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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cruel and degrading treatment'
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Mokhtari, Ali. "Torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82665.
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Is it an activity qualified as torture only when it is carried out for certain purposes? At the heart of the debate lies the question of whether or not corporal punishment is a form of torture. Aspects of corporal punishment remain acceptable according certain religious traditions. An example of this is found in traditional Islamic law, which has banned both torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment, when used for the express purpose of obtaining confessions or information. In other circumstances, however, severe corporal punishment is acceptable in Islamic law. As a result, some Islamic states whose domestic law is rooted in traditional Islamic law, justify their use of torture by invoking Islamic traditions: they claim that corporal punishment is derived from God's will. These states tend to consider its use as lawful sanctions, and it is made legal under their domestic law. In this paper, Iran is studied as one such state.
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Welch, Gita B. Honwana. "The prohibition of torture, cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment in international law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358633.
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Prasanna, Tanusri. "Normative underpinnings of the proscription of removals risking torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669705.
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Rudhe, Julia. "Mechanical restraint in psychiatric healthcare facilities : A helpful tool, or torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in disguise?" Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-195116.
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The use of mechanical restraint is a common practice in psychiatric care, often defended by medical necessity but seldom questioned from a human rights perspective. The purpose of this thesis has been to investigate under which circumstances mechanical restraint by bed through belt fixation could amount to torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Persons with psychosocial disabilities are in a particularly vulnerable situation and as the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) is the most comprehensive rights framework for this group, it has been discussed whether the CRPD sets out additional safeguards in relation to restraint. A legal doctrinal approach is the basic methodology used in order to outline the current international and European legal framework on torture and other ill-treatment and disability rights. A survivor-controlled research methodology has been applied and to amplify other voices of persons with firsthand experience of being mechanically restrained, interviews have been conducted with persons from Sweden and Spain. Healthcare professionals have also been interviewed. A feminist perspective on the law is applied. Different international conventions and bodies of the United Nations have diverse interpretations on what acts or omissions that amount to torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, although there is an aim and will to streamline the conventions. It is clear that the use of mechanical restraint can create such intense mental or physical suffering required to reach the common criterion of seriousness. However, some people do not experience the required levels of suffering for it to be considered torture, meaning that it might not amount to torture but rather other ill-treatment. The threshold for being considered torture according to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (UNCAT) seems to be somewhat higher than that of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR). In this thesis it was found that the most critical element for this is the requirement of intent. Intent can however be implied under certain circumstances if the practice is of discriminatory nature. If a person has a psychosocial disability, intent might be presumed if States do not provide appropriate health care. In the case of girls and women, intent might also be presumed since they seem to have a higher risk of getting restrained for unlawful reasons. The main conclusion in this thesis is that mechanical restraint by bed through belt fixation could amount to torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment according to the UNCAT, ICCPR and ECHR.
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Ackermann, Marilize. "An assessment of South Africa's obligations under the United Nations Convention against torture." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2638.
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Magister Legum - LLM<br>I attempt to analyze South Africa's legal position pertaining to torture, in relation to the international legal framework. Since it has been established that torture and cruel inhuman and degrading treatment (CIDT) usually occur in situations where persons are deprived of personal liberty, I examine legislation, policies and practices applicable to specific places of detention, such as correctional centres, police custody, repatriation centers, mental health care facilities and child and youth care centers. I establish that although South Africa has ratified the UNCAT and is a signatory to the OPCAT, our legal system greatly lacks in structure and in mechanisms of enforcement, as far as the absolute prohibition and the prevention of torture and other forms of cruel and degrading treatment or punishment are concerned. I submit that South Africa has a special duty to eradicate torture, since many of its citizens and several of its political leaders are actually victims of torture, who suffered severe ill treatment under the apartheid regime. I argue that the South African legal system is sufficiently capable of adopting a zero-tolerance policy toward torture and to incorporate this with the general stance against crime. In many respects, South Africa is an example to other African countries and should strongly condemn all forms of human rights violations, especially torture, since acts of torture are often perpetrated by public officials who abuse their positions of authority. I conclude by making submissions and recommendations for law reform, in light of the obstacles encountered within a South African context.<br>South Africa
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Saffrey-Mayger, Richard George. "An assessment of the United Kingdom's implementation of the United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/16008.
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This thesis will assess the United Kingdom’s implementation of the United Nations Convention Against Torture and other Cruel Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment. It will first focus on a contextual analysis of the problem of torture, examining the circumstances in which it has historically been used, philosophical and theoretical perspectives on the practice and the political aspects of torture, including its effect on international relations. This will illustrate the circumstances in which torture is used, the motivation behind it and the way in which it affects its victims. The argument will then be made that, in view of the uniquely grave nature of the practice of torture, it is insufficient for States to merely criminalise it and punish the offenders. They must actively seek to eradicate it from society and ultimately prevent it from occurring. It is against this aim that the thesis will examine the compliance of the United Kingdom with its obligations under the Convention. This examination will look first at the international regime for the prevention of torture, focusing on the work of the United Nations Committee Against Torture. The engagement of the United Kingdom with this body will be explored in detail and the argument made that more needs to be done in order to ensure that the Committee’s recommendations are put into effect and that treatment contrary to the Convention is prevented from taking place. The final part of the thesis will assess the United Kingdom’s State practice with a focus on key institutions of the State including the courts and the legislature. This part of the thesis will seek to explore the extent to which the practices of these institutions is consistent with an overall aim of preventing torture and the extent to which they show awareness of the Convention and its requirements of the Convention in the discharge of their functions. The conclusion will be drawn that, while the Human Rights Act has gone some way towards improving compliance, more needs to be done to insure a complete implementation by the United Kingdom of its obligations under the Convention and full prevention of torture. The State must actively engage with the Committee and the organs of the State must consider the Convention Against Torture in the discharge of all of their functions to ensure that these aims are achieved.
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Mukherjee, Amrita. "The United Nations charter and treaty based monitoring mechanisms in relation to the prohibition of torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment : a study of two states, the United Kingdom and the Republic of India." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415863.
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Sheie, Marc A. "The Evolution of Warfare, the Laws of War, and the Ethical Implications of U.S. Detainee Policy in the Global War on Terror and Beyond." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/55221.
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Approved for public release<br>The atrocities committed by Americans at Abu Ghraib shocked the collective American moral conscience. Guilty of inhumane treatment of its prisoners there, Abu Ghraib did immeasurable damage to U.S. credibility and made clear that American detainee policy is off-track and needs to comply with objective standards of law, morality, and operational effectiveness. The emotional aftermath of 9/11 created a politically permissive environment within which the military organizational structures was unsuited for the critical tasks assigned to them relative to the context of the Bush Administration’s “new paradigm.” Two issues sit at the forefront of the political context of U.S. detainee policy: war powers and human rights. This thesis will utilize a synthesized decision-making model to analyze the President’s decisions leading to the current detainee policy. Policy alternatives require smaller corrections to bureaucratic process, not a major reorganization of bureaucratic structure. This thesis will provide policy-makers with a moral and legal framework for a corrected detainee policy. Adoption of the full framework of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, including U.S. ratification of Additional Protocols I and II (1977), provides the best framework to combat transnational insurgency, while retaining the moral and legal high ground required of the world’s superpower.<br>Major, United States Air Force
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Kaosala, Vipada. "L'application interne du principe de non-refoulement : exemples français et canadien." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1008.
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La France a mis en place en juillet 2015 une réforme en vue de transposer le nouveau « paquet asile » européen alors que le Canada a renforcé depuis décembre 2012 ses procédures d’asile en adoptant des changements ayant essentiellement pour objet de lutter contre les abus du système d’asile canadien. En s’orientant vers des politiques dissimulées visant les expulsions expéditives des demandeurs d’asile déboutés et des personnes indignes de la protection, la France et le Canada, connus en tant que terre d’asile, respectent-ils toujours leur obligation international du non-refoulement ? Cette thèse s’appuie sur les lois en vigueur des deux États notamment le Code de l’entrée et du séjour des étrangers et du droit d’asile (France) et la Loi sur l’immigration et la protection des réfugiés (Canada), les jurisprudences nationales et internationales, et les textes internationaux. Elle met en lumière les pratiques et législations nationales relatives à l’octroi de l’asile et à l’éloignement des demandeurs d’asile et des réfugiés qui peuvent ou pourraient porter atteinte au principe de non-refoulement, tel que consacré par le droit international des réfugiés ainsi que par le droit international des droits de l’homme<br>In July 2015, France adopted an asylum reform bill in order to transpose the EU asylum legislative package. In comparison, Canada has, since 2012, strengthened its national asylum procedures by introducing a number of changes with the objective of preventing the abuse of Canada’s inland refugee determination system. In moving towards hidden policies aimed at the efficiency of removals of failed refugee claimants and persons unworthy of international protection, are France and Canada, known as safe havens, respecting their international obligations of Non-Refoulement ? This thesis focuses on the laws in force in both States in particular the Code of the Entry and Stay of Foreigners and Asylum Law (France) and the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (Canada), national and international jurisprudence, and other relevant international documents. The present study aims at highlighting the national legislations and practices relating to the grant of asylum and the expulsion of asylum seekers and refugees which violate or could violate the Principle of Non-Refoulement as enshrined in both International Refugee Law and International Human Rights Law
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Dzurec, David J. III. "“An Entertaining Narrative of…Cruel and Barbarous Treatment”: Captivity, Narrative, and Debate in the Early American Republic 1775-1816." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1210690323.
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Webster, Elaine. "Exploring the prohibition of degrading treatment within Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4062.
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This thesis addresses the meaning and scope of application of the right not to be subjected to degrading treatment, a distinct form of harm within the absolute prohibition of torture, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment under Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Through an interpretive case-law analysis, the thesis presents a deeper conceptual understanding of the meaning of degrading treatment than is found in existing human rights literature. It is a central argument of this thesis that the concept of human dignity occupies a key position in the interpretation of degrading treatment adopted by the European Court of Human Rights. Consequently, it is argued that the meaning of human dignity in this context ‘frames’ the potential boundaries of the right. The thesis aims to facilitate identification of situations that may convincingly be argued to amount to potential instances of degrading treatment through generating a richer appreciation of the right’s proper scope of concern. A comprehensive account of the meaning of degrading treatment and corresponding state obligations is offered. This account provides a framework for future application of the right that is both practical and plausible.
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Tang, Liang. "Activating Oxygen and Degrading the Water Treatment Industry’s Most Challenging Micropollutant with TAML Activators and Oxidants." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2016. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/1041.
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The immense industrial development and large population of our time demands the development of innovative, cost-effective, and universal water treatment processes to remove anthropogenic contaminants and pathogens and provide sufficient clean potable water. TAML activators are a family of green oxidation catalysts that deliver superior catalysis for the oxidation of hazardous environmental pollutants at environmentally relevant concentrations. This is translating into advanced water treatment processes that are more effective than existing processes. In this thesis, TAML catalysis has been studied in the decomposition of the extremely persistent micropollutant, metaldehyde, under laboratory conditions to guide development of a better real world option. TAML/H2O2 slowly degrades metaldehyde to acetaldehyde and acetic acid via a process that was monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR). Further study found that substituting NaClO forH2O2 in the TAML system increased the turnover number of one 0.4 μM aliquot of catalyst to 106 from 32 under laboratory conditions in pH 7 (0.01 M phosphate, D2O) at 25 °C. This showed that oxidant substitution results in a ~3-fold higher catalyst efficiency without altering the reaction rate, identifying oxidant choice as a significant design tool for TAML processes. The observation of metaldehyde decomposition under mild conditions provides a further indication that TAML catalysis holds immense promise for advancing water treatment to add to the conclusions of Brunel University UK collaborative studies on London wastewater. A detailed kinetic study of catalyst activation is presented delivering advanced understanding of the catalyst activation process which is rate determining in most TAML applications. Finally, the potential applications of TAML catalysis are extended through a study of the reactivity of less reactive TAML/O2 systems in reverse micelles of Aerosol OT (AOT) in n-octane. n-Octane serves as a proximate reservoir supplying O2 to result in partial oxidation of FeIII- to FeIVcontaining species, mostly the FeIIIFeIV (major) and FeIVFeIV (minor) dimers which coexist with the FeIII-TAML monomeric species. The speciation depends on the pH and the degree of hydration w0, viz. the amount of water in the reverse micelles. Reactive electron donors such as NADH, Pinacyanol chloride (PNC) and hydroquinone undergo the TAMLcatalyzed oxidation by O2. Kinetic evidence is presented for the existence of unusual second-order catalytic pathways in the oxidation of NADH to NAD+ and in the bleaching of PNC. Depending on the substrate and reaction conditions, a second-order pathway in catalyst either dominates or proceeds in obvious combination with a first-order pathway in catalyst. Despite the limitation of low reactivity, the new systems highlight an encouraging step in replacing TAML peroxidase-like chemistry with more attractive dioxygenactivation chemistry.
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Kelly, Steven Alan. "Isolation of PAH degrading microorganisms and preliminary studies on treatment technologies for PAH bioremediation in contaminated soil." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249888.
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Nouwade, Gamèli. "La vindicte populaire et le droit pénal." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UCFAD036.
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En dépit des atteintes graves qu’il porte à l’ordre social, la vindicte populaire n’a jamais fait l’objet d’une étude juridique approfondie pour recevoir la réponse pénale adéquate. En effet, si le phénomène mobilise les chercheurs au-delà des sciences juridiques, il n’y a pas d’études juridiques spécifiques sur la question. Pourtant, le phénomène vindicatif persiste, évoluant d’ailleurs de la forme physique vers la forme numérique, avec pour conséquence une augmentation considérable du nombre de victimes, signe d’une délinquance de plus en plus importante. Toutefois, en l’état du droit positif, les contours, les manifestations, les modes d’expression et les motivations de cette forme de délinquance sont jusque-là indéterminées. Or, les pouvoirs publics ne peuvent combattre efficacement un phénomène criminel dont ils n’ont pas la maitrise. Notre recherche s’est donc évertuée à étudier les rapports que le droit pénal entretient avec la délinquance vindicative. Elle propose un diagnostic puis des pistes de réflexion en vue d’un traitement pénal de la vindicte populaire. Il a été constaté que l’épreuve entre la vindicte populaire et le droit pénal est sulfureuse et rude, très riche mais très intrigante : c’est une liaison dangereuse. Plus concrètement la vindicte populaire s’exprime face au droit pénal et le droit pénal la réprime à son tour. Dans son expression, il ressort de notre étude, qu’à l’instar de la covid 19, le virus de la vindicte dont souffre le corps social renferme de multiples variants, ce qui rend sa compréhension et son appréhension difficile. Les modes d’expression de la vindicte populaire ont été donc identifiés, une définition proposée et des moyens de prévention identifiés. Dans son élan de répression, face au phénomène vindicatif, le droit pénal peine à trouver ses repères. Il a essayé non sans difficulté d’endiguer le phénomène en procédant autant par adaptation que par innovation. Mais les outils utilisés en l’état son peu efficaces. C’est donc un droit pénal timide qui subit les assauts d’une vindicte dynamique, protéiforme et mutante. Il a été suggéré de repenser la réponse pénale en érigeant la vindicte populaire en incrimination spéciale avec un régime spéciale de responsabilité<br>In spite of the serious attacks on the social order, mob justice has never been the subject of an in-depth legal study in order to receive the appropriate penal response. Indeed, although the phenomenon mobilizes researchers beyond the legal sciences, there are no specific legal studies on the issue. However, the vindictive phenomenon persists, evolving moreover from the physical form to the digital form, with as a consequence a considerable increase in the number of victims, a sign of a more and more important delinquency. However, as far as positive law is concerned, the contours, manifestations, modes of expression and motivations of this form of delinquency are still undetermined. However, the public authorities cannot effectively combat a criminal phenomenon that they do not control. Our research has therefore endeavored to study the relationship that criminal law has with vindictive delinquency. It proposes a diagnosis and then lines of thought for a penal treatment of popular vindictiveness. It has been noted that the test between popular vindictiveness and criminal law is sulphurous and rough, very rich but very intriguing: it is a dangerous connection. More concretely, popular vindictiveness expresses itself in the face of criminal law and criminal law represses it in its turn. In its expression, it emerges from our study that, like covid 19, the virus of vindictiveness from which the social body suffers contains multiple variants, which makes its understanding and apprehension difficult. The modes of expression of popular vindictiveness have therefore been identified, a definition proposed and means of prevention identified. In its drive to repress the phenomenon of vindictiveness, criminal law is struggling to find its bearings. It has tried, not without difficulty, to curb the phenomenon by adapting as much as by innovating. But the tools used at present are not very effective. It is thus a timid criminal law that is undergoing the assaults of a dynamic, protean and mutant vindictiveness. It has been suggested to rethink the penal response by making mob justice a special incrimination with a special regime of responsibility
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Nilsson, Ricard. "En korrelationell studie om beröringsundvikande, hierarkier och kränkning bland intagna vid en sluten kriminalvårdsanstalt." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Social Sciences, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-2059.
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<p>The aim of this investigation was to assess if there was a correlation between touch avoidance and hierarchical position, perceived degradation, number of years spent in jail and age amongst men at a correctional institution. In addition, a possible correlation between hierarchical position and the amount of perceived degrading treatment was also explored. In the collection of the data a questionnaire containing 27 open and closed answer alternatives was utilized. A multiple regressional analysis was conducted to find possible correlations between touch avoidance and the other underlying variables. Also an independent t-test explored the possible effects of the control variables: place of birth and girlfriend. A correlational analysis was applied to investigate the other two control variables: physical and psychological abuse during childhood. An oneway-ANOVA-test was used to investigate the possible correlation between hierarchical position and the amount of perceived degrading treatment. The results of the study showed that a high amount of degrading treatment, a low hierarchical position and the longer the time served correlated with a high degree of touch avoidance. Age proved to have no correlation with touch avoidance, which is contrary to previous research. Regarding the inmates’ hierarchical position and the amount of perceived degrading treatment, a negative correlation was found; the higher hierarchical position an inmate had, the smaller was the amount of degrading treatment he was subjected to.</p><p>Keywords: Touch avoidance, hierarchies, degrading treatment, inmates, prison</p>
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Birtles, Alexander Doyle. "The standards developed by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11629/.
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This thesis aims to examine a selection of the standards identifiable in the published work of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment ("the CPT"). Part I commences with an examination of the mandate and modus operandi of the Committee, followed by an exposition of the two fundamental principles - of confidentiality and co-operation - which inform its work. The CPT's standard-setting work is introduced by means of an examination of its evolution and rationale, the purport of standards set and the ways in which such standards find expression. Part II concerns CPT precepts on police custody. It begins with an examination of the CPT's "three fundamental safeguards against ill-treatment": the rights to notify a third party of the fact of one's detention, of access to legal advice and to a medical examination by a doctor of one's own choosing. It then considers, in turn, the duty to inform a detainee of all his rights; the conduct of police interrogations; the electronic recording of interviews; the maintenance of custody records; and police complaints and inspection procedures. Part III is devoted to a number of matters considered under the umbrella term "imprisonment". It begins with a detailed examination of the phenomenon of prison overcrowding, its effects on detainees and the prison environment, and policies designed to eradicate it or at least mitigate its effects. There then follow two sections on recourse to and safeguards attending, the use of force and/or instruments of restraint and solitary confinement in places of detention (which places include, for the sake of completeness, police establishments, immigration detention centres, psychiatric establishments, etc.). Part IV attemptst o draw everything together, to assess the impact of CPT standards on national criminal justice and penal policy and to consider ways in which that impact might be enhanced.
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Kabanda, Siti M. "Evaluating oxalate-degrading Lactobacillus spp. for their ability to be used as probiotics in the treatment of kidney stone disease." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11460.
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Includes abstract.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-95).<br>Although the direct cause of kidney stone formation is not known, reports have suggested it is probably a multifactorial disease. Lactobacillus strains which potentially had increased ability to degrade oxalate were previously isolated from a healthy low kidney stone risk group. The aim of this study was to identify these natural Lactobacillus strains and evaluate their potential for use as probiotics in reducing the risk of kidney stone disease. Identification was achieved by PCR amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and the 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The strains were identified as follows; Lactobacillus gasseri 7(3), L. gasseri 17(4), Lactobacillus reuteri 17(7) and L. reuteri 16(9). Their probiotic characteristics were also evaluated.
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Johnsson, Lotta. "Förekommer kränkande behandling? : En kvalitativ studie av förskolebarn och pedagoger." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-44627.
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The following paper is about degrading treatment in preschools and the essay discuss degrading treatment according to the Swedish school law, in preschools and the chosen focus for this study is three to four year old children. The aim is to see whether or not preschool children proceed with degrading treatment towards other children and if preschool teachers believe that children this young have the ability to do so. The questions for this study are: Can children proceed with degrading treatment towards each other? Which conflicts evolve through children’s interactions? Can children in pre-schools have a degrading behavior? To answer these questions participant observation at two preschools and interviews with four preschool teachers were chosen as method. The perspective of this paper is based on the view on children as actors, which is used to acknowledge and enhance the possibilities of letting the children’s own voices be heard. Theories used for this paper is Van Ausdale and Feagin’s (2001) theory about three to four years olds awareness, one about children’s relation to adults presented by Thorne (1993) and Wyness (2012) and lastly Gripsruds explanation of the influence of media combined with statistics from Statens medieråd (Swedish media council). The result of this study show that children between the ages of three to four, use different strategies to include or exclude other children and used things such as age and limitations of participants in a play as excuses. However, these reoccurring excuses cannot be seen as degrading treatment or behavior, according to definition made by the school law. An interesting finding is that the children sometimes used their parents to excuse their actions or used them to threat others. Overall the observational study shows how difficult it can be to see and acknowledge degrading treatment within preschools. The interviews with the preschool teachers indicates that they do not spend much time on acknowledging or trying to prevent degrading treatment amongst children. The preschool teachers discussed children’s quarrels but they tended to see it as something natural within children’s interactions. The conclusion of this essay is that degrading treatment could not be seen at the two preschools, which is contradicting to some of the literature used in this paper.
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Strand, Aysel, and Karina Telmanova. "Skolors arbete mot kränkande behandling och mobbning : En kvalitativ tematisk analys av skolors handlingsplaner." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för pedagogik, didaktik och utbildningsstudier, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-441674.
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In this qualitative study, eight school policies against degrading treatment and bullying, which were applied in eight municipalities in six different counties in Sweden, were analyzed to study what interventions the schools used to prevent degrading treatment and bullying and what course of actions the schools took in case such behavior was shown. These policies were analyzed with thematic analysis, which involved finding codes in the qualitative data and developing them into themes within the data. As a result, the study showed that 130 interventions were used in these schools. These interventions were developed into 59 themes, which were categorized according to the frame factor theory, which included four frames: judicial, administrative, physical, and social frames. They were also categorized into five levels, at which they were applied: school-level, classroom-level, individual-level, school-level interventions that were applied by students, and security-level. The first three levels were taken from Olweus Bullying Prevention Program (OBPP), and the following two levels were constructed during the study. The results showed that the four frames and the interventions in them intervened more with each other than it was originally discussed in the frame factor theory, as well as with the different levels at which they were used. The results also suggested the necessity of a remodeling of the theory in the light of conclusions based on the data and changes in school as an institution caused by changes in society. Keywords: Middle school policies, thematic analysis, frame factor theory, degrading treatment, bullying.
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Eklund, Beatrice, and Therese Edvall. "Ett gemensamt engagemang för att skapa förändring? : En kvalitativ studie om utvalda organisationers abete mot kränkande behandling på nätet." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap (from 2013), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-38117.
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Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur utvalda organisationer arbetar mot kränkande behandling på nätet bland barn och unga. Metoden som användes var kvalitativ och det empiriska materialet inhämtades genom intervjuer. I studien deltog sex respondenter, fyra av respondenterna var från de olika organisationerna Friends, Bris, Tjejjouren samt Barn- och elevombudet som kommer i kontakt med kränkande behandling på nätet. Två av respondenterna arbetade som skolkuratorer inom skilda elevhälsoteam på två skolor. Resultatet analyserades med hjälp av innehållsanalys och ett teoretiskt ramverk som bestod av institutionell teori och isomorfism. Resultatet visade att arbetsgrunden hos de olika organisationerna skiljde sig åt då de arbetade efter olika lagar och teorier. Organisationerna arbetade med olika insatser, exempelvis genom stödverksamhet, föreläsningar och utbildningar till olika målgrupper. Gemensamt för organisationerna var att de arbetade med liknande metoder mot kränkande behandling på nätet som de använde sig av mot traditionella kränkningar. Resultatet visade att det finns olika sätt för samverkan att bildas mellan organisationer, detta kan vara genom formell samverkan eller informell samverkan. Flera av organisationerna i vår studie riktade sitt arbete mot skolan och resultatet visade att det finns brister i hur den samverkan genomfördes.<br>The purpose of this study was to explore selected organizations work against degrading treatment on the internet among children and youths. We used a qualitative method and the empirical material was collected by interviews of six participants. Four of them were from the different organizations Friends, Bris, Tjejjouren and Child and School Student Representative which somehow were connected to the issue degrading treatment on the internet. Two of the participants worked as school counselors in various student health teams at two high schools. The material has been analyzed using content analysis and the theoretical framework of institutional theory and isomorfism. The result showed that the working basis of the organizations differed according to laws and theories. The organizations worked with different actions, for example supporting activities, lectures and educations to different target groups such as e.g., school. The organizations had in common that they worked with similar methods against degrading treatment on the internet as against traditional degrading treatment. The results showed that there were different ways to form cooperation between organizations, for example through formal or informal agreements. Several of the organizations in our study directed their work toward the school and the result showed that there are shortcomings in how the cooperation was performed.
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Korslind, Charlotta. "Pedagogers erfarenheter av en skriftlig utformad plan för att motverka diskriminering och kränkande behandling i förskolan." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för kommunikation och information, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-8121.
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Studiens syfte var att undersöka och analysera pedagogers erfarenheter av en skriftlig utformad plan för att motverka diskriminering och kränkande behandling i förskolan. Det är en kvalitativ studie som bygger på intervjuer med pedagoger på förskolor. Frågeställningarna som låg till grund för studien var: Hur upplever pedagogerna processen kring utformandet av den skriftligt utformade planen för att motverka diskriminering och kränkande handling? Hur beskriver pedagogerna den skriftligt utformade planens användning i arbetet att motverka diskriminering och kränkande handling? Vilka utvecklingsmöjligheter ser pedagogerna kring den skriftligt utformade planen som verktyg i arbetet att motverka diskriminering och kränkande handling? Resultatet i studien visar bland annat att pedagogerna upplever processen kring utformandet av planen som svår då det till exempel var svårt att få tag i information. Användningen av planen beskriver pedagogerna som en punkt på dagordningen, de tycker att den används samtidigt som den upplevs mer som en pappersprodukt än som ett innehållsförankrat dokument. När det gäller utvecklingsmöjligheter kring planen ger pedagogerna uttryck för att de själva behöver mer kunskap i ämnet och planen behöver på olika sätt implementeras mer i verksamheten.<br>The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze teachers´ experiences of a written plan designed to counter discrimination and offensive behavior in preschool. It is a qualitative study based on interviews with educators at preschools. The questions that formed the basis for the study was: How do preschool teachers experience the process of designing the written plan designed to counter discrimination and offensive action? How do teachers describe the use of the written plan designed to combat discrimination and offensive action? What development opportunities do the teachers see around the written plan designed as a tool in efforts to combat discrimination and offensive action? The results of the study show that teachers experience the process of designing the plan as difficult as it was difficult to obtain information. The teachers describe the use of the plan as an agenda item, they think that it is used while it is perceived more as a paper product than as a content embedded documents. When it comes to development opportunities of the plan the teachers express that they need more knowledge on the subject and the plan needs to be more implemented in the preschool’s activity.
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Mujuzi, Jamil Ddamulira. "Safegaurding the right to freedom from torture in Africa : the Robben Island Guidelines." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1148.
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"Torture continues to feature as a serious human rights violation in Africa. This explains why, during its 32nd ordinary session held in Banjul, The Gambia, the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (the African Commission) resolved to adopt the Guidelines and Measures for the Prohibition and Prevention of Torture, Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in Africa (The Robben Island Guidelines (RIG)). This is a new development in Africa aiming at operationalisng article 5 of the African Charter. The RIG are phrased in a seemingly ambitious language, but their implementation by the African states remains doubtful because they are not legally binding. This has to be viewed in the light of the fact that many African countries are states parties to major regional and international human rights instruments, but human rights violations still persist. ... Chapter I has covered the proposal which includes the background to the study, research question, research methodology, limitation of the study, definition of torture, torture as jus cogens, literature review, and the division of chapters. Chapter II covers a synopsis of the international instruments and mechanisms to combat torture. Chapter III deals with the European and American systems' approach to combating torture. Chapter IV covers the African human rights system and torture, and finally, chapter V includes the general conclusion and recommendations. A draft of the recommended African Charter on the Prevention of Torture which has been drafted after looking at international, the European and Inter-American conventions on torture, has been attached as the main recommendation." -- Introduction.<br>Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2005.<br>Prepared under the supervision of Professor Julia Sloth-Nielsen at the Faculty of Law of the University of the Western Cape, Republic of South Africa<br>http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html<br>Centre for Human Rights<br>LLM
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Lidbäck, Anna. "Hur ser verkligheten ut? : En studie av olika människors syn på och tankar om diskriminering och annan kränkande behandling." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Education, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-1058.
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<p>On the 1st April 2006 a new legislation came into effect in Sweden; The Prohibiting</p><p>Discrimination and Other Degrading Treatment of Children and Pupils Act (2006:67). The</p><p>Act is applicable to education and other activities referred to in the Education Act</p><p>(1985:1100). This dissertation aims to examine how teachers work to combat</p><p>discrimination, and establishes whether headmasters and teachers have changed their work procedures since the law came into force.</p><p>In order to seek the answers to my questions I have conducted 8 qualitative interviews with headmasters and teachers from two schools in a community outside Karlstad, with both schools comprising of students from pre-school until year 6.</p><p>Discrimination is not a new phenomenon in schools, but neither is the fact that it is the</p><p>schools’ responsibility to work against discrimination. Discrimination is still taking place,</p><p>despite discrimination laws being clearly stated within the Education Act (1985:1100) and</p><p>the school curriculum. The teachers I have interviewed maintain that they are actively</p><p>working in a preventative manner with these issues, but they still believe that much more</p><p>can be done and would like to see an agreed, common work procedure. Despite the new</p><p>legislation, none of the people I have spoken to change the way they work. They are,</p><p>however, feeling positive towards the new legislation and believe as well as hope, that it</p><p>will bring results. Most education workers agree that the school has the primary</p><p>responsibility of preventing discrimination and strongly believe that individual teachers</p><p>have the power to influence their pupils.</p>
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Čenienė, Jurga. "Baudžiamoji atsakomybė už žiaurų elgesį su gyvūnais pagal Lietuvos ir užsienio valstybių įstatymus." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120703_152607-72782.
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Magistro baigiamojo darbo objektas – baudžiamosios atsakomybės už žiaurų elgesį su gyvūnais samprata ir teisinis reglamentavimas Lietuvos ir užsienio įstatymuose bei teismų praktikoje. Magistro baigiamajame darbe apžvelgiama gyvūnų apsaugos įstatymų ir žiauraus elgesio su gyvūnais kriminalizavimo istorinė raida. Analizuojami pasirinktų užsienio šalių (JAV, Rusijos Federacijos, Vokietijos Federacijos ir Europos Sąjungos) teisės aktai numatantys baudžiamąją atsakomybę už žiaurų elgesį su gyvūnais, aptariamos tų šalių teisinės bazės spragos. Darbe nagrinėjami šiuo metu Lietuvoje galiojantys ir gyvūnų gerovę reglamentuojantys įstatymai ir tarptautinės sutartys. Atliekama detali LR Baudžiamojo kodekso 310 straipsnio, numatančio baudžiamąją atsakomybę už žiaurų elgesį su gyvūnais sudėties sisteminė analizė. Pasitelkiant teismų praktikos pavyzdžius loginio-analitinio ir lingvistinio (verbalinio) teisės aiškinimo metodų pagalba išryškinami šios teisės normos dispozicijos trūkumai ir pateikiami pasiūlymai kaip tuos trūkumus būtų galima pašalinti. Pateikiami pamąstymai ir pasiūlymai gyvūnų numarinimo (eutanazijos) problemos sprendimui bei nagrinėjamos LR Gyvūnų gerovės ir apsaugos įstatymo projekto nuostatos reglamentuojančios žiauraus elgesio su gyvūnais sampratą. Įvertinus šiame darbe formuluojamos problemos aspektus ginama hipotezė, kad dėl nepakankamai detalios teisinės reglamentacijos kyla praktinių baudžiamosios teisės normų taikymo už žiaurų elgesį su gyvūnais problemų.<br>Subject of Master's thesis is the criminal responsibility for cruelty to animals and the concept of legal regulation in the Lithuanian and foreign laws, and in court practice too.
The Master's thesis gives the historical review of evolution of criminalization of the legislation on protection of animals and ill treatment of them. In the Thesis the analysis of legal acts of selected foreign countries (USA, Russia, Germany and European Union) is made. Are analyzed the legal acts providing criminal sanction for ill treatment of animals, and are discussed the gaps of legal base of mentioned countries.
In the Master's thesis the laws existing now in Lithuania and also international treaties which regulate welfare of animals are considered. It is made the detailed analysis of the contents of the Article 310 of the Criminal code of the Republic of Lithuanian, which provides the criminal responsibility for cruelty to animals. On examples of court practice by means of analytical and verbal methods of statutory interpretation of rules of law the shortcomings of a disposition of this legal norm come to light, and also ways of their emendation are offered. In the Master's thesis the suggestions for a solution of the problem of euthanasia of animals are provided, and also provisions of draft of the Republic of Lithuania Law on welfare and protection of animals regulating a concept of ill treatment of animals, are considered.
Considering aspects of the problem formulated in this Master's... [to full text]
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Davis, Angela Brooke. "Characterization of cyanobacteria, cyanophage, and the symbiotic bacterial community in drinking water treatment wastes for sustainable control of HABs." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1595001168764676.
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Persson, Elisabeth, and Amela Jukovic. ""Gymnasietiden är en seriös tid..." : Värdegrundsarbete sett ur elevperspektiv." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Education, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-28338.
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<p>The overall aim of this study was to examine if there were any difference between two different upper secondary schools with regard to the schools' work with the basic values.</p><p> Our supposition was that if there were differences between the schools basic values work then it could be observed that the school that works more with the basic values has also more students expressed as a percentage who leave the school with final grades within four years.</p><p> We have chosen to work with the qualitative method and made group interviews as well as individual interviews with six persons.</p><p> We came to the conclusion that one of the schools worked with the basic values continuously while the other school had the intention to do it but according to our interpretation the school didn't do it. It also appeared that one of the schools had more students who finished school with final grades.</p><p> The result that we have got showed that there is a difference between these two schools in the basic values work and that the school that worked with this continuously has also bigger amount of students with final grades.</p><p> During work on this study we discovered other issues that we hope someone else can answer in the future.</p>
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Holz, Marcella. "Children in the Mavrovouni Camp : A Consideration of a Possible Violation of Article 3 ECHR." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-42746.
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This thesis aims to define the scope of Article 3 ECHR, concerning children with traumas in registration and identification camps. The interpretation of the scope of Article 3 ECHR is based on a case study of the cases Khan v France and J.R. and Others v Greece. The result of the case study in conjunction with relevant legislation is applied to the Mavrovouni camp in Lesvos, Greece. The normative approach in this thesis is combined with hermeneutic analysis. The case study shows that inadequate housing conditions are unlikely to violate Article 3 ECHR. Nonetheless, the threshold of Article 3 ECHR is broader when children are subject to the conditions. Children are internationally recognized as more vulnerable, especially when they are traumatized. In conclusion, it is to say that a violation of Article 3 ECHR can be made out in the Mavrovouni camp concerning children that live in the camp.
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Chenwi, Lilian Manka. "Towards the abolition of the death penalty in Africa a human rights perspective /." Thesis, Connect to this title online, 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10062005-151306/.
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Thesis (L.L.D.)--University of Pretoria, 2005.<br>Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on July 22, 2006). "Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Laws (LLD) in the Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria." Includes bibliographical references (p. 355-386).
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Simon, Anne. "Les atteintes à l'intégrité des personnes détenues imputables à l'Etat : contribution à la théorie des obligations conventionnelles européennes : l'exemple de la France." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010260/document.
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Les conditions d'exécution de toute mesure privative de liberté sont déterminantes de son sens et de son efficacité en termes de réinsertion et lutte contre la récidive. La préservation de l'intégrité physique et psychique des personnes détenues constitue un facteur de légitimité indéniable de l'institution carcérale et de son rôle au sein d'une société démocratique. En vertu des articles 2 et 3 de la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme, qui protègent respectivement le droit à la vie et la prohibition des traitements inhumains et dégradants, la jurisprudence européenne a identifié une pluralité d'obligations mises à la charge des États. Les atteintes portées à l'intégrité des personnes détenues dans le cadre de la détention carcérale peuvent être directement imputable à l'État lorsqu'elles résultent du fonctionnement officiel de l'institution, en particulier des fouilles, des placements à l'isolement, des rotations de sécurité, ou des conditions de détention. Elles peuvent aussi lui être indirectement imputables, lorsque la défaillance étatique a permis ou toléré la réalisation d'un acte particulier violant ces droits absolus protégés. L'élaboration des critères d'imputation à l'État de ces atteintes au droit à l'intégrité des personnes détenues et les limites de la responsabilité étatique sont précisément déterminées par la définition et l'intensité des obligations européennes. Si la Cour de Strasbourg apparaît comme le premier facteur de la mutation du droit pénitentiaire et d'une protection renforcée des droits des personnes incarcérées, les lacunes de sa jurisprudence pourraient avoir des effets contradictoires et faire obstacle à l'élaboration d'une théorie cohérente et systématisée des obligations conventionnelles européennes<br>The conditions of enforcement of any custodial measure are crucial for its meaning and effectiveness in tenns of reinsertion and the prevention ofreoffending. The preservation of the prisoners' physical and psychological integrity is a source oflegitimacy for the prison institution and its function in a democratic society. Under articles 2 and 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which are respectively protecting the right to life and the prohibition of inhuman or degrading treatment, the European Court ofHuman Rights, in its case law, bas identified numerous obligations imposed on Member States. The violations of the prisoners' integrity during custody can be directly imputable to the State when resulting from the official functioning of the institution, especially bodil searches, solitary confinements, security rotations, or conditions of imprisonment. The violations can also be indirectly imputable to the State when its own failure pennitted or tolerated a violation of these absolute rights by a private person. The development of the criteria for violations of prisoners' integrity and the limits of the State responsibility are precisely delineated by the definition and the intensity of European obligations. If the European Court ofHuman Rights appears to be the primary cause of the changing nature of prison and of an increased protection of the prisoners' rights, the loopholes of its case law might have contradictory effects and stand in the way of a coherent theory of the obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights
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Pereira, Sara Almeida Lacerda. "The importance of Medicine in the investigation, documentation and prevention of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.6/5192.
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Torture is a relevant issue in human interactions for its pervasiveness, gravity and tremendous consequences. Unfortunately is still remains a reality in many countries of the world.
This presentation aims approach to the concept of torture and the situation of torture in Portugal and worldwide; analyze international laws and ethical principles on documentation and investigation of torture; and address the contribution and importance of clinical forensic medical examination in these situations, how it best can be carried out and what kind of results may provide.
There is no consensus about how to define torture but the most cited definitions in literature are those put forward by the World Medical Association and the United Nations. Both of these definitions include severe physical and psychological forms of suffering and require coercive intent by perpetrators with the consent or acquiescence of state authorities.
The prohibition of Torture is absolute and applies to all times and in all circumstances. This prohibition is present in several international treaties and agreements. In 1984 the United Nations adopted the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment highlighting the particular attention given to this absolute prohibition, creating a legally-binding document and providing additional rules to assist in prevention and investigation of allege cases of torture.
Nevertheless, between January 2009 and May 2013, Amnesty International received reports of torture and other ill-treatment committed by state officials in 141 countries, and from every world region. This only indicates cases reported to or known by the organization and does not necessarily reflect the full extent of torture worldwide.
Besides forbidding it, International law also obliges states to investigate allegations of torture and to punish those responsible. It also requires that victims are able to obtain reparation. One of the major challenges in accomplishing this is to obtain sufficient evidence in cases against perpetrators. If there is no proof that torture took place, a climate of impunity can come to exist and the practice will endure.
Medico-legal reports are a way of gathering evidence of torture. Even in countries where a fair trial is rare, medico-legal documentation strengthens the victims’ position since it becomes more difficult to disregard the complaint.
The area of application of the medico-legal reports is not restricted to medico-legal investigation. It can be broadened to the investigation and documentation of other violations of human rights in national and international legal proceedings, and monitoring such as cases of asylum seekers, cases of forced confessions through torture, identification of therapeutic needs of victims and the need for reparation and redress by the state. There are also a role for it in activities like research, advocacy and lobbying.
Therefore, participation and support of health professionals are of crucial importance for the abolition of torture and other forms of ill-treatment. Ensuring that doctors are aware of how to perform a medico-legal report and how to use it in legal proceedings is a needed step forward in the prevention of torture.
Because a large of the large number and the severe suffering of many survivors, the question of torture should become a part of health care curricula.<br>A tortura é uma questão relevante nas interações humanas pela sua perversidade, gravidade e consequências tremendas. Infelizmente ainda continua a ser uma realidade em muitos países do mundo.
O objectivo principal deste trabalho é o de proceder à elaboração de um texto que permita aos profissionais de saúde, adquirirem com a sua leitura uma rápida percepção do que é tortura e os maus tratos, do enquadramento legal destas situações e do potencial que uma adequada abordagem do ponto de vista médico pode proporcionar para uma correta identificação de tais práticas. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho procede inicialmente a uma revisão do conceito de tortura e da situação da tortura a nível mundial e ao nível de Portugal. Seguidamente, efetua uma breve análise das leis internacionais relativas à investigação e documentação de tortura e aborda as questões éticas levantadas por esta temática. Por último analisa o contributo do exame médico-legal nestas situações, como pode ser realizado e quais as mais valias que pode proporcionar.
Não há consenso sobre como definir a tortura mas as definições mais citadas na literatura são as fornecidas pela Associação Médica Mundial e pela Organização das Nações Unidas. Ambas incluem formas físicas e psicológicas graves de sofrimento e exigem uma intenção coerciva por parte dos agressores, com o consentimento ou aquiescência das autoridades do Estado. A definição da Organização das Nações Unidas exige ainda que a agressão seja perpetuada especificamente por membros do, ou ao serviço do, Governo ou por forças militares ou policiais pertencentes ao Estado.
Há também outras práticas que, apesar de não estarem incluídas nas definições de tortura, são um ataque à vida humana em toda a sua dignidade. Este outro tratamento cruel, desumano e degradante, que será referido neste trabalho como "maus-tratos", também tem a intenção de expor os indivíduos a condições que causam sofrimento físico ou mental significativo, mas sem um propósito específico. As pessoas vítimas desta prática, serão neste trabalho equiparadas a vítimas de tortura.
A proibição da tortura e maus-tratos é absoluta e aplica-se a todos os momentos e em todas as circunstâncias. Esta proibição está presente em diversos tratados, acordos internacionais e o direito a estar livre de tortura é contemplado na Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem.
Em 1984, as Nações Unidas adoptaram a Convenção Contra a Tortura e Outros Tratamentos Cruéis, Desumanos, Degradantes ou de Punição (CAT) destacando a particular atenção dada a esta proibição absoluta. Este é um documento juridicamente vinculativo que prevê regras adicionais para auxiliar na prevenção e investigação de alegados casos de tortura.
Apesar de todas as normas e tratados que contemplam a proibição de tortura, esta continua a ser ainda uma prática comum e mundialmente disseminada. Entre Janeiro de 2009 e Maio de 2013, a Amnistia Internacional recebeu relatos de tortura e outros maus-tratos cometidos por funcionários do Estado em 141 países, e de todas as regiões do mundo. Isso só indica casos notificados ou conhecidos pela organização, e não reflecte necessariamente a extensão total da tortura em todo o mundo. Portugal não é excepção a isto.
Além de proibir a prática de tortura, a lei Internacional obriga também os Estados a investigar alegações de tortura e a punir os responsáveis. Requer ainda que as vítimas possam ser ressarcidas da forma mais completa possível. Um dos principais desafios na realização disto é a obtenção de elementos de prova suficientes em casos contra os agressores. Se não há nenhuma prova de que a tortura ocorreu, um clima de impunidade pode vir a existir e a prática será perpetuada.
Relatórios médico-legais são uma forma de apresentar provas de tortura. Mesmo em países onde um julgamento justo é raro, a documentação médico-legal fortalece a posição das vítimas tornando mais difícil ignorar a acusação
Para mais, médicos da área dos cuidados de saúde primários são importantes detectores na identificação das vítimas. Eles podem encontrar sobreviventes de tortura em contextos de cuidados primários ou nos serviços de urgência e emergência médica, e serem quem inicia o encaminhamento para o tratamento destas vítimas e acciona os mecanismos legais necessários.
A área de aplicação dos relatórios médico-legais não se restringe à investigação médico-legal. Estes podem ser utilizados na investigação e documentação de outras violações dos direitos humanos, em processos judiciais nacionais e internacionais. Podem ter ainda um papel importante em casos de requerentes de asilo, na identificação das necessidades terapêuticas das vítimas e da necessidade de reparação e reparação por parte do Estado. Há também um papel para ele em atividades como pesquisa, advocacia e lobby.
Portanto, a participação e apoio de profissionais de saúde é de importância crucial para a abolição da tortura e outras formas de maus-tratos. Garantir que os médicos estão cientes de como executar um relatório médico-legal e como usá-lo em processos judiciais é um passo necessário na prevenção da tortura.
Dado a grande quantidade de pessoas vítimas desta prática e o papel preponderante dos médicos na sua prevenção, a abordagem da tortura e o exame médico-legal deveriam tornar-se parte dos currículos das escolas médicas.
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Ackermann, Marilize. "An assessment of South Africaâs obligations under the United Nations Convention Against Torture." Thesis, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6463_1298617262.
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<p>I attempt to analyze South Africa&rsquo<br>s legal position pertaining to torture, in relation to the international legal framework. Since it has been established that torture and cruel inhuman and degrading treatment (CIDT) usually occur in situations where persons are deprived of personal liberty, I examine legislation, policies and practices applicable to specific places of detention, such as correctional centres, police custody, repatriation centers, mental health care facilities and child and youth care centers. I establish that although South Africa has ratified the UNCAT and is a signatory to the OPCAT, our legal system greatly lacks in structure and in mechanisms of enforcement, as far as the absolute prohibition and the prevention of torture and other forms of cruel and degrading treatment or punishment are concerned. I submit that South Africa has a special duty to eradicate torture, since many of its citizens and several of its political leaders are actually victims of torture, who suffered severe ill treatment under the apartheid regime. I argue that the South African legal system is sufficiently capable of adopting a zero-tolerance policy toward torture and to incorporate this with the general stance against crime. In many respects, South Africa is an example to other African countries and should strongly condemn all forms of human rights violations, especially torture, since acts of torture are often perpetrated by public officials who abuse their positions of authority. I conclude by making submissions and recommendations for law reform, in light of the obstacles encountered within a South African context.</p>
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Skovajsová, Klára. "Trestný čin mučení a jiného nelidského a krutého zacházení." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-388916.
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The crime of torture and other inhuman and cruel treatment Abstract This master thesis concerns itself with a concept of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and how is this concept perceived through the international, regional and last but not least national system of law. Not to mention particular efforts aiming at the eradication of torture and other forms of ill treatment in the context of all the systems of law mentioned above. At the very beginning I am trying to deal with very specific historical approaches towards the torture and other forms of ill treatment themselves. Through this I am trying to provide for more comprehensive view on the given problematics as well as better understanding of why are torture and other forms of ill treatment still subject to controversy. Following chapter is dedicated to legal anchoring of the prohibiton on torture and other forms of ill treatment, especially within the international and regional system of law including particular attempts to define torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment throughout these systems mentioned above. Next chapter concerns itself with the conception of prohibiton on torture and other forms of ill treatment as a part of the system of fundamental human rights and freedoms followed by thorough...
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Kollárová, Tereza. "Zákaz mučení v mezinárodním právu." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-306475.
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This thesis deals with the prohibition of torture in international law. The prohibition of torture is considered one of the fundamental values of democratic states, it is an absolute right and a part of customary international law and such a rule of conduct from which we can under no circumstances deviate. Although it might seem that this topic is not too current, the opposite is true. The violation of the prohibition of torture is almost worldwide. The inspiration and impetus to select this topic for me was the situation about the U.S. war against terror and torture of prisoners at U.S. military bases. The work is divided into two blocks. The first part is a theoretical question, which aims to define the very concept of torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment and punishment and their relationship and to map the universal and particular international mechanisms in which the prohibition of torture is established. In this respect, the important document is the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, which is the only universal document that provides a precise definition of torture. The aim of the first part was also to describe how the control mechanisms checked in compliance with the prohibition of torture in the world. The second...
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Albert, Lukáš. "Přístup mezinárodního práva k mučení." Master's thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-437823.
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General approach of international law to torture Abstract The prohibition of torture exists at national and international level. The author focuses only on the general approach of international law to torture. He analyzes the individual elements of the definitions of torture contained in international documents. At the same time, he does not forget to mention the cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment that is inextricably linked to torture. He also highlights the importance of the threat of torture, which may under certain conditions separately constitute torture. He provides an overview of the current international regulation of the prohibition of torture enshrined not only in international human rights treaties, but also in the field of international humanitarian law and international criminal law. He also emphasizes the reflection of international regulation in the practice of individual protection mechanisms ensuring effective control over compliance with the prohibition of torture, specifically universal, European, Inter-American, African and other functioning mechanisms. Also, he places torture in the context of crimes under international law. He refers to the practice of the International Criminal Court and ad hoc criminal tribunals, which have even granted status of jus cogens to the...
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Patrikyan, Nina Ivanovna. "Migrant detention centers in the United States and the treatment of children : do the practices violate international conventions and national law?" Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/37122.
Full textAbstract:
This paper examines the migrant detention centers in the United States through the
lenses of the Convention Against Torture (CAT), and relevant United States law, such as the
Supreme Court’s case law on the Eighth Amendment (cruel and unusual punishment).
Specifically, we will address the treatment of children by the government while they are
entering the United States in an attempt to claim asylum (either accompanied by their parents
or unaccompanied). Additionally, the “zero tolerance policy” enacted by the US government
in 2018, which forced the separation of children from their parents is examined. Both of these
situations are studied to determine whether any of the treatment the children received violates
the CAT and is considered to be either torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment.
Similarly, we will also analyze whether this treatment violates the Eighth Amendment of the
United States Constitution. Looking at factual findings from complaints filed over the years
against U.S. agencies responsible for immigration and detention, as well as reports studying
migrant detention centers, multiple allegations of ill-treatment have been reported. Taking
into consideration these factual findings with the case law and legal interpretations of torture
and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, it is argued that this treatment of children could
be qualified as torture and/or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment under international law.
Under United States law, it is also argued that these treatments constitute cruel and unusual
punishment.
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Kgosietsile, Madume. "Protection against torture in international law." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19200.
Full textAbstract:
This limited scope dissertation deals with the protection against torture in international law. The mechanisms which have been established over the years to protect individuals against torture are analysed. The principles of international customary law dealing with torture and the United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (UNCAT) have been examined against the failure by States to honour their obligations under the Treaty and other legal normative rules. This required deep exploration of the definition of torture and how States can compromise the rule of law by manipulating the definition of torture as contemplated by the Treaty or other instruments. Examples from the former US government highlight the ways in which domestic laws can be used and are continued to be used to allow the use of torture. Measures by South Africa in joining the international community in the fight against torture are also discussed as a case study. While all efforts have been made by the South African system to adopt desirable frame works on the protection of individuals against torture, the lack of education on torture remains the down fall of the system. The dissertation clearly explains that universal jurisdiction applies in respect of torture and this is recognised by both treaty law and customary law. Indeed despite all the current measures in place the use of torture persists. The research clearly reveals that countries hide behind their own laws to perpetrate acts of torture. It is then recommended that proper implementation of the legal structures, informed of the objectives of the structures, is essential in completely eradicating torture.<br>Public, Constitutional, and International Law<br>LLM
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Chang, Zhi-Cheng, and 張志誠. "Application of EDTA-degrading bacterium to Metal-EDTA on Wastewater Treatment." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81355112020777017583.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立雲林科技大學<br>環境與安全工程系碩士班<br>92<br>EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), the target compound of this study from the effluent of secondary biotreatment units and waste liquid, can be biodegraded by special microorganisms. We also have successfully isolated a bacterial strain that
can degrade EDTA in our laboratory. This bacterium was identified Burkhol epacia YL-6. So this study focuses YL-6 applied to EDTA wastewater treatment, significantly promoted EDTA by using the YL-6 bioaugmentation agent to accumulation the activated sludge. So we try to apply the bacterium to the Cu-EDTA and wastewater in a PC board plant. Hope can solve higher COD problem in the
system from EDTA.
The experiment of EDTA degradation was performed on a shake flask with the addition of YL-6 bioaugmentation agent. The results showed that the degradation efficiency of Fe-EDTA and Cu-EDTA were 94.8% and 91.5%. The blank with light source can be degraded by light but very slowly, and the degradation efficiency of Fe-EDTA was higher than Cu-EDTA. The degradation test of Fe-EDTA and Cu-EDTA by addition the compound E as the bioaugmentation agent showed that the degradation efficiency were 98.58% and 97.88%, respectively. The degradation efficiency and biomass were significantly promoted by using the compound E as the
bioaugmentation agent.
The activated sludge and raw wastewater were taken from PC Board wastewater treatment plant. It was cultivated in batch pilot to simulate the degradation of metal-EDTA by the strain of YL-6. The activated sludge from PC Board plant was divided into two sets-experimental set with and contradistinctive set, without YL-6 bioaugmentation agent. In the experimental system of pilot plant, 2 L activated sludge was mixed with 2 L raw wastewater. In order to avoid the death of microorganism which cause by the raw wastewater, the raw wastewater will be pretreated by chemical coagulation to remove the heavy metals. The raw wastewater will be diluted (ratio 20:1) firstly for the adaptation of activated sludge. Then the dilution ration will be 10, 5, 1 and finally the raw wastewater for the accumulation of the activated sludge. At the primary stage of accumulation for the dilution ration (20:1), the growth of the microorganism was inhibited until the 8th days, then the activated sludge reached the steady state. After 2 days, Fe-EDTA can be degraded completely and the residual of Cu-EDTA was 3 mg/L. After 25 days, the residual of COD was 97 mg/L and the removal efficiency was 92.9%. For the contradistinctive set, the removal efficiency of COD was 25.2% and TOC was 90.57%. Similarly, for the dilution ration 10, 5, 1 and raw wastewater, at the beginning of accumulation, the growth was inhibited and increased, the removal efficiency of EDTA, COD and TOC were lower. From the results of the experiment, the step by step accumulation can be used to adapt the bioaugmentation agents YL-6 to the activated sludge system, it can enhance the degradation of Fe-EDTA and Cu-EDTA, but it can’t achieve the effluent standard of COD in shorter time.
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Hwang, Wen-Torng, and 黃文通. "A study of degrading NH4+-N containing wastewater of semiconductor plant by biological treatment." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82853648795285255221.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>工學院永續環境科技學程<br>102<br>Due to the new effluent standards for optoelectronic material and element manufacturing industry on 12 Oct. 2012, NH4+-N and many other items is going to be included in Science Park Sewage Effluent Standards and charging fee.
This study analyzed the basic water characteristics and the daily ammonia nitrogen discharge volume, and estimated the efficiency of each treatment unit in a real semiconductor wastwater plant. Based on the basic theory and reference data, the study also estimated the maximum treatment capacity of ammonia nitrogen in the plant, and suggested further improvement strategies.
This study sampled 7 sampling points from 3 source waters twice a month for 6 months. After the denitrification, nitrification and MBR reaction process, the treatment efficiency of TOC, COD, and sCOD were about 95%, 97%, and 97%, based on the average influent volume and water quality. And the TN, TKN, NH4+-N, NO3--N degradeation rate were about 22%, 86%, 96%, 0%. It showed the basic ability of the biological treatment system to degrade and treat organic compounds and ammonia nitrogen. However, the poor dinitrification efficiency, 28% in the denitrification tank, resulted in a low removal efficiency of total nitrogen (22%). The result also showed the maximum loading rate of NH4+-N was near the same with the reference data, which was 0.08-0.26 kg/m3/d (Ave 0.17kg/m3/d) and 0.176-0.4 kg/m3/d, respectively.
The difference between sBOD/TKN (Ave 0.016) and theoretical demand of BODL (4g) showed the C/N ratio was abviously inadequate. In conclusion, adjusting the C/N ratio is expected to improve the denitrification efficiency.
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Champagne, Paul-Philippe. "Dye decolourization by immobilized laccase and impact of auxiliary chemicals on dye decolourization." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/1947.
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Textile dyes are molecules designed to impart a permanent colour to textile fabrics. They pose an environmental problem because they are toxic and they decrease the aesthetic value of rivers and lakes. Current technologies for dye removal cannot remove all classes of dyes and two or more technologies are usually combined to achieve statisfactory decolourization efficiencies. Lignin-degrading enzymes like laccases are potential technologies for dye decolourization and decolourization with immobilized laccase has been intensively investigated. The majority of those studies however have focused on dye disappearance and several reported that significant dye adsorption had occured during the dye removal, making the role of the enzyme unclear. Moreover, textile wastewaters contain auxiliary chemicals that can impact enzymatic dye decolourization and very few studies have evaluated the impact of those substances on laccase. This research evaluated the feasibility of treating dye-contaminated textile wastewaters with an immobilized laccase system. The first sub-objective was to examined the decolourization of Reactive blue 19 (an anthraquinone dye) by Trametes versicolor laccase immobilized on controlled porosity carrier (CPC) silica beads and the second was to analyze the kinetic effects of a non-ionic surfactant Merpol, sodium sulfate, and sodium chloride on laccase decolourization of Reactive blue 19. Decolourization of Reactive blue 19 by immobilized laccase was mainly enzymatic although dye some adsorption occurred. Decolourization led to less toxic by-products from azo and indigoid dyes whereas increased toxicity was observed for anthraquinone dyes. The feasibility of immobilizing laccase on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) through its sugar residues with a simple procedure was demonstrated and the mass of enzyme immobilized compared well with other commercial acrylic supports. The decolorization of Reactive blue 19 by laccase was inhibited by the non-ionic surfactant, Merpol by substrate depletion. A model describing this inhibition was developed and was validated by a saturated equilibrium binding experiment. While sodium sulfate (ionic strength) had no effect on either ABTS oxidation or dye decolourization, sodium chloride inhibited laccase during dye decolourization and the type and nature of the inhibition depended on the substrate. With ABTS, the inhibition was hyperbolic non-competitive whereas it was parabolic mixed with Reactive blue 19.<br>Thesis (Ph.D, Chemical Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-06-16 16:58:47.753
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Yingcharoen, Jumpada, and Jumpada Yingcharoen. "Isolation and Physiological Characteristics of Zn/Cu-Tolerant Oil-Degrading Bacteria and the Performance for Treatment of Petroleum-Hydrocarbon Contamination." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13523720659097401334.
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碩士<br>嘉南藥理大學<br>環境工程與科學系<br>103<br>The experiments were performed to screen and isolate the bacteria that might be suitable for bioremediation purposes to remove toluene or diesel from polluted soil in presence of Zn and Cu. Ten bacterial strains were isolated from different sources of soil slurry in Taiwan, including 6 strains of toluene-degrading bacteria (T5, T6, T7, T10, T11 and T12) and 4 strains of diesel oil-degrading bacteria (D2, D5, D6 and D7). To illustrate the result of 16S rDNA approach that the dominate bacteria are Achromobacter insolitus (D2)， Candida spp. (D5)，Xanthobacter polyaromaticivorans (D6 and T12)，Ochrobactrum intermedium (D7)，Streptomyces caelestis (T1 and T5)，Gordonia amicalis (T6)，Brevibacillus brevis (T10)，Bacillus fumarioli (T11) and Fungus (T7). Their ability to degrade toluene and diesel were analyzed by a gas chromatograph coupled to a FID detector (GC-FID) method. The observations indicated that T6, T7, T11 and D2, D5, D6 have the high performance on toluene and diesel degradation respectively. In the research, tolerant to heavy metal and the effect of different nutrients on co-metabolism system was studied. Whether show the inhibition to the growth or increase efficiency to the percent removal of the petroleum-hydrocarbon. The results showed, 250 ppm Zn-tolerant on all toluene-strains and D2, D5, D7 strains while 250 ppm Cu-tolerant revealed to T7 strain. The strains was evaluated the accumulation of heavy metal on cell mechanism by sequential chemical extraction (SCE), thus, resulting 59.7-70.8 % biosorption and 29.2-40.3 % bioaccumulation.
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KJELDSEN, Camilla Elisabeth H. "Much ado about nothing? : an assessment of the European Convention for the prevention of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment." Doctoral thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4674.
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ALLEWELDT, Ralf. "Forcible return and torture : the relevance of article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights for decisions on expulsion, admission and extradition of persons who are threatened with, or have been subjected to, torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment." Doctoral thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5479.
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Турська, Віта Олегівна. "Адміністративно-правове регулювання захисту тварин від жорстокого поводження". Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11300/5314.
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Турська В.О. Адміністративно-правове регулювання захисту тварин від жорстокого поводження : дис. ... канд. юрид. наук : 12.00.07 / Турська Віта Олегівна. - Одеса, 2016. - 232 с.<br>Дисертацію присвячено вирішенню наукового завдання щодо встановлення сутності адміністративно-правового регулювання захисту тварин від жорстокого поводження, а також виявленню недоліків його правового регулювання та обґрунтування на цій основі пропозиції щодо внесення змін до законодавства.
Досліджено розвиток наукової думки стосовно захисту тварин від жорстокого поводження. Розглянуто поняття та зміст правового захисту тварин через призму природоцентричного та антропоцентричного підходів, розкрито сучасний стан концепції прав тварин у світі та на вітчизняних теренах.
Розглянуто систему суб’єктів, що здійснюють захист тварин від жорстокого поводження, яка складається з Верховної Ради України, органів виконавчої влади, місцевого самоврядування, громадян та громадських організацій. Класифіковано, розкрито зміст та надано характеристику повноважень державних органів, що здійснюють захист тварин від жорстокого поводження. З’ясовано засади взаємодії органів державної влади, громадських організацій та громадських інспекторів у сфері захисту тварин від жорстокого поводження, яка знаходить своє втілення у формі громадського контролю. Досліджено питання адміністративної та кримінальної відповідальності за жорстоке поводження з тваринами та обґрунтовано необхідність перегляду зазначених норм.<br>Диссертация посвящена решению научной задачи по определению сущности административно-правового регулирования защиты животных от жестокого обращения, а также выявлению недостатков его правового регулирования и обоснованию предложений по внесению изменений в законодательство.
Определена степень научной разработанности данной темы. Проанализировано развитие научной мысли о защите животных от жестокого обращения. Исследована история становления защиты животных как правового явления, определены тенденции его формирования. В частности, определено, что ранее в международном праве сложился институт защиты отдельных видов животных, которые находятся под угрозой исчезновения, со временем защита распространилась на другие виды животных, в т. ч. на домашних. Охарактеризованы направления деятельности организаций по охране животных на международном и национальном уровнях.
Рассмотрены понятие и содержание правовой защиты животных, через призму природоцентристского и антропоцентристского подходов, раскрыто современное состояние концепции прав животных в мире и на отечественных просторах. Проанализировано нормативно-правовые основы защиты животных от жестокого обращения.
Рассмотрена система субъектов, осуществляющих защиту животных от жестокого обращения, которая состоит из Верховной Рады Украины, органов исполнительной власти, местного самоуправления, граждан и общественных организаций. Внесено предложение создать должность Правительственного уполномоченного по правам животных и определены его функции.
Охарактеризованы полномочия государственных органов, осуществляющих защиту животных от жестокого обращения и предложена их классификация. Определены основы взаимодействия органов государственной власти, общественных организаций и общественных инспекторов в сфере защиты животных от жестокого обращения, которое находит свое воплощение в форме общественного контроля.
Исследованы вопросы административной и уголовной ответственности за жестокое обращение с животными и обоснована необходимость пересмотра указанных норм.
Сформулированы предложения о внесении изменений и дополнений в КУоАП, Закон Украины «О защите животных от жестокого обращения».<br>Thesis is a scientific research of the administrative and legal regulation of protection of animals from cruel treatment. Considered a system of entities that protect animals from cruel treatment, which consists of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, Executive authorities, local self-government, citizens and public organizations. Investigated the development of scientific thought regarding protection of animals from cruel treatment.
Considered the concept and the content of legal protection of animals through the prism of natural and anthropocentric approaches, revealed the current state of the concept of animal rights in the world and in the domestic spaces. Classified, disclosed the contents and given the characteristics of powers of state authorities engaged in the protection of animals from cruel treatment.
Clarified the principles of interaction of public authorities, public associations and inspectors in the field of protection of animals from abuse, which finds its embodiment in the form of public control. The article focuses on administrative and criminal responsibility for cruel treatment of animals and the necessity of revision of these standards.
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Зубченко, Надія Ігорівна, Надежда Игоревна Зубченко та Nadiia I. Zubchenko. "Міжнародно-правове співробітництво держав у сфері забезпечення добробуту тварин та їх захисту від жорстокого поводження". Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11300/3277.
Full textAbstract:
Зубченко Н. І. Міжнародно-правове співробітництво держав у сфері забезпечення добробуту тварин та їх захисту від жорстокого поводження : дис. ... канд. юрид. наук : 12.00.11 / Зубченко Надія Ігорівна. - Одеса, 2016. - 274 с.<br>У дисертації досліджено теоретичні та практичні питання міжнародно-правового регулювання співробітництва держав у сфері забезпечення добробуту тварин та їх захисту від жорстокого поводження. Визначено доктринальні підходи до міжнародно-правового регулювання забезпечення добробуту тварин та їх захисту від жорстокого поводження. Проаналізовано становлення та розвиток міжнародно-правового співробітництва держав у сфері забезпечення добробуту тварин та їх захисту від жорстокого поводження та виявлено його особливості. Обґрунтовано, що генезис моральних імперативів поводження з тваринами вплинув на створення правових норм щодо поводження з тваринами. Виявлено особливості міжнародно-правового регулювання співробітництва держав у сфері забезпечення добробуту тварин та їх захисту від жорстокого поводження. Досліджено структуру міжнародно-правового співробітництва в сфері забезпечення добробуту тварин та їх захисту від жорстокого поводження з виокремленням європейської системи регіонального співробітництва. Сформульовано пропозиції та рекомендації щодо участі України в міжнародно-правовому співробітництві у сфері забезпечення добробуту тварин та їх захисту від жорстокого поводження та імплементації міжнародно-правових норм із вказаних питань у законодавство України.<br>Исследованы теоретические и практические вопросы международно-правового регулирования сотрудничества государств в сфере обеспечения благополучия животных и их защиты от жестокого обращения. Определены доктринальные подходы к международно-правовому регулированию сотрудничества государств в сфере обеспечения благополучия животных и их защиты от жестокого обращения. Анализируется становление и развитие международно-правового регулирования сотрудничества государств в сфере обеспечения благополучия животных и их защиты от жестокого обращения. Обосновано, что генезис моральных императивов обращения с животными повлиял на образование правовых норм об обращении с животными. Подчеркивается необходимость выделения самостоятельного института международно-правового регулирования обеспечения благополучия животных и их защиты от жестокого обращения.
Исследована структура международно-правового сотрудничества в сфере обеспечения благополучия животных и их защиты от жестокого обращения и определены три уровня этого сотрудничества: универсальный, региональный, наднациональный. Особое внимание уделено европейской системе регионального сотрудничества в сфере обеспечения благополучия животных и их защиты от жестокого обращения. Обоснована необходимость принятия универсального акта в сфере обеспечения благополучия животных и их защиты от жестокого обращения.
Представлена классификация инструментов международно-правового обеспечения благополучия животных и их защиты от жестокого обращения.
Сформулированы предложения и рекомендации относительно участия Украины в международно-правовом сотрудничестве в сфере обеспечения благополучия животных и их защиты от жестокого обращения и имплементации международно-правовых норм по указанным вопросам в законодательство Украины. Обоснована необходимость внесения изменений в законодательство Украины в сфере обеспечения благополучия животных и их защиты от жестокого обращения, а также подписание и ратификация европейских конвенций об обращении с животными.<br>The thesis is a special complex research of theoretical and practical problems of international legal regulation of states’ cooperation in the sphere of animal welfare and protection of animals from cruel treatment. The thesis outlines doctrinal approaches to international legal regulation of interstate cooperation in the sphere of animal welfare and protection of animals from cruel treatment and analyses the formation and development of international legal regulation of states’ cooperation in the area of animal welfare and protection of animals from cruel treatment. It is proved, that the genesis of moral imperatives towards animals influenced the creation of legal norms on the treatment of animals. The thesis delineates the peculiarities of international legal regulation of interstate cooperation in the sphere of animal welfare and protection of animals from cruel treatment. The structure of international legal cooperation in the area of animal welfare and protection them from cruel treatment is outlined, and the European system of regional cooperation is distinguished.
The propositions and recommendations regarding the participation of Ukraine in international legal cooperation in the sphere of animal welfare and protection of animals from cruel treatment and the implementation of international legal norms on animal welfare and protection of animals from cruel treatment into Ukrainian legislation are formulated.
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Pete, Kwena Yvonne. "Photocatalytic degradation of dyes and pesticides in the presence of ions." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10352/308.
Full textAbstract:
M. Tech. (Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology), Vaal University of Technology<br>Water pollution caused by organic and inorganic contaminants represents an important ecological and health hazard. Simultaneous treatment of organic and inorganic contaminants had gradually gained great scientific interest. Advanced oxidation processes such as photocatalysis, using TiO2 as a photocatalyst, have been shown to be very robust in the removal of biorecalcitrant pollutants.
These methods offer the advantage of removing the pollutants, in contrast to conventional
techniques. At present, the main technical challenge that hinder its commercialization remained on the post-recovery of the photocatalyst particles after water treatment. Supporting of the photocatalyst on the adsorbent surface is important as it assists during the filtration step, reducing losses of the materials and yielding better results in degrading pollutants. To overcome this challenge, in this study composite photocatalysts of TiO2/zeolite and TiO2/silica were prepared and investigated to explore the possible application in the simultaneous removal of organic and inorganic compounds from contaminated water. The main objective of this study was to investigate the heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds in the presence of metal ions using composite photocatalysts. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), Raman spectroscopy (RS) and zeta potential (ZP) analyses were used to characterize the prepared composite photocatalysts.
The successive composite photocatalysts were used in a semi-batch reactor under an irradiation intensity of 5.5 mW/m2 (protected by a quartz sleeve) at 25 ± 3°C for the photocatalytic degradation of synthetic textile (methyl orange) and agricultural (atrazine) wastewater in the presence of ions. The effect of operating parameters such as TiO2 composition on supporting material, particle size, composite photocatalyst loading, initial pollutant concentration and pH were optimized. The effects of inorganic salts and humic acid on dye and pesticides degradation were also studied, respectively. The performance of the photocatalyst reactor was evaluated on the basis of color removal, metal ion reduction, total organic carbon (TOC) reduction, intermediates product analysis and modeling of kinetics and isotherms. Different kinetic and isotherm models were introduced and applied in this work. Important aspects such as error functions with the
optimal magnitude were used for the selection of the best suitable model.<br>European Union. City of Mikkeli, Finland. Water Research Commission (RSA)
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Kopecká, Helena. "Pojem vážné újmy v uprchlickém právu." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-340567.
Full textAbstract:
This diploma thesis with the topic of ,,The Concept of Serious Harm in Refugee Law" had three basic objectives. The first one was to analyse single notions which belong to the concept of serious harm. The second objective was to compare the concept of serious harm under the Qualification Directive and under the Czech Asylum Act. By means of the interpretation of single notions of serious harm and the comparison of the Qualification Directive with the Czech Asylum Act, I managed to answer the question ,,who is protected by Article 15 of the Qualification Directive and the second section of paragraph 14a in the Czech Asylum Act," which was the third basic objective of this diploma thesis, and at the same time its research question. My diploma thesis is structured into 6 chapters, further it contains the list of abbreviations, the introduction, the conclusion, the list of literature, the Czech and English abstract, and key words. The first chapter deals with the evolution of the concept of serious harm since the year 2001 till the contemporary version of the Qualification Directive from the year 2011, and with the incorporation of this concept into the Czech Asylum Act. From the depiction of history of the concept of serious harm in this chapter, it resulted how uneasy it was for the member states of...