Relevant bibliographies by topics / Crowning gear

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Crowning gear'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Crowning gear"

1

Zhang, Fang You, Xi Jie Tian, Huan Yong Cui, and Tai Ran Liu. "The Method of Accurate Variable Curvature Crowning of Involute Straight Bevel Gear." Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (June 2013): 1705–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.1705.

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Involute straight bevel gear pair often appears the phenomenons of meshing interference, impact and "end contact" in the course of meshing. Usually, symmetrical crowning is adopted to improve above phenomenons, however, due to the influence of complicated tooth loads and other complicated factors, the symmetrical crowned gear may not reach a good modification effect. In this paper, we adopt target variable curvature crowning according to the specific conditions of bevel gears in order to obtain good modification effect, nevertheless, because of the complexity of the variable curvature crowning, the conventional method of using space spherical involute stretch and sweep standard gear model to remove tooth surface materials has been unable to meet the accurate requirements of the variable curvature crowned model, at the same time, this method can not realize parametric modeling of modification bevel gear. Therefore, this paper puts forward an easy to realize parametric modeling method of accurate variable curvature crowning for involute straight bevel gear based on ANSYS/LS-DYNA, Imageware, Matlab and Solidworks. This method can realize the accurate modeling for variable curvature crowned involute straight bevel gear and ensure the accuracy of modification gears and follow-up finite element simulation, meanwhile, it provides theoretical basis for parametric modeling of variable curvature crowned involute straight bevel gear. Finally, the superiority of variable curvature crowning is tested through numerical simulation under specific conditions.
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Wei, Yan Gang, and Wu Chu Tang. "The Edge Effect and Longitudinal Modification of Involute Gear Drive Used in Automobile." Applied Mechanics and Materials 367 (August 2013): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.367.136.

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Via combining parameterized modeling function of Pro/E with gear mesh principle, the accurate 3-D crowning modification models of involute gears used in automobile are made. The edge effect in meshing process of the gear pair is validated by finite element method. The longitudinal corrections of a gear pair are designed combining crowning technology of roller bearings with the characteristic of gear mesh and using gear mesh principle and contact mechanics theory. Then it is testified by FEA that the maximum stresses of the gears can be reduced effectively since longitudinal correction can avoid the edge effect in the meshing process of the gear pair.
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Liu, Siyuan, Chaosheng Song, Caichao Zhu, and Qi Fan. "Concave modifications of tooth surfaces of beveloid gears with crossed axes." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 4 (April 4, 2018): 1411–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406218768842.

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The mathematical models of the beveloid gear surfaces with different scenarios of combinations of profile concave modification and lead crowning are derived. Four schemes of modifications were proposed for beveloid gears with crossed axes. Tooth contact analysis is developed to study the influences of different schemes of concave modifications on the mesh behaviors including film thickness, transmission errors, contact ratio, root stresses, and contact patterns. Comparison of the contact characteristics of a beveloid gear drive with and without concave modifications is conducted. The results show that all the concave modification schemes can increase the area of contact patterns and decrease the maximum value of contact stresses, while the minimum film thickness can be increased. For the scheme i.e. the pinion with profile crowning modification and gear with profile concave modification, the contact ratio increases firstly then decreases to a relative lower value. Also, the root stresses are increased obviously. For the scheme for pinion without modification and gear with lead concave modification and the scheme for both pinion and gear with lead concave modification, the transmission errors are decreased slightly. The scheme for the pinion with combined crowning modification and gear with combined concave modification shows the largest improvement for the mesh behaviors in terms of the transmission errors and contact patterns where an almost contact condition can be found for the crossed beveloid gear pair.
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Pazyak, A. A., and V. N. Syzrantsev. "LONGITUDINAL CROWNING OF THE GEAR TOOTH SURFACE OF STRAIGHT BEVEL GEARS WITH A SMALL SHAFT ANGLE WITHNON-GENERATED GEAR AND GENERATED PINION." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 3 (July 1, 2016): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2016-3-122-129.

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The aim of this thesis is to develop computer program shows generating process of the longitudinal-crowned gear for straight bevel gears with a small shaft angle with non-generated gear and generated pinion. The purpose of computer program is the simulation of meshing and contact of the gear tooth surface with longitudinal crowning and straight pinion tooth surface with localized bearing contact.
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Tran, Van The, Ruei Hung Hsu, and Chung Biau Tsay. "A Methodology for Longitudinal Tooth Flank Crowning of the Helical Gear on a CNC Honing Machine." Advanced Materials Research 1091 (February 2015): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1091.53.

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The gear honing is the most economical way for hard finishing an involute helical gear after hobbing and heat treatment or after shaving and heat treatment. The gear honing can also be applied to the modification of gear tooth surfaces to compensate for the distortions that occur during heat treatment process. Most published papers on the technology of gear honing describes on the principle of generated gear surface. However, the longitudinal tooth flank crowning of a helical gear with honing has not been investigated yet. Therefore, in this paper, we proposed a novel method for longitudinal tooth flank crowning of work gear surfaces by setting a crossed angle between the honing cutter and work gear axes as a linear function of honing cutter's traverse feed in the honing process. A mathematical model for the tooth profile of work gear honed by a standard honing cutter is also established. Three numeral examples are presented to illustrate and verify the merits of the proposed gear honing method in longitudinal crowning.
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Simon, V. "Optimal Tooth Modifications for Spur and Helical Gears." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 111, no. 4 (December 1, 1989): 611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3259044.

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A method for the simultaneous calculation of optimal tooth tip relief and tooth crowning for spur and helical gears is presented in this paper. The tooth profile modification is described by a linear function. Two types of crowning are introduced: linear and parabolic. The optimization of the tooth modifications is based on the following conditions: (1) The teeth are entering in mesh smoothly, without interference. (2) The load distribution factor is minimized. A computer program is developed for the calculation of the optimal tooth tip relief and crowning for spur and helical gears. By using this program the influence of type and length of optimal crowning and length of tooth tip relief on load distribution factor is investigated. Also, the influence of gear parameters on optimal tooth profile modification is discussed. On the basis of the obtained results, by regression analysis an equation is derived for the calculation of the optimal tooth tip relief.
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Tran, Van-The. "Generation of a double-crowned involute helical gear with twist-free tooth flanks by a CNC hobbing machine with three synchronous axes." Vietnam Journal of Mechanics 39, no. 2 (June 21, 2017): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7136/8005.

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In the conventional hobbing process, a double-crowned involute helical gear is generated by the hob cutter with parabolic-curve tooth profiles for the cross-profile crowning and varied the center distance between the hob and work gear for the longitudinal crowning. Therefore, to cut a double-crowned helical gear not only requires at least four synchronous axes and hob cutter regrinding (which increases production costs) but also induces twisted tooth flanks on the generated work gear. In this paper, I propose a hobbing method by applying a modified work gear rotation angle that enables double-crowning of involute helical gear's tooth flanks using a standard hob cutter and a computer numerical control (CNC) hobbing machine with only three synchronous axes. The proposed method has also verified by using two computer simulation examples to compare the meshing-conditions, contact ellipses, and transmission errors of the double-crowned gear pairs with that produced by applying the conventional hobbing method. Computer simulation results reveal the advantages of the proposed novel hobbing method.
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Wu, Yu Ren, and Van The Tran. "Lead Crowning and Anti-Twist for Tooth Flank of a Heat Treated Helical Gear on Internal CNC Honing Machine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 799-800 (October 2015): 554–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.799-800.554.

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The internal gear honing is more popular than the external gear honing by its advantages such as higher contact surface and easier correct profile errors. It is usually applied for modifying the gear surface to compensate for the distortions after heat treatment process. However, the lead crowning and anti-twist tooth flank of a helical gear on internal CNC gear honing has not studied yet. Therefore, a novel method for lead crowning tooth flank of work gear surfaces is proposed by using a linear swivel angle function of the honing wheel and a variable pressure angle (VPA) honing wheel is also applied for anti-twist of the crowned tooth flank in honing process.
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Feng, P. H., F. L. Litvin, D. P. Townsend, and R. F. Handschuh. "Determination of Principal Curvatures and Contact Ellipse for Profile Crowned Helical Gears." Journal of Mechanical Design 121, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2829410.

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Helical gears with localized bearing contact of tooth surfaces achieved by profile crowning of tooth surfaces are considered. Profile crowning is provided by application of two imaginary rack-cutters with mismatched surfaces. The goal is to determine the dimensions and orientation of the instantaneous contact ellipse that requires the determination of principle curvatures of pinion-gear tooth surfaces. A simplified solution to this problem is proposed based on the approach developed in [1, 2] for correlation of principal curvatures and directions of generating and generated tooth surfaces. The obtained equations are applied for profile crowning where the normal profiles of the rack-cutters are either a circular arc or a straight line.
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Jiao, Ji Song, and Xue Mei Cao. "Generation and TCA of Straight Bevel Gear Drive with Modified Geometry." Applied Mechanics and Materials 86 (August 2011): 403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.86.403.

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In order to reduce the sensitivity of straight bevel gear drives to misalignment, a new geometry of such gear drives is proposed in longitudinal direction. Point contact instead of line contact of tooth surfaces is achieved by longitudinal crowning of pinion tooth surface. The tooth surface modeling and tooth contact analysis (TCA) of straight bevel gear drives have been established. TCA program of a pair of straight bevel gears was performed in MATLAB and tooth bearing contact and transmission errors were obtained.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Crowning gear"

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Pelíšek, Vojtěch. "Konstrukční návrh zubové spojky pro aplikaci v kolejové dopravě." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-444957.

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The aim of this work was to create a design of a gear coupling for railway vehicle application. The work presents a comprehensive view of this issue. First of all, a brief theoretical introduction to the issue is made. The practical part follows, where the design of the whole coupling and especially the newly designed solutions are described in detail. The strength analysis performed deal with the key components that are necessary to ensure safe operation. These analyses can be applied not only for this particular case, but also to gear couplings of different designs, because in principle these calculations do not differ much. In the last chapter, which deals with the dynamic model, all the theoretical assumptions are verified, especially the coupling movements and the applied loads. If the reader deals with the issue of gear couplings, not only in the railway industry, this work presents a comprehensive view of this component. The designed coupling and all performed simulations are really usable in operation.
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Chiang, Chin-Chan, and 姜智展. "An Investigation on Dynamic Characteristics of Crowning Spur Gear Pairs." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41965433478617513487.

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碩士
中華大學
機械工程學系碩士班
97
Theoretically, spur gears has the excellent feature of high precision, low abrasion, high stable, high performance, and easy to produce. However, numerous factors, such as machining and assembly errors, backlash, and number change of meshing tooth pairs, may deteriorate the dynamic performance. Fortunately, the negative effect can be effectively improved through suitable design technique, such as profile or crowning modifications of gears during the design phase. Therefore, in this thesis, an investigation is carried on concerning the dynamic characteristics of spur gear pairs with crowning modifications. Also, relations among gear modificaiton, assembly error, rotation speed, and loading are discussed. At first, profile equations of a transverse section of a rack cutter are defined. Then, using the homogenous transformation matrix and equation of meshing for gears, equations of involute, fillet, and other curve for a gear tooth are deduced. Not using a CAD model but via C code, meshing elements of the analyzed gears are generated after calculating nodal coordinates directly from the derived tooth profile equations. After that, import the element models to the preprocessor, FEMB, in which the suitable analysis conditions for gear dynamics are assigned. Finally, solving by the software, LS-DYNA, dynamic responses which include the dynamic fillet stresses, contact forces, and contact stresses of spur gear pairs can be obtained. In addition, the influences of crowning modification, assembly error, and operation conditions are also investigated. Instead of the conventional discrete model using an equivalent mass and spring, a continuous geometrical model of the finite element method is utilized to the dynamic analysis of spur gear pairs. A number of valuable results are obtained and served to spur gear pair design with crowning modificaiton.
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Van, Tran The, and 陳文勝. "Methodologies for Longitudinal Crowning and Double-Crowning of an Involute Helical Gear with Twist-Free Tooth Flanks Generated by CNC Gear Shaving and Hobbing Machines." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38674231760409939687.

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博士
逢甲大學
機械與航空工程博士學位學程
103
Involute helical gears are widely used in many industrial applications (e.g., reducers and transmissions) and such gears with longitudinal and double crowned tooth flanks are particularly important for misaligned assembly gear pairs, which improve bearing contact and reduce noise. Conventionally, the longitudinal or double crowning tooth flank of helical gears can be accomplished by changing the center distance between the cutter and work gear in CNC gear hobbing and shaving process. However, this variation of the center distance without a crossed angle compensation produces twisted tooth flanks on the work gear, and a low accuracy profile and low crowning flexibility. Therefore, this dissertation proposes methodologies for longitudinal crowning as well as double-crowning in both longitudinal and profile directions of a helical gear with twist-free tooth flanks on CNC gear hobbing and shaving machine: (a) On CNC gear hobbing machine, to prevent a twist of tooth flank on generated helical gear due to the center distance variation between the hob cutter and work gear in gear hobbing process, a novel additional rotation angle is proposed for the work gear during its hobbing process. A congruous non-linear function with two variables is proposed and supplemented to this additional rotation angle of work gear. Two numeral examples are presented to illustrate the effects of coefficients of the proposed non-linear function on the twist and evenness of the generated helical gear tooth flanks. The twist of the crowned helical tooth flank is reduced significantly by applying the proposed longitudinal crowning gear method. (b) Besides, to obtain a twist-free tooth flank of helical gears in the gear finish hobbing process, a novel hobbing method for longitudinal crowning is proposed by applying a new hob’s diagonal feed motion with a variable pressure angle (VPA) hob cutter. Wherein the hob’s diagonal feed motion is set as a second order function of hob’s traverse movement, and tooth profile of the hob cutter is modified with pressure angle changed in it’s longitudinal direction. The proposed method is also verified by using a computer program to simulate and compare topographies of the crowned work gear surfaces hobbed by the standard and VPA hob cutters, respectively. The results reveal the superiority of the proposed novel finish hobbing method. In addition, to reduce vibration and noise cause by discontinuous linear functions of transmission errors, tooth flanks of the involute helical gear are usually crowned in the cross-profile direction by modifying the normal section of hob cutter profiles to a parabolic curve. However, modification on the hob cutter’s profile increases production costs due to an additional hob cutter regrinding in its cross-profile direction. Therefore, in this dissertation, the first novel hobbing method is also developed for crowning in cross-profile by using a standard hob cutter with a congruous additional rotation angle of work gear to generate a double-crowned gear. The proposed novel method also is verified by using a computer program to simulate and compare the meshing-conditions, contact ellipses, and transmission errors of the double-crowned gear pairs under various assembly errors with those produced by applying the conventional and variable tooth thickness hobbing methods, respectively. Computer simulation results reveal the superiority of the proposed novel hobbing method. (c) On CNC gear shaving machine, a methodology for longitudinal and double crowning, based on the influence of an auxiliary crowning mechanism’s rocking motion on the parallel shaving process, is proposed. The proposed double-crowned work gear surface reduces the mating gear’s sensitivity to the work gear pair assembly errors and to the shifts in the bearing contact caused by misalignments. Besides, the influence of shaving cutter and work gear pair assembly errors on the topologies, contact ellipses, and transmission errors of the proposed involute helical gears are also investigated. Two numeral examples are presented to illustrate and verify the merits of the proposed gear shaving methodology for longitudinal and double gear crownings.
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Wu, Fu-Chuan, and 吳福傳. "TOOTH CONTACT ANALYSIS OF STRAIGHT BEVEL GEAR PAIR WITH CROWNING TEETH." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4aed2j.

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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
機械工程系
105
The mathematical models for tooth contact analysis (TCA) of a gear pair have been well derived in the literature. TCA includes evaluation of contact path, angle transmission error, and elliptical contact pattern. The existing method is systematic, efficient, and commonly applied in gear industry. However, it has a drawback in unstable solution when the edge contact happens. Normal vectors of tooth surfaces of the pinion and gear at the edge point do not collinear that leads to a divergence in solving nonlinear equations. In addition, an ellipse is adopted to approach the contact pattern according to curvatures of two tooth surfaces. The deviations of contact pattern get larger while their curvatures change greatly. The paper therefore develops a new mathematical model of TCA. Here, the optimization method of Golden ratio is adopted to directly determine the contact points. The proposed method avoids divergences in solving equations due to avoidance of involving the condition of same normal vectors between the mapped tooth surfaces. Moreover, a searching method for the boundary of contact pattern is applied to find the real contact pattern. The paper also establishes the mathematical models of straight bevel gears, cylindrical gears and spiral bevel gears with double crowning tooth surfaces. Their tooth surfaces are based on a spherical involute, standard involute and face-milled surfaces, respectively. Two methods, the existing and proposed methods, are adopted for evaluating the tooth contact analyses of gear pairs. The results confirm the correctness of the proposed mathematical models.
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Wang, Wei-hsiang, and 王韋翔. "STUDY ON THE DUAL FACE-HOBBING METHOD FOR CYCLOIDAL CROWNING OF HELICAL GEARS." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20131773764587208695.

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博士
國立中正大學
機械工程所
98
Of the gear pairs and transmissions that play an important role in many industrial applications—including vehicles and machine and power tools—involute helical gears are among the most common because of their simple geometry, easy manufacturing, and low sensitivity to center distance. However, the conventional helical gear pair meshes in line contact, is very sensitive to assembly errors, and is prone to edge contact problems. Therefore, based on the theory of gearing and differential geometry, this investigation proposes a novel face-hobbing method to generate a helical gear with lengthwise crowning. In this method, two head cutters form an imaginary generating rack with lengthwise cycloidal tooth traces that generate cylindrical helical or spur gears with longitudinal cycloidal traces. The proposed cutting method, in which the cutter blade travels longitudinally from one side face to the other to create smoother longitudinal cutting marks, is particularly efficient for continuous indexing cutting. In gear generation, this method relies on the ratio between the cutter rotation speed and the generating roll speed. When the head cutters move from the left start-of-generation position to the right end-of-generation position, tooth flank generation is complete. In addition, because the cutting marks in this proposed method are perpendicular to the contact path between the mating gears, the height of the cutting mark can be reduced by decreasing the rolling ratio of the cutter rotation speed to the generating roll speed. In addition, this mathematical model of a cutting system can simulate three different modules. First, the procedure uses all inside cutter blades mounted on the head cutter and all outside cutter blades for a double-concave gear. Because all inside and outside cutter blades are mounted on the same head cutter, it is easy to simulate a cutting system for a convex-concave helical gear using one head cutter. The three possible contact arrangements between the racks’ meshing tooth traces depend on the arrangement of each head cutter, whether convex to convex, convex to straight, or convex to concave. It should also be noted that the contact load capacity of the proposed longitudinal cycloidal gear drive is larger than that of an involute gear drive. Drawing on a dual face-hobbing method, we develop a mathematical model with lengthwise crowning and analyze the tooth undercutting and sensitivity of the tooth contact pattern using the techniques proposed by Litvin. Applying the mathematical model of tooth contact analysis also allows evaluation of meshing and contact characteristics without load when assembly errors and axes misalignment can occur. Because the proposed helical gear has longitudinal cycloidal traces, the gear pair meshes in point contact, a condition that not only eliminates tooth edge contact but decreases the gear vibration and noise from axial misalignment and increases the bearing strength of the contact gears.
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Book chapters on the topic "Crowning gear"

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Ivanov, Viktor, Galyna Urum, and Svitlana Ivanova. "Achieving Crowning Contact of Spur Bevel Gears Through Deliberately Introduced Mounting Errors." In New Technologies, Development and Application III, 89–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46817-0_10.

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Vij, N., S. Sayyed, and S. Singh. "Spur/helical gear tooth contact pattern optimization through “conical helix angle correction” and “lead crowning”." In International Gear Conference 2014: 26th–28th August 2014, Lyon, 1188–91. Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781782421955.1188.

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KAWAMOTO, Shigeru, Norihisa ARAI, and Nobuo ARAKAWA. "Study on the Optimum Crowning Both for Tooth Profile and Tooth Trace of Spiral Bevel Gear." In International Progress in Precision Engineering, 752–60. Elsevier, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7506-9484-1.50085-3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Crowning gear"

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Wei, J., Y. Yao, and K. Zhang. "Contact analysis and surface optimization of crowning gear coupling." In HPSM/OPTI 2016. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/hpsm160421.

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Feng, Pin-Hao, Faydor L. Litvin, Dennis P. Townsend, and Robert F. Handschuh. "Determination of Principal Curvatures and Contact Ellipse for Profile Crowned Helical Gears." In ASME 1998 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc98/ptg-5778.

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Abstract Helical gears with localized bearing contact of tooth surfaces achieved by profile crowning of tooth surfaces are considered. Profile crowning is analyzed through the use of two imaginary rack-cutters with mismatched surfaces. The goal is to determine the dimensions and orientation of the instantaneous contact ellipse from the principle curvatures of the pinion and gear tooth surfaces. A simplified solution to this problem is proposed based on the approach developed for correlation of principal curvatures and directions of generating and generated tooth surfaces. The equations obtained are applied to three cases of profile crowning where the normal profiles of the rack-cutters are: (i) parabolic curves: (ii) circular arcs; and (iii) a combination of a straight line for one of the rack-cutters and a parabolic curve or a circular arc for the mating rack-cutter. The gear drives can be the combination of a pinion generated by a parabolic curve or a circular arc and gear generated by one of three cases mentioned above.
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Shih, Yi-Pei. "A Lengthwise Modification for Face-Hobbed Straight Bevel Gears." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12233.

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Face hobbing has been successfully applying in manufacturing straight bevel gears using a virtual hypocycloidal straight-line mechanism. This method is a continuous indexing and double-flank cutting process, and is recognized its high productivity and precision. In order to improve gear contact condition, three types of flank modifications are frequently used in gear industry: profile crowning, lengthwise crowning, and longitudinal twist. In the design of the spiral bevel and hypoid gear, under satisfying a specified accuracy requirement, three types of modifications are blended properly during gear design to absorb assembly and manufacture errors. Circular cutter blades are normally adopted to accomplish the first type modification. The second can be achieved by a cutter radius change or a cutter tilt with adjusted pressure angles. The last can be achieved by a cutter tilt or modified tool path (for example, helical motion and modified roll). This paper proposes a lengthwise crowning method for face-hobbed straight bevel gear (SBG) using a hypocycloidal mechanism. This modification is applied to the pinion only. A numerical example drive with point-contact tooth surfaces is adopted to validate the proposed mathematical model. Finally, two evaluations, ease-off topography and tooth contact analysis (TCA), are made to investigate the contact condition of this numerical case.
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Ogawa, Yuichi, Shigeki Matsumura, Haruo Houjoh, and Taichi Sato. "Rotational Vibration of a Spur Gear Pair Having Tooth Helix Deviation: Effect of Lead Modifications." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/ptg-48054.

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Lead form modification has been used to avoid detrimental effects of tooth helix deviation caused by manufacturing error or misalignment of a gear pair from the viewpoint of tooth strength on gear design. Hence parabolic crowning, elliptic crowning and end relief are adopted conventionally as a typical modified lead form. However the effect of both the shape and the amount of the lead modification on dynamic characteristics of the gear pair has not been made clear enough yet. Using the simulator which was developed by authors and is capable of analyzing vibration response of a pair of spur gear considering tooth surface deviation, the present paper shows that the effect of a proper lead crowning is to maintain the designed dynamic behavior even when tooth helix slope deviation exists, or that is equivalent to misalignment. An optimum form of end relief approximated to that of crowning is determined by the least square method. In addition, since the amplitude of gear vibration is sensitive to the tooth profile error, importance of considering tip relief is presented.
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Gonzalez-Perez, Ignacio, Alfonso Fuentes, Faydor L. Litvin, Kenichi Hayasaka, and Kenji Yukishima. "Application and Investigation of Modified Helical Gears With Several Types of Geometry." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34027.

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Involute helical gears with modified geometry for transformation of rotation between parallel axes are considered. Three types of topology of geometry are considered: (1) crowning of pinion tooth surface is provided only partially by application of a grinding disk; (2) double crowning of pinion tooth surface is obtained applying a grinding disk; (3) concave-convex pinion and gear tooth surfaces are provided (similar to Novikov-Wildhaber gears). Localization of bearing contact is provided for all three types of topology. Computerized TCA (Tooth Contact Analysis) is performed for all three types of topology to obtain: (i) path of contact on pinion and gear tooth surfaces; (ii) negative function of transmission errors for misaligned gear drives (that allows the contact ratio to be increased). Stress analysis is performed for the whole cycle of meshing. Finite element models of pinion and gear with several pairs of teeth are applied. A relative motion is imposed to the pinion model that allows friction between contact surfaces to be considered. Numerical examples have confirmed the advantages and disadvantages of the applied approaches for generation and design.
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Artoni, A., M. Gabiccini, and M. Guiggiani. "Synthesis of Hypoid Gear Surface Topography by a Nonlinear Least Squares Approach." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34052.

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This paper outlines a systematic methodology for finding the machine setting corrections required to obtain a predesigned ease-off surface in spiral bevel and hypoid gear teeth. The problem is given a nonlinear least squares formulation which, however, is highly prone to numerical instabilities. The Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm with a trust region strategy turned out to be quite effective and robust to obtain feasible solutions. The proposed method was tested on lengthwise crowning, profile crowning and spiral angle correction. In all cases, the goal was achieved with very high accuracy, in a few iterations and, remarkably, with different sets of machine parameters.
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Yu, Zhiyuan. "Loaded Tooth Contact Pattern Analysis for Strain Wave Gear With Non-Elliptical Wave Generator." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97464.

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Abstract This paper presents a new non-elliptical wave generator for strain wave gear to improve its contact pattern quality. The new wave generator has a polynomial profile at one cross section, then crowned along the lead direction. The lead crowning uses a parabolic function with crowning amount controlled by parabolic coefficient. Loaded tooth contact pattern analysis based on finite element method is used to evaluate the new design. The result shows that the new design will avoid the edge contact between wave generator and flexspline, which reduces contact pressure and improve the wearing life of the gear. It also improves the contact pattern quality of the tooth surface. Comparing with elliptical wave generator, the new wave generator with polynomial profile and lead parabolic crowned surface offers more design freedom to improve strain wave gear’s performance. The parametric equation of the new wave generator is defined intuitively, and it can be easily adapted for any type of strain wave gear. Furthermore, the finite element model for the strain wave gear is a new development and application for Loaded Tooth Contact Analysis (LTCA).
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8

Kim, H. A., M. A. Allen, D. H. Ditto, and J. A. Wickert. "Development Process to Optimize and Quantify Effectiveness of Differential Crowning™ for Noise Reduction in Drivetrains." In ASME 2000 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2000/ptg-14422.

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Abstract Noise and vibration are undesirable side effects associated with the use of spur gears in drivetrains. With market pressures for higher power densities, the development of high performance drivetrains with reduced noise and vibration thresholds forms a generic problem in the power transmission and gearing fields. In this paper, a process to reduce mesh stiffness variation in a spur gear set through the use of Differential Crowning™ technology, with concomitant reductions in acoustic noise and structure borne vibration, is presented. Through certain topological modifications to the profile of the gear teeth, mesh stiffness variation can be consistently minimized over a range of input loads. Analytical predictions for the mesh stiffness variation and transmission error in a conventional baseline drivetrain, and in one optimized through Differential Crowning™, are discussed. Design and operating parameters are used as inputs in a “design of experiments test protocol” so as to isolate those parameters which most influence performance. Controlled testing is performed in an acoustically-treated chamber, and sound pressure, sound intensity, vibration, and transmission error data are obtained for the baseline and optimized drivetrains. The test results are correlated with the predictions, and they demonstrate a mean reduction of 8 dB in total sound power for the optimized drivetrain over the six input speeds and loads that were considered.
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Tran, Van-The, Ruei-Hung Hsu, and Chung-Biau Tsay. "A Novel Finish Hobbing Methodology for Longitudinal Crowning of a Helical Gear With Twist-Free Tooth Flanks by Using Dual-Lead Hob Cutters." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36149.

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In the gear finish hobbing process, to obtain a twist-free tooth flank of helical gears, a novel hobbing method for longitudinal crowning is proposed by applying a new hob’s diagonal feed motion with a dual-lead hob cutter. Wherein the hob’s diagonal feed motion is set as a second order function of hob’s traverse movement and tooth profile of hob cutter is modified in a dual-lead form with pressure angle changed in it’s longitudinal direction. The proposed method is verified by using two computer simulation examples to compare topographies of the crowned work gear surfaces hobbed by the standard and dual-lead rack cutters. The results reveal the superiority of the proposed novel finish hobbing method.
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Moriwaki, Ichiro, Syunpei Ogaya, and Koji Watanabe. "Stress Analysis of Face Gear Tooth Subject to Distributed Load Using Global Local Finite Element Method (GLFEM)." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/ptg-48037.

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The present paper describes a stress analysis of a face gear tooth subject to a distributed load. The distributed load was determined from an initial mismatch between meshing tooth flanks through geometrical analysis. A new global local finite element method was used for the analysis. In the global local finite element method, an analytical domain is divided into two parts; a global domain in which fields are defined by an analytical solution derived from a classical elastic theory, and a local domain in which fields defined by a finite element solution. Furthermore, tooth flank film elements, which enable boundary conditions on tooth flanks to be easily represented, are taken as the global domain. The calculations were performed for face gear pairs with various misalignments. Crowning modifications along lead were given to pinions, and the effect of the modifications on tooth stress distribution in a face gear tooth was discussed. As a result, both contact and bending stresses were not so large. When there are some misalignments, only contact stress increased. However, the crowning on a pinion tooth was effective for the reduction of the contact stress. Furthermore, face gear with linear profiles; i.e., approximated profiles, were also discussed. Then, it was confirmed that this profile is good approximation.
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