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1
Sadono, Ronggo. "Prediksi Lebar Tajuk Pohon Dominan pada Pertanaman Jati Asal Kebun Benih Klon di Kesatuan Pemangkuan Hutan Ngawi, Jawa Timur." Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan 12, no. 2 (November 1, 2018): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jik.40143.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan model perkembangan lebar tajuk pohon dominan jati asal Kebun Benih Klon pada tegakan berkualitas baik.Penelitian dilakukan di Kesatuan Pemangkuan Hutan Ngawi pada petak tanaman jati asal Kebun Benih Klon bertumbuhan baik pada umur 615 tahun. Petak tanaman bertumbuhan baik ditentukan berdasarkan kriteria persentase keberhasilan tanaman, rata-rata tinggi pohon dan rata-rata diameter batang serta aksesibilitasnya. Pada petak yang memenuhi syarat bertumbuhan baik dipilih sebanyak 30 sampel pohon dominan dan tiap sampel diukur radius tajuk pada empat arah mata angin. Hasil pengukuran radius tajuk digunakan untuk menghitung rata-rata radius tajuk sebagai rata-rata kuadratik 4 arah pengukuran radius tajuk dan lebar tajuk sebagai dua kali rata-rata radius tajuk. Rata-rata aritmatik dari lebar tajuk 30 pohon dominan tiap petak pengukuran digunakan sebagai variabel respons dan umur tegakan sebagai variabel prediktor. Data pengukuran selanjutnya dipilah menjadi dua bagian, yaitu sebagian besar untuk pengembangan model dan satu bagian lagi untuk validasi model. Analisis regresi non linear dengan metode kuadrat terkecil digunakan untuk memilih 4 kandidat model penduga rata-rata lebar tajuk, yaitu model Sigmoid, Power, Schumacher dan Gompertz. Pemilihan model didasarkan atas nilai koefisien determinasi tertinggi dan standard error of the estimate terkecil serta signifikansi uji F dan uji T. Akhirnya, model terbaik diuji kelayakannya dengan kriteria root mean squared error, simpangan agregatif dan simpangan relatif. Model Gompertz adalah model terbaik untuk memprediksi perkembangan rata-rata lebar tajuk pohon dominan, yang dapat dituliskan dengan persamaan:CW = 6,585 Xe-0,705xe-0,091sagedan dapat menjelaskan 79% variasi data. Model tersebut lolos validasi dan layak digunakan untuk memprediksi rata-rata lebar tajuk pohon dominan jati asal Kebun Benih Klon pada tegakan berkualitas baik umur 6 tahun sampai dengan umur 15 tahun di Kesatuan Pemangkuan Hutan Ngawi.Predicting Crown-width of Dominant Trees on Teak Plantation from Clonal Seed Orchards in Ngawi Forest Management Unit, East JavaAbstractThis study aims to determine the model of crown width development of the dominant teak tree planted using seeds from clonal seed orchards. The research was carried out in Ngawi Forest Management Unit on the good quality teak compartment having stands age from 6 to 15 years old. The good quality compartments were determined based on higher stand density, taller average tree height, larger average stem diameter, and good accessibility. In a well-qualified compartment, 30 samples of the dominant tree were selected and each sample was measured for the crown radius in the four radii. The measured crown radius was used to calculate average crown radius as a quadratic mean of 4-crown radii and crown width as double of average crown radius. The arithmetic mean of the crown width of the 30 dominant trees in each measured compartment was used as the response variable and stand age as the predictor variable. The measurement data were then sorted into two parts, namely: mostly for model fitting and the remaining for model validation. Non-linear regression analysis with the least squares method was used to evaluate 4 candidate models of average crown width, namely: Sigmoid, Power, Schumacher, and Gompertz models. The model selection was based on the highest coefficient of determination and the smallest standard error of the estimate and the significance of F test and T test. The best model was eventually validated using the following criteria : root mean squared error, aggregate deviation, and relative deviation. Gompertz model was the best model to predict the average crown width development of dominant teak tree and expressed as:CW = 6.585 Xe-0.705xe-0.091xageand able to explain 79% variation of data. The model was passed based on statistical validation and it was feasible for predicting the average of crown width of dominant teak tree from clonal seed orchards on good quality stand aged 6 to 15 years in Ngawi Forest Management Unit.
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Butler, C., D. Newport, and M. Geron. "Optimising the locations of thermally sensitive equipment in an aircraft crown compartment." Aerospace Science and Technology 28, no. 1 (July 2013): 391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2012.12.005.
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Parhizkar, Pejman, Mohammad Hosein Sadeqzadeh Hallaj, and Majid Hassani. "Managed vs. unmanaged Fagus orientalis Lipsky forests: Structure and diversity of natural regeneration in northern Iran." Journal of Forest Science 68, No. 8 (August 26, 2022): 318–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/63/2022-jfs.
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The predominant natural disturbance regime within an old-growth Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forest has been imitated in order to continue the forest cover. It is unclear how much the silvicultural characteristics of regeneration in a managed forest differ from those in an unmanaged old-growth forest subject only to natural dynamics. In this study, we compared important quantitative (e.g. height, collar diameter, crown width, length of spring shoot on the main stem and length of the uppermost internodes) and qualitative (e.g. healthy, mode of branching and stem form) silvicultural characteristics of beech saplings within the gaps between an unmanaged old-growth Oriental beech compartment and a managed forest in the northern Iran ten years after a single harvest entry using a single-tree selection. Canopy gaps larger than 100 m<sup>2</sup> with visible remnants of gapmakers (i.e. stumps) were included in this study. The saplings’ characteristics of both compartments were within typical ranges for an old-growth beech forest. Small, but important differences were also observed. The value of beech saplings’ density in the managed compartment (4.9 ± 0.7 SE) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the unmanaged one (3.4 ± 0.6 SE). Conversely, the value of the Menhinick Richness index in the unmanaged one (0.96 ± 0.05 SE) was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than the managed compartment (0.80 ± 0.04 SE). The sapling spring shoot length in the unmanaged compartment (13.3 ± 1.7 SE) was also significantly (P < 0.01) higher than the managed one (7.3 ± 0.7 SE). Relying on beech trees in a managed compartment will hamper the stability of future forest stands. The imitation of the old growth forest must be complete. To increase the resistance of the forest stands to adverse conditions, pay attention to the tree species richness at the time of marking.
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Mihail, J. D., J. N. Bruhn, T. R. Meyer, and F. W. Bell. "Pine needle rust effect on Pinus banskiana in response to interspecific plant competition and telial host density." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 8 (August 1, 2002): 1372–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-061.
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Three compartments differing in soil texture were established in 1994 to examine interspecific competition using Pinus banskiana Lamb. and 11 competitive species including Aster macrophyllus L. Each competitive species was established in six planting densities in combination with P. banksiana. Since P. banksiana and A. macrophyllus are hosts of the pine needle rust (PNR) fungus, Coleosporium asterum (Diet.) Syd., conditions were inadvertently created for examining the effect of PNR on tree growth under interspecific competition. Tree size was measured in 1995 and 1996. PNR was assessed in 1996 (incidence) and 1997 (severity). Pinus banksiana root collar diameter, stem length, and crown diameter were significantly lower in the loam soil texture compartment compared with the clay or sand compartments. Using the same metrics, P. banksiana size was reduced as competitor density increased in 1995 and 1996, particularly for A. macrophyllus. Further, P. banksiana size was significantly reduced by PNR infection in 1996. Excluding the plots with A. macrophyllus, P. banksiana infected in 1996 were significantly larger than disease-free trees in the clay and sand compartments, suggesting that larger trees may represent larger targets for spore deposition. In 1996, PNR incidence was significantly correlated with proximity to A. macrophyllus plots.
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Gryko, Daniel T., Mariusz Tasior, Torsten Peterle, and Martin Bröring. "meso-substituted corroles bearing peripheral donor sites." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 10, no. 12 (December 2006): 1360–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424606000739.
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Various pathways towards corroles bearing additional donor sites especially those with diazacrown units have been evaluated. Macrocyclic diamidation based on the reaction of diamines with diesters was found to be the key step in the overall synthetic scheme. This strategy was applied successfully to the synthesis of three compounds possessing macrocyclic diamide or diamine moieties. In addition, a meso-picolyl derivatized corrole was prepared. The new ligands were investigated with respect to the regioselectivity of transition metal insertion. Mononuclear corrolates of copper and cobalt are formed as the only isolable products, if simple copper and cobalt precursors and standard metalation protocols are applied. The results prove, that corroles can be used as selectively coordinating building blocks in multi-compartment ligand systems with peripheral crown ether and pyridyl functionalization.
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Marković, Miroslava, Snežana Rajković, and Nenad Marković. "The crown condition of beech trees after the disastrous ice strorm on mt. Crni vrh." Sustainable Forestry: Collection, no. 79-80 (2019): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sustfor1979065m.
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The Level II Sample Plot where the research presented in the paper was conducted is located on Mt. Crni Vrh, in the Dubašnica management unit - compartment 11 - in the area managed by the Boljevac Forest Estate. Thirty marked beech trees (Fagus moesiaca (Domin, Mally) Czeczott.) had the defoliation assessed and the damage determined by class and agent in the growing period of a three-year-long research period. The investigations presented in this paper were performed following the catastrophic ice storm that devastated this area in the winter of 2014. The aim was to monitor the response of trees to a major natural disaster. The results showed that the investigated beech trees had been recovering relatively quickly although they had remained highly vulnerable to the attack of harmful pests and diseases, primarily to the extremely dangerous "beech bark disease", which occurred in the study stand two years after the damaging ice storm. Since beech is a very sensitive species, its condition after a major disaster needs to be monitored regularly at the affected localities in order to prepare and implement a program of adequate measures of protection and thus prevent the disease from growing to epiphytotic proportions or causing a chain of damaging events which could easily spread to the unaffected surrounding areas.
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Dacks, Joel B., and W. Ford Doolittle. "Novel syntaxin gene sequences from Giardia, Trypanosoma and algae: implications for the ancient evolution of the eukaryotic endomembrane system." Journal of Cell Science 115, no. 8 (April 15, 2002): 1635–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.115.8.1635.
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SNAP receptors or SNARES are crucial components of the intracellular membrane system of eukaryotes. The syntaxin family of SNAREs have been shown to have roles in neurotransmission, vesicular transport, membrane fusion and even internal membrane compartment reconstruction. While syntaxins and SNAREs in general have been well characterized in mammalian and yeast models, little is known about their overall distribution across eukaryotic diversity or about the evolution of the syntaxin gene family. By combining bioinformatic,molecular biological and phylogenetic approaches, we demonstrate that various syntaxin homologs are not only present in `eukaryotic crown taxa' but across a wide range of eukaryotic lineages. The alignment of evolutionarily diverse syntaxin paralogs shows that an isoleucine residue critical to nSec1—syntaxin complex formation and the characteristic syntaxin glutamine residue are nearly universally conserved, implying a general functional importance for these residues. Other identified functional residues involved in botulism toxicity and calcium-binding-protein interactions are also compared. The presence of Golgi-related syntaxins in the intestinal parasite Giardia intestinalis provides further evidence for a cryptic Golgi in this `adictyosomal' taxon, and another likely case of secondary reduction in this parasite. The phylogeny of syntaxins shows a number of nested duplications, including a case of parallel evolution in the plasma membrane-associated syntaxins, and ancestral duplications in the other syntaxin paralogs. These speak to ancient events in the evolution of the syntaxin system and emphasize the universal role of the syntaxins in the eukaryotic intracellular compartment system.
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Yokohama-Tamaki, T. "Cessation of Fgf10 signaling, resulting in a defective dental epithelial stem cell compartment, leads to the transition from crown to root formation." Development 133, no. 7 (April 1, 2006): 1359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.02307.
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Neuhaus, Eva M., Wolfhard Almers, and Thierry Soldati. "Morphology and Dynamics of the Endocytic Pathway inDictyostelium discoideum." Molecular Biology of the Cell 13, no. 4 (April 2002): 1390–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.01-08-0392.
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Dictyostelium discoideum is a genetically and biochemically tractable social amoeba belonging to the crown group of eukaryotes. It performs some of the tasks characteristic of a leukocyte such as chemotactic motility, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis that are not performed by other model organisms or are difficult to study.D. discoideum is becoming a popular system to study molecular mechanisms of endocytosis, but the morphological characterization of the organelles along this pathway and the comparison with equivalent and/or different organelles in animal cells and yeasts were lagging. Herein, we used a combination of evanescent wave microscopy and electron microscopy of rapidly frozen samples to visualize primary endocytic vesicles, vesicular-tubular structures of the early and late endo-lysosomal system, such as multivesicular bodies, and the specialized secretory lysosomes. In addition, we present biochemical and morphological evidence for the existence of a micropinocytic pathway, which contributes to the uptake of membrane along side macropinocytosis, which is the major fluid phase uptake process. This complex endosomal compartment underwent continuous cycles of tubulation/vesiculation as well as homo- and heterotypic fusions, in a way reminiscent of mechanisms and structures documented in leukocytes. Finally, egestion of fluid phase from the secretory lysosomes was directly observed.
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Epron, D., J. Ngao, M. Dannoura, M. R. Bakker, B. Zeller, S. Bazot, A. Bosc, et al. "Seasonal variations of belowground carbon transfer assessed by in situ <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> pulse labelling of trees." Biogeosciences 8, no. 5 (May 17, 2011): 1153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1153-2011.
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Abstract. Soil CO2 efflux is the main source of CO2 from forest ecosystems and it is tightly coupled to the transfer of recent photosynthetic assimilates belowground and their metabolism in roots, mycorrhiza and rhizosphere microorganisms feeding on root-derived exudates. The objective of our study was to assess patterns of belowground carbon allocation among tree species and along seasons. Pure 13CO2 pulse labelling of the entire crown of three different tree species (beech, oak and pine) was carried out at distinct phenological stages. Excess 13C in soil CO2 efflux was tracked using tuneable diode laser absorption spectrometry to determine time lags between the start of the labelling and the appearance of 13C in soil CO2 efflux and the amount of 13C allocated to soil CO2 efflux. Isotope composition (δ13C) of CO2 respired by fine roots and soil microbes was measured at several occasions after labelling, together with δ13C of bulk root tissue and microbial carbon. Time lags ranged from 0.5 to 1.3 days in beech and oak and were longer in pine (1.6–2.7 days during the active growing season, more than 4 days during the resting season), and the transfer of C to the microbial biomass was as fast as to the fine roots. The amount of 13C allocated to soil CO2 efflux was estimated from a compartment model. It varied between 1 and 21 % of the amount of 13CO2 taken up by the crown, depending on the species and the season. While rainfall exclusion that moderately decreased soil water content did not affect the pattern of carbon allocation to soil CO2 efflux in beech, seasonal patterns of carbon allocation belowground differed markedly between species, with pronounced seasonal variations in pine and beech. In beech, it may reflect competition with the strength of other sinks (aboveground growth in late spring and storage in late summer) that were not observed in oak. We report a fast transfer of recent photosynthates to the mycorhizosphere and we conclude that the patterns of carbon allocation belowground are species specific and change seasonally according to the phenology of the species.
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Panarace, M., C. Garnil, G. Jauregui, J. Lagioia, M. Marfil, and M. Medina. "382 ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF AMNIOTIC SAC SIZE DURING EARLY PREGNANCY IN COWS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 2 (2006): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv18n2ab382.
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In ruminants, the embryonic vesicle is composed of the yolk and the allantoic and amniotic sacs. In cattle, the allantoic sac represents the largest fluid accumulation in the uterus from early pregnancy onward, but is irregular in shape as it conforms to the uterine horns. It is, therefore, difficult to ultrasonographically measure the allantoic compartment. Conversely, the amniotic sac remains ellipsoidal in shape and can be evaluated more easily. The aim of this study was to characterize the development of the amniotic sac in relation to embryo development. Thirteen multiparous, nonlactating Aberdeen Angus cows were examined weekly from 30 days to 72 days of gestation. Epidural anesthesia was induced (6 mL of 2% lidocaine) to obtain light relaxation of the rectum and prevent straining. Measurements were taken by ultrasonography (Toshiba Nemio 20, Tokyo, Japan) using a 5–10 MHz intraoperative finger probe from 30 days to 58 days of pregnancy, and a 3–6 MHz linear-array probe thereafter. Length (D1) was registered in a longitudinal section of the amniotic sac, whereas width (D2) and height (D3) were measured in a cross section. Volume (cm3) was calculated with the formula 4 ÷ 3 × Pi × (D1 ÷ 2) × (D2 ÷ 2) × (D3 ÷ 2) ÷ 1000 and mean amniotic diameter (MAD) was calculated as the average of the three measurements (Hellman et al. 1969 Obstet. Gynecol. 103, 789). Crown rump length (CRL) was measured in a longitudinal section of the embryo when it was in a neutral position. Results show that volume, MAD, and the CRL increase progressively during the first trimester (Table 1). In the first 50 days of gestation, the difference (MAD-CRL) changed from a negative to a positive value, probably as a reflection of increasing embryonic production of amniotic fluid (Wallenburg et al. 1988 Med. 5, 191). From 58 days of gestation onward, the difference became progressively more negative due to a faster relative growth rate of the embryo than of the amniotic sac. To conclude, the present table may be useful in distinguishing between normal and abnormal early pregnancy, including embryonic growth retardation and hydrops amnios (Wintour 1986 et al. Aust. Vet. J. 216, 221). Table 1. Mean amniotic diameter (MAD), crown rump length (CRL), and the difference (MAD-CRL) during pregnancy in cattle (mean ± SD; n = 13)
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Al Bahrawy, Mohamed. "Comparison of the Migration Potential through Microperforated Membranes of CD146+ GMSC Population versus Heterogeneous GMSC Population." Stem Cells International 2021 (March 11, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5583421.
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Background. Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) is a powerful modality for periodontal regeneration, but it blocks the periosteum and gingival stem cells (GMSCs), from supporting periodontal wound by the nutrients, growth factors, and regenerative cells. The microperforated membrane considered a rewarding solution for this major drawback; GMSCs can migrate through a GTR microperforated membrane toward a chemoattractant, with the blocking of other unfavorable epithelial cells and fibroblasts. In the absence of a sole marker for MSC, a homogeneous population of GMSC is difficult to isolate; using CD146 as confirmatory markers for MSC identification, testing the behaviour of such homogeneous population in migration dynamics was the question to answer in this study. Materials and Methods. GMSCs from healthy crown lengthening tissue was isolated ( n = 3 ), its stem cell nature was confirmed, CD146 and CD271 markers were confirmatory markers to confirm homogenous stem cell population, and magnetic sorting was used to isolate GMSC with CD146 markers. A homogenous CD146 population was compared to heterogeneous GMSCs of origin; the population doubling time and MTT test of the two populations were compared. Migration dynamics were examined in a transwell migration chamber through 8 μm perforated polycarbonic acid membrane, and 0.4 μm and 3 μm perforated collagen-coated polytetrafluoroethylene membrane (PTFE) and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) were the chemoattractants used in the lower compartment to induce cell migration, were incubated in a humidified environment for 24 hours, then migrated the cell in the lower compartment examined by a light and electron microscope. Results. GMSCs fulfilled all the minimal criteria of stem cells and showed low signal 10% for CD146 on average and extremely low signal 2% for CD271 on average. Magnetic sorting optimized the signal of CD146 marker to 55%. GMSC CD146 population showed nonstatistically significant shorter population doubling time. CD146 homogeneous population migrated cell numbers were statistically significant compared to the heterogeneous population, through 0.4 μm and 3 μm perforated collagen membrane and 8 μm perforated polycarbonate membrane. Scanning electron microscopy proved the migration of the cells. Conclusions. A subset of the isolated GMSC showed a CD146 marker, which is considered a dependable confirmatory marker for the stem cells. In terms of GMSC migration through the microperforated membrane, a homogeneous CD146 population migrates more statistically significant than a heterogeneous GMSC population.
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Epron, D., J. Ngao, M. Dannoura, M. R. Bakker, B. Zeller, S. Bazot, A. Bosc, et al. "Seasonal variations of belowground carbon transfer assessed by in situ <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> pulse labelling of trees." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 1 (February 2, 2011): 885–919. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-885-2011.
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Abstract. Soil CO2 efflux is the main source of CO2 from forest ecosystems and it is tightly coupled to the transfer of recent photosynthetic assimilates belowground and their metabolism in roots, mycorrhiza and rhizosphere microorganisms feeding on root-derived exudates. The objectives of our study were to assess patterns of belowground carbon allocation among tree species and along seasons. Pure 13CO2 pulse labelling of the entire crown of three different tree species (beech, oak and pine) was carried out at distinct phenological stages. Excess 13C in soil CO2 efflux was tracked using tunable diode laser absorption spectrometry to determine time lags between the start of the labelling and the appearance of 13C in soil CO2 efflux and the amount of 13C allocated to soil CO2 efflux. Isotope composition (δ13C) of CO2 respired by fine roots and soil microbes was measured at several occasions after labelling, together with δ13C of bulk root tissue and microbial carbon. Time lags ranged from 0.5 to 1.3 days in beech and oak and were longer in pine (1.6–2.7 days during the active growing season, more than 4 days during the resting season), and the transfer of C to the microbial biomass was as fast as to the fine roots. The amount of 13C allocated to soil CO2 efflux was estimated from a compartment model. Seasonal patterns of carbon allocation to soil CO2 efflux differed markedly between species, with pronounced seasonal variations in pine and beech. In beech, it may reflect competition with other sinks (aboveground growth in late spring and storage in late summer) that were not observed in oak.
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Lee, Siew Siew, King Hwa Ling, Maiza Tusimin, Raman Subramaniam, Kartini Farah Rahim, and Su Peng Loh. "Interplay between Maternal and Neonatal Vitamin D Deficiency and Vitamin-D-Related Gene Polymorphism with Neonatal Birth Anthropometry." Nutrients 14, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14030564.
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Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy has been associated with poor foetal growth and neonatal birth anthropometry. However, the associations were inconsistent and could be confounded by neonatal vitamin D status and genetic factors. Until recently, limited studies have concomitantly examined the effect of maternal and neonatal vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on neonatal birth anthropometry. This study aims to examine the independent and combined effects of maternal and neonatal vitamin D deficiency and vitamin-D-related SNPs on neonatal birth anthropometry. This cross-sectional study included 217 mother–neonate dyads recruited from Hospital Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, between 2015 and 2017. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentration was measured in maternal and umbilical cord blood using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). Maternal and neonatal vitamin D Receptor (VDR) SNP (rs2228570) genotypes were determined using high-resolution melting (HRM). Group-specific component (GC) SNPs (rs4588 and rs7041) genotypes were determined using restriction fragment length polymorphism. Our results showed that: (1) maternal vitamin D deficiency (25OHD < 30 nmol/L) was inversely associated with birth weight, head circumference and crown–heel length; (2) neonatal SNPs, VDR rs2228570 and GC rs4588, were significantly associated with birth weight and head circumference, respectively; and (3) a potential interaction was observed between maternal VDR rs2228570 with maternal vitamin D deficiency on head circumference. These findings suggest that the underlying mechanisms of vitamin D on foetal growth are likely to be localised in the maternal compartment, mediated through the placenta, rather than through cellular mechanisms within the foetus. Further large-scale studies are warranted to validate and extend these findings.
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Shmuel, Yaniv, Yaron Ziv, and Baruch Rinkevich. "Strahler Ordering Analyses on Branching Coral Canopies: Stylophora pistillata as a Case Study." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10010121.
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The three-dimensional structural complexities generated by living sessile organisms, such as trees and branching corals, embrace distinct communities of dwelling organisms, many of which are adapted to specific niches within the structure. Thus, characterizing the build-up rules and the canopy compartments may clarify small-scale biodiversity patterns and rules for canopy constituents. While biodiversity within tree canopies is usually typified by the vertical axis that is delineated by its main compartments (understory, trunk, crown), traditional studies of coral canopy dwelling species are evaluated only by viewing the whole coral head as a single homogeneous geometric structure. Here, we employ the Strahler number of a mathematical tree for the numerical measurements of the coral’s canopy complexity. We use the branching Indo-Pacific coral species Stylophora pistillata as a model case, revealing five compartments in the whole coral canopy volume (Understory, Base, Middle, Up, and Bifurcation nods). Then, the coral’s dwellers’ diel distribution patterns were quantified and analyzed. We observed 114 natal colonies, containing 32 dwelling species (11 sessile), totaling 1019 individuals during day observations, and 1359 at night (1–41 individuals/colony). Biodiversity and abundance associated with Strahler numbers, diel richness, abundance, and patterns for compartmental distributions differed significantly between day/night. These results demonstrate that the coral-canopy Strahler number is an applicable new tool for assessing canopy landscapes and canopy associated species biodiversity, including the canopy-compartmental utilization by mobile organisms during day/night and young/adult behaviors.
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Liuti, Tiziana, Richard Reardon, and Paddy M. Dixon. "Computed tomographic assessment of equine maxillary cheek teeth anatomical relationships, and paranasal sinus volumes." Veterinary Record 181, no. 17 (September 11, 2017): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104185.
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Disorders affecting the equine maxillary cheek teeth and paranasal sinuses are relatively common, but limited objective information is available on the dimensions and relationships of these structures in horses of different ages. The aims of this study were to assess age-related changes in the positioning and anatomical relationships of the individual maxillary cheek teeth with the infraorbital canal and maxillary septum and the volumes of the individual sinus compartments. CT and gross examination were performed on 60 normal equine cadaver heads that were aged by their dentition. The intrasinus position of cheek teeth, length of reserve crowns, relationship to the infraorbital canal and measurements of rostral drift and sinus compartment volumes were assessed from CT images. The findings included that Triadan 10 alveoli lay fully or partially in the rostral maxillary sinus (RMS) in 60% of cases. The infraorbital canal lay directly on the medial aspect of the alveolar apex in younger horses. The Triadan 11’sclinical crowns and apices drifted a mean of 2.48 and 2.83 cm more rostral to the orbit, respectively, in the >15 years old vs the <6 years old age group. The mean volumes of sinus compartments ranged from 175 cm3for the caudal maxillary sinus (CMS) to 4 cm3for the ethmoidal sinus (ES). This information should be of value in the diagnosis and treatment of equine dental and sinus disorders and as reference values for further studies.
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Moldovan, Mircea, Ioan Tăut, Florin Alexandru Rebrean, Bartha Szilard, Iulia Diana Arion, and Marcel Dîrja. "Determining the Anti-Erosion Efficiency of Forest Stands Installed on Degraded Land." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (November 25, 2022): 15727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315727.
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Erosion caused by human activities is one of the reasons for forest soil degradation worldwide, with a direct impact on forest stands development, including reduced forest productivity. Therefore, in order to establish sustainable stand management practices, it is essential to assess soil losses in various forestry activities. Moreover, this phenomenon is studied little in stands, especially those established on degraded land. In Romanian geographical conditions, where sloping land is up to 67% of the territory and is influenced by natural factors as well as intense human activities, the soil and vegetation suffer serious ecological imbalances. In order to achieve the proposed objectives regarding the evaluation of stands in terms of anti-erosion effectiveness, we analyzed the consistency and the number of trees on the surface, the weight of the seedlings, and the surface runoff from the perspectives of rainfall and soil retention. In the two stands included in this study, the influence of rain intensity was 39% in compartment 49 and 38% in compartment 73, directly influencing surface runoff. The ground retention’s influence on surface runoff was 28% in both compartments. The indirect surface runoff was influenced by the consistency of the stands and by the degree of proximity of the crowns, which directly influenced the intensity of rain. In addition to analyzing these two parameters (rain intensity and ground retention), it was also observed that the degree of proximity to the crowns directly influenced the intensity of the rainfall within the forest, which, in turn, indirectly affected the runoff.
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Liu, Jun Feng, and Wei Feng Yuan. "Modelling of Crowd Behaviour in Emergency Evacuation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 2581–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.2581.
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A numerical model based on cellular automaton is proposed to simulate the human behaviour termed ‘flow with the stream’ in emergency evacuation from a large smoke-filled compartment. In the model, smoke effect in the context of visibility is considered since visibility range can affect crowd behaviour significantly. To simulate the reality that the smoke concentration in a fire compartment is not constant, the proposed model is developed to deal with the scenario in which the visibility range varies in the course of time. An empirical formula is incorporated into the proposed model to estimate the visibility range. The results of numerical tests show that the proposed model can also be used to investigate the effect of the number of guiders through case study.
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Wężyk, Piotr, Paweł Hawryło, Marta Szostak, Karolina Zięba-Kulawik, Monika Winczek, Ewa Siedlarczyk, Adam Kurzawiński, et al. "Using LiDAR Point Clouds in Determination of the Scots Pine Stands Spatial Structure Meaning in the Conservation of Lichen Communities in “Bory Tucholskie” National Park." Archives of Photogrammetry, Cartography and Remote Sensing 31, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 85–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/apcrs-2019-0007.
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Abstract The aim of the research carried out in 2018 and financed by the Forest Fund was the analysis of biometric features and parameters of pine stands in the area of the “Bory Tucholskie” National Park (PNBT), where a program of active protection of lichen was initiated in 2017. Environmental analyses were conducted in relation to selected biometric features of trees and stands using laser scanning (LiDAR), including ULS (Unmanned Laser Scanning; RIEGL VUX-1) and TLS (Terrestrial Laser Scanning; FARO FOCUS 3D; X130). Thanks to the application of LiDAR technology, the structure of pine stands was precisely determined by means of a series of descriptive statistics characterizing the 3D spatial structure of vegetation. Using the Trees Crown Model (CHM), the analysis of the volume of tree crowns and the volume of space under canopy was performed. For the analysed sub-compartments, GIS solar analyses were carried out for the solar energy reaching the canopy and the ground level due to active protection of lichen. Multispectral photos were obtained using a specialized RedEdge-M camera (MicaSense) mounted on the UAV multi rotor platform Typhoon H520 (Yuneec). Flights with a thermal camera were also performed in order to detect places on the ground with high temperature. Plant indices: NDVI, NDRE, GNDVI and GRVI were also calculated for sub-compartments. The data obtained in 2017 and 2018 were the basis for spatial and temporal analyses of 4-D changes in stands which were related to the removal of some trees and organic layer (litter, moss layer).
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Téo, Saulo Jorge, Sebastião do Amaral Machado, Afonso Figueiredo Filho, and Carlos Bruno Reissmann. "Models for estimating macronutrients in Mimosa scabrella Bentham." CERNE 16, no. 3 (September 2010): 323–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-77602010000300008.
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The aim of this work was to adjust and test different statistical models for estimating macronutrient content in the above-ground biomass of bracatinga (Mimosa scabrella Bentham). The data were collected from 25 bracatinga trees, all native to the north of the metropolitan region of Curitiba, Paraná state, Brazil. To determine the biomass and macronutrient content, the trees were separated into the compartments leaves, branches < 4 cm, branches > 4 cm, wood and stem barks. Different statistical models were adjusted to estimate N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents in the tree compartments, using dendrometric variables as the model independent variables. Based on the results, the equations developed for estimating macronutrient contents were, in general, satisfactory. The most accurate estimates were obtained for the stem biomass compartments and the sum of the biomass compartments. In some cases, the equations had a better performance when crown and stem dimensions, age and dominant height were included as independent variables.
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Nichols, Ben. "Endocytosis of lipid-anchored proteins: excluding GEECs from the crowd." Journal of Cell Biology 186, no. 4 (August 17, 2009): 457–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200907119.
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Endocytosis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked proteins via a specific pathway into GPI-enriched early endosomal compartments (GEECs) has been proposed. How sorting into this pathway may take place is unclear. In this issue, Bhagatji et al. (2009. J. Cell Biol. doi:10.1083/jcb.200903102) provide an original mechanism for the sorting of lipid-anchored proteins that involves exclusion of bulky extracellular domains from clathrin-coated pits.
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Souza, Renata Patrícia Dias, Rodinei Facco Pegoraro, Sidnei Tavares Reis, Victor Martins Maia, and Regynaldo Arruda Sampaio. "Partition and macronutrients accumulation in pineapple under nitrogen doses and plant density." Comunicata Scientiae 10, no. 3 (November 1, 2019): 384–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v10i3.2604.
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Studies related to the absorption and exportation capacity of macronutrients by irrigated pineapple are essential for the definition of adequate doses and fertilization management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accumulation of biomass and macronutrients in the compartments (leaves, shoot, root, seedlings/slip, crown/top, and fruit) of ‘Vitória’ pineapple irrigated in the semiarid region after the use of nitrogen doses and population densities. The treatments, arranged in randomized blocks with three replicates, arranged in a 5x4 factorial scheme, consisted of five nitrogen doses (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g per plant) and four population densities (51,282, 76,923, 90,909, and 126,984 plants ha-1). The accumulation of biomass and macronutrients in the pineapple compartments was evaluated at the end of the growing cycle. The increase of N doses combined with the increase of the plant population promoted a linear increase in the accumulation of biomass and macronutrients by the pineapple plants. The leaves presented greater accumulation of macronutrients, followed by the seedlings, shoot, fruit, crown, and roots. The pineapple presented the following decreasing order of macronutrient absorption: K> N> Ca> P> Mg>S. At the dose of 20 g per plant of N and population of 126,984 plants ha-1 were exported from the area by fruits, 1,311 (12%), 150 (9%), 144 (11%), 52 (11%), 46 (12%) and 36 (12%) kg ha-1 of K, N, Ca, P, Mg, and S, respectively; and by the shoots, 2,426 (22%), 480 (29%), 147 (11%), 101 (21%), 67 (18%), and 45 (15%) kg ha-1 of K, N, Ca, P, Mg, and S, respectively.
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Yuan, Weifeng, and Kang Hai Tan. "A model for simulation of crowd behaviour in the evacuation from a smoke-filled compartment." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 390, no. 23-24 (November 2011): 4210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2011.07.044.
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Lammers, G., and J. C. Jamieson. "Studies on the effect of lysosomotropic agents on the release of Gal β 1-4GlcNAc α-2,6-sialytransferase from rat liver slices during the acute-phase response." Biochemical Journal 261, no. 2 (July 15, 1989): 389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2610389.
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The mechanism of release of Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate: beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialytransferase, EC 2.4.99.1) from rat liver during the acute-phase response is due to the action of a cathepsin D-like proteinase that cleaves the trans-Golgi membrane-bound enzyme from a membrane anchor; this allows a major portion of the enzyme containing the catalytic site to escape into the extracellular space [Lammers & Jamieson (1988) Biochem. J. 256, 623-631]. The release of sialytransferase was most effective at pH 5.6, suggesting that release of sialyltransferase from the Golgi in whole cells is dependent on maintaining an acidic environment in the trans-Golgi compartment of the hepatocyte. Golgi membranes contain a proton pump that maintains the acidic pH in these compartments [Glickman, Croen, Kelly & Al-Awquati (1983) J. Cell Biol. 97, 1303-1308; Yamashiro, Tycko & Maxfield (1984) Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 37, 789-800; Zhang & Schneider (1983) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 114, 620-625; Anderson & Pathak (1985) Cell (Cambridge, Mass.) 40, 635-643]. Lysosomotropic agents, such as NH4Cl, chloroquine and methylamine can penetrate acidic compartments of the cell, such as the Golgi complex, raise the pH, and thus affect proteolytic cleavage events. The present paper describes the effect of lysosomotropic agents on the release of sialyltransferase from the hepatocyte using liver slices as a whole-cell system. Slices were prepared from control rats and rats suffering from the acute-phase response, where release of sialyltransferase is increased substantially [Lammers & Jamieson (1988) Biochem. J. 256, 623-631; Kaplan, Woloski, Hellman & Jamieson (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 11505-11509]. Release of sialyltransferase was almost abolished in presence of 50 mM-NH4Cl, 50 mM-methylamine or 1 mM-chloroquine. Inhibition of release of sialyltransferase was reversed when the lysosomotropic agents were removed from the medium, showing that these agents are not cytotoxic to the cells under the conditions used. The secretion of rat alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, which is not subject to proteolytic processing in the Golgi complex, was not found to be substantially affected by the presence of lysosomotropic agents. The results suggest that proteolytic cleavage of the catalytic site of sialyltransferase is a process that is significantly affected by the intra-Golgi pH.
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Wolff, Georg, Ronald W. A. L. Limpens, Jessika C. Zevenhoven-Dobbe, Ulrike Laugks, Shawn Zheng, Anja W. M. de Jong, Roman I. Koning, et al. "A molecular pore spans the double membrane of the coronavirus replication organelle." Science 369, no. 6509 (August 6, 2020): 1395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abd3629.
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Coronavirus genome replication is associated with virus-induced cytosolic double-membrane vesicles, which may provide a tailored microenvironment for viral RNA synthesis in the infected cell. However, it is unclear how newly synthesized genomes and messenger RNAs can travel from these sealed replication compartments to the cytosol to ensure their translation and the assembly of progeny virions. In this study, we used cellular cryo–electron microscopy to visualize a molecular pore complex that spans both membranes of the double-membrane vesicle and would allow export of RNA to the cytosol. A hexameric assembly of a large viral transmembrane protein was found to form the core of the crown-shaped complex. This coronavirus-specific structure likely plays a key role in coronavirus replication and thus constitutes a potential drug target.
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Smith, Stephen F., Shannon E. Collins, and Pascale G. Charest. "Ras, PI3K and mTORC2 – three's a crowd?" Journal of Cell Science 133, no. 19 (October 1, 2020): jcs234930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.234930.
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ABSTRACTThe Ras oncogene is notoriously difficult to target with specific therapeutics. Consequently, there is interest to better understand the Ras signaling pathways to identify potential targetable effectors. Recently, the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) was identified as an evolutionarily conserved Ras effector. mTORC2 regulates essential cellular processes, including metabolism, survival, growth, proliferation and migration. Moreover, increasing evidence implicate mTORC2 in oncogenesis. Little is known about the regulation of mTORC2 activity, but proposed mechanisms include a role for phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate – which is produced by class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks), well-characterized Ras effectors. Therefore, the relationship between Ras, PI3K and mTORC2, in both normal physiology and cancer is unclear; moreover, seemingly conflicting observations have been reported. Here, we review the evidence on potential links between Ras, PI3K and mTORC2. Interestingly, data suggest that Ras and PI3K are both direct regulators of mTORC2 but that they act on distinct pools of mTORC2: Ras activates mTORC2 at the plasma membrane, whereas PI3K activates mTORC2 at intracellular compartments. Consequently, we propose a model to explain how Ras and PI3K can differentially regulate mTORC2, and highlight the diversity in the mechanisms of mTORC2 regulation, which appear to be determined by the stimulus, cell type, and the molecularly and spatially distinct mTORC2 pools.
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ODIERE, M. R., K. G. KOSKI, H. A. WEILER, and M. E. SCOTT. "Concurrent nematode infection and pregnancy induce physiological responses that impair linear growth in the murine foetus." Parasitology 137, no. 6 (December 23, 2009): 991–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009991764.
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SUMMARYThis study examined concurrent stresses of nematode infection and pregnancy using pregnant and non-pregnant CD1 mice infected 3 times with 0, 50 or 100 Heligmosomoides bakeri larvae. Physiological, energetic, immunological and skeletal responses were measured in maternal and foetal compartments. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was elevated by pregnancy, but not by the trickle infection. Energy demands during pregnancy were met through increased food intake and fat utilization whereas mice lowered their body temperature during infection. Both infection and pregnancy increased visceral organ mass and both altered regional bone area and mineralization. During pregnancy, lumbar mineralization was lower but femur area and mineralization were higher. On the other hand, infection lowered maternal femur bone area and this was associated with higher IFN-γ in maternal serum of heavily infected pregnant mice. Infection also reduced foetal crown-rump length which was associated with higher amniotic fluid IL-1β.
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Telsang, Mrs S. S. "Railway Safety and Security using Image Processing and IOT." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 14, 2021): 2494–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.34669.
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The railways have become the primary form of transportation because of their capability and speed. Even a small improvement in this sector will aid the overall development of a nation. There are various reasons for abnormalities that occur on railway tracks which result in breakdowns and accidents. The poor maintenance of the railway tracks will also result in accidents. The important aspect we are considering in this paper is to avoid the crowd of passengers in each compartment considering the Covid-19 situation. Other aspects are avoiding accidents in foggy conditions, obstacles in front of railways, due to track faults. Comparative studies of different methods used in these aspects of railways are made and the best which gives better accuracy is considered for Implementation.
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Casellato, U., S. Tamburini, P. Tomasin, and P. A. Vigato. "Uranyl(VI) complexes with [1+1] asymmetric compartmental ligands containing a Schiff base and a crown ether-like chamber." Inorganica Chimica Acta 341 (December 2002): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-1693(02)01254-9.
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Lemke, Thorsten, Ulrich Stingl, Markus Egert, Michael W. Friedrich, and Andreas Brune. "Physicochemical Conditions and Microbial Activities in the Highly Alkaline Gut of the Humus-Feeding Larva of Pachnoda ephippiata (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 11 (November 2003): 6650–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.11.6650-6658.2003.
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ABSTRACT The soil macrofauna plays an important role in the carbon and nitrogen cycle of terrestrial ecosystems. In order to gain more insight into the role of the intestinal microbiota in transformation and mineralization of organic matter during gut passage, we characterized the physicochemical conditions, microbial activities, and community structure in the gut of our model organism, the humus-feeding larva of the cetoniid beetle Pachnoda ephippiata. Microsensor measurements revealed an extreme alkalinity in the midgut, with highest values (pH > 10) between the second and third crown of midgut ceca. Both midgut and hindgut were largely anoxic, but despite the high pH, the redox potential of the midgut content was surprisingly high even in the largest instar. However, reducing conditions prevailed in the hindgut paunch of all instars (Eh ∼ −100 mV). Both gut compartments possessed a pronounced gut microbiota, with highest numbers in the hindgut, and microbial fermentation products were present in high concentrations. The stimulation of hindgut methanogenesis by exogenous electron donors, such as H2, formate, and methanol, together with considerable concentrations of formate in midgut and hemolymph, suggests that midgut fermentations are coupled to methanogenesis in the hindgut by an intercompartmental transfer of reducing equivalents via the hemolymph. The results of a cultivation-based enumeration of the major metabolic groups in midgut and hindgut, which yielded high titers of lactogenic, propionigenic, and acetogenic bacteria, are in good agreement not only with the accumulation of microbial fermentation products in the respective compartments but also with the results of a cultivation-independent characterization of the bacterial communities reported in the companion paper (M. Egert, B. Wagner, T. Lemke, A. Brune, and M. W. Friedrich, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:6659-6668, 2003).
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Alexandrou, Constantia, Vangelis Harmandaris, Anastasios Irakleous, Giannis Koutsou, and Nikos Savva. "Modeling the evolution of COVID-19 via compartmental and particle-based approaches: Application to the Cyprus case." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): e0250709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250709.
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We present two different approaches for modeling the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Both approaches are based on the population classes susceptible, exposed, infectious, quarantined, and recovered and allow for an arbitrary number of subgroups with different infection rates and different levels of testing. The first model is derived from a set of ordinary differential equations that incorporates the rates at which population transitions take place among classes. The other is a particle model, which is a specific case of crowd simulation model, in which the disease is transmitted through particle collisions and infection rates are varied by adjusting the particle velocities. The parameters of these two models are tuned using information on COVID-19 from the literature and country-specific data, including the effect of restrictions as they were imposed and lifted. We demonstrate the applicability of both models using data from Cyprus, for which we find that both models yield very similar results, giving confidence in the predictions.
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Mujezinović, Osman, Tarik Treštić, Azra Čabaravdić, and Mirza Dautbašić. "THE INTENSITY OF INFECTION OF STEM SILVER FIR Abies alba Mill. BY WHITE MISTLETOE Viscum album L. ON BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA AREA." Radovi Šumarskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu 43, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.54652/rsf.2013.v43.i2.108.
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UDK: 582.475:582.728.4(497.6)
630*44:582.475(497.6)
In terms of the health status, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, European silver fir (Abies alba) is currently most threatened by the white mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. abietis). Along with drought and pollution, white mistletoe infestation plays an important role in silver fir decline.
The aim of this research was to determine the intensity of infestation of European silver fir trees by the white mistletoe.
In order to realize the defined aim, two compartments were chosen in the area of Forest Management Association of Zenica-Doboj Canton and Forestry Office “Olovo” where the analysis of the presence of mistletoe was conducted.
In total, 451 fir trees were examined and an assessment of the intensity of infested trees was carried out by implementation of Hawksworth Index of Infestation. According to the results conducted by the research, it was determined that the intensity of infestation of European fir stands differed according to the thirds of crown of the tree. Significant differences were also found in the severity of mistletoe intensity on trees of host trees within the diameter classes. A large number of mistletoe shrubs further deplete the host tree, making it more susceptible to secondary attacks by harmful insects and pathogens.
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Wilms, Florian, Nils Duppel, Tobias Cremer, and Ferréol Berendt. "Bark Thickness and Heights of the Bark Transition Area of Scots Pine." Forests 12, no. 10 (October 11, 2021): 1386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12101386.
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The estimation of forest biomass is gaining interest not only for calculating harvesting volumes but also for carbon storage estimation. However, bark (and carbon) compounds are not distributed equally along the stem. Particularly when looking at Scots pine, a radical change in the structure of the bark along the stem can be noted. At the bark transition area, the bark changes from thick and rough to thin and smooth. The aim of our study was (1) to analyze the height of the bark transition area where the bark structure changes and (2) to analyze the effect of cardinal direction on the bark thickness. Regression analyses and forward selection were performed including measured tree height, DBH, bark thickness, crown base height and upper and lower heights of the bark transition areas of 375 trees. While the cardinal direction had no effect on bark thickness, DBH was found to have a significant effect on the heights of the bark transition areas, with stand density and tree height having a minor additional effect. These variables can be used to estimate timber volume (without bark) with higher accuracy and to predict the carbon storage potential of forest biomass according to different tree compartments and compounds.
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Albert, Sahradha, Miroslava Schaffer, Florian Beck, Shyamal Mosalaganti, Shoh Asano, Henry F. Thomas, Jürgen M. Plitzko, Martin Beck, Wolfgang Baumeister, and Benjamin D. Engel. "Proteasomes tether to two distinct sites at the nuclear pore complex." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 52 (December 11, 2017): 13726–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716305114.
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The partitioning of cellular components between the nucleus and cytoplasm is the defining feature of eukaryotic life. The nuclear pore complex (NPC) selectively gates the transport of macromolecules between these compartments, but it is unknown whether surveillance mechanisms exist to reinforce this function. By leveraging in situ cryo-electron tomography to image the native cellular environment of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we observed that nuclear 26S proteasomes crowd around NPCs. Through a combination of subtomogram averaging and nanometer-precision localization, we identified two classes of proteasomes tethered via their Rpn9 subunits to two specific NPC locations: binding sites on the NPC basket that reflect its eightfold symmetry and more abundant binding sites at the inner nuclear membrane that encircle the NPC. These basket-tethered and membrane-tethered proteasomes, which have similar substrate-processing state frequencies as proteasomes elsewhere in the cell, are ideally positioned to regulate transcription and perform quality control of both soluble and membrane proteins transiting the NPC.
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Becker, M., M. de Krijger, W. Bemelman, W. de Jonge, C. Buskens, and M. Wildenberg. "DOP24 Crohn’s Disease fistula show skewed lymphoid/myeloid balance, altered myeloid cell profiles and high TNF-α expression." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 15, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): S062—S063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab073.063.
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Abstract Background A fistula is an abnormal tract connecting two epithelialized surfaces, for example the intestine and the skin. Perianal fistula are a common complication of patients suffering Crohn’s Disease (CD), but also occur in non-IBD patients in the form of cryptoglandular fistula. Around one third of all CD patients develop fistula at some point during their disease course. Fistula are often refractory to therapy, due to poor wound healing responses. In contrast, cryptoglandular fistula often respond to standard therapy. The biological background of this difference is unknown, and comparative studies between the two groups are lacking. The aim of this study was to characterize the cellular composition in fistula tracts of CD and cryptoglandular patients. Methods Curettage material of perianal fistula tracts was obtained during surgical intervention from patients with CD (n=15) and cryptoglandular fistulas (n=5). Single-cell suspensions were stained with a 35-antibody panel, focusing on myeloid and T-cell markers and were analyzed using mass cytometry (CyTOF). To visualize macrophages in the fistula tract we performed in situ hybridization with CD68 and TNF-α. Results The main cellular component of both fistula tracts consisted of CD66a+ granulocytes (64 +/- 24%). However, the remaining mononuclear compartment differed significantly between Crohn and cryptoglandular fistula. In CD, the majority was of lymphoid nature (CD3+ T cells 57 +/-21%, CD19+ B cells 14 +/-15%), while in cryptoglandular tracts, the majority consisted of myeloid origin (61+/- 15%). Within the T cell compartment, the majority of cells was CD45RO+, indicating activation. Presence of a seton increased the proportion of CD45RO+ T cells, in particular in CD4+ cells. In the myeloid compartment, CD14high/HLA-int monocytes, CD14int/HLA-high inflammatory macrophages and CD14high/CD163+ resident macrophages were identified. Interestingly, CD patient samples contained less monocyte-like cells, and substantially more resident macrophages compared to cryptoglandular samples. This feature tended to be even more enhanced in the presence of a seton, although this did not reach statistical significance. In situ hybridization showed a high production of TNF-α in epithelial-like cells in fistula tract of Crohn’s disease patients, but not in macrophages. Conclusion Despite granulocytes being the main contributor to the cellular composition of fistula tracts, striking differences were found between Crohns and cryptoglandular fistula, both in lymphoid/myeloid balance, and in the presence of resident macrophages. We also showed that epithelial-like cells in Crohns’s disease fistula tracts produce high amounts of TNF-α. These differences may contribute to the lack of response to therapy in CD.
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King, Katherine Y., Megan T. Baldridge, David C. Weksberg, Stuart M. Chambers, Georgi L. Lukov, Shihua Wu, Nathan C. Boles, et al. "Irgm1 protects hematopoietic stem cells by negative regulation of IFN signaling." Blood 118, no. 6 (August 11, 2011): 1525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2011-01-328682.
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Abstract The IFN-inducible immunity-related p47 GTPase Irgm1 has been linked to Crohn disease as well as susceptibility to tuberculosis. Previously we demonstrated that HSC quiescence and function are aberrant in mice lacking Irgm1. To investigate the molecular basis for these defects, we conducted microarray expression profiling of Irgm1-deficient HSCs. Cell-cycle and IFN-response genes are up-regulated in Irgm1−/− HSCs, consistent with dysregulated IFN signaling. To test the hypothesis that Irgm1 normally down-regulates IFN signaling in HSCs, we generated Irgm1−/−Ifngr1−/− and Irgm1−/−Stat1−/− double-knockout animals. Strikingly, hyperproliferation, self-renewal, and autophagy defects in Irgm1−/− HSCs were normalized in double-knockout animals. These defects were also abolished in Irgm1−/−Irgm3−/− double-knockout animals, indicating that Irgm1 may regulate Irgm3 activity. Furthermore, the number of HSCs was reduced in aged Irgm1−/− animals, suggesting that negative feedback inhibition of IFN signaling by Irgm1 is necessary to prevent hyperproliferation and depletion of the stem cell compartment. Collectively, our results indicate that Irgm1 is a powerful negative regulator of IFN-dependent stimulation in HSCs, with an essential role in preserving HSC number and function. The deleterious effects of excessive IFN signaling may explain how hematologic abnormalities arise in patients with inflammatory conditions.
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Boussi, Leora, Aditya Safaya, Arun Goyal, Romeo Mateo, Igor Laskowski, and Sateesh Babu. "“Inflammatory Bowel Disease—Not Just the Bowel’s Bane”: Peripheral Arterial and Venous Thrombosis in a Patient With Crohn Disease." Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 54, no. 7 (July 8, 2020): 646–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538574420939360.
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Introduction: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic multisystem inflammatory condition with associated endothelial dysfunction and dysregulated coagulation. Although deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in IBD has been well described, arterial thrombosis and thromboembolism are less commonly appreciated. Methods: A 63-year-old male with a known history of Crohn disease presented with acute-onset right arm pain. His past vascular history was significant for left lower extremity DVT with an existing inferior vena cava filter and acute ischemia of the right lower extremity requiring a below-knee amputation a year ago. Imaging revealed acute brachial, ulnar, and radial artery thrombosis. Results: Patient underwent an open right brachial, radial, and ulnar thrombectomy to restore vascular flow. He required multiple exploration and thrombectomy for reocclusion of the vessels in the early postoperative period. He later developed a rapidly deteriorating clinical status, flank ecchymosis and swelling concerning for soft tissue ischemia, and compartment syndrome heralding an eventual hemodynamic collapse. On exploration, he was found to have chronic fibrosis of his left femoral vein and femoral artery occlusion. Clinically, the patient deteriorated rapidly, which resulted in his demise. Conclusion: The inflammatory reaction in IBD leads to arterial stiffening and hypercoagulability, which should theoretically increase the risk for vascular disease. Although the link between IBD and DVT is well established, arterial thrombosis and thromboembolism remain widely debated, with some implications for therapeutic intervention. The link between vascular thrombosis and IBD must be examined further, as the treatment and prevention of vascular complications in IBD depends on our understanding of this relationship.
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Bourras, Salim, Thierry Rouxel, and Michel Meyer. "Agrobacterium tumefaciens Gene Transfer: How a Plant Pathogen Hacks the Nuclei of Plant and Nonplant Organisms." Phytopathology® 105, no. 10 (October 2015): 1288–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-12-14-0380-rvw.
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Agrobacterium species are soilborne gram-negative bacteria exhibiting predominantly a saprophytic lifestyle. Only a few of these species are capable of parasitic growth on plants, causing either hairy root or crown gall diseases. The core of the infection strategy of pathogenic Agrobacteria is a genetic transformation of the host cell, via stable integration into the host genome of a DNA fragment called T-DNA. This genetic transformation results in oncogenic reprogramming of the host to the benefit of the pathogen. This unique ability of interkingdom DNA transfer was largely used as a tool for genetic engineering. Thus, the artificial host range of Agrobacterium is continuously expanding and includes plant and nonplant organisms. The increasing availability of genomic tools encouraged genome-wide surveys of T-DNA tagged libraries, and the pattern of T-DNA integration in eukaryotic genomes was studied. Therefore, data have been collected in numerous laboratories to attain a better understanding of T-DNA integration mechanisms and potential biases. This review focuses on the intranuclear mechanisms necessary for proper targeting and stable expression of Agrobacterium oncogenic T-DNA in the host cell. More specifically, the role of genome features and the putative involvement of host’s transcriptional machinery in relation to the T-DNA integration and effects on gene expression are discussed. Also, the mechanisms underlying T-DNA integration into specific genome compartments is reviewed, and a theoretical model for T-DNA intranuclear targeting is presented.
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Čihák, Tomáš, and Monika Vejpustková. "Biomass allocation and carbon stock in Douglas fir and Norway spruce at the tree and stand level." Central European Forestry Journal 68, no. 3 (August 23, 2022): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/forj-2022-0005.
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Abstract The effect of changing tree species composition in favor of a greater representation of Douglas fir at the expense of Norway spruce on the carbon pool of Central European forests has not yet been investigated. Here, we compare the allocation of aboveground biomass and carbon stock in Douglas fir and spruce at the tree and stand level. At the tree level, Douglas fir accumulated, on average, 16.9% more aboveground biomass than Norway spruce. A greater amount of biomass was allocated mainly in the wood and bark of Douglas fir stem. For these biomass compartments, the difference between Douglas fir and Norway spruce was 21.1% and 60.3%, respectively. Spruce allocated more biomass in the crown, where the difference was 25.6% compared to Douglas fir. In needle biomass, Norway spruce exceeded Douglas fir by 84%. At the stand level, the analysis of model stands revealed that pure Norway spruce stands accumulated more carbon in the high and medium quality sites. As the site quality decreased, so did the differences in the amount of stored carbon. The higher carbon sink in Norway spruce stands was also confirmed in the analysis of real Norway spruce and Douglas fir stands. The difference in the carbon stock of young, medium-aged, and mature stands was 11.5%, 14.8%, and 1%, respectively. The positive balance in favor of spruce is mainly due to significantly higher numbers of trees per ha in Norway spruce stands. A positive effect of a greater representation of Douglas fir on the carbon budget of forest stands was not confirmed.
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HARVE, KARTHIK S., MICHAEL RAGHUNATH, RICKY R. LAREU, and RAJ RAJAGOPALAN. "MACROMOLECULAR CROWDING IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS: DYNAMIC LIGHT SCATTERING (DLS) TO QUANTIFY THE EXCLUDED VOLUME EFFECT (EVE)." Biophysical Reviews and Letters 01, no. 03 (July 2006): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793048006000215.
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Macromolecules crowd defined spaces, thereby excluding other like-sized molecules from the volume they occupy. These excluded-volume effect(s) (EVE) are well characterized for intracellular and partially for extracellular compartments such as blood plasma. We showed that EVE in fibroblast culture leads to faster enzymatic procollagen conversion and matrix deposition. Apparently, EVE can be applied to emulate in vivo conditions in an in vitro setting. Thus, we attempted to quantitatively capture the crowding potential of various macromolecules using dynamic light scattering under physiological conditions. We found that charged macromolecules like dextran sulfate (negative, 500 kDa) have a hydrodynamic radii of 46.4 ± 0.3 nm i.e. ~4 fold larger than that of neutral macromolecules like Ficoll (neutral, 400 kDa) and thus show greater EVE potential. At biologically effective concentrations viscosity was not increased. Unexpectedly, we observed a dramatic drop of hydrodynamic radii of all macromolecules tested above a threshold concentration. This suggested a hyper-crowding state in which the crowders compacted themselves mutually. We will use this hyper-crowding threshold to determine retrogradely rules that allow to predict the conditions for optimum crowding effects (such as the half-hyper-crowding concentration) in biological systems. We propose Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) as a potential tool to estimate EVE in biotechnical applications.
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Moe, Kyaw Thu, Toshiaki Owari, Naoyuki Furuya, Takuya Hiroshima, and Junko Morimoto. "Application of UAV Photogrammetry with LiDAR Data to Facilitate the Estimation of Tree Locations and DBH Values for High-Value Timber Species in Northern Japanese Mixed-Wood Forests." Remote Sensing 12, no. 17 (September 3, 2020): 2865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12172865.
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High-value timber species play an important economic role in forest management. The individual tree information for such species is necessary for practical forest management and for conservation purposes. Digital aerial photogrammetry derived from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV-DAP) can provide fine spatial and spectral information, as well as information on the three-dimensional (3D) structure of a forest canopy. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data enable area-wide 3D tree mapping and provide accurate forest floor terrain information. In this study, we evaluated the potential use of UAV-DAP and LiDAR data for the estimation of individual tree location and diameter at breast height (DBH) values of large-size high-value timber species in northern Japanese mixed-wood forests. We performed multiresolution segmentation of UAV-DAP orthophotographs to derive individual tree crown. We used object-based image analysis and random forest algorithm to classify the forest canopy into five categories: three high-value timber species, other broadleaf species, and conifer species. The UAV-DAP technique produced overall accuracy values of 73% and 63% for classification of the forest canopy in two forest management sub-compartments. In addition, we estimated individual tree DBH Values of high-value timber species through field survey, LiDAR, and UAV-DAP data. The results indicated that UAV-DAP can predict individual tree DBH Values, with comparable accuracy to DBH prediction using field and LiDAR data. The results of this study are useful for forest managers when searching for high-value timber trees and estimating tree size in large mixed-wood forests and can be applied in single-tree management systems for high-value timber species.
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Marziliano, Pasquale A., Giuliano Menguzzato, Angelo Scuderi, Clemente Scalise, and Vittoria Coletta. "Biomass conversion and expansion factors in Douglas-fir stands of different planting density: variation according to individual growth and prediction equations." Forest Systems 26, no. 1 (May 19, 2017): e003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2017261-10239.
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Aim of study: We built biomass expansion factors (BCEFs) from Douglas-fir felled trees planted with different planting densities to evaluate the differences according tree size and planting density.Area of study: The Douglas-fir plantation under study is located on the northern coastal chain of Calabria (Tyrrhenian side) south Italy.Materials and methods: We derived tree level BCEFs, relative to crown (BCEFc), to stem (BCEFst = basic density, BD) and total above-ground (BCEFt) from destructive measurements carried out in a Douglas-fir plantation where four study plots were selected according to different planting densities (from 833 to 2500 trees per hectare). The measured BCEFs were regressed against diameter at breast height and total height, planting density, site productivity (SP) and their interactions to test the variation of BCEFs. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the post hoc Tukey comparison test were used to test differences in BCEFt, BCEFc and in BD between plots with different planting density.Main results: BCEFs decreased with increasing total height and DBH, but large dispersion measures were obtained for any of the compartments in the analysis. An increasing trend with planting density was found for all the analyzed BCEFs, but together with planting density, BCEFs also resulted dependent upon site productivity. BCEFt average values ranged between 1.40 Mg m-3 in planting density with 833 trees/ha (PD833) to 2.09 Mg m-3 in planting density with 2500 trees/ha (PD2500), which are in the range of IPCC prescribed values for Douglas-fir trees.Research highlights: Our results showed that the application of BCEF to estimate forest biomass in stands with different planting densities should explicitly account for the effect of planting density and site productivity.
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Konôpka, Bohdan, and Jozef Pajtík. "Similar foliage area but contrasting foliage biomass between young beech and spruce stands / Porovnateľná plocha avšak kontrastná biomasa asimilačných orgánov medzi mladými porastmi buka a smreka." Forestry Journal 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/forj-2015-0002.
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Abstract The study focuses on two young stands of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) of the same age (12-yearold) with similar sized trees grown at near identical sites. After performing a destructive sampling technique which included all tree compartments except fine roots; allometric equations were constructed for all tree components. Diameter at stem base (do) was utilized as an independent variable for the equations. The models expressed not only biomass of woody parts (branches, stem and coarse roots) and foliage but also foliage area and specific leaf area (SLA). Results indicate that the basic morphological properties of foliage vary in both species along the vertical crown profile. In spruce, contrasting values of needle area and SLA were recorded among needle sets (based on year of establishment). On a tree level, both spruce and beech had similar foliage areas however, beech had a larger biomass comprising of woody parts while spruce biomass was dominated by foliage. Therefore the leaf mass ratio (LMR) defined as the ratio between foliage biomass and total tree biomass, as well as leaf area ratio (LAR) defined as the ratio between leaf area and total tree biomass were much larger in spruce than in beech species. On a stand level, spruce manifested a higher value (18.64 m2.m−2) of leaf area index (LAI) than beech (12.77 m2.m−2). Moreover, while the biomass of foliage was 4.6 times higher in spruce than in beech, total biomass of woody parts were similar in both stands. These contrasts indicate very different growth strategies and biomass allocations between beech and spruce at the young growth stages
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Goumon, S., R. Bergeron, L. Faucitano, T. Crowe, M. L. Connor, and H. W. Gonyou. "Effect of previous ramp exposure and regular handling on heart rate, ease of handling and behaviour of near market-weight pigs during a simulated loading." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 93, no. 4 (December 2013): 461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas2013-166.
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Goumon, S., Bergeron, R., Faucitano, L., Crowe, T., Connor, M. L. and Gonyou, H. W. 2013. Effect of previous ramp exposure and regular handling on heart rate, ease of handling and behaviour of near market-weight pigs during a simulated loading. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 461–470. The objective of this study was to assess whether stress response during simulated loading could be reduced by providing pigs with experience prior to the event. Two weeks before simulated loading, 160 Large White × Landrace near market-weight pigs were allocated to one of four treatments: physical training (EXERCISE), psychological training (RAMP), EXERCISE and RAMP trainings (BOTH) or no training (CON). Once training was completed, pigs were loaded into a simulated trailer compartment, and the metrics of behaviour, pig and handler's heart rates, loading time and handling difficulty were measured. During loading, heart rate was lower (P<0.05) for EXERCISE and BOTH pigs compared with RAMP and CON pigs. The numbers of touch/slap and push were lower (P<0.05 and P<0.05, respectively) for EXERCISE pigs compared with CON, RAMP and BOTH pigs, which did not differ (P>0.05). The number of balks was the lowest (P<0.05) for EXERCISE pigs, whereas there were no differences (P>0.05) between BOTH and CON or RAMP pigs. This study demonstrates that daily exercise, by itself, improves the ease of handling and reduces cardiovascular response, while it appears that previous exposure to a ramp had no beneficial effects.
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Rahn, Simon, Marion Gödel, Gerta Köster, and Gesine Hofinger. "Modelling airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at a local scale." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 30, 2022): e0273820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273820.
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The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has changed our lives and still poses a challenge to science. Numerous studies have contributed to a better understanding of the pandemic. In particular, inhalation of aerosolised pathogens has been identified as essential for transmission. This information is crucial to slow the spread, but the individual likelihood of becoming infected in everyday situations remains uncertain. Mathematical models help estimate such risks. In this study, we propose how to model airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at a local scale. In this regard, we combine microscopic crowd simulation with a new model for disease transmission. Inspired by compartmental models, we describe virtual persons as infectious or susceptible. Infectious persons exhale pathogens bound to persistent aerosols, whereas susceptible ones absorb pathogens when moving through an aerosol cloud left by the infectious person. The transmission depends on the pathogen load of the aerosol cloud, which changes over time. We propose a ‘high risk’ benchmark scenario to distinguish critical from non-critical situations. A parameter study of a queue shows that the new model is suitable to evaluate the risk of exposure qualitatively and, thus, enables scientists or decision-makers to better assess the spread of COVID-19 and similar diseases.
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Casellato, Umberto, Sergio Tamburini, Patrizia Tomasin, Pietro A. Vigato, Silvio Aime, and Mauro Botta. "Synthesis, X-ray Structure, and Solution NMR Studies of Ln(III) Complexes with a Macrocyclic Asymmetric Compartmental Schiff Base. Preference of the Ln(III) Ions for a Crown-Like Coordination Site." Inorganic Chemistry 38, no. 12 (June 1999): 2906–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic980715r.
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Piayda, Arndt, Maren Dubbert, Rolf Siegwolf, Matthias Cuntz, and Christiane Werner. "Quantification of dynamic soil–vegetation feedbacks following an isotopically labelled precipitation pulse." Biogeosciences 14, no. 9 (May 5, 2017): 2293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2293-2017.
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Abstract. The presence of vegetation alters hydrological cycles of ecosystems. Complex plant–soil interactions govern the fate of precipitation input and water transitions through ecosystem compartments. Disentangling these interactions is a major challenge in the field of ecohydrology and a pivotal foundation for understanding the carbon cycle of semi-arid ecosystems. Stable water isotopes can be used in this context as tracer to quantify water movement through soil–vegetation–atmosphere interfaces. The aim of this study is to disentangle vegetation effects on soil water infiltration and distribution as well as dynamics of soil evaporation and grassland water use in a Mediterranean cork oak woodland during dry conditions. An irrigation experiment using δ18O labelled water was carried out in order to quantify distinct effects of tree and herbaceous vegetation on the infiltration and distribution of event water in the soil profile. Dynamic responses of soil and herbaceous vegetation fluxes to precipitation regarding event water use, water uptake depth plasticity, and contribution to ecosystem soil evaporation and transpiration were quantified. Total water loss to the atmosphere from bare soil was as high as from vegetated soil, utilizing large amounts of unproductive evaporation for transpiration, but infiltration rates decreased. No adjustments of main root water uptake depth to changes in water availability could be observed during the experiment. This forces understorey plants to compete with adjacent trees for water in deeper soil layers at the onset of summer. Thus, understorey plants are subjected to chronic water deficits faster, leading to premature senescence at the onset of drought. Despite this water competition, the presence of cork oak trees fosters infiltration and reduces evapotranspirative water losses from the understorey and the soil, both due to altered microclimatic conditions under crown shading. This study highlights complex soil–plant–atmosphere and inter-species interactions controlling rain pulse transitions through a typical Mediterranean savannah ecosystem, disentangled by the use of stable water isotopes.
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Prieto-Márquez, Albert, Gregory M. Erickson, and Jun A. Ebersole. "Anatomy and osteohistology of the basal hadrosaurid dinosaurEotrachodonfrom the uppermost Santonian (Cretaceous) of southern Appalachia." PeerJ 4 (April 14, 2016): e1872. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1872.
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The cranial and postcranial anatomy of the basal hadrosaurid dinosaurEotrachodon orientalis, from the uppermost Santonian of southern Appalachia (southeastern U.S.A.), is described in detail. This animal is the only known pre-Campanian non-lambeosaurine hadrosaurid, and the most complete hadrosauroid known from Appalachia.E. orientalispossesses a mosaic of plesiomorphic and derived characters in the context of Hadrosauroidea. Characters shared with basal hadrosauroids include a short and sloping maxillary ectopterygoid shelf, caudally prominent maxillary jugal process, one functional tooth per alveolus on the maxillary occlusal plane, a jugal rostral process with a shallow caudodorsal margin and medioventrally facing articular facet, a vertical dentary coronoid process with a poorly expanded apex, and tooth crowns with accessory ridges. Derived characters shared with other hadrosaurids include a circumnarial depression compartmented into three fossae (as in brachylophosaurins andEdmontosaurus), a thin everted premaxillary oral margin (as inGryposaurus,Prosaurolophus, andSaurolophus), and a maxilla with a deep and rostrocaudally extensive rostrodorsal region with a steeply sloping premaxillary margin (as inGryposaurus).Eotrachodon orientalisdiffers primarily from the other hadrosauroid from the Mooreville Chalk of Alabama,Lophorhothon atopus, in having a slender and crestless nasal whose caudodorsal margin is not invaded by the circumnarial depression.Hadrosaurus foulkii, the only other known hadrosaurid from Appalachia, is distinct fromE. orientalisin having dentary teeth lacking accessory ridges and a dorsally curved shaft of the ischium. A histological section of the tibia of theE. orientalisholotype (MSC 7949) suggests that this individual was actively growing at the time of death and, thus, had the potential to become a larger animal later in development.
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Zhang, Hao, Luis J. Gomez, and Johann Guilleminot. "Uncertainty quantification of TMS simulations considering MRI segmentation errors." Journal of Neural Engineering 19, no. 2 (March 30, 2022): 026022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ac5586.
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Abstract Objective. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation method that is used to study brain function and conduct neuropsychiatric therapy. Computational methods that are commonly used for electric field (E-field) dosimetry of TMS are limited in accuracy and precision because of possible geometric errors introduced in the generation of head models by segmenting medical images into tissue types. This paper studies E-field prediction fidelity as a function of segmentation accuracy. Approach.The errors in the segmentation of medical images into tissue types are modeled as geometric uncertainty in the shape of the boundary between tissue types. For each tissue boundary realization, we then use an in-house boundary element method to perform a forward propagation analysis and quantify the impact of tissue boundary uncertainties on the induced cortical E-field. Main results. Our results indicate that predictions of E-field induced in the brain are negligibly sensitive to segmentation errors in scalp, skull and white matter (WM), compartments. In contrast, E-field predictions are highly sensitive to possible cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) segmentation errors. Specifically, the segmentation errors on the CSF and gray matter interface lead to higher E-field uncertainties in the gyral crowns, and the segmentation errors on CSF and WM interface lead to higher uncertainties in the sulci. Furthermore, the uncertainty of the average cortical E-fields over a region exhibits lower uncertainty relative to point-wise estimates. Significance. The accuracy of current cortical E-field simulations is limited by the accuracy of CSF segmentation accuracy. Other quantities of interest like the average of the E-field over a cortical region could provide a dose quantity that is robust to possible segmentation errors.
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Coll, S., M. Seco, C. Bauset, L. Lis, J. Cosín-Roger, D. Ortiz-Masia, L. Gisbert-Ferrandiz, D. Barrachina, and S. Calatayud. "P020 Differential expression of miR-424-5p and miR-378c in stenotic and penetrating lessions of Crohn’s Disease associates with altered transcription of genes involved in vascular regulation." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 16, Supplement_1 (January 1, 2022): i146—i147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab232.149.
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Abstract Background Crohn′s disease (CD) is often complicated by the appearance of intestinal stenosis (B2 behaviour) or fistulas (B3 behaviour), and the factors determining the pattern of disease and the etiology of these lesions, both associated with fibrosis and requiring surgery, are poorly defined. Our aim has been to detect transcriptomic alterations in intestinal tissues affected by stenosis or fistulas, and have centred our attention in genes affecting vessel formation and function as potential contributors to these lesions. Methods We conducted a small RNA sequencing profiling on ileal surgical resections from CD patients with B2 (n=10) or B3 (n=10) behaviour. We obtained a sample from affected tissue and the paired non-affected ileum from each patient. Results Tissues affected by stenotic or penetrating lesions present a differential expression of two pro-angiogenic miRNAs (Fig1A) and an increased expression of genes associated with vascular regulation (Fig1B), and both alterations are more pronounced in penetrating lesions. The expression of this set of genes shows a generalized and significant correlation with that of the pro-angiogenic miRNAs (negative with the down-regulated miR-378c, positive with the up-regulated miR-424-5p, Fig1C), especially in the affected tissue. Fig1. Expression of pro-angiogenic miRNAs (A) and of genes associated with vascular regulation (B) in tissues from stenotic (B2) and penetrating (B3) lesions of CD patients. Data represent normalized counts of each RNA and are expressed as mean±SEM (A) or mean (B). Data in (C) correspond to Pearson’s R. Significant differences vs corresponding non-affected tissue are represented by *P<0.05 (paired t-test) and #P<0.05 (ANOVA+Tukey test) Conclusion Ileal tissues from CD patients affected by stenosis or penetrating injuries present a local alteration in the expression of miRNAs with pro-angiogenic functions that probably contributes to the up-regulation of genes associated with vessel formation and to the modification of the vascular compartment in these lesions.