Academic literature on the topic 'Crowd anxiety'

From the Arab Spring and Occupy to the London riots and student tuition fee protests, the disordered crowd has re-emerged as a focal point of anxiety for law makers. The paper examines two recent cases where the UK courts have thought about crowds. InAustin, the House of Lords connected the crowd to an idea of human nature. This essentialist rendering placed the crowd within an old analytical register where it is understood to release a primordial violence. InBauer, the Administrative Court utilised a very different sense of the ‘crowdness’ of the crowd to uphold the conviction of UK Uncut activists for aggravated trespass. In their novelty and difference, these two mutually exclusive senses of the crowd open an essential question of the relation between law and society. This paper introduces the ‘Law of Crowds’ as a distinctive way to understand the questions of protest, revolt and democracy.

The objectives of the researcher is to describe Unconscious Mind and Anxiety, this research mainly aimed to answer, ‘How is the anxiety reflected in Face in the Crowd movie script?’ , ‘How do the anxieties lead to fantasy in Face in the Crowd movie script?’. Those two problems are analyzed with Psychological of literature or Psychoanalytical approach. The researcher used a qualitative descriptive method in classifying and analyzing the data,the data was taken from movie script entitled Face In the crowd by Julian Magnat. Then, the result of analysis is the description of unconscious mind and anxiety in the main character. In this analysis the researcher divided it into two main points, such as the anxiety in Face in the Crowd movie script, and the anxieties lead to fantasy. Finally, the conclusion from this analysis there are only a few dialogues that show moral anxieties experienced by Anna. And it can be concluded that is the anxiety felt Anna objectivy reality. Anxiety objectivy reality itself is an anxiety that comes from the fear of the danger in the outside world. Then fantasy does not only occur during sleep but when he appeared conscious but without realizing it. The main character in the film derives satisfaction from fantasies that arise when together with her ​​husband, with the Anna vision abnormalities. And fantasy is a process of daydreaming (dreamy) or imagining action to provide an escafrom reality, with satisfaction the achievements obtained and pleasure that are imaginary or die as a hero who does not sin. Keyword: unconscious mind, anxiety, fantasy, and dream

This study examines the organizational dynamics of social media crowds, in particular, the influence of a crowd’s emotional expression on its solidarity. To identify the relationship between emotions expressed and solidarity, marked by sustained participation in the crowd, the study uses tweets from a unique population of crowds—those tweeting about ongoing National Football League games. Observing this population permits the use of game results as quasi-random treatments on crowds, helping to reduce confounding factors. Results indicate that participation in these crowds is self-sustaining in the medium term (1 week) and can be stimulated or suppressed by emotional expression in a short term (1 hour), depending on the discrete emotion expressed. In particular, anger encourages participation while sadness discourages it. Positive emotions and anxiety have a more nuanced relationship with participation.

To address the effect of anxiety level on evacuation situations, related papers point out that the level of anxiety in an accident is related to the individual's situation and the surrounding environment. For this reason, we used a computer to randomly simulate the individual situation as well as the evacuation environment, to develop a quantitative model of anxiety levels. To explore the change in anxiety levels over time, we build the SIS model to simulate the propagation of emotions. And the difference in anxiety level will determine whether the pedestrian decision is rational or not. Finally, based on the simulation results, the correlation between anxiety level and evacuation rate is analyzed to be negative, and the approximate correlation between several personal situations and evacuation environment with evacuation rate is derived, among which, the correlation between the type of accident occurrence and evacuation rate is the largest.

In this essay I explore the reaction, in Western media commentary, to the announcement of North Korean premier Kim Jong-il’s death in December 2011. I focus in particular on responses to the widely circulated images of crowds crying on the streets of Pyongyang. These responses obsessively returned to a single question: Do they really mean it? I do not attempt to answer this question. Rather, by considering a series of subsidiary questions that clustered around it (Can these tears be real? Are these people insane? Why are they such good/such bad actors? Is mass crying something that Asians are particularly likely to engage in?), I ask in turn why the sincerity of the North Korean crying crowds came to seem at once so necessary and so impossible to Western observers. I argue that the obsessive return to the question about whether they really meant it expressed a deep liberal anxiety—not, as one might suppose, an anxiety that North Korean totalitarianism would continue indefinitely, but a much more profound worry that it would come to a sudden end.

Coping with stress is crucial for a healthy lifestyle. In the past, a great deal of research has been conducted to use socially assistive robots as a therapy to alleviate stress and anxiety related problems. However, building a fully autonomous social robot which can deliver psycho-therapeutic solutions is a very challenging endeavor due to limitations in artificial intelligence (AI). To overcome AI’s limitations, researchers have previously introduced crowdsourcing-based teleoperation methods, which summon the crowd’s input to control a robot’s functions. However, in the context of robotics, such methods have only been used to support the object manipulation, navigational, and training tasks. It is not yet known how to leverage real-time crowdsourcing (RTC) to process complex therapeutic conversational tasks for social robotics. To fill this gap, we developed Crowd of Oz (CoZ), an open-source system that allows Softbank’s Pepper robot to support such conversational tasks. To demonstrate the potential implications of this crowd-powered approach, we investigated how effectively, crowd workers recruited in real-time can teleoperate the robot’s speech, in situations when the robot needs to act as a life coach. We systematically varied the number of workers who simultaneously handle the speech of the robot (N = 1, 2, 4, 8) and investigated the concomitant effects for enabling RTC for social robotics. Additionally, we present Pavilion, a novel and open-source algorithm for managing the workers’ queue so that a required number of workers are engaged or waiting. Based on our findings, we discuss salient parameters that such crowd-powered systems must adhere to, so as to enhance their performance in response latency and dialogue quality.

[abstFig src='/00280001/06.jpg' width=""300"" text='Overview of cloud/crowd sensing system' ]Reduction of burden of life support services has been studied for future ultra-aging society. However, highly advanced systems of the life support services often cause low accessibility. If the accessibility were low, service users would have difficulty in forecasting the system behavior and feel uneasy. In this paper, a cloud/crowd sensing system is proposed. Triggered by a monitoring result from sensors used in a life support service system, a character agent of the proposed system gives users dialogues and acquires information about their subjective views. A prototype of the cloud/crowd sensing system is described and evaluated in the paper. Anxiety of the users due to low accessibility could be removed by applying the proposed sensing system to the life support system.

Background: Anxiety is a feeling that can be experienced by anyone, such as anxiety during examination, anxiety when talking ahead of the crowd and others. So also with students, where students experience a transition from adolescence to adulthood. Students have many tasks to learn and start thinking about their future. All of these can make the student vulnerable enough to experience anxiety. Excessive anxiety can disrupt the learning process so as to reduce student achievement. For that we need a way to overcome it, one of them is laughter therapy. Laughter therapy is an antidote to stress, pain and cause excitement.Goals: This study aims to determine the influence of laughter therapy on anxiety in the freshman of STIKes Santa Elisabeth Medan.Methods:The research used one group pre test and post test design. Sampling technique with quota sampling method as many as 11 people from DIII Nursing, 14 people from DIII Midwifery and 38 people from Ners. Instruments used for data retrieval are SOP (Standard Operational Procedure) and observation sheet.Result: The result of the research showed that pretest ansietas was in moderate level of 46 people (73%) and posttest at light level of 42 people (66,7%). Data analysis was done by using Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test with p= 0,000 (<0,05).Conclussion: The conclusion is the effect of laughter therapy on the anxiety of first grade students. Suggestions are given so that the students do laughter therapy regularly to reduce the level of anxiety so that they will feel relaxed.

The COVID-19 pandemic makes mothers who are about postpartum experience anxiety from mild to moderate such as fear in the crowd and confine themselves at home. So that it affects the production of breast milk of postpartum mothers, due to the increase in cortisol makes the inhibition of the transportation of the hormone oxytocin in its secretion so that the production of breast milk is inhibited. To identify the influence of anxiety on the smooth production of breast milk in mothers in the COVID-19 pandemic at RSPAD Gatot Soebroto. This type of research is an analytic survey using a cross-sectional design. The sample was a postpartum mother on the 2nd Floor of PIS RSPAD Gatot Soebroto numbered 35 people. Analyze the data using Chi-Square. There is an influence of COVID-19 pandemic anxiety on the production of postpartum mothers' breast milk (p-value: 0.000 < ? : 0.05). It is recommended for postpartum mothers to always think positively and seek information about health, especially COVID-19, or do relaxation so as not to worry.

Purpose – There is an assumption in emergency planning that the public will “panic” or refuse to comply in the event of mass decontamination. This assumption has serious implications for how the public will be managed. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The authors carried out semi-structured interviews with 13 emergency responders, six of whom had experience of incidents involving decontamination. The authors asked them, first, about their experiences of these events and, second, about their expectations for decontamination involving a large crowd. The aim was to explore the extent to which responders perceived non-compliance and anxiety as (crowd) problems during decontamination, and if so, how they felt that they could be addressed. Findings – Responders with experience of decontamination perceived non-compliance and excessive anxiety to be rare, and suggested that orderly behaviour was more common. However, the majority of emergency responders with no experience of decontamination said they expected panic and non-compliance. They therefore emphasised the importance of “controlling”, rather than communicating with, the public. Research limitations/implications – The authors argue that “control”-based emergency management strategies can impact negatively on the relationship between the public and responders, and hence hinder effective management of an incident. It would therefore be beneficial to provide training for emergency responders on likely public behaviour during incidents involving decontamination. Originality/value – This research extends previous research by facilitating a detailed understanding of emergency responders’ experiences and perceptions of managing incidents involving decontamination, and showing how these experiences and perceptions can affect the way in which such incidents are managed.

Understanding the principles and applications of crowd dynamics in mass gatherings is very important, specifically with respect to crowd risk analysis and crowd safety. Historical trends from India and other countries suggest that the crowd crushes in mass gatherings, especially in religious events, frequently occur, highlighting the importance of studying crowd behaviour more scientifically. This is required to support appropriate and timely crowd management principles in planning crowd control measures and providing early warning systems at mass gatherings. Hitherto, the researchers have studied the previous incidents of crowd crushes from the viewpoint of high density and the resulting physical forces and poor geometric facilities, but the factors such as psychological triggers and weather are overlooked. Further, although the average number of victims per panic event seems to decrease, their total number increases with the frequency of mass religious gatherings. Unless proper measures are in place, this trend will continue. Therefore, a comprehensive risk assessment is required to assess the potentially risky situations associated with an event that can lead to crowd crushes. To manage large crowds, an understanding of crowd dynamics is required to reasonably predict the level of risk and implement appropriate crowd management measures. However, there is a lack of empirical studies with real-world data on crowd behaviour and dynamics. Therefore, deriving motivation from the given background, the objectives of this research are: (1) to conduct a detailed empirical data collection in a mass religious gathering in an uncontrolled setup, (2) to understand the fundamental relationships between speed, flow, and density across different sections of case study, (3) to analyse the potentially risky situations observed in the site, and (4) to develop a comprehensive crowd risk model concerning crowd movement in mass religious gatherings and arrive at a Crowd Risk Index (CRI) which can give a range of values on scale defining the possibilities of crowd risks in a given area of mass religious gathering. The case study considered was Kumbh Mela 2016, held in Ujjain, India, between 22 April and 21 May. It attracted an estimated population of 75 million with an interesting mix of domestic and international pilgrims, spiritual leaders, and holy men, who journeyed to Ujjain from short duration (one day) to long-term stay (throughout the event). The key attractions of Kumbh were (1) taking a dip in the river Kshipra and (2) visiting temples. Data was collected throughout the event, covering the important days on which the crowd was expected to be more. Data in video form was recorded using Go-Pro, head-mount cameras, mobile phones and CCTV cameras. Additionally, data was also collected using GPS trackers and survey forms. Further, quantitative data was collected through visual observations. The Crowd Risk Index was developed from three pillars of indices: Crowd Dynamic Index (CDI), Crowd Anxiety Index (CAI), and Temperature-Humidity Index (THI). CDI include (i) macroscopic fundamental flow diagrams of a spiritually motivated crowd (ii) characteristics of stop and go waves in one-dimensional interrupted pedestrian flow through narrow channels (iii) understanding social group behaviour in the crowd and the effect of the presence of groups on the crowd movement, and (iv) understanding serpentine group behaviour and its impact on crowd dynamics. Using the above-mentioned study observations, the CDI was developed for ghat and temple locations as they were the two key attractions of Kumbh Mela. All the variables were used both for ghat and temple model. About 53 expert opinions were gathered separately for the temple and ghat videos. The experts rated the risk levels from the video clippings as low, medium, or high. Low was taken as class 1, medium as class 2, and high as class 3, which was given as an input to the CDI. The dataset was imbalanced, and so the SMOTE-Tomek Link method was used to balance out the dataset. Cross Validation technique using the Random Forest algorithm was used to predict the level of risk for CDI. CAI included the patience and aggression scores obtained from the study conducted on understanding the crowd’s emotions. A Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was performed, and hypotheses testing were done to verify the relationship between the first order (cue-dependence (CD), tolerance (TO) and goal-oriented (GO); norm violation (NV), obstruction to movement (DO) and social display of power (SP)) and second-order factors (patience and aggression). All the first-order factors under patience and aggression were found to have a direct and significant impact on the second-order factors, i.e., patience and aggression, respectively. The patience and aggressions scores were obtained from the path loadings. Moreover, the effect of high temperature can have an indirect impact on the CRI through increasing aggression. This was also included in the index. The dataset here was also imbalanced, and so the SMOTE-Tomek Link method was used to balance out the dataset. The same Cross Validation technique using the Random Forest algorithm was used to predict the level of risk for CAI. A value between 0 and 1is class 1 (low), a value between 1 and 2 is class 2 (medium), and a value between 2 and 3 is class 3 (high). THI from literature was used to gauge the effect of temperature on the crowd risk. Kumbh Mela 2016 was held during peak summer under the scorching heat. The average temperature across the event duration was above 91-degree Fahrenheit, which implies that the event happened under severe stress conditions. This indicates the importance of including temperature effects into the model, especially for events that happen under high-temperature conditions. The comfort zone values were considered as class 1 (low), mild and severe stress conditions are combined as class 2 (medium), and severe stress conditions as class 3 (high). The CAI, CDI, and THI together form the CRI. The relative importance of these indices was also gathered from the same 53 experts. The weights were then calculated using the AHP process. Then the final CRI prediction equation was formulated. A CRI value between 0 and 1 indicates low risk, a value between 1 and 2 indicates medium risk, and a value between 2 and 3 indicates high risk. This can help in predicting the level of risk in a given area for every one-minute interval. Therefore, the CRI developed includes factors such as crowd anxiety and temperature, other than the crowd dynamics and behaviours, as it is important to include a comprehensive set of factors for a better prediction. With an overarching understanding of the factors leading to critical crowd conditions, the CRI developed in this work can help reasonably predict the level of risk and implement appropriate crowd management measures. However, the approach used in the study has its own set of limitations. There are other important factors that could endanger crowd safety, including bottleneck movement and crowd turbulence, among others, which are not considered. Studying and incorporating these into the CRI can result in a more accurate model. Adding health-related aspects and studying other psychological aspects supplemented with video data can also improve the model's precision. In addition, a comparison of different machine learning techniques to assess their performance could be a follow-up to this research. Despite these limitations, the study proposes a novel methodology for predicting crowd risk in mass religious gatherings. This is a one-of-a-kind study in crowd disaster and crowd safety that has never been attempted before in the literature.

in English This work focuses on the Czech afterwar avant-garde and its fiction in the wider European context. The main goal of our writing was diversifying literary historical field by integrating genre of short story and its authors into the interpretive frame of the prepoetistic avant-garde. We could intrude a canonic picture of the Czech avant-garde by enriching the interpretive frame of the new genre (short story) and new, often hardly known or forgotten, writers. Last but not least by doing so we were able to questioned and problematized basic oppositions such as expressionism × avant-garde, and mainly individualism × collectivism. We introduce the principal opposition individualism × collectivism, which in our opinion, organizes afterwar literary discourse, as a main connecting line between Czech avant-garde art and European art (collective and one of its manifestation - crowd, as one of the main themes of modernism and avant-garde). We interpretate beyond this scope the fictions of French unanimism as the main inspiration of the Czech afterwar avan-garde and its (collective) fiction as well.

This article examines the effects of the unprecedented number of prosecutions for political opinion in the 1790s and afterward on romantic period literature. The chief instrument for these prosecutions was the law on libel. This legal framework placed a premium on various forms of metaphor, irony, and allegory, which the Crown had to construe as concrete libels in any prosecution. Many trials became major public events, a visible part of the period’s print culture, widely reported in newspapers and eagerly consumed by the public in a variety of media. The courtroom provided a theater of radical opinion in which defendants could publicize their views and mock the authority of the state. The pressure exerted on writers by the law on libel also conditioned a more general anxiety and may even have influenced developing ideas of the autonomy of the aesthetic.

This book shows how a woman's desperate attempt at murder came to momentarily embody the anger and anxiety felt by many people at a time of economic and social upheaval and expanding expectations for equal rights. On the evening of November 1, 1843, a young household servant named Amelia Norman attacked Henry Ballard, a prosperous merchant, on the steps of the Astor House Hotel. Agitated and distraught, Norman had followed Ballard down Broadway before confronting him at the door to the hotel. Taking out a folding knife, she stabbed him. Ballard survived the attack, and the trial that followed created a sensation. Newspapers in New York and beyond followed the case eagerly, and crowds filled the courtroom every day. The prominent author and abolitionist Lydia Maria Child championed Norman and later included her story in her fiction and her writing on women's rights. Norman also attracted the support of politicians, journalists, and legal and moral reformers who saw her story as a vehicle to change the law as it related to “seduction” and to advocate for the rights of workers. This book describes how New Yorkers followed the trial for entertainment. Throughout all this, Norman gained sympathys, in particular the jury, which acquitted her in less than ten minutes. The book weaves together Norman's story to show how, in one violent moment, she expressed all the anger that the women of the emerging movement for women's rights would soon express in words.

This chapter stages a confrontation, a confrontation which Chaplin himself staged in The Great Dictator, between the two most famous and influential screen “personas” of the 20th century, Chaplin and Hitler. Both Chaplin and Hitler understood the screen as an arena in relation to which the question of the modern city crowd is raised, and they both saw their task, the task of a movie star, as transforming the crowds, helping them out of their condition of anxiety of the modern world and abandonment by the ruling powers. However, whereas Chaplin’s project is a revolutionary and liberatory one, allowing the crowds to conceive of themselves as part of an unprecedented democratic project, Hitler’s “project” cancels the freedom of the crowds and submits them to a ruling fascistic identity.

Abstract This chapter explores our anxiety that others will discover our intellectual or cultural shortcomings, a fear some call “imposter syndrome.” Epicurus opposes over-valuing cultural refinement and intellectual talents that are inessential to living well, and he recommends that Epicureans “free themselves” from arbitrary standards of intellect and taste. Such standards not only invite individual anxiety; they also risk undermining social trust and stability. A society that values intellectual and cultural sophistication independent of ethics and virtue risks celebrating smart people who lack a moral compass, while disregarding virtuous people with fewer intellectual talents or opportunities. In other words, elitism about intellect can crowd out the personal and social values necessary for tranquility. Many critics in Epicurus’ own time considered him culturally and intellectually unrefined. He was by no means anti-intellectual (Epicureans love science!), but he was decidedly anti-snob.

This chapter considers how Heidegger’s account of existence relates to his conception of life in the crowd, and how it compares to Kierkegaard’s position. It is argued that while they share broadly the same view of the self as involving becoming and movement, whereas for Kierkegaard this can be traced back to its relation to the infinite demand, for Heidegger it can be traced back to ‘care’ or ‘Sorge’, through which the individual takes on responsibility for themselves in a way that can never be finished or concluded. The chapter also contrasts the role that the infinite plays in Kierkegaard’s account with the role that death plays in Heidegger’s, which then leads to differences in their respective treatments of anxiety and nothingness.

Abstract The authors of this chapter interpret the COVID-19 pandemic in India through the Anthropocene, suggesting that the pandemic had effects similar to the displacement and wide-scale changes caused by the Anthropocene. They describe the different meanings that “home” took on during the pandemic, as well as the difficulties faced by “homeless” migrants and multispecies ethics of care. The home during the pandemic represented a space of action and solidarity because social distancing was one of the few viable community mitigation strategies. No longer just a residence, the home became a space to perform many things, such as work. The authors interpret this crisis through Elias Canetti’s work on crowds and theorize that the pandemic represents a moment of rupture that should make us rethink theories of “slow violence” and “species being.”

This chapter opens with the murder of Étienne Marcel and the fall of Paris to the Dauphin at the end of August, and focuses on how the crown and its subjects negotiated the social and emotional—as well as the legal and political—consequences of the Jacquerie. While the crown began by enacting spectacularly harsh penalties against its enemies in Paris, it almost immediately moved to a policy of forgiveness and reconciliation. After publicly executing prominent reformers, the crown issued general pardons to those who participated in the Parisians’ treachery, the Jacquerie, and the Counter-Jacquerie. This was both a practical necessity and an astute political move that allowed the crown to place itself above the fray and to impose its own interpretation of events. But as the subsequent proliferation of individualized pardons and lawsuits show, subjects’ own stories were more varied, demonstrating different ways of thinking about the revolt. Long-running lawsuits and the failure even of extra-judicial agreements reveal enduring barriers to reconciling people to the past, as well as to one another. Relations between some individuals remained emotionally fraught, roiled by anger and anxiety for decades after the revolt, manifesting in the exchange of ‘hard words’ and homicidal quarrels.

Dental anesthesia is indicated for most procedures of the oral cavity. Soft tissue (mucosal tissues such as the buccal mucosa and gingiva), teeth, and the pulp tissue (composed of nerve fibers, vasculature, lymphatics, and connective tissue inside of the tooth), and supporting structures of the tooth (bone and periodontal ligament) are all necessary structures to be anesthetized. Choice of tissue to be anesthetized depends on the goal of the procedure. Restorative procedures (amalgam and composite restorations, inlays, onlays), prosthetic procedures (crowns and veneers), endodontic procedures (root canals, apicoectomy or root-end surgery, pain diagnosis), periodontal procedures (scaling and root planing, crown lengthening, sinus lift, connective tissue grafting, guided bone regeneration, gingivectomy), and oral surgery procedures (extractions, implant placement, incision and drainage, and biopsy) all will require anesthesia to reduce patient pain and anxiety.

This chapter examines the efforts by Elizabethan colonizers like Sir Walter Ralegh to define their persona as captain as entailing a calling of considerable providential significance. Drawing on the Renaissance ideal of imperium as the strength needed to pin down the world's sinful inconstancy, sixteenth-century English proponents of colonization argued that captains possessed the manly fortitude and prophetical insight needed to carry out God's will in conquering areas where Elizabeth's sovereignty was sound but not yet realized. An anxiety that underlay the attempts by writers like Richard Hakluyt the clergyman to defend Elizabethan conquest in America was the simmering worry, especially pronounced in an age of religious division and Spanish-Habsburg dominance, that God did not grant sovereignty to female rulers. Thus, her captains took on an especially precarious role in embodying England's imperial crown overseas, and failed colonies like Roanoke would eventually come to epitomize the Elizabethan captains' ignobility for their ineffectuality as conquerors.

Abstract This chapter introduces the main themes of the book. It traces the various names by which Birkbeck has been known and introduces readers to the main founders. The College was established as the London Mechanics’ Institution at the Crown and Anchor Tavern at the junction of the Strand and Arundel Street. It notes that the term ‘mechanics’ did not refer to the ‘labouring poor’ or paupers. Three quarters were ‘operatives,’ men who worked with their hands or identified as members of the ‘working class’. London was a very different city in 1823 compared to 2023. There was widespread hostility amongst many elites to educating mechanics or working people. Few people opposed teaching ‘the masses’ to read and write but educating them in anything more substantial incited anxiety. These fears were in part rooted in the religious monopoly over schools and universities. Churchmen and their adherents feared that any education that was primarily ‘scientific and philosophical’ rather than ‘moral and religious’ was risky. Many worried that education would make working people less deferential to their ‘betters’. The founders of the LMI had to counter these prejudices.

Tho’ the child could not describe the gentleman’s person who handed his sister into the post-chaise, yet my suspicions fell entirely upon our young landlord, whose character for such intrigues was but too well known. I therefore directed my steps towards Thornhill-castle, resolving to upbraid him, and, if possible, to bring back my daughter: but before I had reached his seat, I was met by one of my parishioners, who said he saw a young lady resembling my daughter in a post-chaise with a gentleman, whom, by the description, I could only guess to be Mr. Burchell, and that they drove very fast. This information, however, did by no means satisfy me. I therefore went to the young ‘Squire’s, and though it was yet early, insisted upon seeing him immediately: he soon appeared with the most open familiar air, and seemed perfectly amazed at my daughter’s elopement, protesting upon his honour that he was quite a stranger to it. I now therefore condemned my former suspicions, and could turn them only on Mr. Burchell, who I recollected had of late several private conferences with her: but the appearance of another witness left me no room to doubt of his villainy, who averred, that he and my daughter were actually gone towards the wells, about thirty miles off, where there was a great deal of company. Being driven to that state of mind in which we are more ready to act precipitately than to reason right, I never debated with myself, whether these accounts might not have been given by persons purposely placed in my way, to mislead me, but resolved to pursue my daughter and her fancied deluder thither. I walked along with earnestness, and enquired of several by the way; but received no accounts, till entering the town, I was met by a person on horseback, whom I remembered to have seen at the ‘Squire’s, and he assured me that if I followed them to the races,* which were but thirty miles farther, I might depend upon overtaking them; for he had seen them dance there the night before, and the whole assembly seemed charmed with my daughter’s performance. Early the next day I walked forward to the races, and about four in the afternoon I came upon the course. The company made a very brilliant appearance, all earnestly employed in one pursuit, that of pleasure; how different from mine, that of reclaiming a lost child to virtue! I thought I perceived Mr. Burchell at some distance from me; but, as if he dreaded an interview, upon my approaching him, he mixed among a crowd, and I saw him no more. I now reflected that it would be to no purpose to continue my pursuit farther, and resolved to return home to an innocent family, who wanted my assistance. But the agitations of my mind, and the fatigues I had undergone, threw me into a fever, the symptoms of which I perceived before I came off the course. This was another unexpected stroke, as I was more than seventy miles distant from home: however, I retired to a little ale-house by the road-side, and in this place, the usual retreat of indigence and frugality, I laid me down patiently to wait the issue of my disorder. I languished here for near three weeks; but at last my constitution prevailed, though I was unprovided with money to defray the expences of my entertainment. It is possible the anxiety from this last circumstance alone might have brought on a relapse, had I not been supplied by a traveller, who stopt to take a cursory refreshment. This person was no other than the philanthropic bookseller in St. Paul’s church-yard, who has written so many little books for children: he called himself their friend; but he was the friend of all mankind. He was no sooner alighted, but he was in haste to be gone; for he was ever on business of the utmost importance, and was at that time actually compiling materials for the history of one Mr. Thomas Trip.* I immediately recollected this good-natured man’s red pimpled face; for he had published for me against the Deuterogamists* of the age, and from him I borrowed a few pieces, to be paid at my return. Leaving the inn, therefore, as I was yet but weak, I resolved to return home by easy journies of ten miles a day. My health and usual tranquillity were almost restored, and I now condemned that pride which had made me refractory to the hand of correction. Man little knows what calamities are beyond his patience to bear till he tries them; as in ascending the heights of ambition, which look bright from below, every step we rise shews us some new and gloomy prospect of hidden disappointment; so in our descent from the summits of pleasure, though the vale of misery below may appear at first dark and gloomy, yet the busy mind, still attentive to its own amusement, finds as we descend something to flatter and to please. Still as we approach, the darkest objects appear to brighten, and the mental eye becomes adapted to its gloomy situation.

In today's society, "phubbers" are flooding the corners of society. Phubbers are people who nowadays "look down at the screen" whenever and wherever they are, trying to fill up their fragmented time by staring at the screen. The increasing popularity of smartphones has made them an indispensable tool in the lives of phubbers, who rely on them to bring them a variety of needs to meet. The news of traffic accidents caused by immersion in cell phones is common. This is no longer an individual encounter, but a group rule, and phubbers do have visual information barriers in traffic scenarios. In addition, prolonged daily exposure to cell phones and over-stimulation of the brain can make concentration incomplete. The limit of forward flexion (the state where the chin touches the sternum) can only be 45° when the head is bowed. If the forward flexion reaches 30°, it can affect the cervical spine. If the cervical spine is in an abnormal stable state of extreme forward flexion for a long time, it can cause damage to the cervical spine. Therefore, it is of practical significance to propose corresponding design strategies for the safety hazards and visual information barriers that exist in the traffic scenes of the phubbers.This thesis adopts a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods, firstly, based on the AEIOU analysis model and user behavior process, a specific analysis model is constructed for the behavior of phubbers crossing the road. It can make a more comprehensive analysis of the whole process of each contact point and crowd state and behavior in the scene, and the corresponding functional modules are derived. The functional modules mainly include the behavioral level, the physical and spiritual social level, and the environmental level. Among them, the behavioral level includes intersection reminder module, auditory reminder, remaining time reminder, and visual reminder within the line of sight of head down playing cell phone; the material and spiritual social level includes anxiety relief module, relief of unstable emotions, and personal safety module; the environmental level includes safe waiting area division, and obvious dynamic change stimulation. The Kano model was further applied to prioritize the functional modules, and the statistical analysis was used to determine the user-perceived importance and ranking of the listed functions, which finally led to the functional requirements of barrier-free crossing for phubbers. It provides a reference for future research on visual information accessibility design for phubbers and the development of accessible design for public transportation.