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Journal articles on the topic "CRTR-1"
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Frigaard, Niels-Ulrik, Julia A. Maresca, Colleen E. Yunker, A. Daniel Jones, and Donald A. Bryant. "Genetic Manipulation of Carotenoid Biosynthesis in the Green Sulfur Bacterium Chlorobium tepidum." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 16 (August 15, 2004): 5210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.16.5210-5220.2004.
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ABSTRACT The green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum is a strict anaerobe and an obligate photoautotroph. On the basis of sequence similarity with known enzymes or sequence motifs, nine open reading frames encoding putative enzymes of carotenoid biosynthesis were identified in the genome sequence of C. tepidum, and all nine genes were inactivated. Analysis of the carotenoid composition in the resulting mutants allowed the genes encoding the following six enzymes to be identified: phytoene synthase (crtB/CT1386), phytoene desaturase (crtP/CT0807), ζ-carotene desaturase (crtQ/CT1414), γ-carotene desaturase (crtU/CT0323), carotenoid 1′,2′-hydratase (crtC/CT0301), and carotenoid cis-trans isomerase (crtH/CT0649). Three mutants (CT0180, CT1357, and CT1416 mutants) did not exhibit a discernible phenotype. The carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in C. tepidum is similar to that in cyanobacteria and plants by converting phytoene into lycopene using two plant-like desaturases (CrtP and CrtQ) and a plant-like cis-trans isomerase (CrtH) and thus differs from the pathway known in all other bacteria. In contrast to the situation in cyanobacteria and plants, the construction of a crtB mutant completely lacking carotenoids demonstrates that carotenoids are not essential for photosynthetic growth of green sulfur bacteria. However, the bacteriochlorophyll a contents of mutants lacking colored carotenoids (crtB, crtP, and crtQ mutants) were decreased from that of the wild type, and these mutants exhibited a significant growth rate defect under all light intensities tested. Therefore, colored carotenoids may have both structural and photoprotection roles in green sulfur bacteria. The ability to manipulate the carotenoid composition so dramatically in C. tepidum offers excellent possibilities for studying the roles of carotenoids in the light-harvesting chlorosome antenna and iron-sulfur-type (photosystem I-like) reaction center. The phylogeny of carotenogenic enzymes in green sulfur bacteria and green filamentous bacteria is also discussed.
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Gómez, Melissa, Sebastián Campusano, María Soledad Gutiérrez, Dionisia Sepúlveda, Salvador Barahona, Marcelo Baeza, Víctor Cifuentes, and Jennifer Alcaíno. "Sterol regulatory element-binding protein Sre1 regulates carotenogenesis in the red yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous." Journal of Lipid Research 61, no. 12 (September 15, 2020): 1658–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.ra120000975.
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Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is a basidiomycete yeast that produces carotenoids, mainly astaxanthin. Astaxanthin is an organic pigment of commercial interest due to its antioxidant and coloring properties. X. dendrorhous has a functional SREBP pathway, and the Sre1 protein is the SREBP homolog in this yeast. However, how sterol regulatory element (Sre)1 promotes the biosynthesis of sterols and carotenoids in X. dendrorhous is unknown. In this work, comparative RNA-sequencing analysis between modified X. dendrorhous strains that have an active Sre1 protein and the WT was performed to identify Sre1-dependent genes. In addition, Sre1 direct target genes were identified through ChIP combined with lambda exonuclease digestion (ChIP-exo) assays. SRE motifs were detected in the promoter regions of several Sre1 direct target genes and were consistent with the SREs described in other yeast species. Sre1 directly regulates genes related to ergosterol biosynthesis as well as genes related to the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, which synthesizes the building blocks of isoprenoids, including carotenoids. Two carotenogenic genes, crtE and crtR, were also identified as Sre1 direct target genes. Thus, carotenogenesis in X. dendrorhous is regulated by Sre1 through the regulation of the MVA pathway and the regulation of the crtE and crtR genes. As the crtR gene encodes a cytochrome P450 reductase, Sre1 regulates pathways that include cytochrome P450 enzymes, such as the biosynthesis of carotenoids and sterols. These results demonstrate that Sre1 is a sterol master regulator that is conserved in X. dendrorhous.
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To, Sarah, Stephen J. Rodda, Peter D. Rathjen, and Rebecca A. Keough. "Modulation of CP2 Family Transcriptional Activity by CRTR-1 and Sumoylation." PLoS ONE 5, no. 7 (July 22, 2010): e11702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011702.
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Zainal Abidin, Aisamuddin Ardi, Chotika Yokthongwattana, and Zetty Norhana Balia. "Carotenogenesis in Nannochloropsis oculata under Oxidative and Salinity Stress." Sains Malaysiana 50, no. 2 (February 28, 2021): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5002-05.
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Nannochloropsis oculata is a unicellular microalgae which is vastly found throughout the environment and have been widely studied due to its high productivity of secondary metabolites and oil content. It is majorly cultured in the aquaculture sector as fish feed and for industries for its polyunsaturated fatty acids. This work aims to study the impact of salinity and oxidative stress on the expression of carotenoid biosynthesis genes and the accumulation of their products in N. oculata via qPCR and HPLC analyses. Three genes responsible for production of high value carotenoids namely lycopene beta-cyclase (CrTL-B/LCYB), beta-carotene oxygenase (CrTO)and beta-carotene hydroxylase (CrTR) under different stresses and time points were identified and quantified, and the amount of their products namely β-carotene, zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin, and astaxanthin was measured. N. oculata was treated with different concentrations of Cu2+ ion (1, 2, and 5 ppm) and NaCl (50, 150, 250 mM) which resembles conditions of oxidative and salinity stress, respectively. RNA and carotenoids extraction, RT-PCR, qPCR and HPLC was carried out in order to identify the correlation of carotenogenesis genes expression with carotenoids production. Under exposure of both treatments, the carotenoids biosynthesis genes were upregulated up to 6-fold compared to control and targeted carotenoids were overexpressed up to 7-fold. Results from this study gave insights which are beneficial in understanding microalgae’s responses towards abiotic stress via the synthesis of carotenoids.
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Rodda, Stephen, Shiwani Sharma, Michaela Scherer, Gavin Chapman, and Peter Rathjen. "CRTR-1, a Developmentally Regulated Transcriptional Repressor Related to the CP2 Family of Transcription Factors." Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, no. 5 (November 9, 2000): 3324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m008167200.
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Giorio, G., A. L. Stigliani, and C. D'Ambrosio. "OVER-EXPRESSION OF CAROTENE β-HYDROXYLASE 1 (CRTR-B1) AND LYCOPENE β-CYCLASE (LCY-B) IN TRANSGENIC TOMATO FRUITS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 789 (May 2008): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2008.789.37.
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Zhang, Ying, Ramar Thangam, Sung-Hwan You, Rukhsora D. Sultonova, Akhil Venu, Jung-Joon Min, and Yeongjin Hong. "Engineering Calreticulin-Targeting Monobodies to Detect Immunogenic Cell Death in Cancer Chemotherapy." Cancers 13, no. 11 (June 4, 2021): 2801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13112801.
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Surface-exposed calreticulin (ecto-CRT) plays a crucial role in the phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells during immunotherapy. Ecto-CRT is an immunogenic signal induced in response to treatment with chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin (DOX) and mitoxantrone (MTX), and two peptides (KLGFFKR (Integrin-α) and GQPMYGQPMY (CRT binding peptide 1, Hep-I)) are known to specifically bind CRT. To engineer CRT-specific monobodies as agents to detect immunogenic cell death (ICD), we fused these peptide sequences at the binding loops (BC and FG) of human fibronectin domain III (FN3). CRT-specific monobodies were purified from E. coli by affinity chromatography. Using these monobodies, ecto-CRT was evaluated in vitro, in cultured cancer cell lines (CT-26, MC-38, HeLa, and MDA-MB-231), or in mice after anticancer drug treatment. Monobodies with both peptide sequences (CRT3 and CRT4) showed higher binding to ecto-CRT than those with a single peptide sequence. The binding affinity of the Rluc8 fusion protein–engineered monobodies (CRT3-Rluc8 and CRT4-Rluc8) to CRT was about 8 nM, and the half-life in serum and tumor tissue was about 12 h. By flow cytometry and confocal immunofluorescence of cancer cell lines, and by in vivo optical bioluminescence imaging of tumor-bearing mice, CRT3-Rluc8 and CRT4-Rluc8 bound specifically to ecto-CRT and effectively detected pre-apoptotic cells after treatment with ICD-inducing agents (DOX and MTX) but not a non-ICD-inducing agent (gemcitabine). Using CRT-specific monobodies, it is possible to detect ecto-CRT induction in cancer cells in response to drug exposure. This technique may be used to predict the therapeutic efficiency of chemo- and immuno-therapeutics early during anticancer treatment.
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Tonegawa-Kuji, Reina, Yuko Y. Inoue, Michikazu Nakai, Koshiro Kanaoka, Yoko Sumita, Yuichiro Miyazaki, Akinori Wakamiya, et al. "Differences in patient characteristics, clinical practice and outcomes of cardiac implantable electric device therapy between Japan and the USA: a cross-sectional study using data from nationally representative administrative databases." BMJ Open 13, no. 1 (January 2023): e068124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068124.
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ObjectivesTo identify differences in patient characteristics, clinical practice and outcomes of cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) therapy between Japan and the USA.DesignA cross-sectional study.SettingNationally representative administrative databases from Japan and the USA containing hospitalisations with first-time implantations of pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) and cardiac-resynchronisation therapy with or without defibrillators (CRTP/CRTD).ParticipantsPatients hospitalised with first-time implantations of CIEDs.Outcome measuresIn-hospital mortality, in-hospital complication and 30-day readmission rates.ResultsOverall, 107 339 (median age 78 (71–84), 48 415 women) and 295 584 (age 76 (67–83), 127 349 women) records with CIED implantations were included from Japan and the USA, respectively. Proportion of women in defibrillator recipients was lower in Japan than in the USA (ICD, 21% vs 28%, p<0.001; CRTD, 24% vs 29%, p<0.001). Length of stay after CIED implantation was longer in Japan than in the USA for all device types (conventional pacemaker, 8(7–11) vs 1 (1–3) days, p<0.001; leadless pacemaker, 5 (3–9) vs 2 (1–5) days, p<0.001; ICD, 8 (7–11) vs 1 (1–3) days, p<0.001, CRTP, 9 (7–13) vs 2 (1–4) days, p<0.001; CRTD, 9 (8–14) vs 2 (1–4) days, p<0.001). In-hospital mortality after CIED implantation was similar between Japan and the USA ((OR) (95% CI), conventional pacemaker 0.58 (0.83 to 1.004); ICD 0.77 (0.57 to 1.03); CRTP 0.85 (0.51 to 1.44); CRTD 1.11 (0.81 to 1.51)), except that after leadless pacemaker implantation in Japan was lower than that in the USA (0.32 (0.23 to 0.43)). 30-day readmission rates were lower in Japan than in the USA for all device types (conventional pacemaker 0.55 (0.53 to 0.57); leadless pacemaker 0.50 (0.43 to 0.58); ICD 0.54 (0.49 to 0.58); CRTP 0.51 (0.42 to 0.62); CRTD 0.57 (0.51 to 0.64)).ConclusionsInternational variations in patient characteristics, practice and outcomes were observed. In-hospital mortality after CIED implantation was similar between Japan and the USA, except in cases of leadless pacemaker recipients.
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Lloyd-Evans, Brynmor, Marina Christoforou, David Osborn, Gareth Ambler, Louise Marston, Danielle Lamb, Oliver Mason, et al. "Crisis resolution teams for people experiencing mental health crises: the CORE mixed-methods research programme including two RCTs." Programme Grants for Applied Research 7, no. 1 (April 2019): 1–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/pgfar07010.
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Background Crisis resolution teams (CRTs) seek to avert hospital admissions by providing intensive home treatment for people experiencing a mental health crisis. The CRT model has not been highly specified. CRT care is often experienced as ending abruptly and relapse rates following CRT discharge are high. Aims The aims of CORE (Crisis resolution team Optimisation and RElapse prevention) workstream 1 were to specify a model of best practice for CRTs, develop a measure to assess adherence to this model and evaluate service improvement resources to help CRTs implement the model with high fidelity. The aim of CORE workstream 2 was to evaluate a peer-provided self-management programme aimed at reducing relapse following CRT support. Methods Workstream 1 was based on a systematic review, national CRT manager survey and stakeholder qualitative interviews to develop a CRT fidelity scale through a concept mapping process with stakeholders (n = 68). This was piloted in CRTs nationwide (n = 75). A CRT service improvement programme (SIP) was then developed and evaluated in a cluster randomised trial: 15 CRTs received the SIP over 1 year; 10 teams acted as controls. The primary outcome was service user satisfaction. Secondary outcomes included CRT model fidelity, catchment area inpatient admission rates and staff well-being. Workstream 2 was a peer-provided self-management programme that was developed through an iterative process of systematic literature reviewing, stakeholder consultation and preliminary testing. This intervention was evaluated in a randomised controlled trial: 221 participants recruited from CRTs received the intervention and 220 did not. The primary outcome was re-admission to acute care at 1 year of follow-up. Secondary outcomes included time to re-admission and number of days in acute care over 1 year of follow-up and symptoms and personal recovery measured at 4 and 18 months’ follow-up. Results Workstream 1 – a 39-item CRT fidelity scale demonstrated acceptability, face validity and promising inter-rater reliability. CRT implementation in England was highly variable. The SIP trial did not produce a positive result for patient satisfaction [median Client Satisfaction Questionnaire score of 28 in both groups at follow-up; coefficient 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) –1.02 to 2.97]. The programme achieved modest increases in model fidelity. Intervention teams achieved lower inpatient admission rates and less inpatient bed use. Qualitative evaluation suggested that the programme was generally well received. Workstream 2 – the trial yielded a statistically significant result for the primary outcome, in which rates of re-admission to acute care over 1 year of follow-up were lower in the intervention group than in the control group (odds ratio 0.66, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.99; p = 0.044). Time to re-admission was lower and satisfaction with care was greater in the intervention group at 4 months’ follow-up. There were no other significant differences between groups in the secondary outcomes. Limitations Limitations in workstream 1 included uncertainty regarding the representativeness of the sample for the primary outcome and lack of blinding for assessment. In workstream 2, the limitations included the complexity of the intervention, preventing clarity about which were effective elements. Conclusions The CRT SIP did not achieve all its aims but showed potential promise as a means to increase CRT model fidelity and reduce inpatient service use. The peer-provided self-management intervention is an effective means to reduce relapse rates for people leaving CRT care. Study registration The randomised controlled trials were registered as Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN47185233 and ISRCTN01027104. The systematic reviews were registered as PROSPERO CRD42013006415 and CRD42017043048. Funding The National Institute for Health Research Programme Grants for Applied Research programme.
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Lloyd-Evans, Brynmor, David Osborn, Louise Marston, Danielle Lamb, Gareth Ambler, Rachael Hunter, Oliver Mason, et al. "The CORE service improvement programme for mental health crisis resolution teams: results from a cluster-randomised trial." British Journal of Psychiatry 216, no. 6 (February 14, 2019): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.21.
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BackgroundCrisis resolution teams (CRTs) offer brief, intensive home treatment for people experiencing mental health crisis. CRT implementation is highly variable; positive trial outcomes have not been reproduced in scaled-up CRT care.AimsTo evaluate a 1-year programme to improve CRTs’ model fidelity in a non-masked, cluster-randomised trial (part of the Crisis team Optimisation and RElapse prevention (CORE) research programme, trial registration number: ISRCTN47185233).MethodFifteen CRTs in England received an intervention, informed by the US Implementing Evidence-Based Practice project, involving support from a CRT facilitator, online implementation resources and regular team fidelity reviews. Ten control CRTs received no additional support. The primary outcome was patient satisfaction, measured by the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8), completed by 15 patients per team at CRT discharge (n = 375). Secondary outcomes: CRT model fidelity, continuity of care, staff well-being, in-patient admissions and bed use and CRT readmissions were also evaluated.ResultsAll CRTs were retained in the trial. Median follow-up CSQ-8 score was 28 in each group: the adjusted average in the intervention group was higher than in the control group by 0.97 (95% CI −1.02 to 2.97) but this was not significant (P = 0.34). There were fewer in-patient admissions, lower in-patient bed use and better staff psychological health in intervention teams. Model fidelity rose in most intervention teams and was significantly higher than in control teams at follow-up. There were no significant effects for other outcomes.ConclusionsThe CRT service improvement programme did not achieve its primary aim of improving patient satisfaction. It showed some promise in improving CRT model fidelity and reducing acute in-patient admissions.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "CRTR-1"
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山口, 良文. "外分泌腺導管部の機能分化に必要な転写因子CRTR-1." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/145158.
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Kanter, Marlene. "Organisationsprinzipien der extrazellulären Matrix in der Substantia nigra des Menschen und ihr Bezug zum Morbus Parkinson." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-62572.
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Der Morbus Parkinson ist durch den selektiven Zelltod der dopaminergen Neurone der Substantia nigra pars compacta gekennzeichnet. Hierbei sind die verschiedenen Populationen pigmentierter Neurone innerhalb der SNc unterschiedlich stark
betroffen. Die Ursachen für diese unterschiedliche Schädigung sind noch nicht bekannt. Möglicherweise besteht aber ein Zusammenhang mit der Verteilung der extrazellulären Matrix innerhalb der Substantia nigra. Für die Untersuchung wurden immunhistochemische Methoden an Hirnschnittserien von menschlichen Kontrollgehirnen angewandt. Zur Darstellung von Komponenten der extrazellulären Matrix wurden drei verschiedene Antikörper genutzt. Dazu gehörten anti- CRTL-1, welcher das Link- Protein 1 von CSPGs detektiert, ein Aggrecan- Antikörper ( Klon HAG7D4), welcher an das Kern- Protein menschlichen Aggrecans bindet, sowie anti- Proteoglykan- Di-0S (Klon 1B5), der die Reste der Chondroitin- Sulfat- Seitenketten verschiedener Proteoglykane detektiert, die nach Verdau mit Chondroitinase ABC übrigbleiben. Zur räumlichen Orientierung und strukturellen Gliederung der Substantia nigra nach der von Damier et al. ( 1999) beschriebenen Calbindin- Methode, auf deren Grundlage die SNc in eine Calbindin-reiche Matrix und Calbindin- arme Bereiche, die sogenannten Nigrosomen, gegliedert wird, wurden benachbarte Hirnschnitte mit anti- Calbindin D₂₈K behandelt. Es zeigte sich, dass extrazelluläre Matrix in Form von perineuronalen Netzen nur an den nicht pigmentierten Neuronen der SNr und SNl vorkommt, während die pigmentierten Neurone der SNc keine perineuronalen Netze besitzen, aber von einer Vielzahl von ACs kontaktiert werden. Deren Dichte war an großen, stark Melanin- haltigen Neuronen am höchsten, sodass in der dorsalen Schicht der SNc, also in den Nigrosomen 3 und 4, besonders viel extrazelluläre Matrix detektiert werden konnte. Im ventralen Anteil der SNc war entsprechend der unterschiedlichen Zellgrößen, insbesondere in Nigrosom 1, eine heterogene Verteilung der extrazellulären Matrix
festzustellen. Zur Untersuchung über mögliche Veränderungen der extrazellulären Matrix im Verlauf des Morbus Parkinson wurden Hirnschnitte menschlicher Gehirne mit diagnostiziertem Morbus Parkinson ebenfalls mit den drei Antikörpern zur Darstellung der extrazellulären Matrix behandelt. Dabei zeigte sich, dass insgesamt
die Menge extrazellulärer Matrix verringert scheint. Eine Darstellung der
perineuronalen Netze mit anti- Proteoglykan- Di-0S (Klon 1B5) war nicht mehr möglich. Wie bereits in früheren Studien verschiedener Autoren festgestellt, waren die stärksten Auswirkungen der neurodegenerativen Prozesse im ventralen Anteil der
SNc, vor allem in Nigrosom 1, auszumachen, während die Neurone der Nigrosomen 3 und 4 im dorsalen Anteil weniger vulnerabel erscheinen. Diese Ergebnisse verstärken die Annahme, dass die extrazelluläre Matrix eine protektive Funktion für bestimmte Neuronengruppen besitzt. Bei der Parkinsonschen Erkrankung wird möglicherweise zuerst dieses Schutzsystem zerstört bevor es zum progressiven
Neuronenverlust kommt. Ungeklärt bleibt weiterhin was die Ursachen dafür sind.
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Wang, Yidan. "Mécanismes de sécrétion d'ATP et d'exposition de la calréticuline au cours d'une chimiothérapie immunogène." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA11T045/document.
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Pendant très longtemps, les traitements contre les cancers se sont basés sur la cytotoxicité des chimiothérapies, sur leur capacité à tuer directement les cellules malignes ou à induire leur senescence. Mais cette cytotoxicité accrue et non ciblée a également pour effet de tuer les cellules du système immunitaire du patient. Cependant, il a été montré que la radiothérapie, les anthracyclines ainsi que l’oxaliplatine étaient capables d’induire une apoptose décrite comme étant une mort cellulaire immunogène. De ce fait, les cellules tumorales mourantes agiront comme vaccin thérapeutique.La mort cellulaire immunogène se caractérise par trois grands marqueurs : un stress du réticulum endoplasmique pré-mortem qui va induire la translocation de la calréticuline de la lumière du réticulum endoplasmique vers la surface cellulaire, la libération d’ATP dans le milieu extracellulaire permettant le recrutement des cellules dendritiques et l’activation de l’inflammasome NLRP3 via le récepteur P2RX7, et enfin la libération de la protéine HMGB1 dans le milieu extracellulaire, qui va aller interagir avec TLR4 à la surface des cellules dendritiques pour stimuler leur fonction présentatrice d’antigène. La première partie de ce travail a consisté à comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires précis par lesquels l’ATP est sécrétée activement lors d’une mort cellulaire immunogène. En utilisant une combinaison de techniques impliquant des criblages pharmacologiques, des techniques de monitorage de la localisation intracellulaire de l’ATP entre autres, nous avons montré qu’après un traitement par les inducteurs de la mort immunogène, l’ATP était redistribué des lysosomes aux autolysosomes et que sa sécrétion requiert la protéine lysosomale LAMP1. Nous avons également montré qu’il existait d’autres voies de libération d’ATP telles que la voie de signalisation Rho, et également l’ouverture des hémicanaux pannexine 1 (PANX1). De façon surprenante, nous avons observé une implication de PANX1 dans la translocation de LAMP1 à la surface cellulaire. Ces résultats ont permis de comprendre un peu plus précisément les mécanismes de sécrétion d’ATP dans la mort cellulaire immunogène, mettant en évidence l’importance de l’exocytose lysosomale caspases dépendante et PANX1 dépendante.La seconde partie de ce travail s’est portée sur l’étude d’une autre caractéristique de la mort cellulaire immunogène, à savoir l’exposition de la calréticuline à la surface cellulaire. En partant du constat qu’après un traitement par la mitoxantrone, la calréticuline était relocalisée en périphérie à la fois dans les cellules humaines et les cellules de levure, il a été suggéré que la voie d’exposition de la calréticuline était conservée phylogénétiquement. Nous avons montré que les phéromones pouvaient agir comme inducteurs physiologiques de l’exposition de la calréticuline dans les cellules de levure. Un criblage d’ARN interférant et des analyses de transcriptome nous ont permis de montré que les chimiokines, en particulier CXCL8 chez l’humain (appelé également interleukine-8) et son orthologue Cxcl2 chez la souris étaient impliquées dans la translocation de la calréticuline à la surface cellulaire. En traitant les cellules cancéreuses par la mitoxantrone, nous observons une production de CXCL8 par les cellules cancéreuses humaines in vitro et de Cxcl2 par les cellules cancéreuses murines in vivo. Un « knockdown » des récepteurs pour CXCL8/Cxcl2 réduit de manière significative l’exposition de la calréticuline à la surface cellulaire. Ces résultats ont donc montré l’importance des chimiokines dans la voie d’exposition de la calréticuline.L’ensemble de ce travail a permis de comprendre plus en détails deux des trois grandes caractéristiques de la mort cellulaire immunogèneCytotoxic anti-neoplastic agents were considered for a long time to mediate their therapeutic effects via their capacity to directly kill malignant cells. Nevertheless, this high cytotoxicity is non-targeted and will eventually diminish immune cells. During the last years, it has been shown that radiotherapy and some anticancer agents, such as anthracyclines and oxaliplatin, can stimulate actively anti-tumor immune responses. In fact, they can induce an immunogenic type of apoptosis, which we termed immunogenic cell death (ICD). Thereby, dying cells can act as therapeutic vaccine against residual cancer cells that overcame the initial treatment.ICD is characterized by three major hallmarks: a pre-mortem stress of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which triggers the translocation of the ER chaperone protein called calreticulin (CRT) to the cell surface, the secretion of ATP from apoptotic cells, which acts as a signal for the recruitment of dendritic cells and for the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome via its receptor P2RX7, and the release of HMGB1 into the extracellular space, allowing it to interact with TLR4 and thus stimulate the antigen-presenting functions of the DCs.The first part of my work focused on the precise molecular mechanisms by which ATP is actively secreted during ICD. Using a large panel of techniques, including chemical compounds screens and monitoring the subcellular localization of ATP, we showed that following treatment of various tumor cells with ICD inducers, ATP is redistributed from lysosomes to autolysosomes and the lysosomal protein LAMP1 is required for active ATP secretion. We also showed that Rho and pannexin 1 (PANX1) are indispensable for efficient ATP release in response to ICD inducers. Surprisingly, we observed an unexpected link between PANX1 and the exposure of LAMP1 at the cell surface. These results will help to understand the mechanisms necessary for ATP secretion during ICD.In the second part of this work we further studied the surface exposure of CRT during ICD. We observed that mitoxantrone (MTX), which belongs to the group of anthracyclines, can induce a peripheral relocalisation of CRT, both in human cells and yeast cells. In addition, we showed that pheromones can act as a physiological inducer of CRT translocation in yeast. Focused siRNA screening combined with transcriptome analyses revealed that human CXCL8 (also called interleukin-8) and its mouse ortholog Cxcl2 play an essential role in the translocation of CRT to the cell surface. Interestingly, MTX-treated human cancer cells displayed an elevated production of CXCL8 in vitro. These results were confirmed in vivo, with MTX treated murine tumors, which also displayed elevated Cxcl2 levels. The MTX-induced CRT exposure was significantly reduced when we performed a knockdown of CXCL8/Cxcl2 receptors. Altogether, these results showed the importance of chemokine signaling circuitries in immunogenic CRT exposure.This work allows for the detailed understanding of the mechanisms of ICD and might thus be useful for further targeted drug development
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Sas, Hatice Sinem. "Modeling Of Particle Filled Resin Impregnation In Compression Resin Transfer Molding." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612158/index.pdf.
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Compression Resin Transfer Molding (CRTM) is an advanced liquid molding
process for producing continuous fiber-reinforced composite parts in relatively
large dimensions and with high fiber volume fractions. This thesis investigates
this process for the purpose of producing continuous fiber reinforced composites
with particle fillers. In many composites, fillers are used within the resin for
various reasons such as cost reduction and improvement of properties. However,
the presence of fillers in a process involving resin impregnation through a
fibrous medium can result in a composite with non-homogeneous microstructure
and properties. This work aims to model the resin impregnation and particle
filtration during injection and compression stages of the process. For this
purpose, a previously developed particle filtration model is adapted to CRTM.
An appropriate commercial software tool is used for numerical solution after a
survey of available packages. The process is analyzed based on the developed
model for various process scenarios. The results of this study aim to enhance the
understanding of particle-filled resin impregnation and particle filtration
phenomena in the CRTM process and are likely to be used towards designing
optimum process configurations for a desired outcome in the future.
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To, Sarah. "Molecular characterization of the CP2-related transcription factor, CRTR-1." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/59773.
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CRTR-1 is a member of the CP2 family of transcription factors. Unlike other CP2 family members, CRTR-1 expression is regulated developmentally. Major sites of expression in the embryo include the pluripotent inner cell mass (ICM) of the pre-implantation blastocyst and the developing kidney. It is also expressed in embryonic stem (ES) cells, which are derived from the ICM of blastocysts, and is downregulated as these cells differentiate into early primitive ectoderm-like (EPL) cells. This expression pattern suggests that CRTR-1 plays a role in early pluripotent populations. This thesis aims to characterize the transcription factor CRTR-1 at the molecular level and analyses the role of sumoylation on CRTR-1 function to develop a better understanding of the molecular role of CRTR-1 in ES cells. Luciferase reporter assays show that CRTR-1 is able to regulate the activities of other CP2 family members: CP2, NF2d9 and altNF2d9. It enhances CP2- and NF2d9-mediated activation but suppresses altNF2d9-mediated activation. To map the functional domains in the CRTR-1 protein, transactivation studies using CRTR-1 deletion mutants fused to the GAL4 DNA binding domain and a GAL4-responsive reporter system were performed. These studies map repressor activity to amino acids 48-200, but fail to identify a transactivation domain within the CRTR-1 protein. In order to understand the mechanisms by which CRTR-1 regulates the transcriptional activities of CP2 family members, a number of approaches are taken, including co-immunoprecipitation to show that CRTR-1 interacts with other CP2-like proteins, EMSA which demonstrate that CRTR-1 forms DNA binding complexes with CP2 family members, and subcellular protein localisation studies which reveal the ability of CRTR-1 and other family members to shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm via a CRM1-dependent pathway. In addition, the subcellular localisation of CRTR-1 appears to be cell type specific, with an exclusively nuclear localisation pattern in ES cells, a predominantly cytoplasmic localisation pattern in HEK293T cells, and a cytoplasmic and nuclear speckle localisation pattern in COS-1 cells. Co-expression of CRTR-1 with CP2 or NF2d9 results in the re-localisation of CRTR-1 to the cytoplasm in ES cells. The sumoylation enzymes Ubc9 and PIAS1 have previously been identified as CP2-interacting proteins (Kang et al., 2005a). Given the identification of two potential sumoylation sites within CRTR-1, FK³⁰ QE and LK⁴⁶ ⁴AE, and the ability for sumoylation to regulate transcription factor function, the possibility that CRTR-1 is regulated by sumoylation is investigated in this thesis. Immunoprecipitation experiments show that CRTR-1 is modified by SUMO-1 and that lysine 30 is the critical residue for this modification. Mutation of lysine 30 to alanine, which abolishes CRTR-1 sumoylation, results in enhancement of transactivation by CRTR-1, suggesting that sumoylation of CRTR-1 blocks maximal activation. Unexpectedly, however, overexpression of Ubc9, PIAS1, or SUMO-1 results in enhancement of CRTR-1 transcriptional activity, indicating that a more complex mechanism of regulation of CRTR-1 activity is likely. This thesis presents several novel properties of CRTR-1 and other CP2 family members, including the ability of CRTR-1, previously characterized as a repressor, to activate transcription. It is also the first demonstration that CP2 proteins are regulated by sumoylation and that they shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm via a CRM1-dependent mechanism.http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1374290
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, 2009
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To, Sarah. "Molecular characterization of the CP2-related transcription factor, CRTR-1." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/59773.
Full textAbstract:
CRTR-1 is a member of the CP2 family of transcription factors. Unlike other CP2 family members, CRTR-1 expression is regulated developmentally. Major sites of expression in the embryo include the pluripotent inner cell mass (ICM) of the pre-implantation blastocyst and the developing kidney. It is also expressed in embryonic stem (ES) cells, which are derived from the ICM of blastocysts, and is downregulated as these cells differentiate into early primitive ectoderm-like (EPL) cells. This expression pattern suggests that CRTR-1 plays a role in early pluripotent populations. This thesis aims to characterize the transcription factor CRTR-1 at the molecular level and analyses the role of sumoylation on CRTR-1 function to develop a better understanding of the molecular role of CRTR-1 in ES cells.
Luciferase reporter assays show that CRTR-1 is able to regulate the activities of other CP2 family members: CP2, NF2d9 and altNF2d9. It enhances CP2- and NF2d9-mediated activation but suppresses altNF2d9-mediated activation. To map the functional domains in the CRTR-1 protein, transactivation studies using CRTR-1 deletion mutants fused to the GAL4 DNA binding domain and a GAL4-responsive reporter system were performed. These studies map repressor activity to amino acids 48-200, but fail to identify a transactivation domain within the CRTR-1 protein.
In order to understand the mechanisms by which CRTR-1 regulates the transcriptional activities of CP2 family members, a number of approaches are taken, including co-immunoprecipitation to show that CRTR-1 interacts with other CP2-like proteins, EMSA which demonstrate that CRTR-1 forms DNA binding complexes with CP2 family members, and subcellular protein localisation studies which reveal the ability of CRTR-1 and other family members to shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm via a CRM1-dependent pathway. In addition, the subcellular localisation of CRTR-1 appears to be cell type specific, with an exclusively nuclear localisation pattern in ES cells, a predominantly cytoplasmic localisation pattern in HEK293T cells, and a cytoplasmic and nuclear speckle localisation pattern in COS-1 cells. Co-expression of CRTR-1 with CP2 or NF2d9 results in the re-localisation of CRTR-1 to the cytoplasm in ES cells.
The sumoylation enzymes Ubc9 and PIAS1 have previously been identified as CP2-interacting proteins (Kang et al., 2005a). Given the identification of two potential sumoylation sites within CRTR-1, FK³⁰ QE and LK⁴⁶ ⁴AE, and the ability for sumoylation to regulate transcription factor function, the possibility that CRTR-1 is regulated by sumoylation is investigated in this thesis. Immunoprecipitation experiments show that CRTR-1 is modified by SUMO-1 and that lysine 30 is the critical residue for this modification. Mutation of lysine 30 to alanine, which abolishes CRTR-1 sumoylation, results in enhancement of transactivation by CRTR-1, suggesting that sumoylation of CRTR-1 blocks maximal activation. Unexpectedly, however, overexpression of Ubc9, PIAS1, or SUMO-1 results in enhancement of CRTR-1 transcriptional activity, indicating that a more complex mechanism of regulation of CRTR-1 activity is likely.
This thesis presents several novel properties of CRTR-1 and other CP2 family members, including the ability of CRTR-1, previously characterized as a repressor, to activate transcription. It is also the first demonstration that CP2 proteins are regulated by sumoylation and that they shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm via a CRM1-dependent mechanism.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, 2009
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Rodda, Stephen James. "Isolation and characterisation of CRTR-1 and altCP2: negative regulators of CP2 transcription factor family activity." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/79650.
Full textAbstract:
Mouse CP2 is the founding member of a group of highly conserved proteins in mouse, human, chicken and Drosophila collectively referred to as the CP2 family of transcription factors. CP2 was originally identified in murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cell nuclear extracts as an activator of the mouse a-globin gene, binding a promoter element overlapping the CCAAT box. In addition Io CP2, the family includes mouse NF2d9, human LBP-1c and LBPla, homologues of mouse CP2 and NF2d9 respectively, LBP-9, chicken CPZ and Drosophila melanogaster CP2. Mammalian
CP2-related proteins have generally been shown to be activators of transcription and expressed ubiquitously. There is little knowledge of factors that regulate their activity. This thesis describes CRTR-I, a novel member of the CP2 family, originally identified as a transcript differentially expressed between mouse ES and early primitive ectoderm-like (EPL) cells in vitro. In vivo expression analysis showed CRTR-I to be expressed by the pluripotent inner cell mass cells of the blastocyst, but not in the later pluripotent cells of the primitive ectoderm. Analysis during later stages of development and in the adult mouse showed CRTR-1 expression to be developmentally and spatially regulated. Greatest levels of CRTR-I expression were detected in the embryonic and adult kidneys with CRTR-I specifically expressed in the branching ureteric buds of the developing kidney with expression becoming restricted to the epithelial lining of the distal convoluted tubules during later kidney development and in the adult mouse. These sites of CRTR-I expression suggest distinct biological roles for CRTR-I function in the maintenance of pluripotency in the early stage embryo and in the development and function of the kidney. Conservation in nucleotide and amino acid sequence defined CRTR-I as a novel member of the mouse CP2 family of transcription factors. Consistent with this, CRTR-1 was shown to interact with all other members of the mouse CP2 family, forming protein complexes competent to bind a CP2 family consensus DNA response element. However, unlike other CP2 family members, CRTR-I was shown to act as a transcriptional repressor with the ability to repress transcription localised to a novel 52
amino acid N-terminal repression domain. Furthermore, the ability of CRTR-I to repress transcription was shown to be dominant over CP2 mediated transcriptional activation. CRTR-I is therefore distinct from other family members in two respects, CRTR-I expression is spatially and temporally regulated and CRTR-I acts as a dominant transcriptional repressor of CP2 family mediated transcriptional activation. This thesis also describes the identification, isolation and functional characterisation of an alternatively spliced isoform of CP2, altCP2. Similar to CRTR-1, altCP2 appears to be differentially expressed and was demonstrated to act as a dominant repressor of CP2 family mediated transcriptional activation by formation of heteromultimers with other CP2 family proteins that cannot bind DNA. Together, altCP2 and CRTR-1 provide mechanisms to achieve spatially and temporally regulated activity of ubiquitously expressed CP2 family transcriptional activators. Possible mechanisms regulating the cellular localization and transcriptional regulatory ability of CP2 family members were investigated by identification of nonrelated binding proteins. Yeast-2-hybrid analysis identified Ubc9, PIAS1 and FKBP4 as
CRTR-I binding proteins. Ubc9 and PIASl function as regulators of post-translational modification by sumoylation. These have been shown to regulate the cellular localization and transcriptional regulation of other transcription factors, and were shown here to interact with other mouse CP2 family members. In contrast the immunophilin FKBP4 was determined to be a CRTR-I specific binding protein suggesting that altemate mechanisms regulate CRTR-I and other family members. Identification of CP2 family member specific binding proteins suggest mechanisms for
independent regulation of CP2 family members through distinct cellular pathways. Finally, identification of the sumoylation enhancer PIAS3 and transcription factors Rexl and YYI as CRTR-I binding proteins provide further mechanisms for the regulation of CRTR-1 activity through the control of cellular localization, transcriptional regulation and promoter specificity and together suggest mechanisms for the regulation of CRTR-I activity through signaling pathways important for pluripotence and kidney development.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, 2003
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Wang, Huei-Yu, and 王蕙瑜. "Characterization of C. elegans cnx-1 and crt-1 in the Cell-Corpse Engulfment Process." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60259949942086071424.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
分子與細胞生物學研究所
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Calnexin and calreticulin are generally known as chaperons located in the ER. However, they are also involved in multiple functions other than chaperons. Overexpression of the cleavage product of calnexin in dying cells has been reported to inhibit apoptosis in mouse cells. On the other hand, calreticulin has been found on the cell surface in various mammalian cell cultures and acts as “eat-me signals” when cells undergo apoptosis. We provided the first in vivo evidence that the calnexin and calreticulin function in the engulfment of apoptotic cells in C. elegans. C. elegans calnexin and calreticulin are encoded by cnx-1 and crt-1, respectively. To examine their function in progressional cell death, we analyzed the cell-death phenotype in cnx-1 and crt-1 mutants. A significant increase of embryonic cell corpses were detected in the cnx-1; crt-1 double mutant strains while a milder increase of embryonic cell corpses were detected in their single mutant strains. This suggests that they may act on partially redundant pathways in the process. When cells undergo programmed cell death, cell corpses adopt a refractile and disc like structure. Using this morphological change as a cell death marker, we analyzed the death of the first 13 cells in the AB cell lineage of wild type and cnx-1; crt-1 mutant embryos. The 4D microscopic analysis revealed that cnx-1 and crt-1 mutations prolong cell-corpse duration time but do not affect the time when cells exhibit the death phenotype. This suggests that cnx-1 and crt-1 act in engulfment rather than in execution of apoptosis. Furthermore, from the result that cnx-1 and crt-1 can further increase the L1 persisting head cell corpse in both ced-1 and ced-5 mutants, we deduce that cnx-1 and crt-1 define a novel pathway parallel to the two classical ced-1, 6, 7 and ced-2, 5, 10 pathways. Finally, because cnx-1 can further increase the germ cell death in ced-1 mutant, and the phenotype can be rescued by introducing cnx-1::gfp into the cnx-1; ced-1 double mutants, we suggest that cnx-1 acts in the engulfing cells other than the dying cells during the engulfment process of germline apoptosis.
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Wang, Huei-Yu. "Characterization of C. elegans cnx-1 and crt-1 in the Cell-Corpse Engulfment Process." 2007. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0001-1107200717041400.
Full textBooks on the topic "CRTR-1"
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Saskatchewan. Government of Saskatchewan submission to Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission in response to telecom public notice CRTC 97-42: Service to high cost serving areas, May 1, 1998. Regina, Sask.]: Govt. of Saskatchewan, 1998.
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Barnes and Noble Visual Assrt. Crtn 1 of 9. John Wiley and Sons, 2000.
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Reference Method Accuracy and Precision (ReMAP): Phase 1 (CRTD Vol. 60). ASME Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.861653.
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Hsp. Harcourt School Publishers Math: Student Edition Practice For Crt Grade 1. HARCOURT SCHOOL PUBLISHERS, 2003.
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Staff, Houghton Mifflin Company. Houghton Mifflin the Nation's Choice California: I Love Reading Take Home Unit 3 Grade 1 Crte. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2001.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "CRTR-1"
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Bergerman, Maxim, Pavel Lyakhov, Nataliya Semyonova, Danil Bogaevskiy, and Dmitry Kaplun. "CRTf-Based Reverse Converter for RNS with Low-Cost Modules $$\{{2}^{n},{2}^{n}-1,{2}^{n+1}-1\}$$." In Mathematics and its Applications in New Computer Systems, 29–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97020-8_4.
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Merkely, Béla. "Permanent cardiac pacing in bradyarrhythmias: device coding." In ESC CardioMed, edited by Giuseppe Boriani, 1981–84. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0460.
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To describe different scopes of implantable pacemaker devices, a simple coding system is used. Most commonly, the first three or four letters of the pacing code are used. Letter 1 refers to the chamber(s) the pacemaker can pace: ‘A’ means atrial, ‘V’ means ventricular, while ‘D’ means dual atrial and ventricular pacing capabilities. Letter 2 refers to the chamber(s) of which the pacemaker can sense the electrical activity: ‘A’ means atrial, ‘V’ means ventricular, while ‘D’ means dual atrial and ventricular sensing properties. Single atrial or ventricular sensing/pacing is sometimes denoted as ‘S’. Letter 3 denotes the reaction of the pacemaker to a sensed event: ‘T’ means that a sensed event triggers the pacing activity of the device, ‘I’ means the inhibiting property of a sensed event to pacing the same chamber, while ‘D’ means combined triggered and inhibited functions. Letter 4 indicates the rate-responsive capabilities of the pacemaker, if any: ‘R’ shows that the pacemaker is a rate-responsive device. Following the first three or four letters, the ‘ICD’ label is used if the pacemaker is an implantable defibrillator. In case of cardiac resynchronization pacing, the abbreviation ‘CRT’ is applied: CRT-P for CRT pacemakers and CRT-D for CRT defibrillator devices.
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Chen, Shilei, Qiang Wang, Hengfei Zhang, Changwen Li, and Ling Zeng. "Evaluation of Multiple Satellite-Based Precipitation Products for the Rainfall-Runoff Simulation over a Typical Catchment of Southwest China." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde210292.
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Five non-real time satellite-based precipitation products (SPPs), including TMPA 3B42V7, CMORPH CRT, PERSIANN-CDR, GSMaP_MVK and GSMaP_Gauge, were evaluated over the Xijiang Basin. By driving XAJ model with each of the SPPs and gauge-based interpolation precipitation data to compare the hydrological responses at Wuzhou Station during the period of 2010–2017, this study also evaluated the applicability of these SPPs in rainfall-runoff simulation over the Xijaing Basin. The results showed that: (1) GSMaP_Gauge had highest accuracy, then are CMORPH CRT and TMPA 3B42V7, respectively, and finally are PERSIANN-CDR and GSMaP_MVK; (2) Among the five SPPs, CMORPH CRT, GSMaP_Gauge and TMPA-3B42 V7 have comparable performance in rainfall-runoff simulation, with NSE value lower than that generated by driving gauge-based interpolation precipitation and obviously higher than that of PERSIANN-CDR, and the uncorrected SPP, i.e., GSMaP_MVK, performs worst because of large systematic errors.
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"Chapter 1. Eye-tracking: facts and figures." In THE GAZE OF SCHROEDINGER’S CAT: EYE-TRACKING IN PSYCHOLINGUISTICS, 15–44. St. Petersburg State University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288059292.03.
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In chapter 1 we describe the method of eye-tracking and how the interest to studying eye movements developed in time. We describe how modern eye-tracking devices work, including several most commonly used in cognitive research (SR-Research, SMI, Tobii). We also give some general information about eye movement parameters during reading and a brief over- view of main models of eye movement control in reading (SWIFT, E-Z Reader). These models take into account a significant amount of empirical data and simulate the interaction of oculo- motor and cognitive processes involved in reading. Differences between the models, as well as different interpretations allowed within the same model, reflect the complexity of reading and the ongoing discussion about the processes involved in it. The section ends up with the pros and cons of using LCD and CRT displays in eye-tracking studies.
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Fulcher, John. "User Interface Issues in Multimedia." In Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking, Second Edition, 1493–98. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-014-1.ch201.
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Much has changed in computer interfacing since the early days of computing—or has it? Admittedly, gone are the days of punched cards and/or paper tape readers as input devices; likewise, monitors (displays) have superseded printers as the primary output device. Nevertheless, the QWERTY keyboard shows little sign of falling into disuse—this is essentially the same input device as those used on the earliest (electromechanical) TeleTYpewriters, in which the “worst” key layout was deliberately chosen to slow down user input (i.e., fast typists). The three major advances since the 1950s have been (1) the rise of low cost (commodity off-theshelf) CRT monitors in the 1960s (and in more recent times, LCD ones), (2) the replacement of (text-based) command line interfaces with graphical user interfaces in the 1980s, and (3) the rise of the Internet/World Wide Web during the 1990s. In recent times, while speech recognition (and synthesis) has made some inroads (i.e., McTeal, 2002; O’Shaughnessy, 2003), the QWERTY keyboard and mouse remain the dominant input modalities.
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Markose, Sheri M., Bewaji Oluwasegun, and Simone Giansante. "Multi-Agent Financial Network (MAFN) Model of US Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDO)." In Simulation in Computational Finance and Economics, 225–54. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2011-7.ch012.
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A database driven multi-agent model has been developed with automated access to US bank level FDIC Call Reports that yield data on balance sheet and off balance sheet activity, respectively, in Residential Mortgage Backed Securities (RMBS) and Credit Default Swaps (CDS). The simultaneous accumulation of RMBS assets on US banks’ balance sheets and also large counterparty exposures from CDS positions characterized the $2 trillion Collateralized Debt Obligation (CDO) market. The latter imploded at the end of 2007 with large scale systemic risk consequences. Based on US FDIC bank data, that could have been available to the regulator at the time, the authors investigate how a CDS negative carry trade combined with incentives provided by Basel II and its precursor in the US, the Joint Agencies Rule 66 Federal Regulation No. 56914, which became effective on January 1, 2002, on synthetic securitization and Credit Risk Transfer (CRT), led to the unsustainable trends and systemic risk. The resultant market structure with heavy concentration in CDS activity involving 5 US banks can be shown to present too interconnected to fail systemic risk outcomes. The simulation package can generate the financial network of obligations of the US banks in the CDS market. The authors aim to show how such a Multi-Agent Financial Network (MAFN) model is well suited to monitor bank activity and to stress test policy for perverse incentives on an ongoing basis.
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Cohen, Michael, and Elizabeth M. Wenzel. "The Design of Multidimensional Sound Interfaces." In Virtual Environments and Advanced Interface Design. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195075557.003.0017.
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Early computer terminals allowed only textual I/O. Because the user read and wrote vectors of character strings, this mode of I/O (character-based user interface, or “CUI”) could be thought of as one-dimensional, 1D. As terminal technology improved, users could manipulate graphical objects (via a graphical user interface, or “GUI”) in 2D. Although the I/O was no longer unidimensional, it was still limited to the planar dimensionality of a CRT or tablet. Now there exist 3D spatial pointers and 3D graphics devices; this latest phase of I/O devices (Blattner, 1992; Blattner and Dannenberg, 1992; Robinett, 1992) approaches the way that people deal with “the real world.” 3D audio (in which the sound has a spatial attribute, originating, virtually or actually, from an arbitrary point with respect to the listener) and more exotic spatial I/O modalities are under development. The evolution of I/O devices can be roughly grouped into generations that also correspond to the number of dimensions. Representative instances of each technology are shown in Table 8-1. This chapter focuses on the italicized entries in the third-generation aural sector. Audio alarms and signals of various types have been with us since long before there were computers, but even though music and visual arts are considered sibling muses, a disparity exists between the exploitation of sound and graphics in interfaces. (Most people think that it would be easier to be hearing- than sight-impaired, even though the incidence of disability-related cultural isolation is higher among the deaf than the blind.) For whatever reasons, the development of user interfaces has historically been focused more on visual modes than aural. This imbalance is especially striking in view of the increasing availability of sound in current technology platforms. Sound is frequently included and utilized to the limits of its availability or affordability in personal computers. However, computer-aided exploitation of audio bandwidth is only beginning to rival that of graphics. General sound capability is slowly being woven into the fabric of applications. Indeed, some of these programs are inherently dependent on sound—voicemail, or voice annotation to electronic mail, teleconferencing, audio archiving—while other applications use sound to complement their underlying functionality.
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Pournelle, Jerry. "The Ten Best Tools and Peripherals You Didn’t Know About." In 1001 Computer Words You Need to Know. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195167757.003.0016.
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1. Flat-panel monitors—OK, you not only know about flatpanel monitors, you’ve longed for one for years. But if you haven’t checked the prices recently, check again—this may be the time to buy. These monitors are now brighter, sharper, and clearer than ever. A 17-, 19-, even a 20-inch display has become more affordable, especially as part of a new computer system. With no border inside the frame, you see much more display area than with a CRT that boasts the same screen size. Some can even be rotated between portrait and landscape views. In the bargain, flat-panel monitors weigh less, emit fewer UV rays, use less electricity, and generate far less heat.They really are cool! 2. Multifunction printers—MFPs (multi-function printers), or all-in-ones, actually do do it all: print, copy, scan, and (usually) fax. Conventional wisdom cautions against hardware that performs more than one function, on the theory that if one part fails the whole thing goes south. But modern MFPs are solid and reliable. And they’re vastly more simple to set up and use than four separate machines (think software, wires, and space). Laser MFPs usually print, copy, and fax in black and white but scan in color. Ink-jet models do everything in color. Ink jets are initially less expensive, but if you factor in the cost of rapidly consumed color cartridges, laser is cheaper in the long run— especially if your primary output is text. 3. Photo printers—On the other hand, specialized ink-jet photo printers, which make it a breeze to print color images from your digital camera, are growing more and more popular. Some of them are flexible enough to print directly—not only from digital cameras but from memory cards and wireless devices, like PDAs and camera phones. Others connect through your PC. Some even allow you to print labels and photos onto special CDs! But primarily, you are freed to print stunningly clear, professional-looking, borderless pictures without leaving home. See brands from, among others, Epson, Canon, and Hewlett Packard.
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"FIG. 1.8. The subject’s response console for (A) SRT, (B) CRT, (C) DRT (odd man out). The black dot in the lower center of each panel represents the home button. The open circles, 6 inches from the home button, are green, underlighted translucent push-buttons. In the SRT and CRT conditions (i.e., A and B), only one button lights up on each trial; on the DRT task, three buttons light up simultaneously on each trial, with unequal distances between them (shown in C), the remotest button from the other two being the odd man out, which the subject must touch. The response console is 13 in. by 17 in., painted flat black, and tilted at a 30° angle. At the lower center is the home button (black, 1 in. diameter), which the subject depresses with the index finger while waiting for the reaction stimulus. The small circles represent translucent pushbuttons (green, ½ in. diameter, each at a distance of 6 in. from the home button); each button can be lighted independently. Touching a lighted button turns off the light. A test trial begins with the subject depressing the home button (black dot); 1 sec. Later, a preparatory stimulus (beep) of 1 sec. duration occurs; then, after a 1 to 4 sec. random interval, one of the translucent buttons lights up, whereupon the subject’s index finger leaves the home button and touches the lighted button. RT is the interval between a light-button going on and the subject’s lifting the index finger from the home button; MT is the interval between releasing the home button and touching the underlighted button." In Intelligence and Personality, 32–33. Psychology Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781410604415-12.
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"A: Sbe el poaw ra r te o^ d d se b rv eiacm es zone p sh ro owing normal services 601 f Gumh (Du vcitssiosn erve 500m* floor) s \ VAV Box S fo prac se erv av ic aei * la ble dDeu te crtm de in petsh but not required service void depth B: U n se l c ti or tmm io aantegc re aapta ly ci teyxcoefl provision eds C: T -a pUelr ti mpa ro te fi lce apacity of section comparable with normal provision Efficient use of the primary F ig -1 distribution zone Typical zoning of the office floor using Fig. 2 taper beams ( perspective)." In Composite Steel Structures, 100–101. CRC Press, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286359-20.
Full textConference papers on the topic "CRTR-1"
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Bellocq, Pablo, Inaki Garmendia, Jordane Legrand, and Vishal Sethi. "Preliminary Design and Performance of Counter Rotating Turbines for Open Rotors: Part II — 0-D Methodology and Case Study for a 160 PAX Aircraft." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-57921.
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Direct Drive Open Rotors (DDORs) have the potential to significantly reduce fuel consumption and emissions relative to conventional turbofans. However, this engine architecture presents many design and operational challenges both at engine and aircraft level. At preliminary design stages, a broad design space exploration is required to identify potential optimum design regions and to understand the main trade offs of this novel engine architecture. These assessments may also aid the development process when compromises need to be performed as a consequence of design, operational or regulatory constraints. Design space exploration assessments are done with 0-D or 1-D models for computational purposes. These simplified 0-D and 1-D models have to capture the impact of the independent variation of the main design and control variables of the engine. Historically, it appears that for preliminary design studies of DDORs, Counter Rotating Turbines (CRTs) have been modelled as conventional turbines and therefore it was not possible to assess the impact of the variation of the number of stages (Nb) of the CRT and rotational speed of the propellers. Additionally, no preliminary design methodology for CRTs was found in the public domain. Part I of this two-part publication proposes a 1-D preliminary design methodology for DDOR CRTs which allows an independent definition of both parts of the CRT. A method for calculating the off-design performance of a known CRT design is also described. In Part II, a 0-D design point efficiency calculation for CRTs is proposed and verified with the 1-D methods. The 1-D and 0-D CRT models were used in an engine control and design space exploration case study of a DDOR with a 4.26m diameter an 10% clipped propeller for a 160 PAX aircraft. For this application: • the design and performance of a 20 stage CRT rotating at 860 rpm (both drums) obtained with the 1-D methods is presented. • differently from geared open rotors, negligible cruise fuel savings can be achieved by an advanced propeller control. • for rotational speeds between 750 and 880 rpm (relatively low speeds for reduced noise), 22 and 20 stages CRTs are required. • engine weight can be kept constant for different design rotational speeds by using the minimum required Nb. • for any target engine weight, TOC and cruise SFC are reduced by reducing the rotational speeds and increasing Nb (also favourable for reducing CRP noise). However additional CRT stages increase engine drag, mechanical complexity and cost.
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Bellocq, Pablo, Inaki Garmendia, Jordane Legrand, and Vishal Sethi. "Preliminary Design and Performance of Counter Rotating Turbines for Open Rotors: Part I — 1-D Methodology." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-57918.
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Direct Drive Open Rotors (DDORs) have the potential to significantly reduce fuel consumption and emissions relative to conventional turbofans. However, this engine architecture presents many design and operational challenges both at engine and aircraft level. At preliminary design stages, a broad design space exploration is required to identify potential optimum design regions and to understand the main trade offs of this novel engine architecture. These assessments may also aid the development process when compromises need to be performed as a consequence of design, operational or regulatory constraints. Design space exploration assessments are done with 0-D or 1-D models for computational purposes. These simplified 0-D and 1-D models have to capture the impact of the independent variation of the main design and control variables of the engine. Historically, it appears that for preliminary design studies of DDORS, Counter Rotating Turbines (CRTs) have been modeled as conventional turbines and therefore it was not possible to assess the impact of the variation of the number of stages (Nb) and rotational speed of the propellers. Additionally, no preliminary design methodology for CRTs was found in the public domain. Part I of this two-part publication proposes a 1-D preliminary design methodology for DDOR CRTs. It allows an independent definition of the Nb, rotational speeds of both parts of the CRT, inlet flow conditions, inlet and outlet annulus geometry as well as power extraction. It includes criteria and procedures to calculate: power extraction in each stage, gas path geometry, blade metal angles, flow conditions at each turbine plane and overall CRT efficiency. The feasible torque ratios of a CRT are discussed in this paper. A form factor for the CRT velocity triangles is defined (similar to stage reaction on conventional turbines) and its impact on performance and blade design is discussed. A method for calculating the off-design performance of a CRT is also described in Part I. In Part II, a 0-D design point (DP) efficiency calculation for CRTs is proposed as well as a case study of a DDOR for a 160 PAX aircraft. In the case study, three main aspects are investigated: A) the design and performance of a 20 stage CRT for the DDOR application; B) the impact of the control of the propellers on cruise specific fuel consumption, C) the impact of the design rotational speeds and Nb of the CRT on its DP efficiency, engine fuel consumption and engine weight.
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Molahosseini, Amir Sabbagh, and Keivan Navi. "A Reverse Converter for the Enhanced Moduli Set {2n-1, 2n+1, 22n, 22n+1-1} Using CRT and MRC." In 2010 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isvlsi.2010.105.
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Clark, Raoul. "Florida’s Strategy for the Management of End-of-Life Computers, CRTs and Other Electronic Equipment." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1187.
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Abstract Recent estimates suggest that 160,000 computers will be discarded into Florida landfills in 1999, and that by 2005, this number could increase to 420,000 computers landfilled. Similarly, televisions discarded in Florida landfills may increase from 1,040,000 in 1999 to 1,200,000 in 2005. The cathode ray tubes (CRTs) in this equipment pose a major health concern, because of their lead content. Obviously, a well-planned strategy is required for managing discarded CRTs. The strategy proposed here includes (1) specifying the regulatory framework to allow CRTs to exit the hazardous waste stream in certain cases; (2) promoting the recycling infrastructure by reimbursing some costs with state funds; (3) evaluating collection strategies and other management options through pilot programs; and (4) developing a state electronics recycling contract, possibly like the state fluorescent lamp recycling contract.
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Mileshin, Victor, Igor Brailko, Alexander Stepanov, and Vladimir Korzhnev. "Numerical and Experimental Investigations of Steady and Unsteady Characteristics of a Counter Rotating Fan Model With Thickened Blades of Working Wheel." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-69734.
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Under VITAL Project funded by the European Community, Snecma as a project leader developed a counter rotating low-speed fan concept for a high bypass ratio engine [1–4]. At first, a counter rotating fan model (hereinafter referred to as CRTF1) with solid titanium blades was designed, manufactured and tested in CIAM’s C-3A anechoic chamber. The CRTF1 fan model had blades with a conventional thickness distribution in order to provide optimal mechanical properties and weight characteristics [1, 2]. To simulate blades made of composite materials, CRTF2a [3] and CRTF2b [4] counter-rotating fan models were designed with thickened blades (by 20–40%) as compared with the CRTF1 fan model to ensure mechanical properties. The CRTF2a counter-rotating fan model with thickened blades to simulate blades made of a composite material was tested in CIAM’s C-3A anechoic chamber. Fan local and integral performances within rotational speeds from ncor = 40% to ncor = 100% were measured. The numerical investigations were based on 3DFS software package developed for RANS and URANS solutions. The solution procedure is based on a modified S.K. Godunov’s scheme of implicit finite-difference second-order approximation [5]. The numerical investigations were subdivided into three stages corresponding to various problem definitions. Numerical investigations at the first stage and second stages were carried out without flow nonuniformity at the CRTF inlet. The first stage meets the requirements of the stationary problem definition. CRTF performances at this stage were calculated in the “mixing plane” approximation and compared with test data. Numerical investigations at the second stage were completed for non-stationary problem definition without flow nonuniformity at the inlet (the same as at the first stage). Calculations at this stage were carried out for the problem definition with a common period corresponding to calculations covering 5 blade channels in Rotor 1 (R1) and 7 blade channels in Rotor 2 (R2). Results of non-stationary calculations at the second stage were in good agreement with computed data at the first stage (the stationary calculation). The third stage of numerical investigations was in line with the numerical simulation of CRTF operation with total pressure nonuniformity at the inlet. At this stage the numerical investigations were carried out for non-stationary problem definition for all blade channels in Rotor 1 and Rotor 2 (10 and 14, respectively). The computed data were in good agreement with test results for CRTF integral characteristics as well as for local flow characteristics at the CRTF outlet (instantaneous and averaged by time values of flow parameters distributed in radial and circumferential directions).
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Subbarao, Rayapati, and M. Govardhan. "Identification of Wake Convection and Flow Outline in the Interface Region of Blade Rows With Axial Gap in a Counter Rotating Turbine." In ASME 2019 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2019-2634.
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Abstract In a Counter Rotating Turbine (CRT), the stationary nozzle is trailed by two rotors that rotate in the opposite direction to each other. Flow in a CRT stage is multifaceted and more three dimensional, especially, in the gap between nozzle and rotor 1 as well as rotor 1 and rotor 2. By varying this gap between the blade rows, the flow and wake pattern can be changed favorably and may lead to improved performance. Present work analyzes the aspect of change in flow field through the interface, especially the wake pattern and deviation in flow with change in spacing. The components of turbine stage are modeled for different gaps between the components using ANSYS® ICEM CFD 14.0. Normalized flow rates ranging from 0.091 to 0.137 are used. The 15, 30, 50 and 70% of the average axial chords are taken as axial gaps in the present analysis. CFX 14.0 is used for simulation. At nozzle inlet, stagnation pressure boundary condition is used. At the turbine stage or rotor 2 outlet, mass flow rate is specified. Pressure distribution contours at the outlets of the blade rows describe the flow pattern clearly in the interface region. Wake strength at nozzle outlet is more for the lowest gap. At rotor 1 outlet, it is less for x/a = 0.3 and increases with gap. Incidence angles at the inlets of rotors are less for the smaller gaps. Deviation angle at the outlet of rotor 1 is also considered, as rotor 1-rotor 2 interaction is more significant in CRT. Deviation angle at rotor 1 outlet is minimum for this gap. Also, for the intermediate mass flow rate of 0.108, x/a = 0.3 is giving more stage performance. This suggests that at certain axial gap, there is better wake convection and flow outline, when compared to other gap cases. Further, it is identified that for the axial gap of x/a = 0.3 and the mean mass flow rate of 0.108, the performance of CRT is maximum. It is clear that the flow pattern at the interface is changing the incidence and deviation with change in axial gap and flow rate. This study is useful for the gas turbine community to identify the flow rates and gaps at which any CRT stage would perform better.
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Subbarao, Rayapati, and M. Govardhan. "Studies on the Outline of Flow Improvement With Speed Ratio in a Counter Rotating Turbine." In ASME 2019 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2019-2636.
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Abstract Flow through the Counter Rotating Turbine (CRT) stage is more complex due to the presence of two rotors that rotate in the opposite direction, the spacing between them and the tip clearance provided on rotors. This flow aspect may change, if we change the parameters like speed, spacing and blade angles. Current effort contains simulation studies on the flow topology of CRT through dissimilar speed ratios in the range of 0.85–1.17. CRT components stator and the rotors are modelled. At nozzle inlet, stagnation pressure boundary condition is used. At the turbine stage or rotor 2 outlet, mass flow rate is specified. Skin friction lines are drawn on rotor 1 as well as rotor 2 on all over the blade. Not much variation of skin friction lines is witnessed in rotor 1 on the pressure side with exception to the position of the separation line close to leading edge. On suction side, skin friction lines are more uniform when the speed ratio is greater than 1. Skin friction lines on rotor 2 pressure surface show the presence of re-attachment lines. The position of the nodal point of separation near the hub remained same, but the strength is decreasing with speed ratio. On rotor 2 suction side, near the tip, all along the stream wise direction, line of re-attachment is observed that spreads from leading edge to trailing edge, whose strength is varying with speed ratio. Near the hub as well, line of re-attachment is observed, which is of more intensity in lower speed ratios. For the same region in rotor 1, there is proper reattachment as nodes are observed instead of lines, suggesting that more improved flow is occurring in rotor 1 than rotor 2. Thus, the present paper identifies the flow modification with speed ratio in a counter rotating turbine. Also, effort is made to see the consequence of flow change on the output of CRT.
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Kanesaka, Hiroshi, Haruo Yoshiki, Toshi Tanaka, and Kishiro Akiba. "Some Proposals to Low-Emission, High-Specific-Power Diesel Engine Equipped with CRT (*1)." In SAE 2001 World Congress. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-1256.
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Bankas, Edem Kwedzo, Kazeem Alagbe Gbolagade, and Sorin Dan Cotofana. "An effective New CRT based reverse converter for a novel moduli set {22n+1 − 1, 22n+1, 22n − 1}." In 2013 IEEE 24th International Conference on Application-specific Systems, Architectures and Processors (ASAP). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asap.2013.6567567.
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Murphey, Corey L., Jonathan Wong, and Ellen Kuhl. "Computational Simulation of Biventricular Pacing in an Asymptomatic Human Heart." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53110.
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Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) through biventricular stimulation was first used in the early 1990s as a treatment option for patients with systolic heart failure, intraventricular conduction delay, and other cardiac arrhythmias [1]. CRT, also known as biventricular pacing (BiVP), is an alternative to right ventricular stimulation, which induces dyssynchronous ventricular contraction. In BiVP, three pacing leads are usually placed on the myocardium of the right atrium, the right ventricle, and the left ventricle in the distal cardiac vein. Because there are no standardized loci for lead placement in BiVP, physicians rely on trial and error when inserting pacemaker leads and use electrocardiograms (ECG) to determine the effectiveness of the BiVP lead placement. The ECG measures the electrical conduction, contraction pacing, and projections of the anatomy of the myocardium. Abnormalities in the sinusoidal waves of the ECG reveal problems. Therefore, the ECG can depict a quantitative representation of the effectiveness of biventricular pacing lead placement.