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Journal articles on the topic 'Crowning gear'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Zhang, Fang You, Xi Jie Tian, Huan Yong Cui, and Tai Ran Liu. "The Method of Accurate Variable Curvature Crowning of Involute Straight Bevel Gear." Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (June 2013): 1705–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.1705.

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Involute straight bevel gear pair often appears the phenomenons of meshing interference, impact and "end contact" in the course of meshing. Usually, symmetrical crowning is adopted to improve above phenomenons, however, due to the influence of complicated tooth loads and other complicated factors, the symmetrical crowned gear may not reach a good modification effect. In this paper, we adopt target variable curvature crowning according to the specific conditions of bevel gears in order to obtain good modification effect, nevertheless, because of the complexity of the variable curvature crowning, the conventional method of using space spherical involute stretch and sweep standard gear model to remove tooth surface materials has been unable to meet the accurate requirements of the variable curvature crowned model, at the same time, this method can not realize parametric modeling of modification bevel gear. Therefore, this paper puts forward an easy to realize parametric modeling method of accurate variable curvature crowning for involute straight bevel gear based on ANSYS/LS-DYNA, Imageware, Matlab and Solidworks. This method can realize the accurate modeling for variable curvature crowned involute straight bevel gear and ensure the accuracy of modification gears and follow-up finite element simulation, meanwhile, it provides theoretical basis for parametric modeling of variable curvature crowned involute straight bevel gear. Finally, the superiority of variable curvature crowning is tested through numerical simulation under specific conditions.

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2

Wei, Yan Gang, and Wu Chu Tang. "The Edge Effect and Longitudinal Modification of Involute Gear Drive Used in Automobile." Applied Mechanics and Materials 367 (August 2013): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.367.136.

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Via combining parameterized modeling function of Pro/E with gear mesh principle, the accurate 3-D crowning modification models of involute gears used in automobile are made. The edge effect in meshing process of the gear pair is validated by finite element method. The longitudinal corrections of a gear pair are designed combining crowning technology of roller bearings with the characteristic of gear mesh and using gear mesh principle and contact mechanics theory. Then it is testified by FEA that the maximum stresses of the gears can be reduced effectively since longitudinal correction can avoid the edge effect in the meshing process of the gear pair.

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3

Liu, Siyuan, Chaosheng Song, Caichao Zhu, and Qi Fan. "Concave modifications of tooth surfaces of beveloid gears with crossed axes." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 4 (April 4, 2018): 1411–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406218768842.

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The mathematical models of the beveloid gear surfaces with different scenarios of combinations of profile concave modification and lead crowning are derived. Four schemes of modifications were proposed for beveloid gears with crossed axes. Tooth contact analysis is developed to study the influences of different schemes of concave modifications on the mesh behaviors including film thickness, transmission errors, contact ratio, root stresses, and contact patterns. Comparison of the contact characteristics of a beveloid gear drive with and without concave modifications is conducted. The results show that all the concave modification schemes can increase the area of contact patterns and decrease the maximum value of contact stresses, while the minimum film thickness can be increased. For the scheme i.e. the pinion with profile crowning modification and gear with profile concave modification, the contact ratio increases firstly then decreases to a relative lower value. Also, the root stresses are increased obviously. For the scheme for pinion without modification and gear with lead concave modification and the scheme for both pinion and gear with lead concave modification, the transmission errors are decreased slightly. The scheme for the pinion with combined crowning modification and gear with combined concave modification shows the largest improvement for the mesh behaviors in terms of the transmission errors and contact patterns where an almost contact condition can be found for the crossed beveloid gear pair.

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4

Pazyak, A. A., and V. N. Syzrantsev. "LONGITUDINAL CROWNING OF THE GEAR TOOTH SURFACE OF STRAIGHT BEVEL GEARS WITH A SMALL SHAFT ANGLE WITHNON-GENERATED GEAR AND GENERATED PINION." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 3 (July 1, 2016): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2016-3-122-129.

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The aim of this thesis is to develop computer program shows generating process of the longitudinal-crowned gear for straight bevel gears with a small shaft angle with non-generated gear and generated pinion. The purpose of computer program is the simulation of meshing and contact of the gear tooth surface with longitudinal crowning and straight pinion tooth surface with localized bearing contact.

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5

Tran, Van The, Ruei Hung Hsu, and Chung Biau Tsay. "A Methodology for Longitudinal Tooth Flank Crowning of the Helical Gear on a CNC Honing Machine." Advanced Materials Research 1091 (February 2015): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1091.53.

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The gear honing is the most economical way for hard finishing an involute helical gear after hobbing and heat treatment or after shaving and heat treatment. The gear honing can also be applied to the modification of gear tooth surfaces to compensate for the distortions that occur during heat treatment process. Most published papers on the technology of gear honing describes on the principle of generated gear surface. However, the longitudinal tooth flank crowning of a helical gear with honing has not been investigated yet. Therefore, in this paper, we proposed a novel method for longitudinal tooth flank crowning of work gear surfaces by setting a crossed angle between the honing cutter and work gear axes as a linear function of honing cutter's traverse feed in the honing process. A mathematical model for the tooth profile of work gear honed by a standard honing cutter is also established. Three numeral examples are presented to illustrate and verify the merits of the proposed gear honing method in longitudinal crowning.

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6

Simon, V. "Optimal Tooth Modifications for Spur and Helical Gears." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 111, no. 4 (December 1, 1989): 611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3259044.

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A method for the simultaneous calculation of optimal tooth tip relief and tooth crowning for spur and helical gears is presented in this paper. The tooth profile modification is described by a linear function. Two types of crowning are introduced: linear and parabolic. The optimization of the tooth modifications is based on the following conditions: (1) The teeth are entering in mesh smoothly, without interference. (2) The load distribution factor is minimized. A computer program is developed for the calculation of the optimal tooth tip relief and crowning for spur and helical gears. By using this program the influence of type and length of optimal crowning and length of tooth tip relief on load distribution factor is investigated. Also, the influence of gear parameters on optimal tooth profile modification is discussed. On the basis of the obtained results, by regression analysis an equation is derived for the calculation of the optimal tooth tip relief.

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7

Tran, Van-The. "Generation of a double-crowned involute helical gear with twist-free tooth flanks by a CNC hobbing machine with three synchronous axes." Vietnam Journal of Mechanics 39, no. 2 (June 21, 2017): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7136/8005.

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In the conventional hobbing process, a double-crowned involute helical gear is generated by the hob cutter with parabolic-curve tooth profiles for the cross-profile crowning and varied the center distance between the hob and work gear for the longitudinal crowning. Therefore, to cut a double-crowned helical gear not only requires at least four synchronous axes and hob cutter regrinding (which increases production costs) but also induces twisted tooth flanks on the generated work gear. In this paper, I propose a hobbing method by applying a modified work gear rotation angle that enables double-crowning of involute helical gear's tooth flanks using a standard hob cutter and a computer numerical control (CNC) hobbing machine with only three synchronous axes. The proposed method has also verified by using two computer simulation examples to compare the meshing-conditions, contact ellipses, and transmission errors of the double-crowned gear pairs with that produced by applying the conventional hobbing method. Computer simulation results reveal the advantages of the proposed novel hobbing method.

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8

Wu, Yu Ren, and Van The Tran. "Lead Crowning and Anti-Twist for Tooth Flank of a Heat Treated Helical Gear on Internal CNC Honing Machine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 799-800 (October 2015): 554–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.799-800.554.

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The internal gear honing is more popular than the external gear honing by its advantages such as higher contact surface and easier correct profile errors. It is usually applied for modifying the gear surface to compensate for the distortions after heat treatment process. However, the lead crowning and anti-twist tooth flank of a helical gear on internal CNC gear honing has not studied yet. Therefore, a novel method for lead crowning tooth flank of work gear surfaces is proposed by using a linear swivel angle function of the honing wheel and a variable pressure angle (VPA) honing wheel is also applied for anti-twist of the crowned tooth flank in honing process.

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9

Feng, P. H., F. L. Litvin, D. P. Townsend, and R. F. Handschuh. "Determination of Principal Curvatures and Contact Ellipse for Profile Crowned Helical Gears." Journal of Mechanical Design 121, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2829410.

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Helical gears with localized bearing contact of tooth surfaces achieved by profile crowning of tooth surfaces are considered. Profile crowning is provided by application of two imaginary rack-cutters with mismatched surfaces. The goal is to determine the dimensions and orientation of the instantaneous contact ellipse that requires the determination of principle curvatures of pinion-gear tooth surfaces. A simplified solution to this problem is proposed based on the approach developed in [1, 2] for correlation of principal curvatures and directions of generating and generated tooth surfaces. The obtained equations are applied for profile crowning where the normal profiles of the rack-cutters are either a circular arc or a straight line.

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10

Jiao, Ji Song, and Xue Mei Cao. "Generation and TCA of Straight Bevel Gear Drive with Modified Geometry." Applied Mechanics and Materials 86 (August 2011): 403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.86.403.

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In order to reduce the sensitivity of straight bevel gear drives to misalignment, a new geometry of such gear drives is proposed in longitudinal direction. Point contact instead of line contact of tooth surfaces is achieved by longitudinal crowning of pinion tooth surface. The tooth surface modeling and tooth contact analysis (TCA) of straight bevel gear drives have been established. TCA program of a pair of straight bevel gears was performed in MATLAB and tooth bearing contact and transmission errors were obtained.

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11

Hsu, Ruei-Hung, and Chi-Wen Han. "Study on Crowning of helical gear shaved by CNC shaving machine with three synchronous axes." MATEC Web of Conferences 293 (2019): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929301004.

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Gear Shaving is the most efficient and economical ways to finish gears before heat treatment. The workpiece after shaving operation can reduce the running noise, which often used in the automobile industry. In this paper, we propose a mathematical model of a CNC shaving machine with multi-synchronous axes. The proposed mathematical model can be used to calculate the crowning tooth surface of the gear in parallel-shaving process.

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12

Chen, Y.-C., and C.-B. Tsay. "Bearing contact of a helical gear pair with involute teeth pinion and modified circular-arc teeth gear." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 215, no. 10 (October 1, 2001): 1175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095440620121500104.

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This paper investigates the contact ellipse of a helical gear set, composed of an involute pinion and a modified circular-arc gear based on curvature analysis. This gear drive exhibits point contact and parabolic transmission error due to the double crowning effect of the gear, i.e. crowning in both profile and longitudinal directions. The principal directions and curvatures of the generating tool surfaces were derived by means of differential geometry and Rodrigues’ equation. The principal directions and curvatures of the pinion and gear surfaces were obtained directly from the generating surfaces. Finally, the determination of the contact ellipses of the mating tooth surfaces was achieved. Numerical examples are also provided to demonstrate the computational results.

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13

Litvin, F. L., D. Vecchiato, A. Demenego, E. Karedes, B. Hansen, and R. Handschuh. "Design of One Stage Planetary Gear Train With Improved Conditions of Load Distribution and Reduced Transmission Errors." Journal of Mechanical Design 124, no. 4 (November 26, 2002): 745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1515797.

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The authors propose an approach for the design of one-stage planetary gear train with reduced transmission errors, localized bearing contact and improved conditions of distribution of load between the planetary gears. The planetary gear train is considered as a multi-body mechanical system of rigid bodies. The proposed approach is based: (i) on modification of geometry of gear tooth surfaces, and (ii) minimization and equalization of the backlash between the contacting gear tooth surfaces. The modification of geometry is accomplished: (i) by double-crowning of planetary gears, and (ii) by application of screw involute surfaces of the same direction of screws for the sun and the ring gears. The proposed geometry enables: (i) predesign of parabolic function of transmission errors for reduction of noise and vibration, and (ii) a simple method of regulation and equalization of the backlash between the gear tooth.

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14

Chen, Si Yu, Jin Yuan Tang, and C. W. Luo. "Effects of the Gear Tooth Modification on the Nonlinear Dynamics of Gear Transmission System." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 2764–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.2764.

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The effects of tooth modification on the nonlinear dynamic behaviors are studied in this paper. Firstly, the static transmission error under load combined with misalignment error and modification are deduced. These effects can be introduced directly in the meshing stiffness and static transmission error models. Then the effect of two different type of tooth modification combined with misalignment error on the dynamic responses are investigated by using numerical simulation method. The numerical results show that the misalignment error has a significant effect on the static transmission error. The tooth crowning modification is generally preferred for absorbing the misalignment error by comparing with the tip and root relief. The tip and root relief can not resolve the vibration problem induced by misalignment error but the crowning modification can reduce the vibration significantly.

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15

Hsu, Ruei-Hung, Yu-Ren Wu, and Van-The Tran. "Manufacturing helical gears with double-crowning and twist-free tooth flanks using a variable pressure angle shaving cutter." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 233, no. 1 (July 18, 2017): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405417718590.

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For a parallel gear shaving process, the tooth flanks of a shaved work gear surface are longitudinally crowned using an auxiliary crowning mechanism. However, the flanks are only crowned in the longitudinal direction and not in the cross-profile direction so there is a natural twist on the shaved work gear surfaces. A new shaving method for double-crowning that has no natural twist in the tooth flanks on the work gear surfaces is proposed, which uses a variable pressure angle shaving cutter in a parallel gear shaving process. Three numerical examples are presented to verify the merits of the proposed shaving method. The tooth flanks are crowned in both the cross-profile and the longitudinal directions, and natural twists in the shaved tooth flanks are reduced significantly.

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16

Pop, Nicolae, Spiridon Cretu, and Ana Tufescu. "Non Hertzian Contact Model for Tooth Contact Analysis of Spur Gear with Lead Crowning." Applied Mechanics and Materials 658 (October 2014): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.658.351.

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The behavior of the contact surfaces between the gear teeth has a significant influence on the gear service properties. An analytical research concerning this behavior by considering a non Hertzian model was developed. A mathematical model of the surfaces of the teeth flanks for modified involute spur gears with crowning and relieving was presented. The pressure distribution, displacement and contact surfaces were analyzed, on considering the load, material characteristics and geometry of the contact surfaces and using a numerical method.

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17

Guilbault, Raynald, Claude Gosselin, and Louis Cloutier. "Helical Gears, Effects of Tooth Deviations and Tooth Modifications on Load Sharing and Fillet Stresses." Journal of Mechanical Design 128, no. 2 (May 26, 2005): 444–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2167650.

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Based on a few specific cases, this paper presents a comparative investigation of the effect of helix slope and form deviation tolerances as specified by grades 5 and 7 of the ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328-1 Standard for Cylindrical Gears. In addition, the consequences of longitudinal flank crowning and radial tip relief modifications are investigated, as applied on a misaligned helical gear set. For all simulations, the express model (Guilbault et al., 2005, ASME J. Mech. Des., 127(6), pp. 1161–1172) is employed. The bending deflection and fillet stresses are obtained from a combination of finite strip and finite difference meshes. The rolling-sliding motion of mating gear teeth is modeled with a cell discretization of the contact area, which offers fast and accurate results. Similar contact conditions arise from a helix slope deviation or a misalignment of the gear set: the first contact point is driven to a theoretical contact line endpoint. Such a condition produces a localized, and clearly impaired, contact area subject to overloading. Consequently, flank crowning and tip relief corrections must be carefully regarded in the design process. The presented results highlight that, if improperly combined, profile modifications can amplify the overloading condition.

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18

Jin, Ting Ting, Jiu Gen Wang, Shou Song Jin, and Zhen Rong Wang. "Contact between Logarithmic Crowned Teeth of Spur Gear Transmission." Applied Mechanics and Materials 740 (March 2015): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.740.69.

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Gear tooth modification such as lead crowning can reduce stress concentration at the edges of the gear teeth; therefore prolong the fatigue life of gears. A logarithmical lead profile was applied on spur gears and the surface coordinate equation of logarithmic crowned tooth for manufacturing was established. On the basis of the contact mechanics model, the deformation equation of compatibility and load equilibrium equation were solved with an iterative numerical algorithm, and the corresponding programs were developed in Matlab to calculate the distributions of contact stress and von Mises stress field inside the subsurface layer at any meshing position. The numerical results of some typical examples show that the level of stress concentration before modification changes with the engaging locations of the gear teeth, and so does the amount of logarithmic modification along the line of contact, which can completely eliminate the edge effects of tooth surface at every meshing position during the spur gear transmission process, and thus improves the fatigue resistance of gear teeth surfaces.

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19

Hsu, Ruei-Hung, and Zhang-Hua Fong. "Analysis of auxiliary crowning in parallel gear shaving." Mechanism and Machine Theory 45, no. 9 (September 2010): 1298–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2010.04.002.

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20

Tsay, M.-F., and Z.-H. Fong. "Novel profile modification methodology for moulded face-gear drives." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 221, no. 6 (June 1, 2007): 715–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406jmes321.

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Owing to modern forging and moulding technology, not only are increasing numbers of face gears being made by die, but the quality of the moulded face gear is comparable to that for gears made by a shaping process. The contact pattern of the face gear drive is designed in a manner similar to that for the bevel gear, with a localized bearing that reduces the sensitivity of axes misalignment. This paper proposes a novel profile modification methodology for the moulded face-gear drive that enhances the controllability of the contact pattern and transmission characteristics. Specifically, a skew double crowning is applied on the tooth surface of a face gear whose pinion is a standard involute helical gear. The proposed method - for which computer-aided design software for the tooth surface geometry was developed - can also separately control the bias angle and bearing ratio of the contact pattern, as well as the amplitude of transmission error. Overall, as shown here using several numerical examples, the proposed modified methodology is highly flexible.

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21

Guan, Yabin, Zongde Fang, Xiaohui Yang, and Guoding Chen. "Effects of misalignment and crowning on contact characteristics of crown gear coupling." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 4397–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406218815516.

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Although crown gear couplings are widely used in rotating machinery, very little is known about their contact behavior and load distribution characteristics. In this study, the manufacturing methods are presented for crown gear coupling. Complete geometrical mathematical models from tools to crown gear coupling are proposed based on the theories of differential geometry and gear mesh. Then, a high-fidelity finite element model verified by tooth contact analysis under light load is employed to investigate load distribution along the crown gear coupling interfaces. The effects of meshing position, torque, and angular misalignment are investigated on load distributions along with crowning amount depending on the displacement circle radius. Finally, it is observed that when the contact position is 0.2 times the width of the tooth, the radius of the displacement circle is the optimal result for the performance of the crown gear coupling.

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22

Hsu, Ruei Hung, Yu Ren Wu, and Shih Sheng Chen. "Generation of the Anti-Twist Crowned Helical Gear by Modifying the Gear Rotation Angle in the Hobbing Process." Key Engineering Materials 749 (August 2017): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.749.161.

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In the gear-hobbing process, the work gear tooth flank is usually longitudinally crowned by varying the center distance between the hob and the work gear. Without crossed angle compensation, however, this center distance variation produces a twisted tooth flank on the work gear. This paper therefore proposes a methodology to reduce this tooth flank twist and achieve anti-twist in longitudinal crowning by modifying the gear rotation angle in the hobbing process which is practiced using a CNC hobbing machine with three synchronous axes.

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23

GIBO, Taichi, Hiroki MARUYA, and Hiroshi OOZEKI. "Noise reduction effect of plastic gear with special crowning." Proceedings of Conference of Kanto Branch 2017.23 (2017): 1911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekanto.2017.23.1911.

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24

Płocica, Mieczysław, and Jadwiga Pisula. "The Influence of Changes in the Geometry of the Tooth Surface of the Pinion Bevel Gear on the Kinematic Accuracy of Pair Mesh." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 8, no. 2 (August 15, 2014): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ama-2014-0017.

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Abstract The paper describes the possibilities of bevel gears kinematics design on the basis of the motion graph and improving modifications to cut the pinion teeth flanks. The result is the ability to increase the accuracy of the kinematic transmission. The issue of changing the geometry of the pinion gear is considered in respect of a gear intended for the use in aviation, which requires the cooperation of high quality meshing. The basic geometric features that have been modified include the profile angle, the angle of tooth line, crowning trans-verse and longitudinal and lateral surface twist angle of the tooth. The modification of each of the selected geometrical parameters has had a different effect on the chart of transmission. It has been shown that the effect of the intended changes in the geometry of the pinion may reduce the deviation of motion delays gear and an improve the gear transmission chart.

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25

He, Wei Dong, Ying Hui Zhang, Fu Lai Zhang, Feng Zhou, and Geng Hou. "Optimization of Gear Modification for Boom and Crowing Mechanism Used in Large Mining Excavator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 868 (July 2017): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.868.277.

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Aiming at the problems of pitting, shafts broken and so on in the process of the use of boom and crowning mechanism gear box of a large mining excavator, research found that the key problems of broken shafts and the large bearings clearance are caused by excessive shafts and gear teeth deformation, which result in serious corrosion occurred by partial load and serious bearing damage.

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26

Carbonelli, Alexandre, Joël Perret-Liaudet, Emmanuel Rigaud, and Alain Le Bot. "Particle Swarm Optimization as an Efficient Computational Method in order to Minimize Vibrations of Multimesh Gears Transmission." Advances in Acoustics and Vibration 2011 (June 15, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/195642.

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The aim of this work is to present the great performance of the numerical algorithm of Particle Swarm Optimization applied to find the best teeth modifications for multimesh helical gears, which are crucial for the static transmission error (STE). Indeed, STE fluctuation is the main source of vibrations and noise radiated by the geared transmission system. The microgeometrical parameters studied for each toothed wheel are the crowning, tip reliefs and start diameters for these reliefs. Minimization of added up STE amplitudes on the idler gear of a three-gear cascade is then performed using the Particle Swarm Optimization. Finally, robustness of the solutions towards manufacturing errors and applied torque is analyzed by the Particle Swarm algorithm to access to the deterioration capacity of the tested solution.

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27

Maatar, M., and P. Velex. "Quasi-Static and Dynamic Analysis of Narrow-Faced Helical Gears With Profile and Lead Modifications." Journal of Mechanical Design 119, no. 4 (December 1, 1997): 474–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826392.

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A systematic analysis of the influence of tooth shape modifications on the dynamic behavior of single stage narrow-faced helical gears is proposed. Calculations are performed using a 3D model with 36 degrees of freedom including torsional, flexural and axial generalized displacements of the gear-shaft-bearing system. Two approximate equations giving the normalized static transmission error STE and load factor RF are deduced. It is shown that, for a given gear set, there exists a unique representation of STE and RF valid over a large range of profile, lead modification amplitudes and transmitted loads. The role of the extent of the profile relief (long, short and intermediate) and the shape of lead modifications (parabolic, elliptic crowning, linear chamfers) is discussed. The paper is concluded by the analysis of the dynamic transmission error of a gear set with various tooth shape modifications selected from static considerations.

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28

Krasiński, Maciej. "Influence of Deformation of the Wheel Disk-Type Body on the Tooth Load Distribution over the Facewidth in Helical Gears." Applied Mechanics and Materials 680 (October 2014): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.680.210.

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The article demonstrates one of the ways to reduce uneven load distribution along the width of the gear wheels which can be used in place of expensive modifications of the tooth flanks (crowning). This can be achieved by appropriate selection of the shape of the gear wheels for example the disk shape. The presented numerical example illustrates the above possibility taking into account deformability of the wheel body.

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29

YOSHINO, Hidehiro, Fumihiro OHSHIMA, Susumu HIRATA, and Kiyoteru ISHIBASHI. "602 Effects of Crowning on Tooth Contact of Gear Couplings." Proceedings of Conference of Kyushu Branch 2012.65 (2012): 195–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekyushu.2012.65.195.

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30

Lin, Chao, and Chunjiang He. "Tooth contact analysis of elliptical bevel gear with different misalignment." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 7 (August 6, 2018): 2516–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406218791637.

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Considering the wide use of bevel gear, a new bevel gear type with variable transmission ratio has been proposed. Based on the manufacturing and generating theory of gear, the mathematical equations for the tooth surface of this gear type has been established with two different methods: lead crowning, which meets the commonly used industrial methods with higher efficiency, lower cost and the method with rack cutter shows much clear relationship of gear meshing process. The contact points and characteristics of transmission errors with different misalignment conditions have been presented. Also the feature of contact area on the tooth surface in a whole cycle was developed in this paper. Compared the contact results of elliptical bevel gear with curve face gear, the former has less misalignments sensitivity and better loaded capability.

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31

Sohn, Jonghyeon, and Nogill Park. "Modified worm gear hobbing for symmetric longitudinal crowning in high lead cylindrical worm gear drives." Mechanism and Machine Theory 117 (November 2017): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2017.07.004.

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32

Peng, Xian Long, Zong De Fang, and Jin Ke Jiang. "Load Tooth Contact Analysis for Double-Crowned Face Gear." Applied Mechanics and Materials 201-202 (October 2012): 517–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.201-202.517.

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In order to further reduce sensitivity to misalignments not only double crowned pinion but also profile and longitudinal geometry modified face gear have been studied. The profile geometry modification were realized by application of rack cutters, and applied parabolic motion of the center of grinding disk for the pinion and face gear longitudinal crowning. Tooth contact analysis (TAC) and Load Tooth contact analysis (LTCA) have been performed to simulate the meshing and contact of double-crowned face gear driver. The further avoidance of edge contact in presence of big magnitude misalignment was illustrated with numerical examples.

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Zhang, Hu, Chenggang Fang, and XiaoDiao Huang. "Accurate Tooth Lead Crowning without Twist in Cylindrical Helical Gear Grinding." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (January 2014): 496181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/496181.

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SHIMACHI, Shigeyuki, Takao SAKAI, and Ryo NAGASE. "A simple method of bevel gear cutting (2nd report, Crowning method)." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 52, no. 480 (1986): 2156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.52.2156.

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35

Li, Qiang, and Liyang Xie. "Analysis and Optimization of Tooth Surface Contact Stress of Gears with Tooth Profile Deviations, Meshing Errors and Lead Crowning Modifications Based on Finite Element Method and Taguchi Method." Metals 10, no. 10 (October 14, 2020): 1370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10101370.

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Based on the three-dimensional (3D) finite element method (FEM) and Taguchi method (TM), this paper analyzes the tooth surface contact stress (TSCS) of spur gears with three different influence factors: tooth profile deviations (TPD), meshing errors (ME) and lead crowning modifications (LCM), especially researching and analyzing the interactions between TPD, ME and LCM and their degree of influence on the TSCS. In this paper, firstly, a 3D FEM model of one pair of engaged teeth is modeled and the mesh of the contact area is refined by FEM software. In the model, the refined area mesh and the non-refined area mesh are connected by multi-point constraint (MPC); at the same time, in order to save the time of the FEM solution on the premise of ensuring the solution’s accuracy, the reasonable size of the refined area is studied and confirmed. Secondly, the TSCS analyses of gears with one single influence factor (other factors are all ideal) are carried out. By inputting the values of different levels of one single factor into the FEM model, especially using the real measurement data of TPD, and conducting the TSCS analysis under different torques, the influence degree of one single factor on TSCS is discussed by comparing the ideal model, and it is found that when the influence factors exist alone, each factor has a great influence on the TSCS. Finally, through TM, an orthogonal test is designed for the three influence factors. According to the test results, the interactions between the influence factors and the influence degree of the factors on the TSCS are analyzed when the three factors exist on the gear at the same time, and it is found that the TPD has the greatest influence on the TSCS, followed by the lead crowning modified quantity. The ME is relatively much small, and there is obvious interaction between ME and LCM. In addition, the optimal combination of factor levels is determined, and compared with the original combination of a gear factory, we see that the contact fatigue performance of the gear with the optimal combination is much better. The research of this paper has a certain reference significance for the control of TPD, ME and LCM when machining and assembling the gears.

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Alfares, M. A., A. H. Falah, and A. H. Elkholy. "Clearance distribution of misaligned gear coupling teeth considering crowning and geometry variations." Mechanism and Machine Theory 41, no. 10 (October 2006): 1258–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2005.11.004.

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Neha, G., and M. S. Shunmugam. "Effect of shaft misalignment and mitigation through crowning in spur gear transmission." International Journal of Computer Aided Engineering and Technology 9, no. 4 (2017): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcaet.2017.086919.

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Neha, G., and M. S. Shunmugam. "Effect of shaft misalignment and mitigation through crowning in spur gear transmission." International Journal of Computer Aided Engineering and Technology 9, no. 4 (2017): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcaet.2017.10007190.

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HANAKI, Yurie, Koichiro URIU, Takanori MURAKAMI, Morimasa NAKAMURA, Daisuke IBA, Masami FUNAMOTO, and Ichiro MORIWAKI. "Study on Profile Bias Caused by Lead Crowning in Internal Gear Skiving." Proceedings of the Machine Design and Tribology Division meeting in JSME 2018.18 (2018): 1B1–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemdt.2018.18.1b1-1.

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40

De Donno, M., and F. L. Litvin. "Computerized Design, Generation and Simulation of Meshing of a Spiroid Worm-Gear Drive with a Ground Double-Crowned Worm." Journal of Mechanical Design 121, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 264–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2829453.

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The authors propose methods of computerized design and analysis of a spiroid worm-gear drive with ground worm based on the following considerations: (1) The theoretical thread surface of the hob is generated by a cone surface. (2) The worm surface is crowned in profile and longitudinal directions in comparison with the hob thread surface. (3) The double crowning of the worm enables to localize the bearing contact and obtain a predesigned parabolic function of transmission errors of an assigned level. Computerized design of the worm-gear drive enables to discover and avoid singularities of the generated worm face-gear surface and pointing of teeth. The meshing and contact of the double-crowned worm and the worm face-gear is simulated to determine the influence of misalignment on the shift of bearing contact and transmission errors. Computer program for numerical solution is developed and applied. A numerical example that illustrates the developed theory is provided.

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Tran, Van-Quyet, and Yu-Ren Wu. "Dual lead-crowning for helical gears with long face width on a CNC internal gear honing machine." Mechanism and Machine Theory 130 (December 2018): 170–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2018.08.018.

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Tran, Van-Quyet, and Yu-Ren Wu. "Dual lead-crowning for helical gears with anti-twist tooth flanks on the internal gear honing machine." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 282 (December 2017): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/282/1/012005.

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Hsu, Ruei-Hung, and Zhang-Hua Fong. "Novel variable-tooth-thickness hob for longitudinal crowning in the gear-hobbing process." Mechanism and Machine Theory 46, no. 8 (August 2011): 1084–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2011.03.007.

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44

Syzrantsev, V. N., A. A. Pazyak, and L. A. Chernaya. "Analysis of Gear Meshing of Bevel Gears With a Small Shaft Angle with a Non-Generated Gear and a Generated Pinion with Longitudinal Crowning of the Gear Tooth Surface." Intellekt. Sist. Proizv. 14, no. 4 (January 30, 2017): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22213/2410-9304-2016-4-94-100.

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Рассматривается рабочее зацепление полуобкатной плоскоконической передачи, являющейся основой новой гаммы соосных приводов нефтегазового оборудования. Получены зависимости для расчета точек активной действующей линии (рабочей линии) в зацеплении полуобкатной плоскоконической передачи с продольной локализацией контакта. Проанализировано влияние на положение рабочих линий погрешностей взаимного расположения колеса и шестерни в корпусе передачи.

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Huang, Kuo Jao, and Ching Ya Su. "A Finite Element Approach to Dynamic Stresses of Helical Gear Pairs Considering Tip Relief and Crowning Modifications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.577.

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A dynamic finite element (FE) approach to contact and fillet bending stresses of helical gear pairs (HGPs) is presented. Using derived tooth profiles, high quality elements of HGPs can be efficiently constructed. The resulted maximum stresses of elements on teeth are 3D illustrated. Design of relief and profile modifications is also condisered. The effect of tooth modifications on HGP dynamic responses including misalignment errors is discussed. It shows adequate modification of tip relief and crowning can reduce dynamic stress peaks of HGPs.

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Guingand, M., J. P. de Vaujany, and Y. Icard. "Analysis and Optimization of the Loaded Meshing of Face Gears." Journal of Mechanical Design 127, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1828459.

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This paper presents a method of simulating loaded face gear meshing. A brief description of the software developed is given in the first part. It simulates the loaded behavior of face gear meshing and provides information such as the instantaneous pressure distribution across the entire width of the teeth in contact and loaded transmission error. Analytical simulations are used to define the geometry and study the unloaded kinematics. This method permits very precise results in a very short time. In the second part of the paper, a comparison between point and line contacts is made for loaded meshing. Further computations calculate assembling-error sensitivity for the two types of contact. The best performance is achieved with the line contact, but it is very sensitive to misalignment. The last part of the paper presents a method for pinion crowning to improve optimization of the line contact case. The aim is to obtain the best loading of face gear meshing in order to avoid line contact sensitivity due to misalignment.

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Peng, Xianlong, Yanyan Hou, Le Zhang, Feiyan Han, and Farong Kou. "Principle and Method for Machining Face Gear with Developable Ruled Surface." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 38, no. 6 (December 2020): 1299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20203861299.

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The tooth surface of a face gear is recognized as un-developable ruled surface in tradition, which result in the problem that face gear generation using simple cutter with high efficiency and accuracy puzzled people for a long time. Applying the traditional shaping method for face gear generation in derivation of the tooth surface position vector, a space straight line equation was established by using this vector, to illustrate that the tooth surface of the traditional face gear could be considered as developable ruled surface constituted by space lines family, the position vectors of the developable ruled surface were established respectively based on involute, rack and considering the spatial position relationship in meshing. Elaboration and proposition of the principle and method that were used to generate the face gear with the developable ruled surface by straight edged cutter in line contact, and representation of the generated surface model. Furthermore the developable ruled surface was compared to the traditional surface, the normal difference between the two kinds of surfaces is on micro-scale. Numerical examples shows that the normal distance is no more than 1/70 of modulus, the developable ruled surface to which was performed simple longitudinal crowning is able to mesh with the involute surface of the pinion correctly, and demonstrates acceptable geometric meshing performance.

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Hsu, Ruei-Hung, and Shih-Sheng Chen. "Crowning Analysis of Involute Helical Pairs Shaved by CNC Gear Shaving Machine with Two Synchronous Axes." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 417 (October 19, 2018): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/417/1/012023.

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Wu, Yu-Ren, Van-The Tran, and Ruei-Hung Hsu. "A Tooth Flank Crowning Method by Applying a Novel Crossed Angle Function Between the Hob Cutter and Work Gear in the Gear Hobbing Process." MATEC Web of Conferences 52 (2016): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20165203001.

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50

Gonzalez-Perez, Ignacio, and Alfonso Fuentes-Aznar. "Conjugated action and methods for crowning in face-hobbed spiral bevel and hypoid gear drives through the spirac system." Mechanism and Machine Theory 139 (September 2019): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2019.04.011.

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