwit Suryanto. "Crustal Structure and Ascent of Fluids and Melts Beneath Merapi: Insights From Geophysical Investigations." In Merapi Volcano, 111–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15040-1_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Crustal fluids"

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Zhong, Richen, Hao Cui, Yuling Xie, Xueyin Yuan, Joël Brugger, Huan Chen, Weihua Liu, and Chang Yu. "Sulfate-Rich Crustal Fluids and REE Tranpsort." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.3189.

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Matthews, Simon, and Dimitri A. Sverjensky. "Modelling Zr Transport in Crustal and Mantle Fluids." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.1747.

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Trunilina, Vera. "RARE-EARTH MINERALIZATION IN GRANITES OF THE NORTH-EAST OF THE VERKHOYANSK-KOLYMA OROGEN." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/1.1/s01.17.

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The results of the study of granites of the north-east of the Verkhoyansk-Kolyma orogen bearing rare-earth mineralization are summarized in the article. Ore-bearing granites are classified as A-type of postorogenic and rift-related geodynamic conditions. Three groups are identified in them, differing in the origin and scale of the associated rareearth mineralization. The most ore-bearing granites are spatially and genetically related to alkaline�ultrabasic � alkaline-basic formations and formed within a long-lived hotspot from granite melt, generated from a fenitized crustal substrate under the influence of a flow of transmagmatic fluids. Granite massifs are limited ore-bearing, crystallized from melts generated in the Paleoproterozoic substrates of the lower crust under the influence of heat and fluids, related to the mantle magmas and bearing clear signs of mixing of basic and acidic melts during crystallization. These massifs are localized within the Indigirka crustal extension belt, where the presence of buried centers of the basic melts is assumed, which activation caused the re-melting of crustal substrates. Granites that do not bear signs of mantle-crustal interaction usually have only dispersed accessory rare-earth mineralization.
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Benson, Erin, and Alan Boudreau. "Stable and radiogenic isotopes in the Stillwater Complex, Montana: Evidence for contamination by crustal fluids." In Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.12394.

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Spotkaeff, Cherise, Michael Rappe, Sean Jungbluth, Grieg Steward, and Olivia Nigro. "Phylogenomic Analysis of Viral Genomes Assembled from Juan de Fuca Ridge Flank Basalt-Hosted Crustal Fluids." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.2448.

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Teboul, Pierre-Alexandre, Neilma Lima, Eric Gaucher, and Laury Araujo. "Fluid/rock interaction in extensional setting: a complex contribution from exhumed mantle and crustal fluids – Case study of the Aptian “Pre-salt” carbonates." In Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.10164.

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Sanchez-Valle, Carmen, Christina Springklee, Marion Louvel, Christian Pluckthun, Jean-Louis Hazemann, and Denis Testemale. "Redox controls on the solubility of SnO2 cassiterite and the speciation of tin in crustal fluids." In Goldschmidt2021. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2021.8251.

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Erslev, Eric, Kate Miller, Lindsay Lowe Worthington, Megan Anderson, and Gary Gray. "LARAMIDE CRUSTAL DETACHMENT IN THE ROCKIES: CORDILLERAN SHORTENING OF FLUID-WEAKENED CRUST." In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-383674.

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Kuznetsov, O. L., and A. V. Karakin. "Model of crustal waveguides and concept of fluid movement in the upper crust." In Geophysics of the 21st Century - The Leap into the Future. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.38.f152.

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Iyare, U. C., L. P. Frash, J. W. Carey, O. O. Blake, and R. Ramsook. "Effect of Water Saturation on Failure Behaviour of Mudstones Under High Pressures." In 57th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2023-0311.

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ABSTRACT Water as pore fluid is an important factor that influence rock deformation and failure behaviour. This paper presents an experimental study on the effects of water saturation on the failure behaviour of mudstones at high confining pressures. Triaxial compression experiments were performed at confining pressures up to 130 MPa, on dry and water-saturated mudstone samples. Results including stress-strain curves, failure strength, and failure modes, showed that the mudstones experienced brittle, brittle-ductile transition, and ductile failure behaviour as the confining pressure increases. The results also revealed that water significantly weakened the rock, thereby reducing the failure strength and causing the rock to become ductile at lower confining pressure compare to dry conditions. Furthermore, in water-saturated conditions, the brittle-ductile transition behaviour is accompanied by shear band fractures and ductile flow, as opposed to shear fractures to shear band fractures in dry conditions. The findings of this study could provide valuable information for optimizing hydraulic fracturing techniques and improving production efficiency in unconventional oil and gas reservoirs by identifying the conditions and depths of the transition from brittle to ductile failure behavior. INTRODUCTION Crustal rocks typically contain some form of pore fluid, and most of these fluids are water (Price, 1975). Understanding how pore fluids affect the mechanical properties of rocks is crucial in solving a range of problems in geotechnical and geological applications. For example, water's significant impact on the strength and deformability of rocks has been linked to many rock engineering hazards like landslides (Iverson, 2000). Water has been shown in numerous studies to weaken the mechanical strength of various types of rock, including mudstone, sandstone, granitic rocks, and quartzite. (Cai et al., 2019; Lu et al., 2017; Wasantha and Ranjith, 2014). When rocks are saturated with water, they become weaker and more prone to failure. This is because water can act as a lubricant between the individual particles, reducing the frictional forces that hold the particles together. As a result, the rock may experience reduced strength, stiffness, and cohesion, as well as an increased risk of creep, plastic deformation, and failure rates (Brantut et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2019; Wong et al., 2016).
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Reports on the topic "Crustal fluids"

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Jacques, I. J., A. J. Anderson, and S. G. Nielsen. The geochemistry of thallium and its isotopes in rare-element pegmatites. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328983.

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The Tl isotopic and trace element composition of K-feldspar, mica, pollucite and pyrite from 13 niobium-yttrium-fluorine (NYF)-type and 14 lithium-cesium-tantalum (LCT)-type rare-element pegmatites was investigated. In general, the epsilon-205Tl values for K-feldspar in NYF- and LCT-type pegmatites increases with increasing magmatic fractionation. Both NYF and LCT pegmatites display a wide range in epsilon-205Tl (-4.25 to 9.41), which complicates attempts to characterize source reservoirs. We suggest 205Tl-enrichment during pegmatite crystallization occurs as Tl partitions between the residual melt and a coexisting aqueous fluid or flux-rich silicate liquid. Preferential association of 205Tl with Cl in the immiscible aqueous fluid may influence the isotopic character of the growing pegmatite minerals. Subsolidus alteration of K-feldspar by aqueous fluids, as indicated by the redistribution of Cs in K-feldspar, resulted in epsilon-205Tl values below the crustal average (-2.0 epsilon-205Tl). Such low epsilon-205Tl values in K-feldspar is attributed to preferential removal and transport of 205Tl by Cl-bearing fluids during dissolution and reprecipitation. The combination of thallium isotope and trace element data may be used to examine late-stage processes related to rare-element mineralization in some pegmatites. High epsilon-205Tl and Ga in late-stage muscovite appears to be a favorable indicator of rare-element enrichment LCT pegmatites and may be a useful exploration vector.
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Matte, S., M. Constantin, and R. Stevenson. Mineralogical and geochemical characterisation of the Kipawa syenite complex, Quebec: implications for rare-earth element deposits. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329212.

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The Kipawa rare-earth element (REE) deposit is located in the Parautochton zone of the Grenville Province 55 km south of the boundary with the Superior Province. The deposit is part of the Kipawa syenite complex of peralkaline syenites, gneisses, and amphibolites that are intercalated with calc-silicate rocks and marbles overlain by a peralkaline gneissic granite. The REE deposit is principally composed of eudialyte, mosandrite and britholite, and less abundant minerals such as xenotime, monazite or euxenite. The Kipawa Complex outcrops as a series of thin, folded sheet imbricates located between regional metasediments, suggesting a regional tectonic control. Several hypotheses for the origin of the complex have been suggested: crustal contamination of mantle-derived magmas, crustal melting, fluid alteration, metamorphism, and hydrothermal activity. Our objective is to characterize the mineralogical, geochemical, and isotopic composition of the Kipawa complex in order to improve our understanding of the formation and the post-formation processes, and the age of the complex. The complex has been deformed and metamorphosed with evidence of melting-recrystallization textures among REE and Zr rich magmatic and post magmatic minerals. Major and trace element geochemistry obtained by ICP-MS suggest that syenites, granites and monzonite of the complex have within-plate A2 type anorogenic signatures, and our analyses indicate a strong crustal signature based on TIMS whole rock Nd isotopes. We have analyzed zircon grains by SEM, EPMA, ICP-MS and MC-ICP-MS coupled with laser ablation (Lu-Hf). Initial isotopic results also support a strong crustal signature. Taken together, these results suggest that alkaline magmas of the Kipawa complex/deposit could have formed by partial melting of the mantle followed by strong crustal contamination or by melting of metasomatized continental crust. These processes and origins strongly differ compare to most alkaline complexes in the world. Additional TIMS and LA-MC-ICP-MS analyses are planned to investigate whether all lithologies share the same strong crustal signature.
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Harris, L. B., P. Adiban, and E. Gloaguen. The role of enigmatic deep crustal and upper mantle structures on Au and magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr mineralization in the Superior Province. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328984.

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Aeromagnetic and ground gravity data for the Canadian Superior Province, filtered to extract long wavelength components and converted to pseudo-gravity, highlight deep, N-S trending regional-scale, rectilinear faults and margins to discrete, competent mafic or felsic granulite blocks (i.e. at high angles to most regional mapped structures and sub-province boundaries) with little to no surface expression that are spatially associated with lode ('orogenic') Au and Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr occurrences. Statistical and machine learning analysis of the Red Lake-Stormy Lake region in the W Superior Province confirms visual inspection for a greater correlation between Au deposits and these deep N-S structures than with mapped surface to upper crustal, generally E-W trending, faults and shear zones. Porphyry Au, Ni, Mo and U-Th showings are also located above these deep transverse faults. Several well defined concentric circular to elliptical structures identified in the Oxford Stull and Island Lake domains along the S boundary of the N Superior proto-craton, intersected by N- to NNW striking extensional fractures and/or faults that transect the W Superior Province, again with little to no direct surface or upper crustal expression, are spatially associated with magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr and related mineralization and Au occurrences. The McFaulds Lake greenstone belt, aka. 'Ring of Fire', constitutes only a small, crescent-shaped belt within one of these concentric features above which 2736-2733 Ma mafic-ultramafic intrusions bodies were intruded. The Big Trout Lake igneous complex that hosts Cr-Pt-Pd-Rh mineralization west of the Ring of Fire lies within a smaller concentrically ringed feature at depth and, near the Ontario-Manitoba border, the Lingman Lake Au deposit, numerous Au occurrences and minor Ni showings, are similarly located on concentric structures. Preliminary magnetotelluric (MT) interpretations suggest that these concentric structures appear to also have an expression in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) and that lithospheric mantle resistivity features trend N-S as well as E-W. With diameters between ca. 90 km to 185 km, elliptical structures are similar in size and internal geometry to coronae on Venus which geomorphological, radar, and gravity interpretations suggest formed above mantle upwellings. Emplacement of mafic-ultramafic bodies hosting Ni-Cr-PGE mineralization along these ringlike structures at their intersection with coeval deep transverse, ca. N-S faults (viz. phi structures), along with their location along the margin to the N Superior proto-craton, are consistent with secondary mantle upwellings portrayed in numerical models of a mantle plume beneath a craton with a deep lithospheric keel within a regional N-S compressional regime. Early, regional ca. N-S faults in the W Superior were reactivated as dilatational antithetic (secondary Riedel/R') sinistral shears during dextral transpression and as extensional fractures and/or normal faults during N-S shortening. The Kapuskasing structural zone or uplift likely represents Proterozoic reactivation of a similar deep transverse structure. Preservation of discrete faults in the deep crust beneath zones of distributed Neoarchean dextral transcurrent to transpressional shear zones in the present-day upper crust suggests a 'millefeuille' lithospheric strength profile, with competent SCLM, mid- to deep, and upper crustal layers. Mechanically strong deep crustal felsic and mafic granulite layers are attributed to dehydration and melt extraction. Intra-crustal decoupling along a ductile décollement in the W Superior led to the preservation of early-formed deep structures that acted as conduits for magma transport into the overlying crust and focussed hydrothermal fluid flow during regional deformation. Increase in the thickness of semi-brittle layers in the lower crust during regional metamorphism would result in an increase in fracturing and faulting in the lower crust, facilitating hydrothermal and carbonic fluid flow in pathways linking SCLM to the upper crust, a factor explaining the late timing for most orogenic Au. Results provide an important new dataset for regional prospectively mapping, especially with machine learning, and exploration targeting for Au and Ni-Cr-Cu-PGE mineralization. Results also furnish evidence for parautochthonous development of the S Superior Province during plume-related rifting and cannot be explained by conventional subduction and arc-accretion models.
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Rye, Danny M., and Edward W. Bolton. Reactive Fluid Flow and Applications to Diagenesis, Mineral Deposits, and Crustal Rocks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/899948.

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Lasaga, A. C., and D. M. Rye. Reactive fluid flow models and applications to diagenesis, mineral deposits and crustal rocks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6973243.

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Lasaga, A. C., and D. M. Rye. Reactive fluid flow models and applications to diagenesis, mineral deposits and crustal rocks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10173566.

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Lasaga, A. C., and D. M. Rye. Reactive fluid flow models and applications to diagenesis, mineral deposits and crustal rocks. Progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10183433.

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Dutrow, Barbara. Thermal-chemical-mechanical feedback during fluid-rock interactions: Implications for chemical transport and scales of equilibria in the crust. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/935785.

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