Journal articles: 'Crosslinking'

1

Sun, Licheng. "Crystal crosslinking." Nature Chemistry 7, no. 9 (August 17, 2015): 684–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2323.

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Leccisotti, Antonio. "Transepithelial crosslinking." Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery 38, no. 9 (September 2012): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrs.2012.07.011.

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NAKAYAMA, Yasuharu. "Crosslinking Agent." Journal of the Japan Society of Colour Material 96, no. 2 (February 20, 2023): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4011/shikizai.96.58.

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Partschefeld, C., J. Schreiner, U. Schwarzenbolz, and T. Henle. "Studies on Enzymatic Crosslinking of Casein Micelles." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 27, Special Issue 1 (June 24, 2009): S99—S101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/938-cjfs.

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The aim of our study was to gain insights into the reactions occurring in casein micelles during enzymatic modification with microbial transglutaminase (mTG). Therefore, UHT-treated milk was incubated with varying amounts of mTG and the caseins were analysed using different analytical methods. Regarding the casein species, it was observed that β -casein was crosslinked to a higher extent than the α-caseins. From this it can be suggested that β-casein is mainly located in the outer space of the micellar structure and therefore better accessible to mTG than α-caseins, which are located predominantly in the interior. Furthermore, it was demonstrated by gel-permeation chromatography and RP-HPLC that the caseins are fixed within the micellar structure, by what the ratio of extramicellar casein decreased. We conclude that an isopeptide network in the outer β -casein rich “shell” of the micelle is formed by mTG, which is responsible for the increased micellar stability.

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Warburton, Linnea, and Boris Rubinsky. "Freezing-modulated-crosslinking: A crosslinking approach for 3D cryoprinting." Bioprinting 27 (August 2022): e00225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bprint.2022.e00225.

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Lloyd, Sarah M., and Yupeng He. "Exploring Extracellular Matrix Crosslinking as a Therapeutic Approach to Fibrosis." Cells 13, no. 5 (March 2, 2024): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells13050438.

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The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides structural support for tissues and regulatory signals for resident cells. ECM requires a careful balance between protein accumulation and degradation for homeostasis. Disruption of this balance can lead to pathological processes such as fibrosis in organs across the body. Post-translational crosslinking modifications to ECM proteins such as collagens alter ECM structure and function. Dysregulation of crosslinking enzymes as well as changes in crosslinking composition are prevalent in fibrosis. Because of the crucial roles these ECM crosslinking pathways play in disease, the enzymes that govern crosslinking events are being explored as therapeutic targets for fibrosis. Here, we review in depth the molecular mechanisms underlying ECM crosslinking, how ECM crosslinking contributes to fibrosis, and the therapeutic strategies being explored to target ECM crosslinking in fibrosis to restore normal tissue structure and function.

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Wang, Yuan-Xia, Chen-Chen Wang, Ying Shi, Li-Zhi Liu, Nan Bai, and Li-Fu Song. "Effects of Dynamic Crosslinking on Crystallization, Structure and Mechanical Property of Ethylene-Octene Elastomer/EPDM Blends." Polymers 14, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14010139.

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The dynamic crosslinking method has been widely used to prepare rubber/plastic blends with thermoplastic properties, and the rubber phase is crosslinked in these blends. Both polyolefin elastomer (POE) and ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM) can be crosslinked, which is different from usual dynamic crosslinking components. In this paper, dynamic crosslinked POE/EPDM blends were prepared. For POE/EPDM blends without dynamic crosslinking, EPDM can play a nucleation role, leading to POE crystallizing at a higher temperature. After dynamic crosslinking, the crosslinking points hinder the mobility of POE chains, resulting in smaller crystals, but having too many crosslinking points suppresses POE crystallization. Synchrotron radiation studies show that phase separation occurs and phase regions form in non-crosslinked blends. After crosslinking, crosslinking points connecting EPDM and part of POE chains, enabling more POE to enter the EPDM phase and thus weakening phase separation, indicates that dynamic crosslinking improves the compatibility of POE/EPDM, also evidenced by a lower β conversion temperature and higher α conversion temperature than neat POE from dynamic mechanical analysis. Moreover, crosslinking networks hinder the crystal fragmentation during stretching and provide higher strength, resulting in 8.3% higher tensile strength of a 10 wt% EPDM blend than neat POE and almost the same elongation at break. Though excessive crosslinking points offer higher strength, they weaken the elongation at break.

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Zeng, Fanwei, Xing Guo, Li Sun, Xuelian He, Zuoxiang Zeng, and Zhen Liu. "Non-isothermal crosslinking of ethylene vinyl acetate initiated by crosslinking agents: kinetic modelling." RSC Advances 12, no. 24 (2022): 15623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra01994a.

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The kinetic parameter Ea of EVA crosslinking reaction initiated by a peroxide crosslinking agent showed irregular changes in the early stage of crosslinking, and increase with the increase of conversion rate α in the later stage of crosslinking.

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Hu, Zhenhua, Zhouyang Xiang, Tao Song, and Fachuang Lu. "Effects of crosslinking degree on the coating properties of arabinoxylan." BioResources 14, no. 1 (November 8, 2018): 70–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.1.70-86.

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Arabinoxylan (AX) was extracted from sugarcane bagasse and modified through crosslinking with glutaraldehyde (GA). The effects of crosslinking degree on the rheological and coating properties of glutaraldehyde crosslinked arabinoxylan (GAX) were investigated. To better evaluate the degree of crosslinking, the crosslink index was used to represent the degree of crosslinking for the GAX in this study. The viscosity of the GAX solution increased when the degree of crosslinking increased, and the solution demonstrated non-Newtonian flow behavior. A high degree of crosslinking was detrimental to the film and coating properties of the GAX. At an optimum degree of crosslinking, the tensile strength of the GAX films increased by approximately 170% and 60% compared with that of the AX and GAX with the highest degree of crosslinking, respectively; the tensile strength of the GAX-coated paper increased by approximately 15% compared with that of the GAX with the highest degree of crosslinking. When calcium carbonate was mixed with the paper coating adhesives, the GAX showed comparable coating properties to that of polyvinyl alcohol, demonstrating its potential to substitute petroleum-based paper coating adhesives.

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10

Fukumori, Kenzo. "Crosslinking of Rubbers." Seikei-Kakou 30, no. 4 (March 20, 2018): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.30.142.

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11

ARIGA, Nozomi. "Crosslinking of Rubbers." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 87, no. 3 (2014): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.87.77.

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12

Imam, Nazia, and MobashirSarfraz Ali. "CORNEAL COLLAGEN CROSSLINKING." EyeQuest 44, no. 1 (2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2222-8888.358957.

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13

Lang, Stefan J., Philip Maier, and Thomas Reinhard. "Crosslinking und Keratokonus." Augenheilkunde up2date 11, no. 02 (April 2021): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1205-7737.

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ZusammenfassungEin Keratokonus führt zu einer progressiven Vorwölbung und Verdünnung der Hornhaut. Um dies aufzuhalten, kann ein Crosslinking durchgeführt werden. Dabei ist eine Behandlung nach dem „Dresdener Protokoll“ eine effektive und sichere Behandlungsmöglichkeit, aber auch zahlreiche neue Anwendungsprotokolle (akzeleriertes Crosslinking, transepitheliales Crosslinking) und sogar weitere Indikationen (refraktive Eingriffe, infektiöse Keratitis) wurden in den letzten Jahren veröffentlicht.

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Lang, Stefan J., Philip Maier, and Thomas Reinhard. "Crosslinking und Keratokonus." Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 238, no. 06 (April 19, 2021): 733–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1472-0411.

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ZusammenfassungEin Keratokonus führt zu einer progressiven Vorwölbung und Verdünnung der Hornhaut. Um dies aufzuhalten, kann ein Crosslinking durchgeführt werden. Dabei ist eine Behandlung nach dem „Dresdener Protokoll“ eine effektive und sichere Behandlungsmöglichkeit, aber auch zahlreiche neue Anwendungsprotokolle (akzeleriertes Crosslinking, transepitheliales Crosslinking) und sogar weitere Indikationen (refraktive Eingriffe, infektiöse Keratitis) wurden in den letzten Jahren veröffentlicht.

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15

Kohlhaas, Markus. "Update korneales Crosslinking." Der Ophthalmologe 119, no. 4 (April 2022): 330–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00347-021-01547-6.

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Lang, S., and T. Reinhard. "Crosslinking bei Keratokonus." Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 233, no. 06 (June 17, 2016): 713–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-103494.

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17

Fenzl, Carlton R. "Corneal Collagen Crosslinking." Advances in Ophthalmology and Optometry 2, no. 1 (August 2017): 367–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yaoo.2017.03.021.

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18

Nakayama, Yasuharu. "Decomposable crosslinking paint." Journal of Coatings Technology 70, no. 12 (December 1998): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02700544.

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19

Posthumus, W., A. J. Derksen, J. A. M. van den Goorbergh, and L. C. J. Hesselmans. "Crosslinking by polycarbodiimides." Progress in Organic Coatings 58, no. 2-3 (February 2007): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2006.09.031.

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20

Anirban, Ankita. "Crosslinking for colour." Nature Reviews Materials 5, no. 1 (December 16, 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41578-019-0174-4.

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21

OTSUKA, HIROYUKI. "Chemistry of Crosslinking." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 69, no. 4 (1996): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.69.271.

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22

Craik, David J. "Turbo-charged crosslinking." Nature Chemistry 4, no. 8 (July 24, 2012): 600–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1417.

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23

Decker, C. "Photoinitiated crosslinking polymerisation." Progress in Polymer Science 21, no. 4 (January 1996): 593–650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0079-6700(95)00027-5.

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24

Bowes, J. H., and C. W. Cater. "Crosslinking of collagen." Journal of Applied Chemistry 15, no. 7 (May 4, 2007): 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5010150702.

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25

Zhu, Guo Hua, Jin Li Zhu, Jin Ming Wu, Yan Feng Tang, and Bing Tao Tang. "Studies on Crosslinking Dyeing of a Series of Crosslinking Dyes by a Crosslinker." Advanced Materials Research 441 (January 2012): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.441.72.

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A series of blue crosslinking dyes EDCD, DTCD, TPCD, PVAmCD and PAAmCD were synthesized by the reaction of 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone with ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, tetraethylethylenediamine, polyvinylamine and polyallyl amine. These crosslinking dyes can be classified into two kinds, i.e. small crosslinking dyes and polymeric crosslinking dyes. These dyes were crosslinked to cotton via covalent bond by a new crosslinker NSC prepared from 4,5-diamino-2,7-naphthalenedisulphonate and cyanuric chloride. The effects of crosslinking dyeing conditions, such as NSC concentration, curing temperature and pH of crosslinking bath on the dye fixation were investigated in detail. At optimum conditions, the fixations of EDCD, DTCD, TPCD, PVAmCD and PAAmCD using NSC as a crosslinker on cotton were 91.2%, 95.6%, 99.1%, 99.4% and 99.2%, respectively. The wrinkle recovery of crosslinking dyeing was also studied. These results indicated that the polymeric crosslinking dyes showed better performance than the small ones.

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Borgardts, Klara, Johannes Menzel-Severing, Gerd Geerling, and Theo G. Seiler. "Indikationsstellung zum Crosslinking und klinische Ergebnisse neuer kornealer Crosslinking-Techniken." Der Ophthalmologe 119, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 350–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00347-022-01579-6.

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Haitang, Yang, Tan Qiang, and Zhao Heng. "Progress in various crosslinking modification for acellular matrix." Chinese Medical Journal 127, no. 17 (September 5, 2014): 3156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20140900.

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Objective To review the current crosslinking strategies for acelluar matrix scaffold, laying the foundation for subsequent experiment. Data sources Data were mainly obtained from recent papers published in PubMed or indexed by Web of Science, with keyword like crosslinking. Results Various crosslinking strategies, including chemical, physical and biological methods, have been introduced to facilitate the performance of fresh acellular matrix. Chemical crosslinking reagents, involved in synthetic and naturally derived agents, need to be eliminated before implantation in case of their potential biotoxicity, although several crosslinking agents with less toxicity and specific characteristics have been developed. Physical crosslinking methods present to be safe, additive-free and relatively controllable for rapid surface functionalization with no consideration of remaining radioactivity. Biological crosslinking strategies have attracted great interest, and have been demonstrated to enhance collagen-based crosslinking since their preparations do not need toxic or potentially biologically contaminated substances and can be carried out under physiological conditions. Conclusions Kinds of crosslinking methods with its potential advantages have been developed to modify raw acelluar matrix, of which the performance are promising after being crosslinked by several crosslinking treatments. Further preclinical and clinical evaluations should be taken to vertify their safety and efficacy for the tissues and organs substitutes in tissue and regenerative medicine.

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Lin, Shengmao, Nashaita Y. Patrawalla, Yingnan Zhai, Pengfei Dong, Vipuil Kishore, and Linxia Gu. "Computational and Experimental Characterization of Aligned Collagen across Varied Crosslinking Degrees." Micromachines 15, no. 7 (June 29, 2024): 851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15070851.

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Collagen-based scaffolds have been widely used in tissue engineering. The alignment of collagen fibers and the degree of crosslinking in engineering tissue scaffolds significantly affect cell activity and scaffold stability. Changes in microarchitecture and crosslinking degree also impact the mechanical properties of collagen scaffolds. A clear understanding of the effects of collagen alignment and crosslinking degrees can help properly control these critical parameters for fabricating collagen scaffolds with desired mechanical properties. In this study, combined uniaxial mechanical testing and finite element method (FEM) were used to quantify the effects of fiber alignment and crosslinking degree on the mechanical properties of collagen threads. We have fabricated electrochemically aligned collagen (ELAC) and compared it with randomly distributed collagen at varying crosslinking degrees, which depend on genipin concentrations of 0.1% or 2% for crosslinking durations of 1, 4, and 24 h. Our results indicate that aligned collagen fibers and higher crosslinking degree contribute to a larger Young’s modulus. Specifically, aligned fiber structure, compared to random collagen, significantly increases Young’s modulus by 112.7% at a 25% crosslinking degree (0.1% (4 h), i.e., 0.1% genipin concentration with a crosslinking duration of 4 h). Moreover, the ELAC Young’s modulus increased by 90.3% as the crosslinking degree doubled by changing the genipin concentration from 0.1% to 2% with the same 4 h crosslinking duration. Furthermore, verified computational models can predict mechanical properties based on specific crosslinking degrees and fiber alignments, which facilitate the controlled fabrication of collagen threads. This combined experimental and computational approach provides a systematic understanding of the interplay among fiber alignment, crosslinking parameters, and mechanical performance of collagen scaffolds. This work will enable the precise fabrication of collagen threads for desired tissue engineering performance, potentially advancing tissue engineering applications.

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Chowdhury, Subhendu Ray, Sanju Francis, and Kuppa Sivasankara Sarma. "Electron beam modified nylon 6-clay nanocomposites: morphology and water absorption behavior." Journal of Polymer Engineering 34, no. 8 (October 1, 2014): 715–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2014-0033.

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Abstract A series of nylon 6-clay nanocomposites were prepared by melt mixing, followed by electron beam (EB) crosslinking at various doses. Effects of crosslinking on clay dispersion, gel content, crystallinity and water absorption properties (hygrothermal) were studied. No change of the dispersion pattern of clay in nanocomposites was observed after crosslinking [from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)]. Gel content, i.e., degree of crosslinking is seen to keep on increasing with irradiation dose, although clays hinder crosslinking of polymers to some extent. Crystallinity of polymers is reduced after incorporation of clay as well as crosslinks. However, water absorption rate and maximum water content of nanocomposites are found to increase and saturation time to decrease with clay content. However, these changes become opposite after crosslinking of polymers. The water absorption for all samples is noticed to increase with temperature. Thus, EB crosslinking, without affecting the nanocomposite morphology, i.e., properties derived from nano interface generation, decreases the water absorption properties of nanocomposites.

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Korpela, Antti, Atsushi Tanaka, and Alistair W. T. King. "A comparative study of the effects of chemical crosslinking agents on NBSK handsheet properties." BioResources 18, no. 1 (December 7, 2022): 937–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.1.937-948.

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Chemical crosslinking is an established method for improving the wet performance of paper. In the chemical crosslinking process, covalent bonds are formed between cellulosic surfaces. The formed intra- and inter-fiber bonds increase the paper’s wet strength and reduce its water absorptivity. The majority of published studies concern crosslinking treatments with glyoxal, citric acid (CA), or with 1,2,3,4-butanetetra-carboxylic acid (BTCA). The most severe disadvantage of the crosslinking treatments with glyoxal, CA, and BTCA is that the formed crosslinks make the fibers and the paper more brittle. This downside effect has largely impeded the utilization of crosslinking in paper and paperboard making. In the present study, handsheets made from Nordic bleached softwood kraft pulp (NBSK) were crosslinked with methylated 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethylene urea (mDMDHEU), which is commonly used in cotton fabric finishing. Similar to using glyoxal and citric acid, crosslinking with mDMDHEU notably increased the handsheet wet strength and decreased the water absorption. Compared to the use of glyoxal or CA, the crosslinking with mDMDHEU did not make the handsheets that brittle. These results suggest that mDMDHEU could be a more viable crosslinking agent for improving the wet performance of paper products.

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Antony, Prince, S. K. De, and Martin van Duin. "Self-Crosslinking Rubber/Rubber and Rubber/Thermoplastic Blends: A Review." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 74, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 376–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547644.

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Abstract Blends of two or more polymers having appropriate reactive groups can be crosslinked through condensation or substitution reactions in the absence of crosslinking chemicals when molded at high temperatures for prolonged times. When at least one of the two polymers is a rubber, such blends are called “self-crosslinking rubber blends.” Self-crosslinking rubber/rubber blends included in this review are binary CSM/ENR, ENR/XNBR, CR/ENR, ENR/Zn-SEPDM, CSM/XNBR and CR/XNBR blends, and ternary CR/XNBR/ENR and CSM/XNBR/ENR blends. Self-crosslinking thermoplastic/rubber blends include binary PVC/XNBR, PVC/ENR, PVC/NBR, PVC/HNBR, PAA/CR and PAA/ENR blends, and a ternary PVC/ENR/XNBR blend. The formation of crosslinks in self-crosslinking blends is manifested in the rise of the rheometer torque with time. Solvent swelling studies and dynamic mechanical analysis support the self-crosslinking behavior of the blends. The extent of crosslinking depends on the amount and reactivity of the functional groups of the two blend components, the time and temperature of the reaction. In general, the self-crosslinked rubber/rubber blends behave like conventional rubber vulcanizates with respect to physical properties and can be reinforced by fillers. Infrared spectroscopy has been used to identify the chemical structures formed during self-crosslinking, allowing the elucidation of the mechanism of self-crosslinking.

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Hevessy, Zsuzsa, Gizella Haramura, Zoltán Boda, Miklós Udvardy, and László Muszbek. "Promotion of the Crosslinking of Fibrin and α2-antiplasmin by Platelets." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 75, no. 01 (1996): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1650237.

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SummaryFactor XIII (FXIII) is of high importance in the regulation of fibrinolysis. It crosslinks α2-antiplasmin (α2AP) and fibrin and by this way protects fibrin from the prompt elimination by plasmin. Although FXIII of platelets has been implicated in this protective mechanism, the role of platelets and platelet FXIII in the crosslinking process is far from being elucidated. As demonstrated by SDS PAGE and by immunoblotting for α2AP, intact normal platelets resuspended in FXIII-free plasma or FXIII-free fibrinogen solution catalyzed the crosslinking of fibrin chains and also the crosslinking of α2AP to fibrin α-chains. With FXIII-deficient platelets no crosslinking reaction could be observed indicating that the crosslinking with normal platelets was, indeed, due to platelet FXIII and not to another, putative platelet transglutaminase. However, the crosslinking of α2AP to fibrin induced by the FXIII of intact platelets resuspended in FXIII-free plasma was considerably less extensive than the crosslinking carried out by the FXIII of normal plasma in the presence of FXIII-free platelets. Furthermore, the replacement of FXIII-free platelets by normal platelets in normal FXIII-containing plasma resulted in little, if any, difference in the crosslinking process. When crosslinking was induced by highly purified plasma FXIII the presence of intact FXIII-free platelets significantly accelerated the formation of α-chain polymers as well as the incorporation of α2AP-fibrin α-chain hetero-dimer into these polymers. The results indicate that, in physiological conditions, platelet FXIII plays only a minor role in the crosslinking of α2AP and fibrin; however, platelets, independently of their FXIII content, promote the crosslinking reaction by providing a catalytic surface on which the formation of highly crosslinked fibrin polymers is accelerated.

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Nakano, Tsunetomo, Hidefumi Iwasa, Nobukazu Miyagawa, Shigeru Takahara, and Tsuguo Yamaoka. "Positive-Type Photopolyimide Based on Vinyl Ether Crosslinking and De-Crosslinking." Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology 13, no. 5 (2000): 715–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.13.715.

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Rubinfeld, Roy S., Rachel H. Epstein, Parag A. Majmudar, Deborah Kim, Michael Choi, and Randy J. Epstein. "Transepithelial crosslinking retreatment of progressive corneal ectasia unresponsive to classic crosslinking." Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery 43, no. 1 (January 2017): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrs.2016.11.038.

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Chen, Minwei, and Dafei Zhou. "Crosslinking of poly(vinyl chloride) with bismaleic compound. I. Crosslinking mechanism." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 44, no. 6 (February 25, 1992): 937–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070440601.

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Shi, Zhangxing, Qian Liu, Zhenzhen Yang, Lily A. Robertson, Sambasiva R. Bheemireddy, Yuyue Zhao, Zhengcheng Zhang, and Lu Zhang. "A chemical switch enabled autonomous two-stage crosslinking polymeric binder for high performance silicon anodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 10, no. 3 (2022): 1380–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta07112b.

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In a novel two-stage crosslinking binder system, the chemical switch controlled crosslinking between PAA and PEI not only facilitates the lamination process but also leads to covalent crosslinking and much improved cycling performance.

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DeNaeyer, Gregory, and Donald Sanders. "Collagen Crosslinking for Keratoconus Can Change Scleral Shape." Journal of Contact lens Research and Science 2, no. 1 (March 28, 2018): e15-e21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22374/jclrs.v2i1.17.

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Collagen crosslinking (CXL) for keratoconus is known to decrease, halt or even partially reverse progression of keratoconus. We report on a case where a substantial effect on scleral shape was also demonstrated. This keratoconus patient, who was successfully wearing a scleral lens, underwent collagen crosslinking OS. Three months post crosslinking, the patient was unable to wear his previous scleral lens due to lens discomfort. Elevation mapping pre and post crosslinking, with a new corneal-scleral topography system, showed a decrease in size and change in shape of the cone, as well as a substantial change in the scleral elevation pattern at a 16mm chord diameter. The change in the scleral elevation pattern was best observed on scleral shape plots which graph the sagittal height (SAG) value on the Y-axis vs. meridian on the X-axis. The pre-crosslinking plot resembled a standard toric curve although the depression inferiorly at 330° was deeper than that superiorly by 250µ. The post-crosslinking plot changed substantially with the steep axis superiorly being markedly attenuated: the SAG superiorly (102°) decreased post-crosslinking by >300µ. Attempts to virtually fit the eye surface post-crosslinking with a standard posterior toric haptic demonstrated a good fit superiorly and a poor fit inferiorly. The post-crosslinking scleral toricity plot was used to obtain quantitative information to manufacture a custom design conforming to this specific eye. The resulting lens was comfortable, well centered and resulted in a BCVA of 20/30.

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McKay, Priyadarsini, and Karamichos. "Mechanisms of Collagen Crosslinking in Diabetes and Keratoconus." Cells 8, no. 10 (October 11, 2019): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8101239.

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Collagen crosslinking provides the mechanical strength required for physiological maintenance of the extracellular matrix in most tissues in the human body, including the cornea. Aging and diabetes mellitus (DM) are processes that are both associated with increased collagen crosslinking that leads to increased corneal rigidity. By contrast, keratoconus (KC) is a corneal thinning disease associated with decreased mechanical stiffness leading to ectasia of the central cornea. Studies have suggested that crosslinking mediated by reactive advanced glycation end products during DM may protect the cornea from KC development. Parallel to this hypothesis, riboflavin-mediated photoreactive corneal crosslinking has been proposed as a therapeutic option to halt the progression of corneal thinning by inducing intra- and intermolecular crosslink formation within the collagen fibrils of the stroma, leading to stabilization of the disease. Here, we review the pathobiology of DM and KC in the context of corneal structure, the epidemiology behind the inverse correlation of DM and KC development, and the chemical mechanisms of lysyl oxidase-mediated crosslinking, advanced glycation end product-mediated crosslinking, and photoreactive riboflavin-mediated corneal crosslinking. The goal of this review is to define the biological and chemical pathways important in physiological and pathological processes related to collagen crosslinking in DM and KC.

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Nasution, Halimatuddahliana, Hamidah Harahap, Nisaul F. Dalimunthe, M. Hendra S. Ginting, Mariatti Jaafar, Orlando O. H. Tan, Hotmauli K. Aruan, and Alief L. Herfananda. "Hydrogel and Effects of Crosslinking Agent on Cellulose-Based Hydrogels: A Review." Gels 8, no. 9 (September 7, 2022): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8090568.

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Hydrogels are hydrophilic polymer materials that can swell but are insoluble in water. Hydrogels can be synthesized with synthetic or natural polymers, but natural polymers are preferred because they are similar to natural tissues, which can absorb a high water content, are biocompatible, and are biodegradable. The three-dimensional structure of the hydrogel affects its water insolubility and ability to maintain its shape. Cellulose hydrogels are preferred over other polymers because they are highly biocompatible, easily accessible, and affordable. Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMCNa) is an example of a water-soluble cellulose derivative that can be synthesized using natural materials. A crosslinking agent is used to strengthen the properties of the hydrogel. Chemical crosslinking agent is used more often than physical crosslinking agent. In this review, article, different types of crosslinking agents are discussed based on synthetic and natural crosslinking agents. Hydrogels that utilize synthetic crosslinking agent have advantages, such as adjustable mechanical properties and easy control of the chemical composition. However, hydrogels that use natural crosslinking agent have better biocompatibility and less latent toxic effect.

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Mu, Xuan, Jugal Kishore Sahoo, Peggy Cebe, and David L. Kaplan. "Photo-Crosslinked Silk Fibroin for 3D Printing." Polymers 12, no. 12 (December 9, 2020): 2936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12122936.

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Silk fibroin in material formats provides robust mechanical properties, and thus is a promising protein for 3D printing inks for a range of applications, including tissue engineering, bioelectronics, and bio-optics. Among the various crosslinking mechanisms, photo-crosslinking is particularly useful for 3D printing with silk fibroin inks due to the rapid kinetics, tunable crosslinking dynamics, light-assisted shape control, and the option to use visible light as a biocompatible processing condition. Multiple photo-crosslinking approaches have been applied to native or chemically modified silk fibroin, including photo-oxidation and free radical methacrylate polymerization. The molecular characteristics of silk fibroin, i.e., conformational polymorphism, provide a unique method for crosslinking and microfabrication via light. The molecular design features of silk fibroin inks and the exploitation of photo-crosslinking mechanisms suggest the exciting potential for meeting many biomedical needs in the future.

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Kwon, Yong-Rok, Jung-Soo Kim, and Dong-Hyun Kim. "Effective Enhancement of Water Absorbency of Itaconic Acid Based-Superabsorbent Polymer via Tunable Surface—Crosslinking." Polymers 13, no. 16 (August 19, 2021): 2782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162782.

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A superabsorbent polymer (SAP) was synthesized by copolymerizing itaconic acid and vinyl sulfonic acid. The typically low absorbency of itaconic acid-based SAPs under mechanical loads was improved by introducing surface crosslinking. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to characterize the synthesis and surface-crosslinking reactions in the SAP. Various conditions for surface-crosslinking reactions, such as the surface-crosslinking solution, content of surface-crosslinking agent, and reaction temperature, were explored and correlated with the gel strength and absorption characteristics of the resulting SAP particles. The distilled water content in the surface-crosslinking solution strongly influenced the absorption capacity of the SAP, but this sensitivity decreased when acetone was used as a co-solvent. Itaconic acid-based SAP that was crosslinked under optimal conditions exhibited centrifuge retention capacity and absorbency under a load of 31.1 and 20.2, respectively.

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Siqueira, Edmilson Clarindo de, José Adonias Alves de França, Ronny Francisco Marques de Souza, Dilmo Marques da Silva Leoterio, José Nunes Cordeiro, and Bogdan Doboszewski. "Recent advances in the development of the physically crosslinked hydrogels and their biomedical applications." Research, Society and Development 12, no. 8 (September 1, 2023): e18212843073. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v12i8.43073.

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Hydrogels are three-dimensional networks formulated from natural or synthetic polymers with a high capacity to absorb and transport water in their structure. Hydrogels are prepared from the crosslinking of their polymeric chains, which involves two basic mechanisms: chemical crosslinking and physical crosslinking. In chemical crosslinking, hydrogels are held together by covalent bonds; while physically cross-linked hydrogels are produced by non-covalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, and hydrophobic forces, among others. Physically cross-linked hydrogels are more similar to biological systems due to their assembly dynamics, so they have wide biomedical applications. The most used approaches in the preparation of hydrogels by physical crosslinking include freeze-thaw, formation of stereocomplexes, ionic interaction, hydrogen bonding, crystallization, and crosslinking by hydrophobic interactions. These approaches are briefly discussed in this review. Some biomedical applications of these hydrogels will also be discussed.

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Tonglairoum, Prasopchai, Wanchai Sutananta, Theerasak Rojanarata, Tanasait Ngawhirunpat, and Praneet Opanasopit. "Thermally Crosslinked Chitosan-EDTA/PVA Electrospun Nanofiber Mats: Crosslinking Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 1060 (December 2014): 192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1060.192.

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This work was aimed to develop thermally crosslinked chitosan/PVA nanofiber mats. The CS/PVA nanofibers were fabricated using elctrospinning process. The appropriate crosslinking temperatures and crosslinking times in order to thermally crosslinked CS/PVA nanofiber and physicochemical properties of the thermally crosslinked nanofibers were investigated. The morphology of the nanofiber mats was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The water insolubilization and FTIR were employed to evaluate the success of crosslinking. Increasing the crosslinking time and temperature, the crosslink was increased, thus causing a decrease of water solubilization. The temperature and time for successful crosslinking were 180-200 °C and 0.5-5 h, respectively.

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Timakov, Evgeny A., and Yury T. Panov. "Possibility of using the brabender plastometer to study the peroxide crosslinking of polyethylene. Part 2. Use of the mixture 1,3- and 1,4-bis(tret-butylperoxyisopropyl)benzene for crosslinking polyethylene." Butlerov Communications 61, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/20-61-1-47.

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The paper shows the possibility of using the mixture 1,3- and 1,4-bis(tert-butylperoxyisopropyl)-benzene as a cross-linking agent in the production of polyethylene foam. Most often, cross-linked polyethylene foam, which has high performance properties, is obtained by pressing, using azoicarbonamide as a foaming agent and dicumyl peroxide as a cross-linking agent. Dicumyl peroxide has a significant drawback: high toxicity of decomposition products. Using the soxlet extratctor, the optimal degree of crosslinking (57-62%) required to obtain foam with optimal performance properties was determined. Using the brabender plastograph, which allows you to study, in a wide range of values, the crosslinking kinetics. It was found that the degree of crosslinking 57-62% corresponds to the torque in the range of 1700-2500 g∙m. a comparative characteristic of two crosslinking agents is given: traditional (dicumyl peroxide) and the studied peroxide. It was found that the crosslinking rate in the presence of the mixture 1,3- and 1,4-bis(tert-butylperoxyisopropyl)-benzene is significantly lower, but the final degree of crosslinking is at the same level as when using dicumyl peroxide. The dependence of the maximum torque on temperature is studied. There are restrictions on the Use of the brabender plastometer for studying the crosslinking kinetics. When the degree of crosslinking is more than 70%, the composition goes into a non-melting state, and the device's performance drops sharply. For practical use of the mixture 1,3- and 1,4-bis(tert-butylperoxyisopropyl)-benzene, the degree of crosslinking in the presence of the foaming agent azodicarbonamide was studied. It is shown that the introduction of a gas-forming agent (azodicarbonamide) into the composition significantly reduces the degree of crosslinking of polyethylene foam only in the case of the mixture 1,3- and 1,4-bis(tert-butylperoxyisopropyl)benzene. The optimal concentration of new crosslinking peroxides, allowing to foam, density 80-100 kg/m3, not inferior to original compositions by main technical-economic indicators have been determined.

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Wang, Zhiwei, Hao Zheng, Jinyao Chen, Wei Wang, Furui Sun, and Ya Cao. "Effect of Crosslinking Conditions on the Transport of Protons and Methanol in Crosslinked Polyvinyl Alcohol Membranes Containing the Phosphoric Acid Group." Polymers 15, no. 21 (October 24, 2023): 4198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15214198.

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In this investigation, we systematically explored the intricate relationship between the structural attributes of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membranes and their multifaceted properties relevant to fuel cell applications, encompassing diverse crosslinking conditions. Employing the solution casting technique, we fabricated crosslinked PVA membranes by utilizing phosphoric acid (PA) as the crosslinking agent, modulating the crosslinking temperature across a range of values. This comprehensive approach aimed to optimize the selection of crosslinking parameters for the advancement of crosslinked polymer materials tailored for fuel cell contexts. A series of meticulously tailored crosslinked PVA membranes were synthesized, each varying in PBTCA content (5–30 wt.%) to establish a systematic framework for elucidating chemical interactions, morphological transformations, and physicochemical attributes pertinent to fuel cell utilization. The manipulation of crosslinking agent concentration and crosslinking temperature engendered a discernible impact on the crosslinking degree, leading to a concomitant reduction in crystallinity. Time-resolved attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was harnessed to evaluate the dynamics of liquid water adsorption and ionomer swelling kinetics within the array of fabricated PVA films. Notably, the diffusion of water within the PVA membranes adhered faithfully to Fick’s law, with discernible sensitivity to the crosslinking conditions being implemented. Within the evaluated membranes, proton conductivities exhibited a span of between 10−3 and 10−2 S/cm, while methanol permeabilities ranged from 10−8 to 10−7 cm2/s. A remarkable revelation surfaced during the course of this study, as it became evident that the structural attributes and properties of the PVA films, under the influence of distinct crosslinking conditions, underwent coherent modifications. These changes were intrinsically linked to alterations in crosslinking degree and crystallinity, reinforcing the interdependence of these parameters in shaping the characteristics of PVA films intended for diverse fuel cell applications.

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Zhang, Jie, Yong Qiang Liu, Jing Ren, Bin Song Wang, and Min Zhao. "The Single Factor Research on the Optimal Conditions of Laccase Immobilization on the Resin." Advanced Materials Research 183-185 (January 2011): 2211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.2211.

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The optimal conditions of immobilization were obtained: the optimization of crosslinking agent concentration 10%, crosslinking time 2 hours、crosslinking temperature 40°C, pH 6.0, enzyme dilute multiples 500, PEB ion concentration 2.0M, immobilization time 6h and immobilization temperature 30°C, respectively.

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Singpanna, Kanokwan, Thapakorn Chareonying, Prasopchai Patrojanasophon, Theerasak Rojanarata, Monrudee Sukma, and Praneet Opanasopit. "Fabrication of a Floating Device of Domperidone Tablets Using 3D-Printing Technologies." Key Engineering Materials 859 (August 2020): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.859.289.

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Gastro-retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) have been developed with the aim of prolonging drug release. In this study, floating device systems (FDS) were developed and incorporated with a domperidone tablet (Motilium-M®). The FDSs were made of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) using a fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D-printer and crosslinked by thermal crosslinking process. The morphology, water insolubilization, water uptake, thermal analysis, FT-IR, floating time and drug release were investigated. The results showed that thermal crosslinking caused the structural change of PVA. Increasing the crosslinking time increased the crystallinity of the polymer resulted in the decreased water solubility, water uptake, and swelling property. An optimal crosslinking condition for the FDS was heating at 120 °C for 6 h. Floating time of the FDS decreased after the crosslinking process. However, the sustained drug release of domperidone from the FDSs were observed after the thermal crosslinking process.

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Jayachandran, Brindha, Thansila N. Parvin, M. Mujahid Alam, Kaushik Chanda, and Balamurali MM. "Insights on Chemical Crosslinking Strategies for Proteins." Molecules 27, no. 23 (November 22, 2022): 8124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238124.

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Crosslinking of proteins has gained immense significance in the fabrication of biomaterials for various health care applications. Various novel chemical-based strategies are being continuously developed for intra-/inter-molecular crosslinking of proteins to create a network/matrix with desired mechanical/functional properties without imparting toxicity to the host system. Many materials that are used in biomedical and food packaging industries are prepared by chemical means of crosslinking the proteins, besides the physical or enzymatic means of crosslinking. Such chemical methods utilize the chemical compounds or crosslinkers available from natural sources or synthetically generated with the ability to form covalent/non-covalent bonds with proteins. Such linkages are possible with chemicals like carbodiimides/epoxides, while photo-induced novel chemical crosslinkers are also available. In this review, we have discussed different protein crosslinking strategies under chemical methods, along with the corresponding crosslinking reactions/conditions, material properties and significant applications.

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Datta, R. N., A. G. Talma, and A. H. M. Schotman. "Comparative Studies on the Crosslinking Reaction of Bis-Maleimides and Bis-Citraconimides in Squalene and Natural Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 71, no. 5 (November 1, 1998): 1073–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538511.

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Abstract A study has been made to differentiate between the crosslinking reaction of bis-maleimides and bis-citraconimides in squalene as well as in natural rubber. Bis-maleimides are found to participate in the crosslinking reaction in the absence of curatives such as accelerators and sulfur. Bis-citraconimides take part in the crosslinking reaction when polysulfidic crosslinks are under the process of degradation. Sulfur and accelerator are required for the formation of polysulfidic crosslinks and hence the presence of sulfur and accelerator are essential for bis-citraconimide crosslinking. The differences in the reactivity and the chemistry of crosslinking are studied and discussed. Some application data are provided in order to elaborate the differences.

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Correa, Rodolpho Fagundes, Giovana Colucci, Noureddine Halla, João Alves Pinto, Arantzazu Santamaria-Echart, Silvia Priscila Blanco, Isabel Patrícia Fernandes, and Maria Filomena Barreiro. "Development of Chitosan Microspheres through a Green Dual Crosslinking Strategy Based on Tripolyphosphate and Vanillin." Molecules 26, no. 8 (April 16, 2021): 2325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082325.

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Microencapsulation procedures have recently focused attention on designing novel microspheres via green synthesis strategies. The use of chitosan (CS) as an encapsulating material has increased interest due to its unique bioactive properties and the various crosslinking possibilities offered by their functional groups. The consolidation of the microspheres by physical crosslinking using sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) combined with chemical crosslinking using vanillin (VA) open new opportunities in the framework of green dual crosslinking strategies. The developed strategy, a straightforward technique based on an aqueous medium avoiding complex separation/washing steps, offers advantages over the processes based on VA, mostly using water-in-oil emulsion approaches. Thus, in this work, the combination of TPP crosslinking (3, 5, and 10 wt.%) via spray-coagulation technique with two VA crosslinking methods (in situ and post-treatment using 1 wt.% VA) were employed in the preparation of microspheres. The microspheres were characterized concerning morphology, particle size, physicochemical properties, thermal stability, and swelling behavior. Results revealed that the combination of 5 wt.% TPP with in situ VA crosslinking led to microspheres with promising properties, being an attractive alternative for natural bioactives encapsulation due to the green connotations associated with the process.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Crosslinking'

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