Relevant bibliographies by topics / Crustal evolution

Academic literature on the topic 'Crustal evolution'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Crustal evolution"

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Magni, Valentina. "Crustal recycling evolution." Nature Geoscience 10, no. 9 (August 21, 2017): 623–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo3015.

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Lowman, P. D. "Early Crustal Evolution." Science 264, no. 5162 (May 20, 1994): 1180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.264.5162.1180.

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Rollinson, Hugh, and Martin Whitehouse. "Archaean crustal evolution." Precambrian Research 112, no. 1-2 (November 2001): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9268(01)00167-x.

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Berthelsen, Asger. "Proterozoic Crustal Evolution." Precambrian Research 70, no. 1-2 (November 1994): 166–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(94)90026-4.

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Friend, Clark R. L. "Archean crustal evolution." Precambrian Research 78, no. 4 (June 1996): 299–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(95)00061-5.

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Baadsgaard, H. "Proterozoic crustal evolution." Chemical Geology 112, no. 1-2 (January 1994): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)90116-3.

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Jahn, Bor-Ming. "Proterozoic crustal evolution." Tectonophysics 227, no. 1-4 (November 1993): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90099-6.

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Tarney, John. "Archean crustal evolution." Tectonophysics 257, no. 2-4 (June 1996): 297–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(95)00146-8.

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Hawkesworth, Chris J., Peter A. Cawood, and Bruno Dhuime. "Tectonics and crustal evolution." GSA Today 26, no. 09 (August 16, 2016): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/gsatg272a.1.

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Mooney, W. D., and R. Meissner. "Continental crustal evolution observations." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 72, no. 48 (1991): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/90eo00380.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Crustal evolution"

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Appelquist, Karin. "Proterozoic crustal evolution in southcentral Fennoscandia /." Göteborg : Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gotheburg, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/21530.

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Roberts, Nicholas Michael William. "From crystal to crust : the Proterozoic crustal evolution of southwest Norway." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8954.

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The geology of the Suldal Sector, southwest Norway, comprises exposures from three orogenic periods; the Telemarkian, Sveconorwegian and Caledonian. Telemarkian (~1500 Ma) basement rocks are interpreted to be the oldest crust in the region; these are intruded by Sveconorwegian granitoid intrusions (~1070-930 Ma). Crystalline nappe units overlie the Mesoproterozoic basement, and from reconnaissance U-Pb dating and zircon hafnium isotopes, are believed to comprise slices of the Mesoproterozoic Norwegian continental margin. The Telemarkian basement comprises meta-plutonic/volcanic lithologies that represent the deformed upper crustal section of a continental arc - the Suldal Arc; U-Pb dating suggests this arc was active from ~1520 to 1475 Ma. Whole-rock geochemistry and hafnium and oxygen isotopes measured in zircon, suggest that arc magmatism recycled older continental crust (20-50% contribution) that had been mixed with mantle-derived material in the lower crust; the older crustal component comprised late-Palaeoproterozoic sedimentary material derived from the Fennoscandian continent. During the arc’s evolution, dehydration of mafic source magma induced by heat from magmatic underplating, and subsequent melting of dehydrated crust enhanced by asthenospheric upwelling, allowed for the intrusion of iron-enriched tholeiitic magmas. The Suldal arc and by extension, the Telemarkia terrane, represent the last stages of continental crust formation within a retreating accretionary orogen that was active since ~1.8 Ga. Based on whole-rock geochemistry, U-Pb, hafnium and oxygen isotopes in zircon, Sveconorwegian granite suites formed between 1.07 and 0.92 Ga, and are largely derived from ~1.5 Ga mafic lower crust with a limited contribution of juvenile mantle-derived material. The geodynamic setting of granitic magmatism evolved from supra-subduction, to overthickened crust, to thinned crust with possible lithospheric delamination. The varying geochemistry of the granite suites (I- to A-type) is controlled not by geodynamic setting, but dominantly by water content in the magma source. Sveconorwegian deformation in the Suldal Sector is bracketed between ~1069 and ~1047 Ma by intrusions of the Storlivatnet plutonic complex.
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Jahn, Inalee C. "Crustal evolution of the Capricorn Orogen, Western Australia." Thesis, Curtin University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/75146.

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The Capricorn Orogen, Western Australia records the Palaeoproterozoic convergence and collision of the Archaean Yilgarn and Pilbara Cratons during the formation of the West Australian Craton, and over one billion years of subsequent intracontinental crustal reworking. This study uses an integrated analytical study of the isotopic and geochemical systematics in zircon from Capricorn Orogen granites in order to identify the magmatic sources and the fundamental geodynamic processes that have contributed to its crustal evolution.
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Hartnady, Michael Ian Hay. "Crustal Evolution of the Albany-Fraser Orogen, Western Australia." Thesis, Curtin University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/77990.

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This thesis investigates the crustal evolution of the Albany-Fraser Orogen in Western Australia, using U-Pb geochronology, Lu-Hf and oxygen isotope geochemistry of zircon crystals in granitic rocks. The results show that compositional variability of rocks in the region is strongly in uenced by the heterogeneity in the pre-existing crustal substrate. This research therefore demonstrates that mapping spatial Hf isotopic variations in magmatic rocks does not always image deep crustal structure as previously thought.
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Manda, Blackwell Chawala. "Decrypting the crustal evolution of the Mozambique Belt in Malawi." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12469.

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Global paleogeography exerts a first order control on both the deep and surficial components of the Earth system. Temporal and spatial constraints on the Mozambique Belt of Eastern Africa are needed to understand its crustal evolution and its role in assembly of Gondwana. This thesis provides detailed data on the timing, sources and nature of tectono-thermal events responsible for magmatism in the Mozambique Belt in southern Malawi. An integrated approach of petrography, geochemistry, radiogenic isotopes, and single zircon geochronology has been used to determine spatial and temporal constraints and to better constrain models of the assembly of East and West Gondwana, which occurred along the Mozambique Belt. In particular the thesis attempts to address key unresolved questions about the number and timing of accretionary pulses within the orogen. LA-ICP-MS single zircon U-Pb results show tectono-thermal events in four periods: Mesoproterozoic from 1128 ± 30 Ma to 1033 ± 20 Ma; Neoproterozoic (956 ± 12 Ma – 594 ± 65 Ma); Cambrian (530 ± 3 Ma – 515 ± 12 Ma); and Cretaceous (118 ± 2 Ma). Metamorphism is dated from a charnockitic gneiss that yielded a lower intercept age of 515 ± 18 Ma. The granitoids are intermediate to acidic with relative enrichment in LILEs and depletion in HFSEs with moderately negative anomalies in Th, Nb, P, Zr and Ti. REE spider plots show enrichment in LREEs and depleted HREEs with negative Eu anomalies. The meta-granites are largely metaluminous with a few peraluminous, I-type granites belonging to the calc-alkaline series. Radiogenic isotope data reveals slight differences with older, Mesoproterozoic rocks showing positive ɛNd and ɛHf values signifying derivation from depleted mantle material, whilst the younger rocks display negative epsilon values suggestive of crustal material recycling and mixing for their source and origins. Granitoids of southern Malawi display characteristics consistent with derivation in a continental Andean type arc with some aspects of the chemistry resembling tonalite-trondhjemite-granite (TTG) suites mapped in the Mozambique Belt in Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, and Antarctica although the data are not sufficiently compelling to assign the Malawi rocks to classic TTGs.
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Robertson, S. "Late Archaean crustal evolution in the Ivisartoq region, southern west Greenland." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.353048.

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Leftwich, Timothy E. "Geophysical investigations of the crustal structure and evolution of Mars." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1147893346.

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Rippington, Stephen James. "The crustal evolution of Nemegt and Altan Uul, Southern Mongolia." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8376.

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This thesis concerns the crustal evolution of Nemegt and Altan Uul in the Gobi Altai mountains of southern Mongolia. Nemegt and Altan Uul consist of polydeformed Palaeozoic rocks uplifted in the Cenozoic at a restraining bend along the active left-lateral Gobi-Tien Shan intra-continental fault system, one of several east-west trending left-lateral intra-continental transpressional fault systems associated with eastward continental extrusion tectonics in Central Asia. The tectonic evolution of southern Mongolia is of particular interest as it forms part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, which is the largest area of Phanerozoic continental growth on Earth, and is a natural laboratory for studying processes of continental growth and deformation including terrane accretion, ophiolite obduction, terrane amalgamation, terrane dispersal and crustal reactivation. The uplifted Palaeozoic rocks exposed in Nemegt and Altan Uul offer an opportunity to understand multiple phases of the crustal evolution of southern Mongolia. A series of cross-strike transects of Nemegt and Altan Uul were carried out to document the lithologies and structure of the ranges. Samples were taken along the transects and at several important localities, to constrain the metamorphic petrography of the rocks in the ranges. This data is used to define several distinct east-west trending litho-tectonic sequences in Nemegt and Altan Uul. The ranges have a systematic south to north litho-tectonic variation from greenschist grade meta-volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks, thrust north over a discontinuous ophiolite belt, which is thrust north over greenschist to epidote-amphibolite grade arkosic to mature meta-sedimentary rocks. Four phases of deformation are identified from cross-cutting field relationships and constrained by existing regional data: east-west trending south-dipping cleavage (D1), and north-vergent folds of cleavage and north-directed ductile thrust shear zones (D2) formed during late Carboniferous south to north arc-terrane accretion and ophiolite obduction. East-west and northeast-southwest trending D3 normal faults formed during Cretaceous basin extension. East-west and northwest-southeast trending D4 left-lateral oblique-slip and dip-slip thrust faults formed during Cenozoic transpressional deformation and define the modern mountain ranges. The structures identified are conservatively extrapolated to depth to suggest Nemegt and Altan Uul have a positive flower structure in cross-section. An evolutionary model of Nemegt and Altan Uul suggests that D1 and D2 structures and the ophiolitic rocks in the area may represent south-dipping east-west trending fabrics and rheological weaknesses that have been reactivated in a left-lateral transpressional sense in the Cenozoic.
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Leftwich, Timothy E. "Geopotential investigations of the crustal structure and evolution of Mars." The Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1147893346.

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Wilkinson, Jamie John. "The origin and evolution of Hercynian crustal fluids, South Cornwall, England." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252719.

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Books on the topic "Crustal evolution"

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C, Condie Kent, ed. Archean crustal evolution. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1994.

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C, Condie Kent, ed. Proterozoic crustal evolution. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1992.

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Vielzeuf, D., and Ph Vidal, eds. Granulites and Crustal Evolution. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2055-2.

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Condie, Kent C. Plate tectonics & crustal evolution. 3rd ed. Oxford: Pergamon, 1989.

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D, Vielzeuf, Vidal Philippe, and North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division., eds. Granulites and crustal evolution. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990.

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H, Sychanthavong S. P., and Merh S. S, eds. Crustal evolution and orogeny. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 1990.

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Plate tectonics & crustal evolution. 3rd ed. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1989.

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Condie, Kent C. Plate tectonics & crustal evolution. 3rd ed. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1993.

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H, Sychanthavong S. P., and Merh S. S, eds. Crustal evolution and orogeny. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Pub. Co., 1990.

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Ma, Xingyuan, Jin Bai, and Andrew C. Cadman, eds. Precambrian Crustal Evolution of China. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03697-6.

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Book chapters on the topic "Crustal evolution"

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Ishibashi, Takuya, Noriaki Watanabe, Hiroshi Asanuma, and Noriyoshi Tsuchiya. "Linking microearthquakes to fracture permeability evolution." In Crustal Permeability, 49–64. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119166573.ch7.

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Daigle, Hugh, and Elizabeth J. Screaton. "Evolution of sediment permeability during burial and subduction." In Crustal Permeability, 104–21. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119166573.ch11.

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Taron, Joshua, Steven E. Ingebritsen, Stephen Hickman, and Colin F. Williams. "Dynamics of permeability evolution in stimulated geothermal reservoirs." In Crustal Permeability, 363–72. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119166573.ch28.

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Glikson, Andrew Y., and Franco Pirajno. "Asteroids and Crustal Evolution." In Asteroids Impacts, Crustal Evolution and Related Mineral Systems with Special Reference to Australia, 157–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74545-9_6.

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Reymer, Arthur P. S., and Gerald Schubert. "Phanerozoic and Precambrian crustal growth." In Proterozic Lithospheric Evolution, 1–9. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gd017p0001.

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Vielzeuf, D., and Ph Vidal. "The NATO ARW Granulite Conference: A Report." In Granulites and Crustal Evolution, 1–6. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2055-2_1.

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Percival, J. A. "Archean Tectonic Setting of Granulite Terranes of the Superior Province, Canada: A View from the Bottom." In Granulites and Crustal Evolution, 171–93. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2055-2_10.

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Barbosa, J. S. F. "The Granulites of the Jequié Complex and Atlantic Coast Mobile Belt, Southern Bahia, Brazil — An Expression of Archean/Early Proterozoic Plate Convergence." In Granulites and Crustal Evolution, 195–221. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2055-2_11.

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Treloar, P. J., J. N. Carney, M. J. Crow, J. A. Evans, and C. N. Barton. "Pressure-Temperature-Time Paths of Granulite Metamorphism and Uplift, Zambesi Belt, N.E. Zimbabwe." In Granulites and Crustal Evolution, 223–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2055-2_12.

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Waters, D. J. "Thermal History and Tectonic Setting of the Namaqualand Granulites, Southern Africa: Clues to Proterozoic Crustal Development." In Granulites and Crustal Evolution, 243–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2055-2_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Crustal evolution"

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Hofmann, Albrecht, Igor Puchtel, and Catherine Chauvel. "The Mantle Record of Crustal Evolution." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.1047.

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Brudner, Adam, Xu Chu, and Ming Tang. "CRUSTAL THICKNESS EVOLUTION OF THE GRENVILLE OROGEN." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-355017.

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Hillenbrand, Ian. "TRACKING LOWER CRUSTAL FOUNDERING, CRUSTAL STRUCTURE, AND THERMAL EVOLUTION OF LAURENTIA WITH PB ISOTOPES." In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-379991.

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Hillenbrand, Ian, Karl Karlstrom, Michael L. Williams, and Amy K. Gilmer. "CRUSTAL THICKNESS EVOLUTION OF SOUTHERN LAURENTIA'S PROTEROZOIC OROGENS." In Joint 56th Annual North-Central/ 71st Annual Southeastern Section Meeting - 2022. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022nc-375129.

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Artemieva, Irina M., and Alexey Shulgin. "MAKING AND ALTERING THE CRUST: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE ON CRUSTAL STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-335692.

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Aidarbayev, S. "Subsidence History, Crustal Structure and Evolution of Musandam Peninsula." In Third EAGE Exploration Workshop. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20140052.

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Ma, Qiang, Yi-Gang Xu, Xiao-Long Huang, and Jian-Ping Zheng. "Eoarchean to Paleoproterozoic Crustal Evolution in the North China Craton." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.1685.

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Tang, Ming, Weiqiang Ji, Xu Chu, Anbin Wu, and Chen Chen. "Reconstructing Crustal Thickness Evolution from Eu Anomalies in Detrital Zircons." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.2553.

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Jahn, Bor-ming. "CRUSTAL AND TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF ACCRETIONARY OROGENS IN NE ASIA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-285004.

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Liu, Hangyu, N. Ryan McKenzie, Andrew J. Smye, and Daniel F. Stockli. "DETRITAL ZIRCON TRACE ELEMENTS AS A PROXY FOR CRUSTAL EVOLUTION." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-320258.

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Reports on the topic "Crustal evolution"

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Skulski, T., J. A. Percival, and R. A. Stern. Archean crustal evolution in the central Minto block, northern Quebec. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/207760.

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Lyatsky, H. V. Regional Geophysical Contraints On Crustal Structure and Geologic Evolution of the Insular Belt, British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/131965.

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Keen, C. E., K. Dickie, L. T. Dafoe, T. Funck, J. K. Welford, S A Dehler, U. Gregersen, and K J DesRoches. Rifting and evolution of the Labrador-Baffin Seaway. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/321854.

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The evolution of the 2000 km long Mesozoic rift system underlying the Labrador-Baffin Seaway is described, with emphasis on results from geophysical data sets, which provide the timing, sediment thickness, and crustal structure of the system. The data sets include seismic reflection and refraction, gravity, and magnetic data, with additional constraints provided by near-surface geology and well data. Many features that characterize rift systems globally are displayed, including: wide and narrow rift zones; magma-rich and magma-poor margin segments; exhumation of continental mantle in distal, magma-poor zones; and occurrences of thick basalts, associated with the development of seaward-dipping reflectors, and magmatic underplating. The magma-rich regions were affected by Paleogene volcanism, perhaps associated with a hotspot or plume. Plate reconstructions help elucidate the plate tectonic history and modes of rifting in the region; however, many questions remain unanswered with respect to this rift system.
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Whalen, J. B., M. Sanborn-Barrie, and J. Chakungal. Geochemical and Nd isotopic constraints from plutonic rocks on the magmatic and crustal evolution of Southampton Island, Nunavut. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/286319.

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Mohammadi, N., D. Corrigan, A. A. Sappin, and N. Rayner. Evidence for a Neoarchean to earliest-Paleoproterozoic mantle metasomatic event prior to formation of the Mesoproterozoic-age Strange Lake REE deposit, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Quebec, Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330866.

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A complete suite of bulk major- and trace-elements measurements combined with macroscopic/microscopic observations and mineralogy guided by scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analyses were applied on Nekuashu (2.55 Ga) and Pelland (2.32 Ga) intrusions in northern Canada, near the Strange Lake rare earth elements (REE) deposit, to evaluate their magmatic evolution and possible relations to the Mesoproterozoic Strange Lake Peralkaline Complex (SLPC). These Neoarchean to earliest-Paleoproterozoic intrusions, part of the Core Zone in southeastern Churchill Province, comprise mainly hypersolvus suites, including hornblendite, gabbro, monzogabbro/monzodiorite, monzonite, syenite/augite-syenite, granodiorite, and mafic diabase/dyke. However, the linkage of the suites and their petrogenesis are poorly understood. Geochemical evidence suggests a combination of 'intra-crustal multi-stage differentiation', mainly controlled by fractional crystallization (to generate mafic to felsic suites), and 'accumulation' (to form hornblendite suite) was involved in the evolution history of this system. Our model proposes that hornblendite and mafic to felsic intrusive rocks of both intrusions share a similar basaltic parent magma, generated from melting of a hydrous metasomatized mantle source that triggered an initial REE and incompatible element enrichment that prepared the ground for the subsequent enrichment in the SLPC. Geochemical signature of the hornblendite suite is consistent with a cumulate origin and its formation during the early stages of the magma evolution, however, the remaining suites were mainly controlled by 'continued fractional crystallization' processes, producing more evolved suites: gabbronorite/hornblende-gabbro ? monzogabbro/monzodiorite ? monzonite ? syenite/augite-syenite. In this proposed model, the hydrous mantle-derived basaltic magma was partly solidified to form the mafic suites (gabbronorite/hornblende-gabbro) by early-stage plagioclase-pyroxene-amphibole fractionation in the deep crust while settling of the early crystallized hornblende (+pyroxene) led to the formation of the hornblendite cumulates. The subsequent fractionation of plagioclase, pyroxene, and amphibole from the residual melt produced the more intermediate suites of monzogabbro/monzodiorite. The evolved magma ascended upward into the shallow crust to form monzonite by K-feldspar fractionation. The residual melt then intruded at shallower depth to form syenite/augite-syenite with abundant microcline crystals. The granodiorite suite was probably generated from lower crustal melts associated with the mafic end members. Later mafic diabase/dykes were likely generated by further partial melting of the same source at depth that were injected into the other suites.
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Thompson, Geoffrey, and Kathryn M. Gillis. Evolution of Fracture Networks in the Upper Oceanic Crust. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada326937.

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7

Fryer, Gerard J., Jill L. Karsten, and Roy H. Wilkens. Evolution of Porosity and Seismic Properties of Shallow Oceanic Crust. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada319149.

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8

Tivey, Maurice A. Implications of Fine-Scale Magnetics for the Structure and Evolution of Slowly Accreted Oceanic Crust. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada319279.

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9

Zagorevski, A., C. R. van Staal, J. H. Bédard, A. Bogatu, D. Canil, M. Coleman, M. Golding, et al. Overview of Cordilleran oceanic terranes and their significance for the tectonic evolution of the northern Cordillera. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/326053.

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Abstract:
Ophiolite complexes are an important component of oceanic terranes in the northern Cordillera and constitute a significant amount of juvenile crust added to the Mesozoic Laurentian continental margin during Cordilleran orogenesis. Despite their tectonic importance, few systematic studies of these complexes have been conducted. Detailed studies of the pseudostratigraphy, age, geochemistry, and structural setting of ophiolitic rocks in the northern Cordillera indicate that ophiolites formed in Permian to Middle Triassic suprasubduction zone settings and were obducted onto passive margin sequences. Re-evaluation of ophiolite complexes highlights fundamental gaps in the understanding of the tectonic framework of the northern Cordillera. The previous inclusion of ophiolite complexes into generic 'oceanic' terranes resulted in significant challenges for stratigraphic nomenclature, led to incorrect terrane definitions, and resulted in flawed tectonic reconstructions.
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10

Karlstrom, Karl, Laura Crossey, Allyson Matthis, and Carl Bowman. Telling time at Grand Canyon National Park: 2020 update. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2285173.

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Abstract:
Grand Canyon National Park is all about time and timescales. Time is the currency of our daily life, of history, and of biological evolution. Grand Canyon’s beauty has inspired explorers, artists, and poets. Behind it all, Grand Canyon’s geology and sense of timelessness are among its most prominent and important resources. Grand Canyon has an exceptionally complete and well-exposed rock record of Earth’s history. It is an ideal place to gain a sense of geologic (or deep) time. A visit to the South or North rims, a hike into the canyon of any length, or a trip through the 277-mile (446-km) length of Grand Canyon are awe-inspiring experiences for many reasons, and they often motivate us to look deeper to understand how our human timescales of hundreds and thousands of years overlap with Earth’s many timescales reaching back millions and billions of years. This report summarizes how geologists tell time at Grand Canyon, and the resultant “best” numeric ages for the canyon’s strata based on recent scientific research. By best, we mean the most accurate and precise ages available, given the dating techniques used, geologic constraints, the availability of datable material, and the fossil record of Grand Canyon rock units. This paper updates a previously-published compilation of best numeric ages (Mathis and Bowman 2005a; 2005b; 2007) to incorporate recent revisions in the canyon’s stratigraphic nomenclature and additional numeric age determinations published in the scientific literature. From bottom to top, Grand Canyon’s rocks can be ordered into three “sets” (or primary packages), each with an overarching story. The Vishnu Basement Rocks were once tens of miles deep as North America’s crust formed via collisions of volcanic island chains with the pre-existing continent between 1,840 and 1,375 million years ago. The Grand Canyon Supergroup contains evidence for early single-celled life and represents basins that record the assembly and breakup of an early supercontinent between 729 and 1,255 million years ago. The Layered Paleozoic Rocks encode stories, layer by layer, of dramatic geologic changes and the evolution of animal life during the Paleozoic Era (period of ancient life) between 270 and 530 million years ago. In addition to characterizing the ages and geology of the three sets of rocks, we provide numeric ages for all the groups and formations within each set. Nine tables list the best ages along with information on each unit’s tectonic or depositional environment, and specific information explaining why revisions were made to previously published numeric ages. Photographs, line drawings, and diagrams of the different rock formations are included, as well as an extensive glossary of geologic terms to help define important scientific concepts. The three sets of rocks are separated by rock contacts called unconformities formed during long periods of erosion. This report unravels the Great Unconformity, named by John Wesley Powell 150 years ago, and shows that it is made up of several distinct erosion surfaces. The Great Nonconformity is between the Vishnu Basement Rocks and the Grand Canyon Supergroup. The Great Angular Unconformity is between the Grand Canyon Supergroup and the Layered Paleozoic Rocks. Powell’s term, the Great Unconformity, is used for contacts where the Vishnu Basement Rocks are directly overlain by the Layered Paleozoic Rocks. The time missing at these and other unconformities within the sets is also summarized in this paper—a topic that can be as interesting as the time recorded. Our goal is to provide a single up-to-date reference that summarizes the main facets of when the rocks exposed in the canyon’s walls were formed and their geologic history. This authoritative and readable summary of the age of Grand Canyon rocks will hopefully be helpful to National Park Service staff including resource managers and park interpreters at many levels of geologic understandings...
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