Journal articles: 'Crowd mitigation'

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Galal, Shaimaa, Noha Nagy, and Mohamed E. El-Sharkawi. "CNMF: A Community-Based Fake News Mitigation Framework." Information 12, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12090376.

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Fake news propagation in online social networks (OSN) is one of the critical societal threats nowadays directing attention to fake news mitigation and intervention techniques. One of the typical mitigation techniques focus on initiating news mitigation campaigns targeting a specific set of users when the infected set of users is known or targeting the entire network when the infected set of users is unknown. The contemporary mitigation techniques assume the campaign users’ acceptance to share a mitigation news (MN); however, in reality, user behavior is different. This paper focuses on devising a generic mitigation framework, where the social crowd can be employed to combat the influence of fake news in OSNs when the infected set of users is undefined. The framework is composed of three major phases: facts discovery, facts searching and, community recommendation. Mitigation news circulation is accomplished by recruiting a set of social crowd users (news propagators) who are likely to accept posting the mitigation news article. We propose a set of features that identify prospect OSN audiences and news propagators. Moreover, we inspect the variant properties of the news circulation process, such as incentivizing news propagators, determining the required number of news propagators, and the adaptivity of the MN circulation process. The paper pinpoints the significance of facts searching and news propagator’s behavior features introduced in the experimental results.

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Ramesh, Maneesha Vinodini, Anjitha Shanmughan, and Rekha Prabha. "Context aware ad hoc network for mitigation of crowd disasters." Ad Hoc Networks 18 (July 2014): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2013.02.006.

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Chen, Xuan, and John Heidemann. "Flash crowd mitigation via adaptive admission control based on application-level observations." ACM Transactions on Internet Technology 5, no. 3 (August 2005): 532–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1084772.1084776.

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King, David, Siva Srikukenthiran, and Amer Shalaby. "Using Simulation to Analyze Crowd Congestion and Mitigation at Canadian Subway Interchanges." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2417, no. 1 (January 2014): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2417-04.

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Lyu, Lingyu, Mehmed Kantardzic, and Tegjyot Singh Sethi. "Sloppiness mitigation in crowdsourcing: detecting and correcting bias for crowd scoring tasks." International Journal of Data Science and Analytics 7, no. 3 (June 29, 2018): 179–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41060-018-0139-5.

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Venuti, Fiammetta, and Anna Reggio. "Mitigation of human-induced vertical vibrations of footbridges through crowd flow control." Structural Control and Health Monitoring 25, no. 12 (October 8, 2018): e2266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stc.2266.

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TADA, Harumasa, Masayuki MURATA, and Masaki AIDA. "Mitigation of Flash Crowd in Web Services By Providing Feedback Information to Users." IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems E104.D, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2020mpp0003.

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Huang, Dan, Min Zhang, Yi Zheng, Changjia Chen, and Yan Huang. "Pre-allocation based flash crowd mitigation algorithm for large-scale content delivery system." Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications 8, no. 3 (June 1, 2014): 493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12083-014-0272-4.

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Zhu, Qiankun, Wenbin Yang, Yongfeng Du, and Stana Živanović. "Investigation of a vibration mitigation method based on crowd flow control on a footbridge." Structures 33 (October 2021): 1495–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.05.034.

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Andyono, Gebyar, Djoko Marsono, Ronggo Sadono, and M. Ali Imron. "THE ANALYSIS ON THE STAKEHOLDERS OF CONFLICT MITIGATION IN THE WAY KAMBAS NATIONAL PARK, LAMPUNG." KINERJA 22, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/kinerja.v22i1.1567.

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Stakeholders with different interests and influences (power) are related to the human-wild elephant conflict mitigation in the Way Kambas National Park in Lampung. Stakeholders need to manage properly to achieve conflict mitigation objectives optimally. This research was conducted in Way Kambas National Park in Lampung. Data were collected with observations, interviews, and related document studies without involving active participations of related stakeholders and data were analyzed by using descriptive qualitative analysis. This research was conducted from September to December 2016. The identification results showed that there were 11 stakeholders dealing with the human-wild elephant conflict mitigation in Way Kambas National Park. The identified stakeholders were divided into three classifications: (1) subject stakeholders coming from farmer groups and people from buffering villages, (2) key player stakeholders consisting of Way Kambas National Park Institution, regional government (village, district and provincial governments), local partners/non-government organizations (Sumatra Forest Conservation and Wildlife Conservation Society-Indonesia Program), Forum Rembug Desa Penyangga/village discussion forums, and Lampung University, and (3) the context setter stakeholder from a private company (PT. Nusantara Tropical Fruit). This research did not find stakeholder from crowd classification. The relationships between stakeholders showed complementary cooperation. The implication of human-wild elephant conflict mitigation management in Way Kambas National Park is that the stakeholder management to build cooperation and collaboration in the form of communication forums to achieve the objectives of human-wild elephant conflict mitigation in Way Kambas National Park is required.Keywords: stakeholder, power-interest matrix, actor-linkage matrix, Way Kambas National Park

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Al-Sa’d, Mohammad, Serkan Kiranyaz, Iftikhar Ahmad, Christian Sundell, Matti Vakkuri, and Moncef Gabbouj. "A Social Distance Estimation and Crowd Monitoring System for Surveillance Cameras." Sensors 22, no. 2 (January 6, 2022): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22020418.

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Social distancing is crucial to restrain the spread of diseases such as COVID-19, but complete adherence to safety guidelines is not guaranteed. Monitoring social distancing through mass surveillance is paramount to develop appropriate mitigation plans and exit strategies. Nevertheless, it is a labor-intensive task that is prone to human error and tainted with plausible breaches of privacy. This paper presents a privacy-preserving adaptive social distance estimation and crowd monitoring solution for camera surveillance systems. We develop a novel person localization strategy through pose estimation, build a privacy-preserving adaptive smoothing and tracking model to mitigate occlusions and noisy/missing measurements, compute inter-personal distances in the real-world coordinates, detect social distance infractions, and identify overcrowded regions in a scene. Performance evaluation is carried out by testing the system’s ability in person detection, localization, density estimation, anomaly recognition, and high-risk areas identification. We compare the proposed system to the latest techniques and examine the performance gain delivered by the localization and smoothing/tracking algorithms. Experimental results indicate a considerable improvement, across different metrics, when utilizing the developed system. In addition, they show its potential and functionality for applications other than social distancing.

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Brutschin, Elina, Felix Schenuit, Bas Van Ruijven, and Keywan Riahi. "Exploring Enablers for an Ambitious Coal Phaseout." Politics and Governance 10, no. 3 (September 21, 2022): 200–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v10i3.5535.

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To reach the mitigation goals of the Paris Agreement, many countries will have to phase out their coal power plants prematurely, i.e., before the end of their normal lifetimes, which will lead quite possibly to significant stranded assets. This could present a major challenge, particularly for many of the rapidly developing countries whose electricity demand is growing and which are currently expanding their coal fleets. Recent research shows that countries with aging power plants and decreasing coal consumption are more inclined to phase out coal, but little is known about where, why, and how coal power plants are being prematurely retired. In the context of the hybrid Paris Agreement, attention is increasingly shifting to domestic mitigation capacities and, alongside this—given the vested interests involved in different sectors—to state capacity to implement the transformations required to achieve deep decarbonization. In this article, we aim to study those capacities in the context of coal phaseout. We use a recent and comprehensive global dataset on coal power plants and employ a mixed-methods research design to (a) identify general emerging patterns with respect to premature coal fleet retirement, and (b) derive stylized types of political strategies to prematurely retire coal power plants. We find state capacity to be a robust predictor of general and premature coal retirement, and we identify three main strategies that countries have used to date to prematurely retire coal: (a) rein-in using top-down regulatory enforcement of environmental, climate, or other regulations that affect the operating licenses of coal plants; (b) buy-out or provision of compensation to companies and regions to appease vested interests; and (c) crowd out where accelerating market and price dynamics in the power sector crowd out coal. We propose that future research should explore more systematically the kinds of strategy that might be most promising in the regions and countries needing to rapidly phase out coal, taking into account their political structures, and also the implications that such strategies might have for global mitigation efforts.

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Parker, Justine, Corey Boles, Olivia Leleck, Amanda Buerger, Natalie Egnot, Alexander Sundermann, and Elizabeth Bussmann. "Advancing toward normal operations for arenas and stadiums." Toxicology and Industrial Health 36, no. 9 (September 2020): 718–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233720964651.

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The reopening of arenas and stadiums following closures due to the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic presents unique challenges related to large crowds and close contact between players, vendors, and spectators. While each venue should be assessed individually for development and implementation of reopening plans, the general guidance presented in this document can serve as a minimum baseline for considerations to reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission in these venues. The intention of these guidelines is to provide a layered approach to risk mitigation for various aspects of particular concern in arenas and stadiums, including crowd management, tailgating and parking, restrooms, high-contact surfaces, face masks, food and merchandising, communications, athletes and support staff, press and third parties, intermissions/breaks, and downtime. The implementation of these multifaceted approaches in each area of concern, along with the integration of regulations and requirements from local, state, and federal government bodies and agencies, will reduce the risk of a single point of failure and offer some protection to those at arenas and stadiums from COVID-19 transmission. The approaches outlined are dynamic and should be regularly reviewed and revised as new information becomes available regarding the transmission of COVID-19.

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Brownjohn, James Mark William, and Tao Neng Fu. "Vibration Excitation and Control of a Pedestrian Walkway by Individuals and Crowds." Shock and Vibration 12, no. 5 (2005): 333–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/857247.

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As part of a continuing study on effects of humans on loading and dynamic response of footbridges, a steel frame walkway has been the subject of studies on the effects of multiple pedestrians with respect to loading and response mitigation. Following finite element modeling and experimental modal analysis to identify the low frequency vibration modes likely to be excited by normal walking, the variation of response with pedestrian density and of system damping and natural frequency with occupancy by stationary pedestrians were both studied. The potentially mitigating effect of stationary occupants is still not well understood and the study included direct measurement of damping forces and absorbed energy using a force plate. The various tests showed that energy dissipation measured directly was consistent with the observed change in damping, that vertical and lateral response both varied approximately with square root of number of pedestrians, and that the simple model of a human as a single mass-spring-damper system may need to be refined to fit observed changes in modal parameters with a crowd of humans present. Modal parameter changes with moving pedestrians were small compared to those with stationary pedestrians indicating that within limits, modal parameters for the empty structure could be used in analysis.

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Ratner, JJ, JJ Sury, MR James, TA Mather, and DM Pyle. "Crowd-sourcing structure-from- motion data for terrain modelling in a real-world disaster scenario: A proof of concept." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 43, no. 2 (February 24, 2019): 236–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133318823622.

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Structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry techniques are now widely available to generate digital terrain models (DTMs) from optical imagery, providing an alternative to costlier options such as LiDAR or satellite surveys. SfM could be a useful tool in hazard studies because its minimal cost makes it accessible even in developing regions and its speed of use can provide updated data rapidly in hazard-prone regions. Our study is designed to assess whether crowd-sourced SfM data is comparable to an industry standard LiDAR dataset, demonstrating potential real-world use of SfM if employed for disaster risk reduction purposes. Three groups with variable SfM knowledge utilized 16 different camera models, including four camera phones, to collect 1001 total photos in one hour of data collection. Datasets collected by each group were processed using VisualSFM, and the point densities, accuracies and distributions of points in the resultant point clouds (DTM skeletons) were compared. Our results show that the point clouds are resilient to inconsistency in users’ SfM knowledge: crowd-sourced data collected by a moderately informed general public yields topography results comparable in data density and accuracy to those produced with data collected by highly-informed SfM users or experts using LiDAR. This means that in a real-world scenario involving participants with a diverse range of expertise, topography models could be produced from crowd-sourced data quite rapidly and to a very high standard. This could be beneficial to disaster risk reduction as a relatively quick, simple and low-cost method to attain rapidly updated knowledge of terrain attributes, useful for the prediction and mitigation of many natural hazards.

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Mowla, Nishat, Inshil Doh, and Kijoon Chae. "CSDSM: Cognitive switch-based DDoS sensing and mitigation in SDN-driven CDNi word." Computer Science and Information Systems 15, no. 1 (2018): 163–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis170328044m.

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Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) are increasingly deployed for their efficient content delivery and are often integrated with Software Defined Networks (SDNs) to achieve centrality and programmability of the network. However, these networks are also an attractive target for network attackers whose main goal is to exhaust network resources. One attack approach is to over-flood the OpenFlow switch tables containing routing information. Due to the increasing number of different flooding attacks such as DDoS, it becomes difficult to distinguish these attacks from normal traffic when evaluated with traditional attack detection methods. This paper proposes an architectural method that classifies and defends all possible forms of DDoS attack and legitimate Flash Crowd traffic using a segregated dimension functioning cognitive process based in a controller module. Our results illustrate that the proposed model yields significantly enhanced performance with minimal false positives and false negatives when classified with optimal Support Vector Machine and Logistic Regression algorithms. The traffic classifications initiate deployment of security rules to the OpenFlow switches, preventing new forms of flooding attacks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work conducted on SDN-driven CDNi used to detect and defend against all possible DDoS attacks through traffic segregated dimension functioning coupled with cognitive classification.

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Zhu, Qiankun, Wenbin Yang, Qiong Zhang, and Yongfeng Du. "A hybrid vibration mitigation method based on the crowd flow control and tuned mass damper on a footbridge." Engineering Structures 245 (October 2021): 112972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112972.

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Westhoff, Dirk, and Maximilian Zeiser. "Measuring the World." International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism 8, no. 2 (April 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcwt.2018040101.

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The authors claim that location information of stationary ICT components can never be unclassified. They describe how swarm-mapping (crowd sourcing) is used by Apple and Google to worldwide harvest geo-location information on wireless access points and mobile telecommunication systems' base stations to build up gigantic databases with very exclusive access rights. After having highlighted the known technical facts, in the speculative part of this article, the authors argue how this may impact cyber deterrence strategies of states and alliances understanding the cyberspace as another domain of geostrategic relevance. The states and alliances spectrum of activities due to the potential existence of such databases may range from geopolitical negotiations by institutions understanding international affairs as their core business, mitigation approaches at a technical level, over means of cyber deterrence-by-retaliation.

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Kadaverugu, Ashok, Kasi Viswanadh Gorthi, and Nageshwar Rao Chintala. "Impacts of Urban Floods on Road Connectivity - A Review and Systematic Bibliometric Analysis." Current World Environment 16, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 575–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.16.2.22.

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Urban floods are paralyzing surface transportation and inflicting heavy economic losses. Climate-induced increase in frequency and intensity of rainfalls and excessive urbanization makes urban centers even more vulnerable to floods. It is necessary to quantify all dimensions of losses caused to road connectivity to improve flood mitigation policy. There is a need to consolidate the existing body of peer-reviewed contemporary literature on flood inundation modeling and its impacts on road connectivity. This will improve the awareness of policymakers and researchers and help in science-based decision making. Articles archived in the Web of Science database having the keywords floods and road in their title published between 1977 and 2020 were analyzed using the blibliometrix library of R. Analysis shows that the flood inundation and flood extent modeling has evolved from the conventional hydrological models to the near real-time crowd-sourced modeling methods. Applications of geographical information systems and advanced remote sensing methods have been growing in identifying road network vulnerabilities. We observed a gap in harmonized data availability, due to the unstructured data formats at several scales, which hinders a generalized approach for flood risk modeling studies for urban planning. Concentrated efforts have to be made to fill the gaps in data availability and research methodologies, especially using crowd-sourced data. Further, efforts have to be made to increase awareness, early warning systems, and alternate transport networks, to make the cities less vulnerable to floods.

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Scaini, C., A. Peresan, A. Tamaro, V. Poggi, and C. Barnaba. "Can high-school students contribute to seismic risk mitigation? Lessons learned from the development of a crowd-sourced exposure database." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 69 (February 2022): 102755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102755.

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A, Akshaya, Karthik Ganesh, and Mohanraj Dr. "Knowledge, Prevalence, and Impact on Social Distancing on Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection Spread in Young, Adult, and Aged Population: A Survey." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 14063–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.14063ecst.

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The spread of COVID-19 created unpredictable changes in both environmental and political norms. Social distancing is a technique to reduce crowd interactions to minimize the spread of disease within groups. A self-designed survey study was conducted among 100 individuals of the general population. The questionnaire was designed in the manner to assess their knowledge about COVID-19. The results and data from this study were analyzed using SPSS software. The findings are represented in pie charts. More than 95% of individuals were well aware of the disease nature of coronavirus. About 87% of participants felt that lockdown can be effective against novel coronavirus. 70% of individuals responded that developed countries are performing social distancing more effectively than developing and third world countries. Awareness and knowledge about coronavirus was found to be high. But due to negligence of people, COVID-19 is prevailing still as a pandemic. Further precautions and mitigation programs should be followed strictly by governments.

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Cahill, Ben, and Martin Braddock. "A Crowd-Sourcing Project to Understand, Prevent and Manage Incidences of Injury and Wounding to Astronauts and Off-Earth Colonists." Journal of Human, Earth, and Future 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 299–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/hef-2022-03-03-04.

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Recent technical successes of the unmanned Mars 2020, Tianwen-1 and Hope Mars missions have further increased our hunger for space exploration and the possible colonisation of Mars is now firmly on the mid-term horizon. Furthermore, renewed commitment to settle on the Moon is anticipated within the next three years, led by NASA’s Artemis programme utilising the pan-space agency constructed lunar Gateway or Space X’s Starship system. These programmes will necessitate a larger number of astronauts spending longer periods in space and despite rigorous risk identification and mitigation procedures, injury is an inevitable consequence and management procedures will demand efficient and effective implementation. We have employed Cognitive Work Analysis to derive an abstraction hierarchy for reducing the potential for physical injury and managing the consequence of injury in space. We have used a crowd-sourcing approach to cluster factors and themes which may emanate from within or without habitat and consider solution management in the light of current and emerging technology. In addition, we also consider mental fitness as a confounder which may emerge during missions and propose methods for both measurement and management. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2022-03-03-04 Full Text: PDF

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Chen, Junzhang, Liang Zheng, and Yile Chen. "Research on the Development Experience of Resilient Cities in Guangdong Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area Take Zhuhai as an Example." Indonesian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Analytics 1, no. 1 (August 6, 2022): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/ijaea.v1i1.823.

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With the continuous construction of urbanization, climate change, crowd concentration, disasters and risks and other factors have led to the continuous exposure of urban vulnerability, so the issue of urban safety and urban resilience has become an unavoidable issue in urban planning and construction in today's society. Zhuhai, located in the southwest of the Pearl River Delta, is an important node city in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, and in recent years, the flood disasters caused by extreme climate have adversely affected Zhuhai's economic development and social level. Based on the concept and meaning of resilient city, this study summarizes the relevant experience of resilient cities in China, analyzes the difference between disaster prevention planning and traditional planning from the perspective of resilient city planning, technical means and ideas, and studies on the governance of the current planning status of resilient cities in China, and discusses the resilience assessment of urban disasters in Zhuhai under the support of the resilient city theory based on the Zhuhai sponge city drainage special planning project, and from the urban disaster prevention and mitigation policies and disaster relief. The three aspects of climate adaptation planning technology and the construction of Zhuhai Community Disaster Prevention Park put forward corresponding countermeasures conducive to zhuhai's economic development and people's living standards improvement, enhance urban resilience, and at the same time adopt regional innovation methods, learn from the relevant treatment methods and methods of disaster prevention and mitigation and relief planning under the concept of Shenzhen Resilient City, and provide reference value for Zhuhai's resilient urban planning research and even for the resilience development of typical coastal cities.

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Santoso, Sugeng, Septian Sugestyo Putro, Ari Ana Fatmawati, Caesarani Gloria Putri, and Sa’dillah Sa’dillah. "Disain Mitigasi Risiko Penularan Covid-19 di Lingkungan Industri Padat Karya dengan Metode FMEA." JKBM (JURNAL KONSEP BISNIS DAN MANAJEMEN) 7, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jkbm.v7i2.4674.

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Indonesia has confirmed its first case of Covid-19 transmission on March 2, 2020 and since then the transmission of the virus has become more widespread and has created new epicenters. The epicenter always involves a crowd, including in labor-intensive factory areas. This research method uses quantitative-descriptive. Companies that operating labor-intensive require the involvement of large numbers of people. In the production process, the distance between workers is not far apart, thus increasing the risk of virus transmission. The latest case in September 2020, 150 employees of a factory in the city of Purbalingga tested positive for the Covid-19 virus. It is strongly suspected that transmission occurs in the work area through asymptomatic labor. With the continued occurrence of Covid-19 transmission in industrial areas, this article aims to submit a proposal for the application of a risk mitigation design for the risk of Covid-19 transmission in labor-intensive industries using the FMEA method, which includes the layout of the work area, the flow of human movement in the factory area, and the application of health protocols in the hope of helping labor-intensive industries in suppressing and preventing the transmission of Covid-19

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Oliver, Julien, Ole Larsen, Mads Rasmussen, Erickson Lanuza, and Avinash Chakravarthy. "Understanding Flood Risks for Better Planning and Resilience: Novel Stochastic Models and Methods for South-East Asia." Journal of Disaster Research 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 308–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2015.p0308.

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Throughout history, human beings have been attracted to waterfront living. Today, most residents live in cities, most of which, in turn, are built on flood plains and in coastal areas – areas often threatened by floods. Physical changes to the environment have changed the response of catchments and rivers to heavy rainfall. Despite attempts to control the size of floods, economic growth – especially as experienced in Asia – has led to an explosion in exposure to floods. The most integrated, cost-effective method for disaster reduction and prevention requires that risk be assessed purposefully and adequately. Disaster risk is captured in two major components: occurrence probability and event intensity and reach, and its consequences. Understanding the risks associated with floods in Asia has been hindered by the complexity of flood dynamics in large river basins and in existing or unreliable datasets. With calculation power increasingly available, the development of flexible modeling systems and the appearance of new datasets, so-called probabilistic flood models can now be developed for large areas to quantify risks. A flexible modeling framework has been developed at DHI to better characterize flood plains and complex hydraulic systems in datapoor and highly exposed areas in Asia. The model relies on automated processes merging freely available datasets such as HydroSHEDS, WorldPop, crowd-sourced data available in OpenStreet Map and Landsat 7 and 8 satellite imagery. The combination of spatial data sources provides opportunities to optimize the hydrodynamic model domain and to improve the lowresolution digital elevation model. Such methods enhance flood hazard information conventionally derived from deterministic models by taking a full probabilistic approach considering source loading conditions, e.g., weather events and sea level rise, and the performance of existing and planned mitigation measures and failures of control structures such as dykes. With risks better quantified, new opportunities arise for cost-effective mitigation and resilience measures and for the development of novel risk transfer schemes through the use of insurance and capital markets.

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Zhang, Liukuan, Xiaoxiao Shi, and Qing Chang. "Exploring Adaptive UHI Mitigation Solutions by Spatial Heterogeneity of Land Surface Temperature and Its Relationship to Urban Morphology in Historical Downtown Blocks, Beijing." Land 11, no. 4 (April 8, 2022): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11040544.

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Heat stress brought on by the intensification of urban heat island (UHI) has caused many negative effects on human beings, which were found to be more severe in highly urbanized old towns. With the inconsistent findings on how urban spatial morphological characteristics influence land surface temperature (LST) and gaps between design practices being found, we chose Beijing Old Town (BOT) as the study area and took the basic planning implementation module “block” as a study to reveal the spatial heterogeneity of LST and its relationship to multiple urban morphological characteristics with higher spatial resolution calculated via WorldView3. Our results have shown that (1) UHI effect was significant and spatially heterogeneous in BOT, and significant hot areas with high LST value and small LST differences were found, as cold areas were the exact opposite. (2) The proportion of vegetated area, water, impervious surface, and urban spatial structure indicators i.e., building coverage ratio, mean height, highest building index, height fluctuation degree, space crowd degree and sky view factor were identified as significantly affecting the LST of blocks in BOT. (3) The effects of GBI components and configuration on LST varied within different block types; generally, blocks with GBI with larger patches that were more complex in shape, more aggregated, and less fragmented were associated with lower LST. Finally, in the context of integrating our study results with relevant planning and design guidelines, a strategy sample of adaptive GBI planning and vegetation design for blocks with different morphological features was provided for urban planners and managers to make a decision on UHI mitigation in the renewal process of BOT.

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Sánchez, Luis, Jorge Lanza, Juan Santana, Rachit Agarwal, Pierre Raverdy, Tarek Elsaleh, Yasmin Fathy, et al. "Federation of Internet of Things Testbeds for the Realization of a Semantically-Enabled Multi-Domain Data Marketplace." Sensors 18, no. 10 (October 10, 2018): 3375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103375.

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The Internet of Things (IoT) concept has attracted a lot of attention from the research and innovation community for a number of years already. One of the key drivers for this hype towards the IoT is its applicability to a plethora of different application domains. However, infrastructures enabling experimental assessment of IoT solutions are scarce. Being able to test and assess the behavior and the performance of any piece of technology (i.e., protocol, algorithm, application, service, etc.) under real-world circumstances is of utmost importance to increase the acceptance and reduce the time to market of these innovative developments. This paper describes the federation of eleven IoT deployments from heterogeneous application domains (e.g., smart cities, maritime, smart building, crowd-sensing, smart grid, etc.) with over 10,000 IoT devices overall which produce hundreds of thousands of observations per day. The paper summarizes the resources that are made available through a cloud-based platform. The main contributions from this paper are twofold. In the one hand, the insightful summary of the federated data resources are relevant to the experimenters that might be seeking for an experimental infrastructure to assess their innovations. On the other hand, the identification of the challenges met during the testbed integration process, as well as the mitigation strategies that have been implemented to face them, are of interest for testbed providers that can be considering to join the federation.

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Quagliarini, Enrico, Fabio Fatiguso, Michele Lucesoli, Gabriele Bernardini, and Elena Cantatore. "Risk Reduction Strategies against Terrorist Acts in Urban Built Environments: Towards Sustainable and Human-Centred Challenges." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 17, 2021): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020901.

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Terrorist impacts have been increasing over time in many countries, being one of the most significant threats for the Built Environment (BE), intended as a network of open spaces (streets, squares) and facing buildings, and their users. Such risk is affected by a combination of strategic functions and crowd conditions. This work traces, for the first time, the state-of-the-art consolidated Risk Mitigation and Reduction Strategies (RMRSs). Solid RMRS regulatory frameworks from all over the world are collected. The results show how classification criteria distinguish them by attack targets and typologies, effectiveness over time/space, and physical implementation versus management-based deployment. Nevertheless, these criteria seem to be too fragmented, failing in pursuing RMRSs selection in a holistic outlook. Thus, a new classification adopting the BE composing elements (physical elements, layout, access/surveillance systems, safety/security management) as key-factors is provided. Features, dependencies and coordination among them are discussed in a sustainability-based perspective, by showing how the main challenges for RMRSs’ design concern applicability, redundancy, and users’ emergency support. Safety/security management strategies have the overall highest sustainability level and play a pivotal role with respect to the other BE composing elements, which should be planned in reference to them. In addition, a human-centred approach (individuals’ interactions with BEs and RMRSs) will also be needed. These results will support efforts to include simulation-oriented approaches into RMRSs selection, effectiveness and feasibility analyses.

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Rives, T. E., C. Hecht, A. Wallace, and R. Gandhi. "(A164) Emergency Preparedness Model for a Level-One Trauma Center." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11001622.

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This Level-1 Trauma Center, with a service area covering a population of approximately four million people, treats approximately 80,000 patients per year. In 2010 it is anticipated that > 23,000 patients will be admitted, and > 850,000 patient encounters will occur within the network. This year was especially fruitful with the World Series, Dallas Cowboys, and other large crowd events simultaneously. The disaster plan prepares the hospital for the Super Bowl in February 2011, and its anticipated 250,000 extra people. The emergency preparedness program is a unique hybrid model integrating hospital accreditation guidelines, governmental guidelines, and regulations with the daily experiences at the trauma center. Emergency Preparedness is a program of the Trauma Department; this relationship provides a direct connection between the emergency preparedness program and direct execution of the plan. The emergency preparedness coordinator is responsible for directing the hospital command center at the time of a disaster requiring activation of the plan. The four phases of emergency planning: (1) Mitigation; (2) Preparedness; (3) Response; and (4) Recovery comprise the core of the plan. However, memoranda of understanding with local, regional, and state emergency operation professionals and organizations are enacted so depleted resources can be replenished. This integration provides for a flexible web that allows sharing of expertise and resources. Trauma Research is available for conducting measurable assessments of emergency preparedness drills and exercises, as well as actual disasters and emergencies where a paucity of research exists. Compliance with all relative agencies is important. A successful emergency preparedness plan directly incorporates daily experiences. This model allows for the continued provision of standards of care and continuity of service during disasters and emergency situations on a daily basis.

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Hsieh, Yu-Hsiang, Ka Ming Ngai, Frederick M. Burkle, and Edbert B. Hsu. "Epidemiological Characteristics of Human Stampedes." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 3, no. 4 (December 2009): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dmp.0b013e3181c5b4ba.

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ABSTRACTObjective: The potential for deadly human stampedes to occur at any mass gathering event highlights this unique form of crowd disaster as deserving of special attention from both scientific and planning perspectives. Improved understanding of human stampedes is indispensable in the mitigation of this type of mass casualty. With relatively few peer-reviewed reports on deadly human stampedes, information from news reports and the Internet is essential to increased collective understanding. Without incorporating nontraditional sources, no other way to reasonably acquire sufficient data is available. This study analyzed human stampede events from 1980 to 2007 to identify epidemiological characteristics associated with increased mortality.Methods: A LexisNexis search was followed by sequential searches of multiple Internet-based English-language news agencies. Date, country, geographical region, time of occurrence, type of event, location, mechanism, number of participants, number injured, and number of deaths were recorded. Bivariate analyses of number of deaths or injuries were conducted using a nonparametric Wilcoxon rank test. Multivariate regression was performed to determine the factors associated with increased number of fatalities during stampede events.Results: A total of 215 human stampede events were reported from 1980 to 2007, resulting in 7069 deaths and at least 14,078 injuries from 213 events with available fatality information and 179 events with injury information. In bivariate analysis, stampedes occurring in the Middle East, in developing countries, outdoors, or associated with religious events had the highest median number of deaths. In multivariate analysis, events that occurred in developing countries and outdoors were associated with increased number of fatalities. Stampedes that occurred in the context of sports, religious, music, and political events, or that had a unidirectional mechanism, also increased the relative number of deaths.Conclusions: Several epidemiological features of human stampedes associated with increased mortality are identified. Standardized collection of epidemiological data pertaining to human stampedes is strongly recommended, and further study of this recurrent, distinctive disaster is warranted. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2009;3:217–223)

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Sun, Yao, Philipp Tuertscher, Ann Majchrzak, and Arvind Malhotra. "Pro-socially motivated interaction for knowledge integration in crowd-based open innovation." Journal of Knowledge Management 24, no. 9 (August 24, 2020): 2127–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkm-04-2020-0303.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study how the online temporary crowd shares knowledge in a way that fosters the integration of their diverse knowledge. Having the crowd integrate its knowledge to offer solution-ideas to ill-structured problems posed by organizations is one of the desired outcomes of crowd-based open innovation because, by integrating others’ knowledge, the ideas are more likely to consider the many divergent issues related to solving the ill-structured problem. Unfortunately, the diversity of knowledge content offered by heterogeneous specialists in the online temporary crowd makes integration difficult, and the lean social context of the crowd makes extensive dialogue to resolve integration issues impractical. The authors address this issue by exploring theoretically how the manner in which interaction is organically conducted during open innovation challenges enables the generation of integrative ideas. The authors hypothesize that, as online crowds organically share knowledge based upon successful pro-socially motivated interaction, they become more productive in generating integrative ideas. Design/methodology/approach Using a multilevel mixed-effects model, this paper analyzed 2,244 posts embedded in 747 threads with 214 integrative ideas taken from 10 open innovation challenges. Findings Integrative ideas were more likely to occur after pro-socially motivated interactions. Research limitations/implications Ideas that integrate knowledge about the variety of issues that relate to solving an ill-structured problem are desired outcomes of crowd-based open innovation challenges. Given that members of the crowd in open innovation challenges rarely engage in dialogue, a new theory is needed to explain why integrative ideas emerge at all. The authors’ adaptation of pro-social motivation interaction theory helps to provide such a theoretical explanation. Practitioners of crowd-based open innovation should endeavor to implement systems that encourage the crowd members to maintain a high level of activeness in pro-socially motivated interaction to ensure that their knowledge is integrated as solutions are generated. Originality/value The present study extends the crowd-based open innovation literature by identifying new forms of social interaction that foster more integrated ideas from the crowd, suggesting the mitigating role of pro-socially motivated interaction in the negative relationship between knowledge diversity and knowledge integration. This study fills in the research gap in knowledge management research describing a need for conceptual frameworks explaining how to manage the increasing complexity of knowledge in the context of crowd-based collaboration for innovation.

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Grzybek, Agata, Gregoire Danoy, Pascal Bouvry, and Marcin Seredynski. "Mitigating flash crowd effect using connected vehicle technology." Vehicular Communications 2, no. 4 (October 2015): 238–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vehcom.2015.10.002.

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Keyes, Christopher R., and Kevin L. O'Hara. "Quantifying Stand Targets for Silvicultural Prevention of Crown Fires." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 17, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/17.2.101.

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Abstract Forest managers are expressing a growing interest in proactively reducing susceptibility to crown fires, but the quantitative basis for defining specific stand targets and prescribing silvicultural regimes for this objective is lacking. A procedure is presented for creating resistant stand structures that exploits the relationship between crown fire development and characteristics of stand structure. The BEHAVE surface fire model was integrated with modified versions of the Van Wagner crown ignition and crown fire spread equations in order to quantify structural targets for mitigative silvicultural practices. The procedure tolerates an array of input data types for weather, site, and surface fuel variables so that hazard-reducing guidelines are tailored to specific site and stand conditions. Suggested strategies for achieving crown fire-resistant stand targets include pruning, low thinning, and surface fuel management. West. J. Appl. For. 17(2):101–109.

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Espinosa, Juncal, Pedro Palheiro, Carlos Loureiro, Davide Ascoli, Assunta Esposito, and Paulo M. Fernandes. "Fire-severity mitigation by prescribed burning assessed from fire-treatment encounters in maritime pine stands." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49, no. 2 (February 2019): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0263.

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Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) stands are prone to high-intensity fire. Fuel treatments lessen potential fire behaviour and severity, but evidence of their effectiveness when tested by wildfire is extremely scarce in Europe. We assess the longevity of prescribed burning in maritime pine plantations in decreasing fire severity. Heights of crown scorch and stem-bark char were measured in treated and untreated adjacent areas after fire-treatment encounters in Portugal, Italy, and Australia. Treatment effect was quantified as the log-transformed ratio between prescribed-burned and untreated fire-severity data. Linear mixed modelling indicated that for typical wildfire conditions, the effect of prescribed burning in crown scorch height lasts 2–6 years. The persistence of prescribed burning benefits is higher for fire control operations than for fire-severity mitigation. Regression tree analysis of data from one wildfire highlighted the roles of wind direction, topography, and stand height in explaining variability in fire severity. A 4-year interval between prescribed burning treatments in maritime pine stands is recommended in general, depending on site quality and stand age and structure. Improved fuel-consumption prescriptions and monitoring procedures are advisable to foster prescribed-burning effectiveness and its evaluation.

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Rachmadiyanto, A. N., L. Karlinasari, D. Nandika, J. R. Witono, and I. Z. Siregar. "Is leaning trees of Vatica pauciflora (Korth.) Blume related to their crown architecture?" IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 918, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/918/1/012017.

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Abstract Vatica pauciflora (Korth.) Blume (Dipterocarpaceae) or locally known as resak rawa is an important tree. It is categorized as vulnerable regarding the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Red List of Threatened Species. We can find the resak rawa tree collection in the Bogor Botanic Gardens, which serves as a place for research and tourism. Due to the diversity in individual tree anatomy within species, understanding correlation among individual tree traits, particularly crown architecture and tree leaning, is of great interest. That will be important because the leaning trees and crown architecture will affect the risk level to the safety of visitors. We can also use the architecture of the tree crown to understand the factors that influence tree growth. This study aims to investigate the correlation between the leaning trees and the crown architecture of V. pauciflora. Eight heritage trees of the species in the Bogor Botanic Gardens at the age of 54–105 years old were purposely, sampled in this study. The variables observed were height, trunk and crown diameter, leaning tree, live crown ratio, and direction of the main branches. The results show that crown shapes will follow the leaning trees with a correlation of 0.97. The main branches will be longer in the direction of the leaning trees (y=0.9956x+11.312; R²=0.9431). Suggestions to the management of V. pauciflora are to provide information boards to visitors and pruning the crown in the direction of the leaning trees is needed. The findings could be used to formulate mitigation measures as to the risk and safety of visitors.

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Skole, David L., Jay H. Samek, Moussa Dieng, and Cheikh Mbow. "The Contribution of Trees Outside of Forests to Landscape Carbon and Climate Change Mitigation in West Africa." Forests 12, no. 12 (November 28, 2021): 1652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12121652.

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While closed canopy forests have been an important focal point for land cover change monitoring and climate change mitigation, less consideration has been given to methods for large scale measurements of trees outside of forests. Trees outside of forests are an important but often overlooked natural resource throughout sub-Saharan Africa, providing benefits for livelihoods as well as climate change mitigation and adaptation. In this study, the development of an individual tree cover map using very high-resolution remote sensing and a comparison with a new automated machine learning mapping product revealed an important contribution of trees outside of forests to landscape tree cover and carbon stocks in a region where trees outside of forests are important components of livelihood systems. Here, we test and demonstrate the use of allometric scaling from remote sensing crown area to provide estimates of landscape-scale carbon stocks. Prominent biomass and carbon maps from global-scale remote sensing greatly underestimate the “invisible” carbon in these sparse tree-based systems. The measurement of tree cover and carbon in these landscapes has important application in climate change mitigation and adaptation policies.

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Shi, Peng, Manyu Zhao, Wanyuan Wang, Yifeng Zhou, Jiuchuan Jiang, J. Zhang, Yichuan Jiang, and Zhifeng Hao. "Best of both worlds: Mitigating imbalance of crowd worker strategic choices without a budget." Knowledge-Based Systems 163 (January 2019): 1020–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2018.10.030.

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von Hase, Amrei, and Kerry ten Kate. "Correct framing of biodiversity offsets and conservation: a response to Apostolopoulou & Adams." Oryx 51, no. 1 (November 9, 2016): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605316001022.

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We read with great interest the opinions of Apostolopoulou & Adams (2015) on biodiversity offsetting. We agree with the authors that offsetting has more profound implications than a technical approach to the subject would suggest. Our experience with developments on the mitigation of impacts on biodiversity in government policy, financial lenders’ safeguards and corporate practice is that the political, economic, social and financial implications weigh just as heavily in decision-makers’ minds as the technical ones that Apostolopoulou & Adams raise (IFC, 2012; BBOP, 2012b; ten Kate & Crowe, 2014; IUCN, 2016; Maron et al., 2016b). The governments, companies and communities working with scientists on the mitigation hierarchy regard biodiversity offsets as one of many tools available not only for conservation but also for risk management, social and economic engagement and benefit-sharing, land-use and landscape-level planning, and sustainable development (IFC, 2012; CSBI, 2015).

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KOTAKE, Yasuo, Tsuyoshi KANAZAWA, Kei YAMAZAKI, and Akiko MATSUMURA. "DEVELOPMENT OF DISASTER MITIGATIVE CAISSON WITH RETRACTABLE SEAWALL ON THE CROWN." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B3 (Ocean Engineering) 67, no. 2 (2011): I_631—I_636. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejoe.67.i_631.

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Penn, Briony. "A Little lecture on the big burn: Bioenergy and the privatization of British Columbia's Crown forests." Forestry Chronicle 87, no. 05 (October 2011): 598–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2011-066.

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The combination of a gutted B.C. Forest Service, vast areas of not sufficiently restocked forest lands, a quirky loophole in the Kyoto Protocol and a provincial government ideologically driven to sell off public assets has created the perfect opportunity to burn down B.C.'s forests in a biofuel boondoggle and the last barriers to privatization of B.C.'s Crown forests. Interviews conducted with over a dozen ex-government foresters, industry representatives, contract foresters, silviculturalists, forest-sector round-table participants and political representatives point to this new direction that government is taking Crown forests—with no public consultation and media, like the government, that are failing to serve public interests. The voices of the whistle blowers point to a colossal failure of imagination by government that has implications to forest health, climate change mitigation and adaptation, other public interests in Crown lands from public access to biodiversity and water quality, First Nation interests, and international credibility on carbon accounting and standards and on certification. The lecture will explore the dystopic picture of what is planned and an alternative vision for Crown forests that has been put forward by the critics as a world leader in ecosystem services and valuation. The lecture notes were taken from an original longer article entitled The Big Burn, first published by Focus Magazine in August of 2010. 2

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NAKAMURA, Tomoaki, Yasuo KOTAKE, Akiko MATSUMURA, and Norimi MIZUTANI. "NUMERICAL ANALYSIS ON DISASTER MITIGATION SEAWALL WITH MOVABLE CROWN USING COUPLED FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION MODEL." Journal of JSCE 1, no. 1 (2013): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalofjsce.1.1_44.

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NAKAMURA, Tomoaki, Yasuo KOTAKE, Akiko MATSUMURA, and Norimi MIZUTANI. "NUMERICAL ANALYSIS ON DISASTER MITIGATION SEAWALL WITH MOVABLE CROWN USING COUPLED FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION MODEL." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B3 (Ocean Engineering) 67, no. 1 (2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejoe.67.1.

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Basnet, Keshav, Dhruba Wagle, Sagar Bhattarai, and Biwas Babu Sadadev. "Analysis of Slope Stability for Kaande Landslide of Phewa Watershed, Pokhara, Nepal." Technical Journal 2, no. 1 (November 10, 2020): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tj.v2i1.32823.

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Phewa watershed of Kaski, Nepal is constantly facing landslides and soil erosion problems. Andheri Khola sub-basin of Phewa watershed accounts the maximum amount of sediment inflow into Phewa Lake. Therefore Kaande Landslide of Andheri Khola sub-basin, located between Deurali and Paundur villages at the source zone of Andheri Khola is chosen for the slope stabilization to control the sediment flow. The main objective of the study was to analyze the slope stability condition of the landslide area for which the whole landslide area was divided into eight zones starting from the crown to the toe based on the major parameters like soil/rock type, slope inclination, spring source and surface water on the basis of field observation. The factor of safety of each zone was calculated based on stability analysis of an infinite slope of cohesive soils. Sieve analysis result shows the landslide area has coarse grained structure (gravel and sand) dominant. The factor of safety of the landslide was found to be from 0.281 to 0.710. The field assessment and factor of safety reveals the Kaande landslide to be unstable and further possibilities of landslides and soil erosion in the future. For mitigating the hazard, eco-friendly soil bio-engineering measures such as direct seeding of grasses/shrubs, grasses/shrubs/trees plantation, brush layering, and gabion wire bolster cylinders are recommended for slope stabilization based on the optimal techniques guidelines of Mercy Corps Nepal, 2014. It is recommended to apply the proposed mitigation measures as early as possible to prevent the further landslide hazard.

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Ramirez Malule, Howard Diego, Diego Ramirez-Malule, and David Gómez-Ríos. "Mitigating the COVID-19 spread: a challenge and an opportunity." INGENIERÍA Y COMPETITIVIDAD 22, no. 2 (May 26, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/iyc.v22i2.9491.

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Dear Editor, The Colombian government declared the quarantine for all the population since 25th March, 2020 as a measure to mitigate the expansion of COVID-19 in the country. Nevertheless, this restrictive measure showed early some opposite consequences to its purpose. As observed in other countries, the restriction measure caused a mass purchase of products, formation of crowds in grocery, department stores and local markets. The fear of shortage also caused exhaustion of products, long journeys and accumulation of large numbers of people in stores, bank offices and ATMs.

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Galiatsatou, Panagiota, Christos Makris, and Panayotis Prinos. "Optimized Reliability Based Upgrading of Rubble Mound Breakwaters in a Changing Climate." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 6, no. 3 (August 2, 2018): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse6030092.

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The present work aims at presenting an approach on implementing appropriate mitigation measures for the upgrade of rubble mound breakwaters protecting harbors and/or marinas against increasing future marine hazards and related escalating exposure to downtime risks. This approach is based on the reliability analysis of the studied structure coupled with economic optimization techniques. It includes the construction of probability distribution functions for all the stochastic variables of the marine climate (waves, storm surges, and sea level rise) for present and future conditions, the suggestion of different mitigation options for upgrading, the construction of a fault tree providing a logical succession of all events that lead to port downtime for each alternative mitigation option, and conclusively, the testing of a large number of possible alternative geometries for each option. A single solution is selected from the total sample of acceptable geometries for each upgrading concept that satisfy a probabilistic constraint in order to minimize the total costs of protection. The upgrading options considered in the present work include the construction or enhancement of a crown wall on the breakwater crest, the addition of the third layer of rocks above the primary armor layer of the breakwater (combined with crest elements), the attachment of a berm on the primary armor layer, and the construction of a detached low-crested structure in front of the breakwater. The proposed methodology is applied to an indicative rubble mound breakwater with an existing superstructure. The construction of a berm on the existing primary armor layer of the studied breakwater (port of Deauville, France), seems to be advantageous in terms of optimized total costs compared to other mitigation options.

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Pill, Martin. "10 Database Attacks." ITNOW 61, no. 4 (2019): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/itnow/bwz108.

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Abstract Enterprise database and information storage infrastructures, holding the crown jewels of an organisation, are subject to a wide range of abuses and attacks, particularly when left vulnerable by poor system design or configuration. Martin Pill CITP, Principal Consultant and Security Architect with BSI Cybersecurity and Information Resilience, describes the most critical of these, followed by recommendations for mitigating the risk of each.

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Yuan, Yuguo, and Weimin Zheng. "How to Mitigate Theme Park Crowding? A Prospective Coordination Approach." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3138696.

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Crowding is a key factor in tourists’ experience in theme parks, and mitigating crowding makes parks more competitive. This study examines how to effectively mitigate crowding in theme parks. First, a Markov-based method is developed to predict the spatial-temporal distribution of tourists in the park. Then, a prospective coordination approach based on the tourist distribution prediction is proposed. To evaluate the performance of this approach, an experiment is constructed using an agent-based simulation platform. The results indicate that the proposed method significantly outperforms existing methods. Furthermore, we conduct two experiments and, based on the results, offer several recommendations for crowd management.

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Arkin, Jeremy, Nicholas C. Coops, Lori D. Daniels, and Andrew Plowright. "Estimation of Vertical Fuel Layers in Tree Crowns Using High Density LiDAR Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 22 (November 16, 2021): 4598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13224598.

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The accurate prediction and mitigation of wildfire behaviour relies on accurate estimations of forest canopy fuels. New techniques to collect LiDAR point clouds from remotely piloted aerial systems (RPAS) allow for the prediction of forest fuels at extremely fine scales. This study uses a new method to examine the ability of such point clouds to characterize the vertical arrangement and volume of crown fuels from within individual trees. This method uses the density and vertical arrangement of LiDAR points to automatically extract and measure the dimensions of each cluster of vertical fuel. The amount and dimensions of these extracted clusters were compared against manually measured clusters that were collected through the manual measurement of over 100 trees. This validation dataset was composed of manual point cloud measurements for all portions of living crown fuel for each tree. The point clouds used for this were ground-based LiDAR point clouds that were ~80 times denser than the RPAS LiDAR point clouds. Over 96% of the extracted clusters were successfully matched to a manually measured cluster, representing ~97% of the extracted volume. A smaller percentage of the manually measured clusters (~79%) were matched to an extracted cluster, although these represented ~99% of the total measured volume. The vertical arrangement and dimensions of the matched clusters corresponded strongly to one another, although the automated method generally overpredicted each cluster’s lower boundary. Tree-level volumes and crown width were, respectively, predicted with R-squared values of 0.9111 and 0.7984 and RMSE values of 44.36 m2 and 0.53 m. Weaker relationships were observed for tree-level metrics that relied on the extraction of lower crown features (live crown length, live crown base height, lowest live branch height). These metrics were predicted with R-squared values of 0.5568, 0.3120, and 0.2011 and RMSE values of 3.53 m, 3.55 m, and 3.66 m. Overall, this study highlights strengths and weaknesses of the developed method and the utility of RPAS LiDAR point clouds relative to ground-based point clouds.

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Psaraftis, Konstantinos, Theodoros Anagnostopoulos, and Klimis Ntalianis. "An innovative quality lane change evaluation scheme based on reliable crowd-ratings." Computer Science and Information Systems, no. 00 (2022): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis210830030p.

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Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) and their applications are attracting significant attention in research and industry. ITSs make use of various sensing and communication technologies to assist transportation authorities and vehicle drivers in making informative decisions and provide leisure and safe driving experience. Data collection and dispersion are of utmost importance for the proper operation of ITSs applications. Numerous standards, architectures and communication protocols have been anticipated for ITSs applications. In recent years, crowdsourcing methods have shown to provide important benefits to ITSs, where ubiquitous citizens, acting as mobile human sensors, help respond to signals and providing real-time information. In this paper, the problem of mitigating crowdsourced data bias and malicious activity is addressed, when no auxiliary information is available at the individual level, as a prerequisite for achieving better quality data output. To achieve this goal, an innovative algorithm is designed and tested on a crowdsourcing database of lane change evaluations. A three-month crowdsourcing campaign is performed with 70 participants, resulting in a large number of lane changes evaluations. The proposed algorithm can negate the noisy ground-truth of crowdsourced data and improve the overall quality.

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Rajeshkumar, Akshay, and Senthilkumar Mathi. "Smart solution for reducing COVID-19 risk using internet of things." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v25.i1.pp474-480.

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The article exposes a smart device designed for mitigating the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) risk using the internet of things. A portable smart alerting device is designed for ensuring safety in public places which can alert people when the guidelines given by the government were not followed and alert health authorities when any abnormalities found. By doing so, the spread of this fatal disease can be stopped. The modules of the proposed system include the face mask detection module, social distance alerting module, crowd detection and analysis module, health screening module and health assessment module. The proposed system can be placed in any public entrances to monitor people without human intervention. Firstly, the human face images are captured for face mask check, then the crowd analysis of the particular entrance where the person is entering is performed, thereafter health screening of the person is done and the values were imported to the health assessment module to check for any abnormalities. Finally, after all the conditions were met the door is opened automatically. The smart device can be installed and effectively used in many scenarios such as malls, stores, crowded places and campuses to avoid the risk of spread of the coronavirus.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Crowd mitigation'

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