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Yastremskiy, D. "RESEARCH OF BITUMINOUS BINDER WITH STABILIZING ADDITIVES BY INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AND X-RAY SPECTRAL ANALYSIS." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 5, no. 11 (December 4, 2020): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2020-5-11-24-31.
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Increasing the volume of crushed stone-mastic asphalt concrete used in the upper layers of road surfaces requires the development of effective stabilizing additives that ensure the uniformity of the asphalt mixture during short-term storage and transportation, as well as improving the properties of asphalt concrete. This additives include a complex stabilizing additive of the following composition: 90 % cellulose fibers from waste paper, 5 % rubber powder, 5 % viscous petroleum bitumen of the BND 90/130 brand. This article presents the results of a study of bitumen with the addition of "Viatop 66" and a complex cellulose-containing stabilizing additive (CSD). Using Fourier-transform spectroscopy, graphical data are obtained. as a result of their analysis, it is found that the interaction of stabilizing additives for crushed-mastic asphalt concrete with bitumen leads to the appearance of additional absorption bands characteristic of aromatic compounds (CH, benzene ring), sulfur-containing functional groups S=O st, R-SO-R, R-SO-OH, R-SO2-R, C=S st, as well as for C-O-H groups. X-ray spectral analysis confirmed the presence of additional sulfur-containing spectra in the composition of stabilizing additives. It is found that depending on the chemical composition of the stabilizing additives, the physical and mechanical characteristics of the bituminous binder and the resulting asphalt concrete change.
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SHCHEPOCHKINA, J. A. "MODIFICATION OF FINE-GRAINED CONCRETE ADDITIVES CRUSHED PLASTIC." Building and reconstruction 89, no. 3 (2020): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2073-7416-2020-89-3-131-136.
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Khafizova, E. N., I. F. Panchenko, and D. A. Panchenko. "Use of rock crushing technological wastes for cement concrete compositions." Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 18, no. 6 (January 17, 2022): 790–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2021-18-6-790-799.
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Introduction. the article deals with the issues of the use of technological waste generated during rocks crushing.Materials and Methods. In the research the rock crushing screenings from the Rezhevsky crushed rock plant and dolomite screenings from the Satkinsky crushed rock plant were used. The data on the physical-mechanical properties of crushing waste is presented, as well as a study of dusty rock cuttings made with a Fritsch Analysette 22 laser particle size analyser. The structure of concrete was analyzed by JEOL JSM-6510 electron microscope.Results. The studying results of heavy weight cement concretes of classes B22.5 - B40 with crushed stone are presented in the article. To control the properties of concrete an MC-PowerFlow 3100 hyperplasticizer additive and an air-entraining additive Centrament Air 202 were used. The phase composition of the contact zone between the cement stone and the aggregate - granite screening has been investigated.Conclusion. compositions of heavy concrete have been developed with the use of crushed stone screenings and chemical additives to regulate concrete properties. A pilot batch of reinforced concrete products was produced at the Rotor reinforced concrete plant in Vinzili, Tyumen Region.
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Trautvain, A. I., V. V. Yadykina, and S. S. Tobolenko. "Study of the Influence of Thin-Dispersed Powders on the Structuring Ability of Stabilizing Additives." Materials Science Forum 974 (December 2019): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.974.37.
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The article presents the results of the study of the bitumen-retaining ability of stabilizing additives developed on the basis of cellulose-paper waste and finely dispersed fillers of various genesis. Analysis of the test results of crushed stone-mastic asphalt mixtures of the same composition showed that all additives provide the value of the runoff index of the organic binder in the mixture, which meets the requirement of the State Educational Standard No. 31015-2002. The introduction of mineral fillers into the stabilizer contributes to a decrease in the studied parameter, which is due to the additional structuring effect. For a two-component additive (without mineral filler), the studied indicator has the greatest value, exceeding the recommended limit. It is important to note that the use of mineral powder in the composition of stabilizing additives has a positive effect on the flow of the binder. Mineral powder, due to the structuring effect on bitumen and the formation of a microporous structure, reduces the run-off rate of the binder. This is due to the fact that bitumen, being in thin interlayers and small pores, falls into the region of influence of the molecules of the surface layer of the mineral part, increasing the density of granules and facilitating the granulation process of the additive. The minimum runoff of the organic binder is observed in the preparation of crushed stone-mastic asphalt-concrete mix with additives based on mechanically activated wastes of wet magnetic separation of ferruginous quartzites and is 0.07.
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Kroviakov, S. O., A. O. Chystiakov, А. О. Bershadskyi, and T. Shevchenko. "CONCRETES ON SECONDARY CRUSHED STONE AS A PROMISING MATERIAL FOR THE RIGID PAVEMENT BASE." Bulletin of Odessa State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 87 (June 3, 2022): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2415-377x-2022-87-85-91.
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In the course of research, the efficiency of application of plasticizers of different type in concretes for bases of highways on secondary crushed stone is defined. In studies of concrete compositions, the type of crushed stone, secondary or granite, changed, which allowed to compare the properties of concrete on secondary crushed stone with the properties of concrete of similar composition on granite crushed stone. In addition, the type of sand changed: Bilyaevsky or Voznesenski quarry. As modifiers used additive lignosulfonate or superplasticizer polycarboxylate type MC-PowerFlow 3200. All concrete mixtures had equal mobility P2, which was provided by variation W/C (water-cement ratio). It was found that the concrete on the secondary crushed stone is characterized by a significantly higher W/C mixture due to greater porosity and damage to the surface of the coarse aggregate. The average density of concrete on secondary crushed stone is 4.2-4.4% lower compared to the average density of concrete on granite crushed stone. The average density of concrete on the larger sand of the Voznesenski quarry is 25-30 kg/m3 higher than the average density of concrete on similar gravel and finer sand of the Bilyaevsky quarry. In composites based on CEM III/A and using lingosulfonate additives, the compressive strength of concrete on secondary crushed stone is 12-13% lower compared to the strength of concrete on granite crushed stone and similar sand. However, when using the more efficient MC-PowerFlow 3200 additive, the difference in concrete strength on secondary and granite crushed stone is only 5.4% (29.8 MPa and 31.4 MPa, respectively). The strength of concrete on the sand of the Voznesenski quarry is 4-6% higher than the strength of concrete on similar gravel and finer sand of the Bilyaevsky quarry. It was found that the tensile strength when bending concrete on secondary and granite gravel when using the additive MC-PowerFlow 3200 was 2.75 MPa and 2.87 MPa, respectively, which differs by only 4%. Thus, the tensile strength of bending concrete on secondary crushed stone was almost no different from the tensile strength of similar concrete on granite crushed stone. This can be explained by the peculiarities of the aggregate with a porous surface, which is characterized by high adhesion to the cement-sand matrix. In general, the strength of concrete on secondary crushed stone using slag-containing cements allows them to be used effectively for road bases.
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KAMISHIMA, Hiroshi, Satoshi FUKUOKA, and Ryukichi MATSUO. "Utilization of Crushed FRP for Bulk Molding Compound Additives." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 44, no. 497 (1995): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.44.149.
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Theodoridou, M., E. Charalambous, P. Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki, and I. Ioannou. "Amelioration of crushed brick - lime composites using nano-additives." Cement and Concrete Composites 68 (April 2016): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.02.009.
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Fomina, Natalya, Irina Pavlova, and Maria Kochergina. "Industrial Waste as Components of Building Materials." E3S Web of Conferences 222 (2020): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022204002.
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The possibilities of using large-tonnage waste from the Saratov region in the production of building materials are analysed. Waste was investigated: phosphogypsum - waste from the production of mineral fertilizers; steel-making slag, limestone crushing waste, construction waste (crushed concrete). The extraction of strontium and rare-earth metals from phosphogypsum is substantiated, followed by its processing into products that solidify according to the non-hydration principle, or use in the compositions of expanding cements. The development of geopolymer binders of alkaline activation based on steel-making slags is proposed. The introduction of low water demand carbonate cements into construction practice has been substantiated. Limestone crushing waste can be used as a carbonate mineral additive. The processing of crushed concrete waste into crushed stone, coarse sands and finely dispersed additives into cement concretes is considered. Technologies for processing large-tonnage waste in the production of building materials are environmentally sound and economically justified.
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Yastremsky, D. A., T. N. Abaydullina, and A. I. Kudyakov. "CRUSHED-STONE AND MASTIC ASPHALT WITH CELLULOSE CONTAINING ADDITIVE." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 21, no. 5 (October 29, 2019): 180–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2019-21-5-180-191.
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High-quality and durable asphalt pavement ensures safe and comfortable traffic, optimal logistics costs, territory attractiveness to construction investments, and industrial development. With constantly increasing loads on road pavements, it is necessary to improve the asphalt quality by introducing additives into the mixture, design methodology, scientific justification for the selection and preparation of raw materials. The paper proposes the development algorithm of crushed-stone and mastic asphalt modified by the new stabilizing additive, which consists of 90 % of cellulose fiber from waste paper, 5 % rubber powder, and 5 % bitumen. The optimal particle size distribution of the mineral component in the crushed-stone and mastic asphalt is considered to be 73% of crushed stone with fractions of 15–20, 10–15 and 5–10 mm, 16 % of dolomite sand from crushing screenings, 11 % of mineral powder, 0.4 % of stabilizing additive and 5.5 % of bitumen. The compressive strength of the developed composition is 2.3 times higher than that meeting the requirements of GOST 31015–2002 for the climatic zone II. The research results are confirmed by pilot-industrial tests in constructing the road pavement in Tyumen.
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Mudrychenko, Anatolii, Ivan Balashov, and Sergey Illyasch. "USE OF ACRYLIC COPOLYMER ADDITIVE SOIL STABILIZATION PLUS FOR PREPARATION OF MIXTURES MADE BY COLD RESYCLING TECHNOLOGY AND CRUSHED STONE-SAND MIXTURES IN PAVEMENT FOUNDATION LAYERS." Dorogi i mosti 2021, no. 24 (October 1, 2021): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.36100/dorogimosti2021.24.048.
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ntroduction. Rehabilitation of public roads network requires a comprehensive recovery with strengthening of the bearing capacity of the pavement foundation. Rehabilitation of the foundation bearing capacity performed by arranging layers of road material made by cold recycling technology (hereinafter — CRRM) in accordance with [4] or by arranging a layer of crushed stone — sand mixture reinforced with cement or complex binder (hereinafter — CSSM 20) according to [13]. Purpose. The purpose of the work is to study the feasibility of using acrylic additives for the preparation of mixtures made by cold recycling technology and crushed stone-sand mixtures treated with cement in the layers of pavement foundation. Materials and methods. Experimental comparative tests of CRRM and CSSM 20 with different content of complex binder were performed. Results. Feasibility of acrylic additives use has been established (hereinafter — the additive) for the preparation of CRRM and CSSM 20 in the pavement foundation layers. Recommendations on technological parameters of preparation, transportation, laying and compaction of mentioned mixtures are given. Conclusions. Performed researches have shown that according to physical and mechanical indicators CRRM and CSSM20 meet the requirements of the current normative documents of Ukraine. The advantages of use are noted.
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Matkowski, Patryk, Aleksander Lisowski, and Adam Świętochowski. "Characterisation of Wheat Straw Pellets Individually and in Combination with Cassava Starch or Calcium Carbonate under Various Compaction Conditions: Determination of Pellet Strength and Water Absorption Capacity." Materials 13, no. 19 (October 1, 2020): 4375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194375.
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This study aimed to optimise the production conditions of wheat straw (WS) pellets and pellets with the additives of cassava starch (CS) or calcium carbonate (CC) based on the criteria of pellet strength and water absorption by crushed pellets. The pellets produced using a 2–10%-wt/wt additive ratio, material moisture of 10–30% w.b., die height of 66–86 mm, and material temperature of 78–108 °C were tested. The influence these factors on the strength parameters of pellets was different than on the water absorption by the crushed pellets. The pellets made of WS blended with CC additive were characterised by better strength parameters and the compressed pellets were characterised by better water absorption than those with CS. High and positive correlation among specific pellet compression work, elasticity modulus for pellet compression, and tensile strength values were observed. As the strength parameters of pellets showed high correlation with single pellet density, for the consistency of conclusions, the optimal conditions for pellet production were assumed based on the density. For optimal conditions at 4% wt/wt additive ratio, 23% w.b. material moisture, 78 mm die height, and 80 °C material temperature, the specific pellet compression work was 3.22 mJ·mm−2, elasticity modulus was 5.78 MPa, and maximum tensile strength of the pellets was 2.68 MPa; moreover, the water absorption by crushed pellets amounted to 2.60 g H2O·g−1 of dry matter.
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Куценкова, Василисса, Vasilissa Kutsenkova, Наталия Неповинных, Nataliya Nepovinnykh, Надежда Лямина, Nadezda Lymina, Валерий Сенчихин, and Valery Senchikhin. "Recipe Development and Medical and Biological Evaluation of Bakery Products Fortified with Non-Traditional Vegetable Raw Materials." Food Processing: Techniques and Technology 49, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2019-1-23-31.
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Bread is the most popular food ever. However, more and more people are abandoning traditional wheat bread in favor of bakery products with various functional additives. Crushed safflower seeds are an unconventional plant additive that is a source of complete vegetable protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids (including linoleic and linolenic acids), dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals. The present paper introduces a recipe of bread fortified with crushed safflower seeds and safflower oil. The authors studied the sensory and physico-chemical properties of the bread. The prototypes had a smooth surface without cracks and uniform porosity and demonstrated a light yellow color when fractured. The taste and smell were typical of this type of product, with a pleasant delicate flavor and aroma of the additive. There was a slight increase in the porosity, acidity, dimensional stability, and humidity, compared with the control sample. The article contains a technological scheme of production and the formulation of bread with the addition of crushed safflower seeds, as well as some optimal technological production parameters. The authors carried out a medical and biological evaluation of the effectiveness of the bakery products with the addition of seeds and safflower oil in the diet of people aged 18–29 with excess body weight. The conducted research proved the therapeutic efficiency of the developed product in hypocaloric diet for individuals with excess body weight. No tolerability problems or side effects were determined. An optimum method of treatment was developed. The results of the study make it possible to recommend bakery products with crushed seeds and safflower oil for the diet of overweight patients aged 18–29.
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Chakrabarti, Srijib, and Jayantha Kodikara. "Stabilization of Crushed Basaltic Rocks and Clay Mixtures Using Cementitious Additives." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 17, no. 4 (August 2005): 432–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2005)17:4(432).
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Efimov, Vladimir, Denis Pogodin, and Myhammet Fakhratov. "Technological processes of reusing crushed concrete in the demolition of buildings in construction." E3S Web of Conferences 110 (2019): 01038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911001038.
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The paper is dedicated to waste processing management in waste processing technology. Processing of scrap concrete waste, similar in composition and condition to traditional raw materials, is economically and ecologically feasible. Secondary crushed stone obtained by crushing scrap of reinforced concrete panels in demolished five-storey apartment blocks of the first phase was studied. It is shown that concrete with scrap concrete waste shows strength properties similar to primary concrete and helps organize waste-free production. The methods of recycled waste usage, especially usage of secondary crushed stone made of crushed concrete scrap, are becoming ever more relevant with every passing year. Imported concrete aggregate volumes can be reduced by 15-30% due to usage of secondary crushed stone. Consideration of industrial waste problem and methods of solving this problem by using waste in construction industry, including secondary crushed stone made of crushed concrete scrap, is made. Annually, about 11.5 million tons of construction waste is generated in Moscow. The use of industrial waste similar in terms of composition and condition of traditional raw materials unquestionable from economic and environmental point of view. This study showed that concrete using fine granulated blast furnace slag as cement additives has higher initial strength characteristics.
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Chakrabarti, Srijib, and Jayantha Kodikara. "Basaltic Crushed Rock Stabilized with Cementitious Additives: Compressive Strength and Stiffness, Drying Shrinkage, and Capillary Flow Characteristics." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (January 2003): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819b-03.
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Research was undertaken to increase knowledge of the properties of local stabilized pavement materials to facilitate their wider use in road construction and rehabilitation. Laboratory tests involved testing for the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), shrinkage, and capillary behavior of crushed basaltic rocks stabilized with two conventional cementitious binders—general purpose cement and lime—and two cementitious binders comprising industrial waste products—blended cement and alkali-activated slag. The alkali-activated slag and blended cement significantly increased UCS of untreated material and performed as well as or better than such traditional binders as general purpose cement. Overall, lime performed poorly as a stabilizer of crushed basaltic rocks, primarily because the fine content containing clay minerals was not significant in the crushed basaltic rock composition. UCS of stabilized materials increased significantly as binder content increased; UCS could be described as a function of binder quantity. Ultimate shrinkage increased with binder content for general purpose cement and alkali-activated slag, but for blended cement, behavior was different. The rate of drying shrinkage was relatively high at the early stage of shrinkage. Generally, alkali-activated slag produced less shrinkage compared with general purpose and blended cements. Capillary rise and water absorption were also measured. Test results indicated that the rate of capillary rise and amount of water absorbed by the material matrix decreased with the increase of binder content. The research indicated that the use of binders with industrial by-products could be a viable option in stabilization of crushed basaltic rock materials.
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Shevchenko, T. V., Yu V. Ustinova, A. M. Popov, Ya A. Novikova, and Sh A. Fairushin. "Rational Use of Oxidized Coals." Ecology and Industry of Russia 23, no. 5 (May 14, 2019): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2019-5-22-27.
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The ways of processing large-tonnage coal mining waste – oxidized coal into technical and agricultural products – are presented based on the rational and efficient use of some modified physico-chemical properties of original coal materials. Studied ways of rational use of oxidized coal in agriculture, based on effective use of coal derived humic acids: as an additive of its crushed fractions on the fields for growing grain and tuberous plants, as well as for the production of humic preparations (fertilizes, biological active additives based on humic acids for arable farming and animal husbandry). Proposed new methods of reclamation of disturbed lands with the help of microbiological destructors of oxidized coal.
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WALISZEWSKI, KRZYSZTOF N., and MAYANIN AVALOS. "SHELF-LIFE EXTENSION OF TILAPIA IN CRUSHED ICE WITH ADDITIVES AT ?3C." Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 25, no. 4 (October 2001): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4549.2001.tb00462.x.
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Lapin, Anatoly A., Marina L. Kalaida, and Valery N. Zelenkov. "Supplements to amaranth feed for fish cultivation. Part 3. Justification of the physical and chemical characteristics of the components of wheat and amaranth herb using a biochemical indicator of total antioxidant activity." Butlerov Communications 61, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/20-61-1-118.
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Expanding research to find sources for new effective and environmentally friendly fish feed additives based on natural plant-based raw materials is a pressing agricultural concern Biotechnology. This is especially true because feed additives for fish farming, as opposed to the use of feed additives for farm animals, come into contact with the environment of reservoirs and, accordingly, can have a significant impact on the ecosystem water environment for all inhabitants of reservoirs for breeding fish as aquaculture. The article presents the results of a biochemical study of the total antioxidant activity of the developed feed additives based on the components of the grain of spring wheat (Triticum) of the Kazan Jubilee and amaranth herbs (Amaranthus cruentus L) Shuntuk varieties from the collection of the botanical garden of the All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. We show that when applying the technological equipment for grinding the original components for the preparation of feed additives, the total antioxidant activity of the wheat and amaranth grain fractions after grinding depends on the degree of the grinding or from the variance of component particles after sowing on the Sith. It is shown that when preparing fish feed it is best to use wheat with the size of particles 0.25-0.4 mm, which corresponds to the maximum manifestation of the total antioxidant activity of the crushed grain. For the first time in the experiment revealed a synergistic effect on the manifestation of total antioxidant activity when adding protein-vitamin flour from dry amaranth herb to the crushed wheat grain with a maximum value of 4% of its content from the total mass Feed.
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Bazhenov, Yu M., S.-A. Yu Murtazaev, D. K.-S. Bataev, A. H. Alaskhanov, T. S. A. Murtazaeva, and M. S. Saydumov. "High-strength concretes based on anthropogenic raw materials for earthquake resistant high-rise construction." Engineering Solid Mechanics 9, no. 3 (2021): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.esm.2021.1.004.
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This work is devoted to development of optimum recipes of high-strength concretes based on filled binders with fine-milled anthropogenic mineral filler intended for earthquake resistant high-rise monolithic construction. The optimum recipes of concretes in this work have been developed on the basis of computations and experimental designing of cast concrete mixes with chemical additives and anthropogenic mineral fillers, as well as destructive inspection methods as the most precise for analysis of physicomechanical and deformation properties of concrete. The following raw materials have been used for production of high-strength concretes: natural quartz sands with the fineness modulus F.M. = 1.7-1.8; crushed limestone with the particles sizes of 5-20 mm; water reducing chemical additives and hardening retarder to control specifications of concrete mixes; plain Portland cement, grade PTs 500 D0; anthropogenic mineral additives (fillers) in the form of crushed concrete and ceramic bricks. Optimum recipes of monolithic concretes have been designed using anthropogenic raw materials including normal concrete grades with compressive strength of M30-M40 and high-strength concrete grades of M50-M80, characterized by high homogeneity of cement stone with significantly finer pores and lower shrinkage. Herewith, it has been established that fine-milled anthropogenic mineral filler in the form of crushed concrete and ceramic bricks at the ratio of 70:30, respectively, efficiently influences specifications of concrete mixes on their basis significantly increasing resistance of the mix against sedimentation and water gain. It has been established that the developed high-strength concretes based on filled binders with fine-milled anthropogenic mineral filler are characterized by high freeze–thaw resistance (from F400 to F600) and water tightness (W14 and higher), which is a solid base providing high lifecycle of such concretes.
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Koťátková, Jaroslava, Dana Koňáková, Eva Vejmelková, Pavel Reiterman, and Jamal Akhter Siddique. "Mechanical and Water Transport Properties of HSC with Different SCMs." Materials Science Forum 824 (July 2015): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.824.105.
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Pozzolanic materials and their usage in concrete production are nowadays widely spread. Their application as additives is inherent especially for the purpose of high strength concrete. This article deals with evaluation and comparison of the influence of two different supplementary cementitious materials on the properties of high strength concrete: natural pozzolana (NP) and finely crushed brick (FCB). The studied characteristics are basic physical properties with connection to mechanical parameters, and next to this, characterization of water transport. In the scope of this study results revealed better pertinence of finely crushed brick, as the appropriate replacement of cement was found out to be up to 30%, whilst for natural pozzolana only 10% of cement substitution is favourable. The open porosity as the first indicator of both mechanical and water transport properties appeared to be lower in all studied mixtures with FCB than in the case of NP. With increasing ratio of the additive to cement there is significant worsening of mechanical and water transport parameters when NP is involved. The behaviour of mixtures with FCB is better even when high amount of cement is substituted.
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Wang, Xue, and Yuan Chen Guo. "Experimental Research on Foamed Concrete Block with High Addition Crushed Brick Powder." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 934–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.934.
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Crushed brick foamed concrete block is made of crushed brick as a main raw material and Portland cement as a cementious material, mixed with various additives, foamed by foamer and cured under the ordinary temperature and pressure condition. Studies have shown that: (1) The main chemical composition of CBP are SiO2 and Al2O3, CBP has high content vitreous body. CBP has a certain activity (2) With the increase of CBP fineness, the compressive strength of the specimen increases. (3) With the increase of the mixing amount of CBP, the compressive strength of the specimen decrease. (4) With the increase of the mixing amount of commercial caustic soda, the compressive strength of the specimen increases first then decreases.
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Kobelchuk, Yu M., Yu N. Vashchenko, and L. S. Holub. "Application of 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenylsulfone and its polymethylol derivative as additives in elastomeric materials." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 4 (July 2021): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2021-137-4-66-72.
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One of the ways to improve the quality of elastomeric materials is the modification of the elastomeric matrix as well as the use of multifunctional ingredients that can function as stabilizers, vulcanizing group components and compatibilizers (i.e. substances that increase compatibility in polymer heterogeneous systems). Compounds that can be used as binders in composite materials of different composition and ensure the environmental friendliness of their production and application are considered to be promising. Among such compounds, the reaction products of 4,4'-dioxydiphenylsulfone with formaldehyde attract a particular interest since they have a lower degree of toxicity than the phenol-formaldehyde resins. This work revealed the effect of 1, 2, and 4 parts by weight of 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenylsulfone and its polymethylol derivative on technological and physical-mechanical properties of elastomeric compositions. We showed the stabilizing activity of the investigated additives in rubbers based on carbochain unsaturated rubbers. The surface of the crushed vulcanizate was modified. It was determined that the addition of modified crushed vulcanizate to the composition of rubber mixtures improves the quality of rubbers. We showed the possibility of replacing traditional anti-aging agents without deterioration of the properties of finished products.
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owsiak, Zdzisława, Przemysław Czapik, and Justyna Zapała-Sławeta. "METHODS OF MITIGATING ALKALI REACTIVITY OF GRAVEL AGGREGATE." Structure and Environment 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30540/sae-2022-013.
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Effectiveness of selected chemical admixtures and mineral additives to mitigate alkali-silica reaction was compared based on reactive gravel aggregate. Lithium compounds in the form of nitrate and lithium polysilicate were used as chemical admixtures. Natural pozzolans containing zeolite were used as mineral additive. Efficiency of the additive was enhanced by modification with ammonium ions. Linear changes of mortars with crushed gravel aggregates were studied with the accelerated and long-term methods. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy was used for microstructural observations. It was demonstrated that at elevated temperatures the application of lithium compounds provided better protection. Under conditions similar to those in the field, 20-30% of natural pozzolans proved to be more effective in inhibiting the expansion. Regardless of the method of protection applied, the presence of alkali-silica reaction products was detected in the microstructure of the mortars.
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Larsen, O., O. Aleksandrova, V. Naruts, A. Polozov, and A. Bakhrakh. "STUDY OF THE PROPERTIES OF ACTIVE MINERAL ADDITIVES FOR USE IN HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 5, no. 8 (August 4, 2020): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2020-5-8-8-17.
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Improving the technology of construction production contributes to improving the quality of construc-tion of hydraulic structures and their reliability. In recent decades, rolled compacted concrete has be-come widespread in the construction of dams in our country and in world practice. The technology of rolled compacted concrete in hydraulic engineering projects has a number of advantages: it reduces labor costs and expenses, allows fully mechanization the concreting process with implement of high-performance equipment, and thereby increases the rate of construction of massive structures. The use of mineral fillers in rolled concrete will reduce heat generation, contribute to a reduced adiabatic rise in the temperature of concrete, improve its performance and increase durability. The test method for assessing pozzolanic activity of volcanic scoria, fly ash, crushed powder of basalt and volcanic tuff by degree of absorbed lime from a saturated calcium hydroxide solution with a simultaneous change in volume is described. The studies have shown that volcanic scoria and crushed powder of basalt are additives with the lowest volume increase at the age of 30 days, they show the high pozzolanic proper-ties and can be selected as initial pozzolanic materials for production rolled compacted concrete with significant economic and environmental advantages.
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Sarkkinen, Minna, Kauko Kujala, and Seppo Gehör. "Modification of Alkali Activated Blast Furnace Slag for Pothole Repairs." MATEC Web of Conferences 274 (2019): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927404003.
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Potholes denote small, typically sharp edged holes in the pavement. The aim of this research was to study the usability of alkali activated (AA) blast furnace slag based material in the repair of paved roads, especially during the cold winter and spring seasons when such repairs are needed most and the use of hot asphalt is not possible. The objective was to a find material which is both more cost-efficient and durable than plain cold asphalt. Properties like rapid strength development, good bonding with old paving material, weather resistance, abrasion resistance, and low shrinkage were required. The influence of the chosen factors on the performance of the material was studied applying the multi-attribute optimization method. The impact of different additives, such as Portland cement, fibers and crushed tire rubber were studied. The results indicated that the AA slag based materials studied can be improved by suitable additives to make them reach desired performance. According to the tests, adding Portland cement increased compressive strength threefold after 3 hours and reduced shrinkage by 34% but should be a negative impact on higher levels related to freeze-thaw resistance. In addition, crushed rubber was indicated to have a positive impact related to all the studied performance properties.
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Konovalova, N. A., O. N. Dabizha, P. P. Pankov, and E. A. Rush. "Minimization of Anthropogenic Impact on the Environment of Waste of Mining Complex by Recycling Them in the Soil Concrete Modified with Natural Zeolites." Ecology and Industry of Russia 24, no. 6 (June 17, 2020): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2020-6-24-29.
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The article considers the possibility of reduction of anthropogenic impact on ecosystems of various levels of waste of mining complex by their largetonnage direct using in the construction industry. The methods of utilization of waste crushed production modified with natural zeolites and stabilizing additive in the composition of soil concrete are studied. The chemical and phase compositions of the inital mineral raw materials and soil concrete based on them are studied by a complex of modern methods. Optimal mass fractions of clinoptilolite rock (5–15 wt. %) and a polymeric stabilizing additive (1 wt. %) allowing to obtain composites with a maximum strength grade of 100 (М 100) are established. The increase of strength characteristics of soil concrete modified with zeolite-containing rock is associated with an increase of their density by the presence of crystalline calcium and magnesium silicates in the structure as well as the filling of the interparticle space with mineral and polymer additives.
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Shkilnyk, O., I. Petrukh, D. Ostapiv, M. Kozak, V. Vlizlo, I. Pavlyuk, O. Vezdenko, O. Sekh, S. Ponomarjova, and L. Kalynovska. "EFFECT OF FEED ADDITIVE ON MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS OF COWS WITH KETOSIS." Scientific and Technical Bulletin оf State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medical Products and Fodder Additives аnd Institute of Animal Biology 21, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36359/scivp.2020-21-1.31.
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The article describes the study of mineral metabolism in patients with cow ketosis and during feeding of our developed feed additive, which includes crushed hop cones, vitamin E and protected from cleavage in the rumen amino acids ˗ methionine, choline and carnitine.
In the blood of cows with ketosis, before and after the use of feed additives studied the content of total calcium and inorganic phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase activity, determined the ratio of alkaline phosphatase and total calcium, the concentration of thyroid hormones (parathyroid hormone) and thyroid, thyroid also the amount of ketone bodies in the urine and β-hydroxybutyrate in the blood. It was found that twenty days of feeding cows with ketosis, feed additives leads to a decrease in ketonuria and ketonemia, as well as the normalization of mineral metabolism.
At the end of the experiment, the content of total calcium and inorganic phosphorus in the blood of cows increased, the activity of alkaline phosphatase and the ratio of ALP / Ca decreased. The normalization of mineral metabolism in cows was also evidenced by its balanced hormonal regulation. The concentration of parathyroid hormone decreased in the blood plasma and calcitonin increased.
According to the results of research, it is established that our proposed feed additive contributes to the normalization of mineral metabolism, and can also be used for prevention and in the complex treatment of cows with ketosis.
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Shlyakhova, Elena A., Inna O. Egorochkina, Irina A. Serebryanaya, and A. A. Matrosov. "Methods of Investigating and Quality Assessing Structure of Concretes with Combined Aggregates." Materials Science Forum 931 (September 2018): 618–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.931.618.
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Concrete on Portland cement and cement modified with expanding additives were studied. The authors present the results of study of the modified concrete with combined aggregate. Combined aggregate is a composition of natural granite and limestone crushed stone mixed with crushed concrete. Structure and properties of concrete with combined aggregate is insufficiently studied, which limits their use in civil engineering Recycling of building materials allows to expand the raw material base, to solve the problems of resource conservation and environmental protection. The regularities and causes of changes (reduction) indicators of the quality of concrete with combined aggregate. Studying of properties and laws of formation of structure of concrete at the same time is a method of control of their production. The valuation of properties of concrete with combined aggregates will allow to use them along with traditional concrete.
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Asa, Eric, Ahmed Shaker Anna, and Edmund Baffoe-Twum. "An investigation of mechanical behavior of concrete containing crushed waste glass." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 17, no. 6 (December 4, 2019): 1285–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-01-2019-0020.
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Purpose This paper aims to discuss the evaluation of the compressive and splitting tensile strength of concrete mixes containing different proportions of up to 20 per cent glass aggregate. Portions of sand in concretes with and without admixtures were replaced with measurements of glass aggregates. Design/methodology/approach “Glascrete” is a term used for concrete in which crushed glass is used as a substitute for all or part of the aggregates. Glass can be recycled many times without changing its properties, making it an ideal material in concrete. Overall, 144 cubes and 144 cylinders of glascretes were prepared with different admixtures and subjected to compressive and splitting tensile strength test. Findings A comparison with a 21-day control mix indicated that glass aggregates are replacing sand in concrete ranging from 5 to 20 per cent by volume, resulting in 3.8-10.6 per cent and 3.9-16.4 per cent fall in compressive and tensile strength, respectively. However, the use of mineral admixture improved the properties of the mixes at 3, 7, 14 and 21 days. Social implications Cities worldwide are congested, and even those with the best waste-management system would have issues with waste disposal after the year 2030. Consequently, waste management is a current issue for cities all over the world. Originality/value This study aims to evaluate the physical properties of mortar mixes that contain different volumes of waste glass as substitutes for fine aggregate with or without additives. Mineral additives are used to improve the mechanical properties of glascrete mixes in addition to its chemical resistance by absorbing the OH− ions responsible for the possible alkali-silica reaction (ASR). It also reduces the adverse effects of mix-dimensional stability. Water-reducing admixtures are used to reduce the impact of the ASR by minimizing the amount of moisture in concrete, in effect decreasing the possible expansion of any produced gel. In this research, compressive and splitting tensile strength of concrete mortar containing waste glass of limited substitutions is evaluated.
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Lisowski, Aleksander, Patryk Matkowski, Leszek Mieszkalski, Remigiusz Mruk, Mateusz Stasiak, Michał Piątek, Adam Świętochowski, et al. "Influence of Fraction Particle Size of Pure Straw and Blends of Straw with Calcium Carbonate or Cassava Starch on Pelletising Process and Pellet." Materials 13, no. 20 (October 16, 2020): 4623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13204623.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the pressure agglomeration process of wheat straw (WS) and the blends of WS with calcium carbonate (CC) or cassava straw (CS) with a ratio of 6% wt./wt. from seven separate fractions with sizes in the range of 0.21–2.81 mm. The agglomeration was performed at a moisture of 30% wb and a material temperature of 78 °C, with a dose of 0.1 g, in a die of diameter 8 mm and height 80 mm. The effects of the process were evaluated based on the compaction parameters and the pellets’ density, tensile strength, and water absorption. The incorporation of additives into the WS improved the pellet process and quality. Refined results were achieved after adding CC, as compared to those achieved after adding CS, and the preferred particle size was in the range of 1.00–1.94 mm. This was because, under the given conditions, the back pressure in the die chamber significantly increased, allowing the achievement of a single pellet density of 800 kg·m−3. The pellets were resistant to compressive loads and cracked only at tensile strength of 6 MPa and a specific compression work of 6.5 mJ·mm−2. The addition of CC to the WS improved the strength of the adhesive and the cohesive bonds between the particles. The water absorption for the uncrushed pellets was considerably less than that for crushed pellets, which results in the safer storage of uncrushed pellets and excellent moisture absorption of crushed pellets. The addition of CC to the WS offers benefits in the form of pellet strength with a high water absorption capability. Notably, a study of crushed pellet litter under broiler rearing conditions and an analysis of the operational costs of using WS additives are required for implementing this study.
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Shepelev, I. I., E. I. Zhukov, E. N. Eskova, E. V. Kiryushin, and O. V. Рilyaeva. "Promising Ways to Recycle and Use Waste from Gas Purification Facilities of Alumina Production." Ecology and Industry of Russia 26, no. 6 (June 3, 2022): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2022-6-4-9.
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For the disposal of dust from gas-cleaning facilities of sintering furnaces, in addition to a closed dust circulation scheme, a partial removal of it from electric filters for subsequent use in road construction is proposed. It is shown that dust collected from 4–5 fields of electrofilters containing chlorides and sulfates should be used as additives in a nepheline-crushed stone mixture, which will allow obtaining the required high frost resistance indicators of road mix samples.
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Chalangaran, Navid, Alireza Farzampour, and Nima Paslar. "Nano Silica and Metakaolin Effects on the Behavior of Concrete Containing Rubber Crumbs." CivilEng 1, no. 3 (November 8, 2020): 264–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/civileng1030017.
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The excessive production of worn tires remaining from the transportation system and the lack of proper procedures to recycle or reuse these materials have caused critical environmental issues. Due to the rubber’s toughness, this material could be implemented to increase concrete toughness, and by crushing the tires concrete aggregates can be replaced proportionally with rubber crumbs and large quantities of scrapped rubber. However, this substitution decreases the concrete strength. In this study, crushed rubber with sizes from 1 to 3 mm and 3 to 6 mm were replaced by 5%, 10%, and 15% sand; the combination of two additives of nano silica and metakaolin additives with optimum values was used to compensate the degradation of the strength and improve the workability of the concrete. Moreover, the compressive strength, tensile behavior, and modulus of elasticity were measured and compared. The results indicate that the optimum use of nano silica and metakaolin additives could compensate the negative effects of the rubber material implementation in the concrete mixture while improving the overall workability and flowability of the concrete mixture.
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Polyakov, Igor V., Mikhail V. Barannikov, and Ekaterina A. Stepanova. "ADDITIVES FOR HEAVY CONCRETE BASED ON INDUSTRIAL WASTE FROM CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 64, no. 4 (April 12, 2021): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20216404.6330.
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The effect of a complex additive containing superplasticizer C-3 on the properties of heavy concrete has been investigated. The efficiency of the plasticizing action of the specified additive at the stage of preparation of the concrete mixture and subsequent molding of concrete products has been revealed. It is proved that at the stage of concrete hardening, the investigated additive promotes to the formation of a more homogeneous colloidal-crystalline structure and the formation of dense crystalline hydrate complexes of cement stone by the time of completion of concrete hardening. The objects of investigation were samples of grade B22.5 concrete without additives; containing a monoadditive - superplasticizer S-3; containing the complex additive. When designing the composition of additives for heavy concrete, we proceeded from the fundamental provisions of construction science that the complexity of the action of additives lies in the optimal combination of two main opposite processes in time and volume of the concrete matrix. The use of the caprolactam oligomer synthesized in the course of this investigation makes it possible to solve the problem of involving concentrated wastes of caprolactam production in the production turnover. The obtained caprolactam oligomers can be used in construction as plasticizers of concrete mixtures, as inhibitors of corrosion of steel reinforcement in the production of reinforced concrete products. Water-soluble oligomers of caprolactam, which reduce the time of dissolution of the superplasticizer C-3 and the dispersion of low-temperature catalyst in the volume of the concrete mixture being mixed, were synthesized. It was found that in the presence of the oligomer caprolactam in an amount of 10 to 20% of the mass. the dissolution rate of S-3 superplasticizer in water at a temperature of 20-21 °C increases by 2.0-2.2 times. This contributes to a better mixing of the components of the concrete mixture, primarily to improve the dispersion of the complex additive in the volume of the concrete mixture. The caprolactam oligomer used in this research work is an effective water-soluble wetting agent for the surface of particles of cement, sand, and crushed stone, which is very important for activating hydration and sorption processes during mixing of a concrete mixture. The increased wetting properties of the caprolactam oligomer are characterized by a wetting angle of 19.6 °.
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Vinogradova, L. A., and Y. P. Rusakova. "Infrared spectr of SP–2VU superplastifying agent and a cement mortar with additive." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 81, no. 1 (July 18, 2019): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2019-1-289-293.
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To improve the concrete properties, various technological methods are used, the most accessible ones being the introduction of chemical additives into the concrete mixture, which can significantly reduce the costs level per unit of production; these additives improve concrete quality and effectiveness and reinforced concrete structures as well as increase their service life and buildings and structures in whole. This paper presents the results of studying the effect of introducing a superplasticizer with stabilizing effect of Polyplast SP – 2VU LLC Polyplast Novomoskovsk into concrete by analyzing the IR spectra of the additive in pure form and as part of hardened cement mortar (0.1–0.9%). Portland cement CEM I 42.5 B of Mordovcement OJSC was used as a binder; the aggregates were enriched with quartz sand from the Khromtsovsky deposit with a size of 2.4 and granite crushed stone of the Orsk deposit of 5–20 mm with water absorption of 0.2% . In the course of the work, the chemical composition of the additive SP2-VU itself and the hardened modified concrete composition were analyzed. Thus, the introduction of a modifier into a concrete composition leads to the change in its structure and strength characteristics. It was established with the help of IR spectra, that when the content of the additive in the cement mortar is 0.5%, a more ordered and stable hardened structure is formed. The reliability of the data obtained is confirmed by the identification of the main peaks. Due to the modification of concrete (at 0.3-0.5% in the concrete mix regulator concentration), the increase in the strength of the samples is more than 40%.
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Musorina, Тatiana А., Elizaveta A. Naumova, Ekaterina V. Shonina, Mikhail R. Petrichenko, and Maksim I. Kukolev. "Heat engineering properties of energy-efficient material based on plant additives (dried hogweed)." Vestnik MGSU, no. 12 (December 2019): 1555–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2019.12.1555-1571.
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Introduction. The articlecompares the heat engineering properties of construction materials: high-strength concrete, ordinary concrete, and two concrete samples containing a vegetable additive, dried stem fragments of hogweed (Heracleum sosnowskyi). The first sample contains the additive in the crushed form, while the second contains the additive in the form of tubes. The research to estimate heat conduction in the four samples under unsteady conditions.
Materials and methods. The thermal diffusivity of two samples with plant additive is determined using a comparative physical experiment. When determining the thermal properties, the accumulating component of the enclosure is taken into account what leads to a long delay in the temperature variation over time. DS18B20 digital temperature sensors connected to an Arduino Uno board were used to measure the temperature. The experiment was carried out in the Challenge 250 chamber at an initial temperature of 20 ºС. Then the chamber temperature was lowered to 0 ºС within 30 minutes. In the next period, the temperature dropped from 0 ºС to –10 ºС. The data obtained are of interest for improving the energy efficiency of buildings.
Results. The experiments showed that the tubular-hogweed sample is close to high-strength concrete by its heat engineering properties. The material thermal diffusivity affects the amplitude of temperature fluctuations and the accumulating capacity of the wall.
Conclusions. It is established experimentally that at lower thermal diffusivity of a hogweed-containing sample, the amplitude of temperature fluctuations increases. This indicates a greater time lag, just as in the case of a high-strength concrete sample. When using the hogweed as an additive, we obtain a heat-resistant minimum-cost material for enclosures. Considering an issue of the energy efficiency in construction and existing additives to concrete, the researchers have reached the conclusion that it is efficient to use the dried hogweed as the plant additive.
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Zhukov, Alexey D., I. I. Popov, Igor V. Bessonov, and S. P. Chernukhin. "Filled Heat Efficient Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 887 (May 2021): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.887.493.
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The increase of thermo-physical properties of masonry made of ceramic burnt products is possible through the use of heat-efficient ceramics and, in particular, porous building tiles. The use of combustible additives or foaming technology is related to increased energy costs and difficulties in obtaining products with uniformly distributed porosity.The analysis of the state of the technology of ceramic materials made it possible to formulate a research hypothesis according to which the use of a porous non-combustible additive in the composition of ceramic masses, on the one hand, will make it possible to obtain materials with a lower density compared to traditional ceramic products, and, on the other hand, will allow the use of hard mixtures with reduced water content, and therefore significantly save the cost of drying products, while increasing the uniformity of the porous ceramic crock.The purpose of the research was to develop recipes for ceramic porous products and to develop modes of their burning. The use of crushed foam glass as a lightweight non-burning and exhausting additive, on the one hand, made it possible to use tough ceramic mixtures (with a water content not exceeding 18%), and, on the other hand, to use more rigid and shorter drying modes, which also reduced the energy and material consumption of the technology.The most energy-intensive burning process was optimized by the methods of mathematical planning and processing of experimental results. The average density of crushed foam glass (140–150 kg/m3), optimal for the burnt product, was established, and also, as a result of analytical optimization and interpretation of the experimental results, dependencies that allow choosing parameters and evaluating product properties depending on foam glass consumption and burning temperature were obtained.
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Goh, Hui Weng, Tze Liang Lau, Keng Yuen Foo, Chun Kiat Chang, and Nor Azazi Zakaria. "Influence of Hydraulic Conductivity and Organic Matter Content in Different Bioretention Media on Nutrient Removal." Applied Mechanics and Materials 802 (October 2015): 448–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.802.448.
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Bioretention media composition plays an important role in maintaining hydraulic conductivity within appropriate range and treating stormwater runoff to reduce pollution to receiving water bodies. This study investigated 4 types of bioretention media, 2 of which different types of compost and another 2 using shredded newspaper and crushed cockle shell as additives to modify the bioretention media. The objective of the study was to provide insight on hydraulic performance and media characteristics that control bioretention stormwater treatment performance. Results showed that organic matter content has no effect on hydraulic conductivity and nutrient removal performance of the media. Comparison of hydraulic conductivity and nutrient removal showed that reduced hydraulic conductivity (from 250mm/hr to 159mm/hr) increased total suspended solids (TSS) removal of the media (up to 98.5%) but has no effect on total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). The preliminary pollutant test using natural runoff showed that bioretention media enhanced with 10% shredded newspaper performed the best in TN removal (up to 85.3%) and bioretention media enhanced with 10% crushed cockle shell removed the most TP (up to 95.6%).
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Mohammed, Ahmed Salih, Wael Emad, Warzer Sarwar Qadir, Rawaz Kurda, Kawan Ghafor, and Raed Kadhim Faris. "Modeling the Impact of Liquid Polymers on Concrete Stability in Terms of a Slump and Compressive Strength." Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (January 16, 2023): 1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13021208.
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It is generally known that the two most crucial elements of concrete that depend on the slump value of the mixture are workability and compressive strength. In addition, slump retention is more delicate than the commonly used slump value since it reflects the concrete mixture’s durability for usage in civil engineering applications. In this study, the effect of three water-reducer additives was tested on concrete’s workability and compressive strength from 1 day to 28 days of curing. The slump of the concrete was measured at the time of adding water to the mix and after 30 min of adding water. This study employed 0–1.5% (%wt) water-reducer additives. The original ratio between water and cement (wc) was 0.65, 0.6, and 0.56 for mixtures incorporating 300, 350, and 400 kg of cement. It was lowered to 0.3 by adding water-reducer additives based on the additives type and cement content. Depending on the kind and amount of water-reducer additives, w/c, gravel content, sand content, crushed content, and curing age, adding water-reducer additives to the concrete increased its compressive strength by 8% to 186%. When polymers were added to the concrete, they formed a fiber net (netting) that reduced the space between the cement particles. As a result, joining the cement particles quickly enhanced the fresh concrete’s viscosity and the hardened concrete’s compressive strength. The study aims to establish mathematical models (nonlinear and M5P models) to predict the concrete compressive strength when containing water-reducer additives for construction projects without theoretical restrictions and investigate the impact of mix proportion on concrete compressive strength. A total of 483 concrete samples modified with 3 water-reducer additives were examined, evaluated, and modeled for this study.
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Lee, Kyu-Shik, Eun-Young Yun, and Tae-Won Goo. "Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity in the Extract of Defatted Hermetia illucens Fed Organic Waste Feed Containing Fermented Effective Microorganisms." Animals 12, no. 6 (March 8, 2022): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12060680.
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Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly) larvae (HIL) are considered useful industrial insects for the production of feed for livestock, eco-friendly fertilizer from organic wastes, and biodiesel. Therefore, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity in the extract of crude-oil-extracted crushed HIL powder prepared from HIL fed organic waste containing fermented effective micro-organisms for biodiesel production. The result showed that antimicrobial activity was not fully induced in HIL fed L. casei-containing feed. In contrast, increased antimicrobial activity was observed in defatted HIL extract prepared from crude-oil-extracted crushed HIL powder. We found that the extract effectively inhibited the growth of pathogens and antimicrobial-peptide-resistant bacteria, such as three kinds of Salmonella species, and Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas tolaasii, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 200–1000 µg/100 µL. Furthermore, no cytotoxicity to CaCO-2 human intestinal cells was observed in the extract. We also found that the production fee of extract equivalent to the antimicrobial activity of melittin was approximately 25-fold less than the production fee of melittin. Therefore, the results demonstrate that crude-oil-extracted crushed HIL powder prepared from HIL fed organic waste containing fermented effective micro-organisms for biodiesel production should be used as the feedstock for synthetic, preservative-free livestock feed and food additives. Taken together, the present study supports the usefulness of HIL as an eco-friendly feedstock in the biodiesel, agricultural, food, and feed industries.
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Kutsenkova, V. S., N. V. Nepovinnykh, L. V. Andreeva, and Guo Qingbin. "Textural properties of dough and sensory characteristics of bread enriched with crushed seeds of the safflower." Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka, no. 4 (August 19, 2019): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2500-26272019467-72.
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Bread is most popular product among population. Nowadays more people refuse traditional wheat bread in favor of bakery products with various functional additives. Safflower seeds as a non-traditional vegetable additive is rich in high-grade vegetable protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids (including linoleic and linolenic acids), dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals. In this work, bread fortified with crushed safflower seeds were developed with the recipe as follows: wheat flour (564 g), safflower seeds (60 g), salt (10 g), yeast (54 g), vegetable oil (13 g), sugar (35 g), drinking water (284 g). Effects of addition of safflower seeds on texture properties of dough and the sensory properties of bread were evaluated as well. Results indicated that wheat flour fortified with 10 % safflower seeds showed 7 % lower of the water-absorbing capacity than that of the control sample (no safflower substituted), which is explained by the hydrophobicity of safflower seeds due to the high fat content. Change of rheological parameters of experimental sample was found due to specific chemical composition of safflower seeds. In terms of the quality of the bread, the safflower fortified bread had smooth, crack-free surface, uniform color and light yellow color in the fracture, taste and smell are peculiar to this type of product, with a pleasant subtle flavor and flavor of safflower seeds. In addition, the porosity, acidity, form stability and humidity of the novel bread were also increased, as compared to the control sample. Novel safflower seed fortified bread has been developed with better flavor and appearance. The processing conditions for this bread were determined as well.
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Czop, Monika, and Beata Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk. "Use of Slag from the Combustion of Solid Municipal Waste as A Partial Replacement of Cement in Mortar and Concrete." Materials 13, no. 7 (March 31, 2020): 1593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13071593.
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In Europe, the use of wastes in the cement and construction industry follows the assumptions of sustainability and the idea of circular economy. At present, it is observed that cement plants introduce wastes to the cement in the form of so-called mineral additives. The most often used mineral additives are: fly ash with silica fume, granulated blast furnace slag and silica fume. The use of mineral additives in the cement is related to the fact that the use of the most expensive component of cement—Portland cement clinker—is limited. The purpose of the article is a preliminary evaluation of the suitability of slag from the municipal solid waste incineration plant for its use as a replacement of cement. In this article, slag from the municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) replaces cement in the quantity of 30%, and presents the content of oxides and elements of slag from the MSWI. The obtained results are compared to the requirements that the crushed and granulated blast furnace slag need to meet to be suitable for use as an additive of type II to the concrete. The conducted analyses confirmed that the tested slag meets the requirements for the granulated blast furnace slag as an additive to the concrete in the following parameters: CaO ≤ 18.0%, SO3 ≤ 2.5% and Cl ≤ 0.1%. At the same time, mechanical features were tested of the designed mortars which consisted of a mixture of Portland cement (CEM I) with 30% of slag admixture. The designed mortar after 28 days of maturing reached a compressive strength of 32.0 MPa, and bending strength of 4.0 MPa. When compared to the milled granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), the obtained values are slightly lower. Furthermore, the hardened mortars were subject to a leachability test to check the impact on the environment. Test results showed that the aqueous extracts from mixtures with 30% of slag admixtures slightly exceed the limits and do not pose a sufficiant threat to the environment as to eliminate the MSWI slag from economical use.
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Kalabina, Daria, Grigory Ivanovich Yakovlev, Zarina Saidova, Grigorii Pervushin, and Anastasiya Fedorovna Gordina. "Effect of Carbon-Containing Additives on the Properties of Fluoroanhydrite Compositions Used for Flooring." Key Engineering Materials 932 (September 20, 2022): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-1q9dt3.
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The effect of carbon-containing additives on the physical, mechanical and electrical properties of the fluoroanhydrite composition used for self-leveling floors has been investigated. Copper/carbon nanocomposite, crushed technogenic graphite and thermally expanded graphite were used as modifying additives in this research. A method for obtaining thermally expanded graphite was described; the efficiency of its introduction into the plasticized fluoroanhydrite composition was proven: the electrical resistance of the material decreased by 11 times with an insignificant drop in strength on the 7th day from 34.9 to 29.8 MPa (15%). Modification of the composition with copper/carbon nanocomposite did not prove to be effective, leading to a 3-fold decrease in the electrical resistance of the material accompanied by a 4-fold decrease in the compressive strength of the samples. Modification of the composition with micro-sized particles of technogenic graphite lead to a decrease in the strength of the material by 28% without affecting its electrically conductive properties.
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Vdovin, Evgeny Anatolyevich, Pavel Efimovich Bulanov, and Igor Vyacheslavovich Zhuravlev. "The effect of cellulose stabilizing additives on the physical and mechanical properties of crushed-mastic asphalt concrete." Известия Казанского государственного архитектурно-строительного университета, no. 3 (2022): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.52409/20731523_2022_3_103.
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Łechtańska, Patrycja, and Grzegorz Wielgosiński. "The use of ammonium sulfate as an inhibitor of dioxin synthesis in iron ore sintering process." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2014-0005.
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Abstract The main air pollutants in the sintering process of iron ore are polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and harmful dust. Ore sintering on sinter strands is one of the first technology steps in the ironworks. It is a process in which iron ore is crushed, subjected to annealing and mixed with appropriate additives, and then sintered in order to produce sinter which is the main component of iron in the blast furnace process. PCDD/Fs emissions were measured and the addition of ammonium sulfate as an inhibitor of the synthesis of dioxins in the sintering process of iron ore was studied.
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Shekhovtsova, S. Yu. "Features of the Formation of Properties of Stone-Mastic Asphalt Concrete Based on a Warm Polymer Modified Binder." Materials Science Forum 992 (May 2020): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.992.200.
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Stone mastic asphalt concrete is one of the main types of asphalt concrete used for the construction of road surfaces. The quality, reliability and longevity of which depends on road safety of vehicles. To reduce the intensity of aging processes occurring at the stage of production and laying of asphalt concrete, "green" technologies are used, based on the use of physical and chemical processes that reduce the viscosity of bitumen to produce warm asphalt mixtures. This paper discusses the features of the formation of properties of crushed stone-mastic asphalt mixes SMA-15 based on polymer bitumen modified, compacted at lower temperatures, relative to traditional asphalt concrete. The influence of chemical additives of domestic and foreign production of DAD-TA and Cecabase RT 945 on the properties of modified binder and asphalt concrete was studied. It was established that they have a positive plasticizing effect on the modified bitumen binder in crushed stone-mastic asphalt concrete without a decrease in heat resistance and adhesive strength, which made it possible to compact asphalt concrete samples at low temperatures (up to 130°C) without negatively affecting the strength and deforming properties of asphalt concrete.
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Zitouni, Salim, Mekki Maza, Nadia Tebbal, and Zine El Abidine Rahmouni. "Impact of Rolled and Crushed Aggregate with Natural Pozzolan on the Behavior of HPC." Annales de Chimie - Science des Matériaux 46, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/acsm.460106.
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High performance concrete (HPC) has several advantages in building construction that cannot be achieved using conventional concrete in terms of strength durability, resistance to chemical attack, and workability of high performance concrete are high. The introduction of fillers and additives contributed to the improvement of high-performance concrete (HPC), other parameters also influence the performance of these HPCs, coarse aggregate fraction is known to strongly influence both fresh and hardened concrete’s properties. Consequently, selection of both content and particle size distribution for (HPC) mixture is an important issue regarding the predicted performance of concrete. For to make concrete more improvement , the porosity of the granular skeleton as well as the rheology of our HPC, 3/8 fraction of rolled gravel with smooth and rounded surfaces was introduced, in substitution for the crushed gravel of the same fraction , by testing various combinations of fractions 3/8 of rolled gravel and fraction 8/15 of crushed gravel in the present study, and based on previous results obtained the combinations 35,40 and 45% fraction 3/8 of rolled gravel and 65 , 60 and 55% fraction 8/15 of crushed gravel (binary granular system) respectively, gives a minimal porosity . Super plasticizer and four percentages of pozzolan were experimented. Compressive strength function of coarse aggregate was determined at 7, 14 and 28 days. Results have revealed that the mixtures with modified granule size distribution system ,1.5% of superplasticizer and 5% by weight of pozzolan allow an improvement in the compressive strength of 35.1% relative to the control concrete.
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Nurjaman, Fajar, Yuliana Sari, Anton Sapto Handoko, Fathan Bahfie, Ulin Herlina, Muhammad Miftahurrahman, Dedi Priadi, Deni Ferdian, and Bambang Suharno. "Effect of sulfur in the reductants on sulfidation mechanism of nickel laterite." Indonesian Mining Journal 24, no. 2 (October 2021): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.30556/imj.vol24.no2.2021.1216.
Full textAbstract:
Processing nickel laterite conventionally, namely by pyrometallurgy method, requires high temperature and energy, results in a costive process. Due to its lower temperature reduction process, selective reduction with additives could be an alternative in nickel ore processing. Additives such as sulfur/sulfate have a critical role in promoting the low melting point phase. Sulfur is also found in coal. Therefore, it is important to investigate the effect of sulfur content in reductant on selective reduction of lateritic nickel ore. In this work, the effect of sulfur content (2.68% and 5% S) in anthracite coal as a reductant on selective reduction of limonitic ore was studied clearly. Nickel ore, reductant and sodium sulfate were mixed homogenously and pelletized up to 10-15 mm in diameter. Pellets were reduced using a muffle furnace at 950 to 1150°C for 60 min. Reduced pellets were crushed into -200 mesh before separating the ferronickel and its impurities using a wet magnetic separation process. The result showed that the anthracite coal with 5% S produced concentrate containing 3.56% Ni with 95,97% recovery, which is higher than 2.68% S. The sulfur content in reductant could replace the addition of sulfur/sulfate as the additives in the selective reduction of lateritic nickel ore.
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Long, Richard P., and Xinguo Zhang. "Treating Lead-Contaminated Soil by Stabilization and Solidification." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1615, no. 1 (January 1998): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1615-10.
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Soil in and near transportation facilities often is contaminated with lead because lead once was used as a base for gasoline and paint. Dealing with contaminated soil is difficult because the toxic material must be treated to protect the public from direct exposure. Stabilization and solidification is a promising technique for protecting the public from toxic materials in soils by decreasing the possibility of human exposure and decreasing the mobility of the contaminant. The results of a laboratory investigation of the feasibility of stabilization and solidification of contaminated soil using cement in combination with various additives are presented. Mobility of lead and other contaminants was measured by dynamic diffusion and compared with the standard test results of the toxic characteristic leaching procedure. Several additives were tried. Apatite and sodium silicate were found to be the most effective in reducing the mobility of the lead. The compacted dry density of the solidified soil had a great effect on the leaching characteristics. The leaching of lead from deteriorated solidified soil was simulated by crushing a sample containing apatite and conducting a dynamic diffusion test on the crushed sample. The diffusion coefficient was used to compare the effect of additives and other treatments.
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Zemke, Kornelia, Kristoff Svensson, Ben Laurich, and Johanna Lippmann-Pipke. "Over 30 years of research on crushed salt as a barrier material: fundamental findings and open questions." Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal 1 (November 10, 2021): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-137-2021.
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Abstract. Repositories for high-level radioactive waste in geological formations require knowledge on thermal, mechanical and fluid transport properties of the whole repository system, including the engineered barriers and backfill materials. For about 30 years, crushed salt has been considered the most suitable geotechnical barrier material to backfill cavities and encapsulate radioactive waste in rock salt repository sites (e.g., Czaikowski et al., 2020). Over time, when the surrounding cavity walls converge by the creep of salt, it can become strongly compacted and safely encapsulates radioactive waste from any fluid flow. Hence, crushed salt has been characterized in detail for its physical material properties and its response to environmental controls (stress, temperature and moisture). This characterisation provides a basis for long-term numerical simulations (e.g., Liu et al., 2018), which verify so-called safety cases in radioactive waste disposal. Displacement-controlled oedometric compaction tests mimic the long-term in situ behaviour of crushed salt. The tests show that it can be compacted to a state comprising physical rock properties similar to natural rock salt. In general, compaction is easier with an increase in humidity and temperature (e.g., Stührenberg, 2007; Kröhn, et al., 2017). Triaxial test series address the compactions' response to differing confining pressures and help to identify generalized constitutive equations for crushed salt. Both BGR procedures, the oedometric and the triaxial compaction, are verified by the German accreditation body (DAkkS). Figure 1 illustrates the history of oedometric tests at the BGR laboratory since 1993, which examined crushed salt from various origins and differing temperature conditions. Most tests focused on material from the Asse mine, revealing the compactions' response to the materials' humidity and to brine flow. Moreover, systematic test series with synthetic grain size distributions and bentonite additives provided a basis for barrier material design. More recent tests on bedded salt formations (e.g., Teutschenthal and Sondershausen mines) allow the differentiation from characteristics from domal salt deposits (e.g. Gorleben). The current research continues the history of oedometric and triaxial tests, but has a new focus on late compaction stages with marginal remaining porosities (<5 %). The approach of systematic material characterization under best-controlled conditions essentially benefits from the international research collaboration in the KOMPASS project (Czaikowski et al., 2020). The aim of its current phase two is to synthetically generate, identify and quantify dominant grain-scale deformation processes in response to changes in environmental controls. Subsequently, these laboratory results will be embedded in numerical models on the long-term in situ rheology of crushed salt.
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Michalska, Danuta, and Małgorzata Mrozek-Wysocka. "Radiocarbon Dating of Mortars and Charcoals from Novae Bath Complex: Sequential Dissolution of Historical and Experimental Mortar Samples with Pozzolanic Admixture." Radiocarbon 62, no. 3 (June 2020): 579–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2020.55.
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ABSTRACTCarbonaceous mortars from Novae (Bulgaria) contain local loess, crushed bricks and ceramic dust (pozzolanic materials). The reaction between lime and pozzolanic additives occurs easily and affects the rate and course of leaching reaction of carbonates in orthophosphoric acid during the sample pretreatment for dating. The composition of the Bulgarian mortars does not allow for unambiguous conclusions about chronology, but together with the observations of experimental mortars, gives new guidelines in terms of pozzolanic mortar application for dating. The presented research illustrates the possible reasons of difficulties with obtaining the appropriate portion of gas for radiocarbon (14C) measurement. To verify the relative chronology of legionary baths complex in Novae, the charcoals samples were also dated in addition to the mortar.