Journal articles: 'Crowbar Application'

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T.G. Joshi, Subhash, and Vinod John. "Thyristor voltage equalising network for crowbar application." IET Power Electronics 11, no. 11 (July 26, 2018): 1839–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-pel.2017.0932.

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Grainys, Audrius, Jurij Novickij, Tomaš Stankevič, Voitech Stankevič, Vitalij Novickij, and Nerija Žurauskienė. "Single Pulse Calibration of Magnetic Field Sensors Using Mobile 43 kJ Facility." Measurement Science Review 15, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msr-2015-0033.

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Abstract In this work we present a mobile 43 kJ pulsed magnetic field facility for single pulse calibration of magnetic field sensors. The magnetic field generator is capable of generating magnetic fields up to 40 T with pulse durations in the range of 0.3-2 ms. The high power crowbar circuit is used for the reverse voltage protection and pulse shaping purposes. The structure, the development challenges and the implemented solutions to improve the facility for the calibration of the magnetic field sensors are overviewed. The experimental data of the application of the proposed generator for the calibration of manganite magnetic field sensors are presented.

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Seetawan, Tosawat. "Possibility of Thermoelectric Oxide for Thermal Sensors." Key Engineering Materials 675-676 (January 2016): 601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.675-676.601.

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The thermoelectric effects in oxide materials are developed to the Seebeck effect for thermal sensing. Thermal sensors are the thermal converters, in which an electrical, magnetic, mechanical, radiation, chemical signal are measured by converting it into heat and measuring the resulting temperature changes in the device. This proposes an analysis the electrical converters and radiation sensors by using single−junction of p−Ca3Co4O9 and n−CaMnO3 materials are presented into possible thermal sensing. Several thermal converters are measured the signal electrical resistivity, and Seebeck coefficient depended on temperature. Thermal radiation sensors are included the sensitivity, electricity, and specific detectivity. For application, thermoelectric oxide cell can be fabricated crowbar circuit for protection an overvoltage condition of a power supply which it yield 1.2 s turn off switch.

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Li, Xu, Yuping Lu, and Tao Huang. "Impact of the DFIG-Based Wind Farm Connection on the Fault Component-Based Directional Relay and a Mitigation Countermeasure." Energies 13, no. 17 (August 26, 2020): 4414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174414.

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With high sensitivity and strong tolerance capability for the fault resistance, the fault component-based directional relay (FCBDR) has drawn considerable attention from industry and academia. However, the best application environment for FCBDR no longer exists when considering the large-scale connection of the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind farms. Through a detailed analysis of the superimposed impedance of DFIG, this paper reveals that the performances of FCBDRs may be shown negatively impacted by the fault behaviors of DFIG when the crowbar protection inputs. In addition, this paper proposes a mitigation countermeasure to deal with those issues. The proposed countermeasure takes advantage of the different superimposed impedance features of DFIG compared with that of the synchronous generator (SG) to enhance the adaptability of the conventional FCBDRs. Extensive simulation results show that the proposed countermeasure can differentiate the fault direction clearly under different fault conditions.

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Stankevic, Voitech, Povilas Simonis, Nerija Zurauskiene, Arunas Stirke, Aldas Dervinis, Vytautas Bleizgys, Skirmantas Kersulis, and Saulius Balevicius. "Compact Square-Wave Pulse Electroporator with Controlled Electroporation Efficiency and Cell Viability." Symmetry 12, no. 3 (March 5, 2020): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12030412.

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The design and development of a compact square-wave pulse generator for the electroporation of biological cells is presented. This electroporator can generate square-wave pulses with durations from 3 μs up to 10 ms, voltage amplitudes up to 3500 V, and currents up to 250 A. The quantity of the accumulated energy is optimized by means of a variable capacitor bank. The pulse forming unit design uses a crowbar circuit, which gives better control of the pulse form and its duration, independent of the load impedance. In such cases, the square-wave pulse form ensures better control of electroporation efficiency by choosing parameters determined in advance. The device has an integrated graphic LCD screen and measurement modules for the visualization of the current pulse, allowing for express control of the electroporation quality and does not require an external oscilloscope for current pulse recording. This electroporator was tested on suspensions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells, during which, it was demonstrated that the application of such square-wave pulses ensured better control of the electroporation efficiency and cell viability after treatment using the pulsed electric field (PEF).

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Nickles, Thomas. "The crowbar model of method and its implications." THEORIA. An International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science 34, no. 3 (December 5, 2019): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/theoria.19070.

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There is a rough, long-term tradeoff between rate of innovation and degree of strong realism in scientific practice, a point reflected in historically changing conceptions of method as they retreat from epistemological foundationism to a highly fallibilistic, modeling perspective. The successively more liberal, innovation-stimulating methods open up to investigation deep theoretical domains at the cost, in many cases, of moving away from strong realism as a likely outcome of research. The crowbar model of method highlights this tension, expressed as the crowbar compromiseand the crowbar fallacy. The tools-to-theories heuristic, described and evaluated by Gigerenzer and colleagues, can be regarded as an attempt by some scientific realists to overcome this compromise. Instead, it is an instance of it. Nonetheless, in successful applications the crowbar model implies a modest, instrumental (nonrepresentational) realism.

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Nian, Heng, and Xiao Jin. "Modeling and Analysis of Transient Reactive Power Characteristics of DFIG Considering Crowbar Circuit under Ultra HVDC Commutation Failure." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 11, 2021): 2743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102743.

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Ultra high voltage direct current (UHVDC) transmission is an effective means of long-distance transmission of renewable power generation, which has obtained a lot of research and practical applications. The commutation failure is a common DC transmission fault, which will cause the voltage amplitude of the sending ac grid in UHVDC system to first decrease then increase. The existing transient mathematical models of the wind power generation system (WPGS) are difficult to apply to scenarios where the grid voltage changes continuously. A mathematical model suitable for commutation failure is established to analyze the transient reactive power characteristics of the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based WPGS with the consideration of the crowbar circuit trigger. The correctness of the mathematical model is validated by an experiment based on the control hardware-in-loop (CHIL) platform. Based on the proposed mathematical model, the influence of the crowbar parameters on the reactive power output of the DFIG is analyzed, and the selection of crowbar parameters to suppress the overvoltage of the sending ac grid is investigated. A simulation model is built based on Matlab/Simulink to verify the overvoltage suppression effect of the proposed selection scheme.

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Saxena, Alok Kumar, Anand M. Rawool, and Trilok C. Kaushik. "Crowbar Scheme Based on Plasma Motion for Pulsed Power Applications." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 41, no. 10 (October 2013): 3058–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2013.2279850.

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Fery, Richard L., and Philip D. Dukes. "Southern Blight (Sclerotium rolfsiiSacc.) of Cowpea: Genetic Characterization of Two Sources of Resistance." International Journal of Agronomy 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/652404.

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Field studies were conducted to characterize the genetic nature of resistance to southern blight (caused bySclerotium rolfsiiSacc.) exhibited by the cowpea [Vigna unguiculata(L.) Walp.] cultivars Carolina Cream and Brown Crowder and to determine if a genetic relationship exists for this resistance between the two cultivars. Examination of the comparative frequency distributions of the parental and progeny populations of the “Carolina Cream” x “Magnolia Blackeye” and “Brown Crowder” x “Magnolia Blackeye” crosses and the corresponding segregation data indicates that the southern blight resistances exhibited by “Carolina Cream” and “Brown Crowder” are conditioned by single dominant genes. Examination of the segregation data from the parental and progeny populations of the “Carolina Cream” x “Brown Crowder” cross suggests that the two resistance genes are not allelic. The availability of each of the resistance genes in cultivar-type genetic backgrounds should allow for rapid incorporation of southern blight resistance genes into other cowpea cultivars by the application of conventional plant breeding methodologies.

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Akin, D. Scott, and David R. Shaw. "In-Season Applications of Glyphosate for Control of Redvine (Brunnichia ovata) in Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean." Weed Technology 18, no. 2 (June 2004): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-03-074r1.

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An experiment was initiated at two sites in 1998 near Crowder, MS, to evaluate the effect of in-season applications of glyphosate on redvine populations in glyphosate-resistant soybean. In the year of application, most treatments containing multiple in-season applications of glyphosate reduced redvine populations. However, at 16 mo after treatment (October 1999), 0.63 kg ai/ha paraquat preplant followed by sequential postemergence applications of glyphosate at 1.1 and 2.2 kg ai/ ha reduced redvine stems by 45% compared with the untreated check. Redvine control with this treatment also was comparable with 2.2 kg ai/ha dicamba preharvest. The same results were observed at 12 and 14 mo after application with many treatments containing sequential applications of glyphosate, but glyphosate at 1.1 and 2.2 kg ai/ha was the only in-season treatment to maintain redvine suppression during the entire growing season the year after herbicide application. However, a number of treatments delayed redvine reinfestation; thus, soybean yield was improved over the untreated check with all treatments from the previous year containing in-season applications of glyphosate, except for 0.84 kg/ha followed by 0.56 kg/ha. Increasing rates of in-season glyphosate applications to 1.1 followed by 2.2 kg/ha will adequately suppress redvine populations in glyphosate-resistant soybean, controlling annual weeds in the process.

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Salisbury, Elliot, Sebastian Stein, and Sarvapali Ramchurn. "CrowdAR: Augmenting Live Video with a Real-Time Crowd." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing 3 (September 23, 2015): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/hcomp.v3i1.13220.

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Finding and tracking targets and events in a live video feed is important for many commercial applications, from CCTV surveillance used by police and security firms, to the rapid mapping of events from aerial imagery. However, descriptions of targets are typically provided in natural language by the end users, and interpreting these in the context of a live video stream is a complex task. Due to current limitations in artificial intelligence, especially vision, this task cannot be automated and instead requires human supervision. Hence, in this paper, we consider the use of real-time crowdsourcing to identify and track targets given by a natural language description. In particular we present a novel method for augmenting live video with a real-time crowd.

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Wicaksono, Guntur, Septi Andryana, and Benrahman. "Aplikasi Pendeteksi Penyakit Pada Daun Tanaman Apel Dengan Metode Convolutional Neural Network." JOINTECS (Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science) 5, no. 1 (January 25, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31328/jointecs.v5i1.1221.

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According to 2017 statistical fruit and vegetable crops published by BPS, total apple production in 2017 amounted to 319004 tons. There are many diseases that can attack apple plants, therefore early detection and identification of plant diseases are the main factors to prevent and reduce the spread of apple plant diseases. CNN method is used in this study with LeNet-5 architecture which can process 3151 imagery data with a mini-mum accuracy level of 75%. This study uses a dataset derived from PlantVillage created by SP Mohanty CEO & Co-founder of CrowdAI with a total of 3151 leaf images that have been classified according to their respec-tive classes. CNN stages include Convolution Layer, Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU), Subsampling, Flattening, Fully Connected Layer. The test results are evaluated using image testing data. The evaluation process is done using a confusion matrix. Based on the results of testing applications that are designed with 99,4% model ac-curacy and 97,8% validation accuracy, the application is useful for detecting apple disease using apple leaf images.

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Meng, Zhao Jun. "An Investigation of the Low Voltage Ride through Function of GE DFIG Wind Turbines for Electro-Mechanical Simulations." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.537.

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Doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine has become the most widely used wind turbine in wind farms, since it presents noticeably advantages such as decoupled controls of active and reactive powers, and the use of a power converter with a rated power of 25% of total system power. As the penetration of wind power in power system increases, it is required that the wind turbine remained connected and actively contributed to the system stability during and after faults and disturbance. One common approach for a DFIG to obtain such low voltage ride through (LVRT) function is to install a crowbar circuit across its rotor terminals, which short circuit the rotor side converter when over-current is detected in the rotor. A detailed model of LVRT function normally requires electromagnetic simulations. However, the time consuming computational process is prohibitive for the studies of the integration of wind farms into large scale power systems. Electromechanical simulations are more suitable for such engineering applications. GE has incorporated the LVRT function into its recently released DFIG wind turbine model for Electro-mechanical simulations. This paper has implemented this model and verified the effectiveness of the LVRT function.

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Döşoğlu, M. Kenan. "Crowbar hardware design enhancement for fault ride through capability in doubly fed induction generator-based wind turbines." ISA Transactions 104 (September 2020): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2020.05.024.

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Novickij, Vitalij, Gediminas Staigvila, Arūnas Murauskas, Nina Rembialkowska, Julita Kulbacka, and Jurij Novickij. "High Frequency Bipolar Electroporator with Double-Crowbar Circuit for Load-Independent Forming of Nanosecond Pulses." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 1370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031370.

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In this work, a novel electroporation system (electroporator) is presented, which is capable of forming high frequency pulses in a broad range of parameters (65 ns–100 µs). The electroporator supports voltages up to 3 kV and currents up to 40 A and is based on H-bridge circuit topology. A synchronized double crowbar driving sequence is introduced to generate short nanosecond range pulses independently of the electroporator load. The resultant circuit generates pulses with repetition frequencies up to 5 MHz and supports unipolar, bipolar, and asymmetrical pulse sequences with arbitrary waveforms. The shortest pulse duration step is hardware limited to 33 ns. The electroporator was experimentally tested on the H69AR human lung cancer cell line using 20 kV/cm bipolar and unipolar 100 ns–1 μs pulses. Based on a YO-PRO-1 permeabilization assay, it was determined that the electroporator is suitable for applied research on electroporation. The system offers high flexibility in experimental design to trigger various electroporation-based phenomena.

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Yu, Yao, Shumei Liu, Lei Guo, Phee Lep Yeoh, Branka Vucetic, and Yonghui Li. "CrowdR-FBC: A Distributed Fog-Blockchains for Mobile Crowdsourcing Reputation Management." IEEE Internet of Things Journal 7, no. 9 (September 2020): 8722–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.2996229.

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Arifin, Zainal, Dominicus Danardono Dwi Prija Tjahjana, Rendy Adhi Rachmanto, Suyitno Suyitno, Singgih Dwi Prasetyo, and Trismawati Trismawati. "Redesign Mata Bor Tanah Untuk Pembuatan Lubang Biopori Di Desa Puron, Kecamatan Bulu, Kabupaten Sukoharjo." Mekanika: Majalah Ilmiah Mekanika 19, no. 2 (September 29, 2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/mekanika.v19i2.43393.

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<p><em>The lack of rainfall and the absence of catchment areas are the main factors of the lack of water in Puron Village. Making biopori becomes solutive because it is useful for water absorption, reducing standing water, composting containers, and fertilizing the soil. Artificial biopores are made by making holes in the ground using tools such as crowbars or using ground drilling machines. The use of aids model adapted to the drill bit based on the state of the soil contour. This research is focused on classifying drill bits and redesigning which is in accordance with the condition of the soil environment in Puron Village, Bulu District, Sukoharjo Regency. So that biopori holes can be created more effectively and efficiently. The research method was carried out through the classification of tool drill bits through the house of quality product (HOQ) and redesign using Autodesk Fusion 360 software application. It was found that the design with a screw drill model with a pointed spiral has a high product quality value and can applied in puron Village. The design of the drill bit by adjusting the contours of the Puron Village can make a 100 mm diameter biopori hole. The design specifications of the drill bit with steel cast with 12 spiral plates with a length of 1300 mm with a diameter of 115 mm can be driven with a 10 HP engine. The design results have maximum stress, displacement, reaction force and strain of 3.62 MPa, 0.00081 mm, 0.35 N, and 0.000015.</em></p>

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Hong, Fan, John S. Schreck, and Petr Šulc. "Understanding DNA interactions in crowded environments with a coarse-grained model." Nucleic Acids Research 48, no. 19 (October 12, 2020): 10726–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa854.

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Abstract Nucleic acid interactions under crowded environments are of great importance for biological processes and nanotechnology. However, the kinetics and thermodynamics of nucleic acid interactions in a crowded environment remain poorly understood. We use a coarse-grained model of DNA to study the kinetics and thermodynamics of DNA duplex and hairpin formation in crowded environments. We find that crowders can increase the melting temperature of both an 8-mer DNA duplex and a hairpin with a stem of 6-nt depending on the excluded volume fraction of crowders in solution and the crowder size. The crowding induced stability originates from the entropic effect caused by the crowding particles in the system. Additionally, we study the hybridization kinetics of DNA duplex formation and the formation of hairpin stems, finding that the reaction rate kon is increased by the crowding effect, while koff is changed only moderately. The increase in kon mostly comes from increasing the probability of reaching a transition state with one base pair formed. A DNA strand displacement reaction in a crowded environment is also studied with the model and we find that rate of toehold association is increased, with possible applications to speeding up strand displacement cascades in nucleic acid nanotechnology.

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Kusova, Aleksandra M., Ilnaz T. Rakipov, and Yuriy F. Zuev. "Effects of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Crowding on Translational Diffusion of Rigid Bovine Serum Albumin and Disordered Alfa-Casein." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 13 (July 6, 2023): 11148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241311148.

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Intracellular environment includes proteins, sugars, and nucleic acids interacting in restricted media. In the cytoplasm, the excluded volume effect takes up to 40% of the volume available for occupation by macromolecules. In this work, we tested several approaches modeling crowded solutions for protein diffusion. We experimentally showed how the protein diffusion deviates from conventional Brownian motion in artificial conditions modeling the alteration of medium viscosity and rigid spatial obstacles. The studied tracer proteins were globular bovine serum albumin and intrinsically disordered α-casein. Using the pulsed field gradient NMR, we investigated the translational diffusion of protein probes of different structures in homogeneous (glycerol) and heterogeneous (PEG 300/PEG 6000/PEG 40,000) solutions as a function of crowder concentration. Our results showed fundamentally different effects of homogeneous and heterogeneous crowded environments on protein self-diffusion. In addition, the applied “tracer on lattice” model showed that smaller crowding obstacles (PEG 300 and PEG 6000) create a dense net of restrictions noticeably hindering diffusing protein probes, whereas the large-sized PEG 40,000 creates a “less restricted” environment for the diffusive motion of protein molecules.

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Vweza, Alick-O., Chul-Gyu Song, and Kil-To Chong. "Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation in the Presence of Macromolecular Crowding and State-Dependent Kinetics." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 6675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136675.

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Biomolecular condensates formed via liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) are increasingly being shown to play major roles in cellular self-organization dynamics in health and disease. It is well established that macromolecular crowding has a profound impact on protein interactions, particularly those that lead to LLPS. Although synthetic crowding agents are used during in vitro LLPS experiments, they are considerably different from the highly crowded nucleo-/cytoplasm and the effects of in vivo crowding remain poorly understood. In this work, we applied computational modeling to investigate the effects of macromolecular crowding on LLPS. To include biologically relevant LLPS dynamics, we extended the conventional Cahn–Hilliard model for phase separation by coupling it to experimentally derived macromolecular crowding dynamics and state-dependent reaction kinetics. Through extensive field-theoretic computer simulations, we show that the inclusion of macromolecular crowding results in late-stage coarsening and the stabilization of relatively smaller condensates. At a high crowding concentration, there is an accelerated growth and late-stage arrest of droplet formation, effectively resulting in anomalous labyrinthine morphologies akin to protein gelation observed in experiments. These results not only elucidate the crowder effects observed in experiments, but also highlight the importance of including state-dependent kinetics in LLPS models, and may help in designing further experiments to probe the intricate roles played by LLPS in self-organization dynamics of cells.

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Andrew, Alex M. "Electric Drives And Their Controls, by Richard M. Crowder, Monographs in Electrical and Electronic Engineering Series, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995, ISBN 0-19-859371-6, Hardcover, xvii+ 238 pp.(£47.50)." Robotica 14, no. 5 (September 1996): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574700020129.

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Roberts, Jodie I., Jennifer K. Beatty, Michael A. Peplowski, Michael B. Keough, Bryan G. Yipp, Morley D. Hollenberg, and Paul L. Beck. "Proceedings from the 6th Annual University of Calgary Leaders in Medicine Research Symposium." Clinical & Investigative Medicine 38, no. 6 (December 4, 2015): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.25011/cim.v38i6.26196.

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On November 14, 2014, the Leaders in Medicine (LIM) program at the Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary hosted its 6th Annual Research Symposium. Dr. Danuta Skowronski, Epidemiology Lead for Influenza and Emerging Respiratory Pathogens at the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC), was the keynote speaker and presented a lecture entitled “Rapid response research during emerging public health crises: influenza and reflections from the five year anniversary of the 2009 pandemic”. The LIM symposium provides a forum for both LIM and non-LIM medical students to present their research work, either as an oral or poster presentation. There were a total of six oral presentations and 77 posters presented. The oral presentations included: Swathi Damaraju, “The role of cell communication and 3D Cell-Matrix environment in a stem cell-based tissue engineering strategy for bone repair”; Menglin Yang, “The proteolytic activity of Nepenthes pitcher fluid as a therapeutic for the treatment of celiac disease”; Amelia Kellar, “Monitoring pediatric inflammatory bowel disease – a retrospective analysis of transabdominal ultrasound”; Monica M. Faria-Crowder, “The design and application of a molecular profiling strategy to identify polymicrobial acute sepsis infections”; Waleed Rahmani, “Hair follicle dermal stem cells regenerate the dermal sheath, repopulate the dermal papilla and modulate hair type”; and, Laura Palmer, “A novel role for amyloid beta protein during hypoxia/ischemia”. The article on the University of Calgary Leaders in Medicine Program, “A Prescription that Addresses the Decline of Basic Science Education in Medical School,” in a previous issue of CIM (2014 37(5):E292) provides more details on the program. Briefly, the LIM Research Symposium has the following objectives: (1) to showcase the impressive variety of projects undertaken by students in the LIM Program as well as University of Calgary medical students; (2) to encourage medical student participation in research and special projects; and, (3) to inform students and faculty about the diversity of opportunities available for research and special projects during medical school and beyond. The following abstracts were submitted for publication.

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Shan, Haoqi, Moyao Huang, Yujia Liu, Sravani Nissankararao, Yier Jin, Shuo Wang, and Dean Sullivan. "CROWBAR: Natively Fuzzing Trusted Applications Using ARM CoreSight." Journal of Hardware and Systems Security, June 15, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41635-023-00133-3.

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AbstractTrusted execution environments (TEE) are deployed on many platforms to provide both confidentiality and integrity, and their extensive use offers a secure environment for privacy-sensitive operations. Despite TEE prevalence in the smartphone and tablet market, vulnerability research into TEE security is relatively rare. This is, in part, due to the strong isolation guarantees provided by its implementation. In this paper, we propose a hardware assisted fuzzing framework, CROWBAR, that bypasses TEE isolation to natively evaluate trusted applications (TAs) on mobile devices by leveraging ARM CoreSight components. CROWBAR performs feedback-driven fuzzing on commercial, closed source TAs while running in a TEE protected environment. We implement CROWBAR on 2 prototype commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) smartphones and one development board, finding 3 unique crashes in 5 closed source TAs that are previously unreported in the TrustZone fuzzing literature.

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Perrot, Adeline, and Ruth Horn. "Preserving women’s reproductive autonomy while promoting the rights of people with disabilities?: the case of Heidi Crowter and Maire Lea-Wilson in the light of NIPT debates in England, France and Germany." Journal of Medical Ethics, March 28, 2022, medethics—2021–107912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2021-107912.

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On July 2021, the UK High Court of Justice heard the Case CO/2066/2020 on the application of Heidi Crowter who lives with Down’s syndrome, and Máire Lea-Wilson whose son Aidan has Down’s syndrome. Crowter and Lea-Wilson, with the support of the disability rights campaign, ‘Don’t Screen Us Out’, have been taking legal action against the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care (the UK Government) for a review of the 1967 Abortion Act: the removal of section 1(1)(d) making termination of pregnancy lawful for ‘severe’ fetal indications detected after 24 weeks' gestation. On 23 September 2021, the High Court dismissed the claim. This action came at a time when non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) was introduced into the NHS England Fetal Anomaly Screening Programme for the trisomies 21, 13 and 18. The implementation of NIPT has been heavily criticised, in particular by ‘Don’t Screen Us Out’ campaigners, for increasing fetal selection and discrimination of people living with disabilities. The case of Crowter and Lea-Wilson echoes debates in other European countries such as in France and Germany, where the introduction of NIPT in the public healthcare system has provoked equally vehement public reactions and discussions. The comparison between these three countries allows contextualising the public discourses around NIPT and the ground for termination of pregnancy in relation to different socio-cultural and political contexts. We examine how each country, and particularly England, deals with the conflict between the principles of promoting the rights of people living with disabilities and preserving women’s reproductive autonomy.

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Abstract:

Few epidemiological studies have discussed the gender-specific prevalence of ischemic heart disease (IHD). We aimed to investigate the gender-specific prevalence of IHD among Saudi patients visiting the emergency department and if it is affected by diabetes mellitus and/or hypertension. Three hundred patients were recruited from Prince Sultan Cardiac Center in Al Ahsa, KSA. Hypertension was identified as systolic pressure equal to or more than 140 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure equal to or more than 90 mmHg or by the patient currently being on antihypertensive medication, and coronary artery disease (CAD) was diagnosed by electrocardiogram, cardiac markers, cardiac exercise testing or coronary angiography. Hypertension was found in 80% of males and 72% of females. A significantly higher rate of diabetes was noted in females (62%) compared to males (48%) (p<0.012). Co-existing diabetes and hypertension was found in 70% of females as compared to 38% of males. The occurrence of IHD in males was significantly higher than that in females (p<0.001). However, the incidence of myocardial infarction was greater in females (52%) compared to males (38%) (p<0.035). Co-existing hypertension and diabetes may affect the gender prevalence of myocardial infarction among emergency department patients, with more infarctions being noted among females. This finding helps to guide the treatment strategy for both genders.

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