Academic literature on the topic 'Crown compartment'

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan model perkembangan lebar tajuk pohon dominan jati asal Kebun Benih Klon pada tegakan berkualitas baik.Penelitian dilakukan di Kesatuan Pemangkuan Hutan Ngawi pada petak tanaman jati asal Kebun Benih Klon bertumbuhan baik pada umur 615 tahun. Petak tanaman bertumbuhan baik ditentukan berdasarkan kriteria persentase keberhasilan tanaman, rata-rata tinggi pohon dan rata-rata diameter batang serta aksesibilitasnya. Pada petak yang memenuhi syarat bertumbuhan baik dipilih sebanyak 30 sampel pohon dominan dan tiap sampel diukur radius tajuk pada empat arah mata angin. Hasil pengukuran radius tajuk digunakan untuk menghitung rata-rata radius tajuk sebagai rata-rata kuadratik 4 arah pengukuran radius tajuk dan lebar tajuk sebagai dua kali rata-rata radius tajuk. Rata-rata aritmatik dari lebar tajuk 30 pohon dominan tiap petak pengukuran digunakan sebagai variabel respons dan umur tegakan sebagai variabel prediktor. Data pengukuran selanjutnya dipilah menjadi dua bagian, yaitu sebagian besar untuk pengembangan model dan satu bagian lagi untuk validasi model. Analisis regresi non linear dengan metode kuadrat terkecil digunakan untuk memilih 4 kandidat model penduga rata-rata lebar tajuk, yaitu model Sigmoid, Power, Schumacher dan Gompertz. Pemilihan model didasarkan atas nilai koefisien determinasi tertinggi dan standard error of the estimate terkecil serta signifikansi uji F dan uji T. Akhirnya, model terbaik diuji kelayakannya dengan kriteria root mean squared error, simpangan agregatif dan simpangan relatif. Model Gompertz adalah model terbaik untuk memprediksi perkembangan rata-rata lebar tajuk pohon dominan, yang dapat dituliskan dengan persamaan:CW = 6,585 Xe-0,705xe-0,091sagedan dapat menjelaskan 79% variasi data. Model tersebut lolos validasi dan layak digunakan untuk memprediksi rata-rata lebar tajuk pohon dominan jati asal Kebun Benih Klon pada tegakan berkualitas baik umur 6 tahun sampai dengan umur 15 tahun di Kesatuan Pemangkuan Hutan Ngawi.Predicting Crown-width of Dominant Trees on Teak Plantation from Clonal Seed Orchards in Ngawi Forest Management Unit, East JavaAbstractThis study aims to determine the model of crown width development of the dominant teak tree planted using seeds from clonal seed orchards. The research was carried out in Ngawi Forest Management Unit on the good quality teak compartment having stands age from 6 to 15 years old. The good quality compartments were determined based on higher stand density, taller average tree height, larger average stem diameter, and good accessibility. In a well-qualified compartment, 30 samples of the dominant tree were selected and each sample was measured for the crown radius in the four radii. The measured crown radius was used to calculate average crown radius as a quadratic mean of 4-crown radii and crown width as double of average crown radius. The arithmetic mean of the crown width of the 30 dominant trees in each measured compartment was used as the response variable and stand age as the predictor variable. The measurement data were then sorted into two parts, namely: mostly for model fitting and the remaining for model validation. Non-linear regression analysis with the least squares method was used to evaluate 4 candidate models of average crown width, namely: Sigmoid, Power, Schumacher, and Gompertz models. The model selection was based on the highest coefficient of determination and the smallest standard error of the estimate and the significance of F test and T test. The best model was eventually validated using the following criteria : root mean squared error, aggregate deviation, and relative deviation. Gompertz model was the best model to predict the average crown width development of dominant teak tree and expressed as:CW = 6.585 Xe-0.705xe-0.091xageand able to explain 79% variation of data. The model was passed based on statistical validation and it was feasible for predicting the average of crown width of dominant teak tree from clonal seed orchards on good quality stand aged 6 to 15 years in Ngawi Forest Management Unit.

The predominant natural disturbance regime within an old-growth Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forest has been imitated in order to continue the forest cover. It is unclear how much the silvicultural characteristics of regeneration in a managed forest differ from those in an unmanaged old-growth forest subject only to natural dynamics. In this study, we compared important quantitative (e.g. height, collar diameter, crown width, length of spring shoot on the main stem and length of the uppermost internodes) and qualitative (e.g. healthy, mode of branching and stem form) silvicultural characteristics of beech saplings within the gaps between an unmanaged old-growth Oriental beech compartment and a managed forest in the northern Iran ten years after a single harvest entry using a single-tree selection. Canopy gaps larger than 100 m² with visible remnants of gapmakers (i.e. stumps) were included in this study. The saplings’ characteristics of both compartments were within typical ranges for an old-growth beech forest. Small, but important differences were also observed. The value of beech saplings’ density in the managed compartment (4.9 ± 0.7 SE) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the unmanaged one (3.4 ± 0.6 SE). Conversely, the value of the Menhinick Richness index in the unmanaged one (0.96 ± 0.05 SE) was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than the managed compartment (0.80 ± 0.04 SE). The sapling spring shoot length in the unmanaged compartment (13.3 ± 1.7 SE) was also significantly (P < 0.01) higher than the managed one (7.3 ± 0.7 SE). Relying on beech trees in a managed compartment will hamper the stability of future forest stands. The imitation of the old growth forest must be complete. To increase the resistance of the forest stands to adverse conditions, pay attention to the tree species richness at the time of marking.

Three compartments differing in soil texture were established in 1994 to examine interspecific competition using Pinus banskiana Lamb. and 11 competitive species including Aster macrophyllus L. Each competitive species was established in six planting densities in combination with P. banksiana. Since P. banksiana and A. macrophyllus are hosts of the pine needle rust (PNR) fungus, Coleosporium asterum (Diet.) Syd., conditions were inadvertently created for examining the effect of PNR on tree growth under interspecific competition. Tree size was measured in 1995 and 1996. PNR was assessed in 1996 (incidence) and 1997 (severity). Pinus banksiana root collar diameter, stem length, and crown diameter were significantly lower in the loam soil texture compartment compared with the clay or sand compartments. Using the same metrics, P. banksiana size was reduced as competitor density increased in 1995 and 1996, particularly for A. macrophyllus. Further, P. banksiana size was significantly reduced by PNR infection in 1996. Excluding the plots with A. macrophyllus, P. banksiana infected in 1996 were significantly larger than disease-free trees in the clay and sand compartments, suggesting that larger trees may represent larger targets for spore deposition. In 1996, PNR incidence was significantly correlated with proximity to A. macrophyllus plots.

Various pathways towards corroles bearing additional donor sites especially those with diazacrown units have been evaluated. Macrocyclic diamidation based on the reaction of diamines with diesters was found to be the key step in the overall synthetic scheme. This strategy was applied successfully to the synthesis of three compounds possessing macrocyclic diamide or diamine moieties. In addition, a meso-picolyl derivatized corrole was prepared. The new ligands were investigated with respect to the regioselectivity of transition metal insertion. Mononuclear corrolates of copper and cobalt are formed as the only isolable products, if simple copper and cobalt precursors and standard metalation protocols are applied. The results prove, that corroles can be used as selectively coordinating building blocks in multi-compartment ligand systems with peripheral crown ether and pyridyl functionalization.

The Level II Sample Plot where the research presented in the paper was conducted is located on Mt. Crni Vrh, in the Dubašnica management unit - compartment 11 - in the area managed by the Boljevac Forest Estate. Thirty marked beech trees (Fagus moesiaca (Domin, Mally) Czeczott.) had the defoliation assessed and the damage determined by class and agent in the growing period of a three-year-long research period. The investigations presented in this paper were performed following the catastrophic ice storm that devastated this area in the winter of 2014. The aim was to monitor the response of trees to a major natural disaster. The results showed that the investigated beech trees had been recovering relatively quickly although they had remained highly vulnerable to the attack of harmful pests and diseases, primarily to the extremely dangerous "beech bark disease", which occurred in the study stand two years after the damaging ice storm. Since beech is a very sensitive species, its condition after a major disaster needs to be monitored regularly at the affected localities in order to prepare and implement a program of adequate measures of protection and thus prevent the disease from growing to epiphytotic proportions or causing a chain of damaging events which could easily spread to the unaffected surrounding areas.

SNAP receptors or SNARES are crucial components of the intracellular membrane system of eukaryotes. The syntaxin family of SNAREs have been shown to have roles in neurotransmission, vesicular transport, membrane fusion and even internal membrane compartment reconstruction. While syntaxins and SNAREs in general have been well characterized in mammalian and yeast models, little is known about their overall distribution across eukaryotic diversity or about the evolution of the syntaxin gene family. By combining bioinformatic,molecular biological and phylogenetic approaches, we demonstrate that various syntaxin homologs are not only present in `eukaryotic crown taxa' but across a wide range of eukaryotic lineages. The alignment of evolutionarily diverse syntaxin paralogs shows that an isoleucine residue critical to nSec1—syntaxin complex formation and the characteristic syntaxin glutamine residue are nearly universally conserved, implying a general functional importance for these residues. Other identified functional residues involved in botulism toxicity and calcium-binding-protein interactions are also compared. The presence of Golgi-related syntaxins in the intestinal parasite Giardia intestinalis provides further evidence for a cryptic Golgi in this `adictyosomal' taxon, and another likely case of secondary reduction in this parasite. The phylogeny of syntaxins shows a number of nested duplications, including a case of parallel evolution in the plasma membrane-associated syntaxins, and ancestral duplications in the other syntaxin paralogs. These speak to ancient events in the evolution of the syntaxin system and emphasize the universal role of the syntaxins in the eukaryotic intracellular compartment system.

Dictyostelium discoideum is a genetically and biochemically tractable social amoeba belonging to the crown group of eukaryotes. It performs some of the tasks characteristic of a leukocyte such as chemotactic motility, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis that are not performed by other model organisms or are difficult to study.D. discoideum is becoming a popular system to study molecular mechanisms of endocytosis, but the morphological characterization of the organelles along this pathway and the comparison with equivalent and/or different organelles in animal cells and yeasts were lagging. Herein, we used a combination of evanescent wave microscopy and electron microscopy of rapidly frozen samples to visualize primary endocytic vesicles, vesicular-tubular structures of the early and late endo-lysosomal system, such as multivesicular bodies, and the specialized secretory lysosomes. In addition, we present biochemical and morphological evidence for the existence of a micropinocytic pathway, which contributes to the uptake of membrane along side macropinocytosis, which is the major fluid phase uptake process. This complex endosomal compartment underwent continuous cycles of tubulation/vesiculation as well as homo- and heterotypic fusions, in a way reminiscent of mechanisms and structures documented in leukocytes. Finally, egestion of fluid phase from the secretory lysosomes was directly observed.

Abstract. Soil CO2 efflux is the main source of CO2 from forest ecosystems and it is tightly coupled to the transfer of recent photosynthetic assimilates belowground and their metabolism in roots, mycorrhiza and rhizosphere microorganisms feeding on root-derived exudates. The objective of our study was to assess patterns of belowground carbon allocation among tree species and along seasons. Pure 13CO2 pulse labelling of the entire crown of three different tree species (beech, oak and pine) was carried out at distinct phenological stages. Excess 13C in soil CO2 efflux was tracked using tuneable diode laser absorption spectrometry to determine time lags between the start of the labelling and the appearance of 13C in soil CO2 efflux and the amount of 13C allocated to soil CO2 efflux. Isotope composition (δ13C) of CO2 respired by fine roots and soil microbes was measured at several occasions after labelling, together with δ13C of bulk root tissue and microbial carbon. Time lags ranged from 0.5 to 1.3 days in beech and oak and were longer in pine (1.6–2.7 days during the active growing season, more than 4 days during the resting season), and the transfer of C to the microbial biomass was as fast as to the fine roots. The amount of 13C allocated to soil CO2 efflux was estimated from a compartment model. It varied between 1 and 21 % of the amount of 13CO2 taken up by the crown, depending on the species and the season. While rainfall exclusion that moderately decreased soil water content did not affect the pattern of carbon allocation to soil CO2 efflux in beech, seasonal patterns of carbon allocation belowground differed markedly between species, with pronounced seasonal variations in pine and beech. In beech, it may reflect competition with the strength of other sinks (aboveground growth in late spring and storage in late summer) that were not observed in oak. We report a fast transfer of recent photosynthates to the mycorhizosphere and we conclude that the patterns of carbon allocation belowground are species specific and change seasonally according to the phenology of the species.

AbstractMabira Central Forest Reserve (CFR), one of the biggest forest reserves in Uganda, has increasingly undergone encroachments and deforestation. This chapter presents the implications of a range of forest management options for carbon stocks in the Mabira CFR. The effects of forest management options were reviewed by comparing above-ground biomass (AGB), carbon, and soil organic carbon (SOC) in three management zones. The chapter attempts to provide estimates of AGB and carbon stocks (t/ha) of forest (trees) and SOC using sampling techniques and allometric equations. AGB and carbon were obtained from a count of 143 trees, measuring parameters of diameter at breast height (DBH), crown diameter (CW), and height (H) with tree coordinates. It also makes use of the Velle (Estimation of standing stock of woody biomass in areas where little or no baseline data are available. A study based on field measurements in Uganda. Norges Landbrukshoegskole, Ås, 1995) allometric equations developed for Uganda to estimate AGB.The strict nature reserve management zone was noted to sink the highest volume of carbon of approximately 6,771,092.34 tonnes, as compared to the recreation zone (2,196,467.59 tonnes) and production zone (458,903.57 tonnes). A statistically significant relationship was identified between AGB and carbon. SOC varied with soil depth, with the soil surface of 0–10 cm depth registering the highest mean of 2.78% across all the management zones. Soil depth and land use/cover types also had a statistically significant effect on the percentage of SOC (P = 0.05). A statistically significant difference at the 95% significance level was also identified between the mean carbon stocks from one level of management zones to another. Recommendations include: demarcating forest boundaries to minimize encroachment, enforcement of forestry policy for sustainable development, promote reforestation, and increase human resources for efficient monitoring of the forest compartments.

Chapter 4 studies the personnel records of the women who worked for the Pullman Company as maids or “handmaidens for travelers.” It closely reads the employee cards, the company instruction pamphlet, Instructions for Maids, photographs, and an anonymous grievance letter written by a maid to understand the dilemmas the maids may have encountered within a Pullman compartment. The chapter also offers a brief history of maid service on Pullman cars.

Chapter 2 analyzes two lawsuits against the Memphis and Charleston Railroad in the early 1880s, as African Americans struggled with the end of Reconstruction. Both Jane Brown and Sallie Robinson were forced out of first-class “ladies’ cars,” train compartments for white middle- and upper-class women traveling alone or with a male relative or companion. In each case, the train conductor perceived the Black woman to be a prostitute. The chapter argues that the Black women’s mobility contributed to assumptions about their morality: their mobility, especially on or near the train, was sexualized and criminalized. Brown’s lawsuit, which includes the testimony of the then-governor of Mississippi, was successful. Sallie Robinson’s lawsuit was not; it was part of the Civil Rights Cases of 1883 that voided the Civil Rights Act of 1875. The chapter examines how the lawsuits reflect the legal circumscription, or retrenchment, of Black female mobility.

The conclusion studies the train travel experiences of the person who coined the term “Jane Crow,” Pauli Murray. Murray’s narrative, “Three Thousand Miles on a Dime in Ten Days,” and Murray’s private papers are among the few places where pleasurable Black “female” train riding occurs. Murray presented as male when train riding. The section compares Murray’s recording of public accounts of train travel to Murray’s more candid accounts preserved in a photograph album and a scrapbook. These items are Murray’s mobile archives that reflect a queered, Jane Crow(ed) identity. Significantly, Murray rode on freight cars, train compartments that escape the rigid class demarcations of first- or second-class cars. That the individual most responsible for coining the term “Jane Crow” also embodies the engagement of travel, identity, and the archive offers one of the most fitting conclusions to a counter-archive of Black women’s travel narratives.

This chapter focuses on the executive, the branch of government responsible for initiating and implementing the laws and for acting where necessary to secure the interests of the state. We trace its development out of a medieval model of government structured around the king and his court, to a modern world of offices exercising executive functions, grouped under the legacy term ‘the Crown’. The resulting institutions display a complicated pattern of law and custom, and legal concepts and principles relate to them often in convoluted ways. Our analysis focuses on how executive power is normally understood from the legal point of view—deriving from an authorizing statute via rules made within a government department to eventual application by subordinate officials or agents—and traces some of the ways the courts monitor that process. But we also examine the executive’s non-statutory or ‘prerogative’ powers, the two main compartments of which are treated separately, as the general executive powers and the general administrative powers of the Crown respectively.

A series of tip-over and off-the-dock impact tests were performed with stand-up forklifts in order to investigate the potential for injury to the operator of a forklift in these types of accidents when the forklift is equipped with an operator’s compartment door. One Crown Equipment Company RR Model and one RC Model stand-up forklift were used in the impact tests. The only modification to the forklifts for the tests was the placement of a door on the entrance to the operator’s compartment. A Hybrid III anthropomorphic test device (ATD) was placed in the operator’s compartment as a human surrogate. During each test, head accelerations, chest accelerations, neck loads and lumbar loads were measured on the ATD. The motion of the forklift and the ATD were filmed with video and high-speed cameras. Results from the impact tests indicate that there is a high risk of head injury in a right side tip-over accident and a high risk of head injury and neck injury in a left side tip-over accident. There is a high risk of a head injury, neck injury and thoracic injury in off-the-dock forks-trailing accidents. In an off-the-dock forks-leading accident there is a high risk of arm/shoulder injury, head injury, and neck injury. In both tip-over and off-the-dock forks-trailing accidents there is a high probability of an entrapment injury under the overhead guard on the forklift.