Journal articles: 'Crosslinking chemistry'

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OTSUKA, HIROYUKI. "Chemistry of Crosslinking." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 69, no. 4 (1996): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.69.271.

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Saletti, Mario, Marco Paolino, Lavinia Ballerini, Germano Giuliani, Gemma Leone, Stefania Lamponi, Marco Andreassi, et al. "Click-Chemistry Cross-Linking of Hyaluronan Graft Copolymers." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 5 (May 11, 2022): 1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14051041.

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An easy and viable crosslinking procedure by click-chemistry (click-crosslinking) of hyaluronic acid (HA) was developed. In particular, the clickable propargyl groups of hyaluronane-based HA-FA-Pg graft copolymers showing low and medium molecular weight values were exploited in crosslinking by click-chemistry by using a hexa(ethylene glycol) spacer. The resulting HA-FA-HEG-CL materials showed an apparent lack of in vitro cytotoxic effects, tuneable water affinity, and rheological properties according to the crosslinking degree that suggests their applicability in different biomedical fields.

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Jumnongpon, R., S. Chaiseri, P. Hongsprabhas, J. P. Healy, S. J. Meade, and J. A. Gerrard. "Cocoa protein crosslinking using Maillard chemistry." Food Chemistry 134, no. 1 (September 2012): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.189.

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Kulkarni, Akshata, Coleen Pugh, Sadhan C. Jana, Darnell T. Wims, and Ammar Abdel Gawad. "CROSSLINKING OF SBR COMPOUNDS FOR TIRE TREAD USING BENZOCYCLOBUTENE CHEMISTRY." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 92, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.18.81512.

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ABSTRACT This research investigates the potential of benzocyclobutene (BCB) chemistry for crosslinking styrene-butadiene rubber in conjunction with sulfur curatives with the objective of achieving curing at lower temperatures and/or in shorter times compared with entirely sulfur-based cure formulations. The reversible polysulfidic linkages produced in sulfur crosslinking allow self-healing characteristics but suffer from poor heat-aging stability. The C–C crosslinks from BCB chemistry are irreversible and offer higher resistance to aging, but they do not present apparent self-healing properties. The hybrid curative package based on C–C, C–S, and S–S linkages developed is expected to provide reduced crosslinking time and/or temperature, along with higher crack-growth resistance, the ability to self-heal, higher resistance to fatigue-to-failure, reduced hysteresis, and increased abrasion resistance. The crosslinking performance of 1-substituted BCB-based compounds in conjunction with sulfur is specifically investigated.

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Datta, R. N., A. G. Talma, and A. H. M. Schotman. "Comparative Studies on the Crosslinking Reaction of Bis-Maleimides and Bis-Citraconimides in Squalene and Natural Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 71, no. 5 (November 1, 1998): 1073–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538511.

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Abstract A study has been made to differentiate between the crosslinking reaction of bis-maleimides and bis-citraconimides in squalene as well as in natural rubber. Bis-maleimides are found to participate in the crosslinking reaction in the absence of curatives such as accelerators and sulfur. Bis-citraconimides take part in the crosslinking reaction when polysulfidic crosslinks are under the process of degradation. Sulfur and accelerator are required for the formation of polysulfidic crosslinks and hence the presence of sulfur and accelerator are essential for bis-citraconimide crosslinking. The differences in the reactivity and the chemistry of crosslinking are studied and discussed. Some application data are provided in order to elaborate the differences.

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Walker, Kenneth A., Larry J. Markoski, Gary A. Deeter, Gary E. Spilman, David C. Martin, and Jeffrey S. Moore. "Crosslinking chemistry for high-performance polymer networks." Polymer 35, no. 23 (November 1994): 5012–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(94)90657-2.

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Petersen, H. "The chemistry of crease-resist crosslinking agent." Review of Progress in Coloration and Related Topics 17, no. 1 (October 23, 2008): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1987.tb03747.x.

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Streubel, Rainer. "Crosslinking in Molecular Main Group Element Chemistry." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 45, no. 39 (October 6, 2006): 6418–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200603708.

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Human, Paul, Chima Ofoegbu, Helen Ilsley, Deon Bezuidenhout, Jandre de Villiers, David F. Williams, and Peter Zilla. "Decellularization and engineered crosslinking: a promising dual approach towards bioprosthetic heart valve longevity." European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 58, no. 6 (September 7, 2020): 1192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezaa257.

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Abstract OBJECTIVES While decellularization has previously significantly improved the durability of bioprosthetic tissue, remnant immunogenicity may yet necessitate masking through crosslinking. To alleviate the fears of reintroducing the risk of calcific degeneration, we investigated the application of rationally designed crosslinking chemistry, capable of abrogating mineralization in isolation, in decellularized tissue. METHODS Bovine and porcine pericardium were decellularized using the standard Triton X/sodium deoxycholate/DNAse/RNAse methodology and thereafter combined incrementally with components of a four-stage high-density dialdehyde-based fixation regimen. Mechanical properties prior to, and calcium levels following, subcutaneous implantation for 6 and 10 weeks in rats were assessed. RESULTS Enhanced four-stage crosslinking, independent of decellularization, or decellularization followed by any of the crosslinking regimens, achieved sustained, near-elimination of tissue calcification. Decellularization additionally resulted in significantly lower tissue stiffness and higher fatigue resistance in all groups compared to their non-decellularized counterparts. CONCLUSIONS The dual approach of combining decellularization with enhanced crosslinking chemistry in xenogeneic pericardial tissue offers much promise in extending bioprosthetic heart valve longevity.

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Wang, Zixiao, Feichen Cui, Yang Sui, and Jiajun Yan. "Radical chemistry in polymer science: an overview and recent advances." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 19 (October 18, 2023): 1580–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.19.116.

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Radical chemistry is one of the most important methods used in modern polymer science and industry. Over the past century, new knowledge on radical chemistry has both promoted and been generated from the emergence of polymer synthesis and modification techniques. In this review, we discuss radical chemistry in polymer science from four interconnected aspects. We begin with radical polymerization, the most employed technique for industrial production of polymeric materials, and other polymer synthesis involving a radical process. Post-polymerization modification, including polymer crosslinking and polymer surface modification, is the key process that introduces functionality and practicality to polymeric materials. Radical depolymerization, an efficient approach to destroy polymers, finds applications in two distinct fields, semiconductor industry and environmental protection. Polymer chemistry has largely diverged from organic chemistry with the fine division of modern science but polymer chemists constantly acquire new inspirations from organic chemists. Dialogues on radical chemistry between the two communities will deepen the understanding of the two fields and benefit the humanity.

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Mauri, Massimiliano, Anna Peterson, Ayça Senol, Khalid Elamin, Antonis Gitsas, Thomas Hjertberg, Aleksandar Matic, Thomas Gkourmpis, Oscar Prieto, and Christian Müller. "Byproduct-free curing of a highly insulating polyethylene copolymer blend: an alternative to peroxide crosslinking." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 6, no. 42 (2018): 11292–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc04494e.

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Vlaminck, L., K. De Bruycker, O. Türünç, and F. E. Du Prez. "ADMET and TAD chemistry: a sustainable alliance." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 36 (2016): 5655–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py01144f.

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Miyata, Yoshiaki, and Masao Atsumi. "Zinc Oxide Crosslinking Reaction of Polychloroprene Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 62, no. 1 (March 1, 1989): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536232.

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Abstract There was some ambiguity on the reality of the formation of ether crosslinks in the ZnO crosslinking of CR. This report clearly indicates the absence of the ether crosslinks. The main reaction pathway of the ZnO crosslinking of CR is the addition of the carbonium ion formed from the isomerized 1,2 unit to the double bond in the neighboring 1,4 unit, catalyzed by ZnCl2. The isomerized 1,2 unit is formed by the rearrangement of allylic chlorine in the 1,2 unit. The crosslinking reaction takes place between one curing site and one main chain component, not between two curing sites. The intramolecular cyclization predominantly occurs as compared with the intermolecular reaction (crosslinking) in Scheme 2. Therefore, the efficiency of the ZnO crosslinking of CR is quite small as expected from the concentration of the curing sites (1,2 units). Model polymer of low molecular weight and NMR spectroscopy have led to a better understanding of the chemistry of this process.

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Lee, Yoon Bok, Saebin Lim, Yerin Lee, Chan Ho Park, and Hyun Jong Lee. "Green Chemistry for Crosslinking Biopolymers: Recent Advances in Riboflavin-Mediated Photochemistry." Materials 16, no. 3 (January 31, 2023): 1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16031218.

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Riboflavin (RF), which is also known as vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin. RF is a nontoxic and biocompatible natural substance. It absorbs light (at wavelengths of 380 and 450 nm) in the presence of oxygen to form reactive singlet oxygen (1O2). The generated singlet oxygen acts as a photoinitiator to induce the oxidation of biomolecules, such as amino acids, proteins, and nucleotides, or to initiate chemical reactions, such as the thiol-ene reaction and crosslinking of tyramine and furfuryl groups. In this review, we focus on the chemical mechanism and utilization of the photochemistry of RF, such as protein crosslinking and hydrogel formation. Currently, the crosslinking method using RF as a photoinitiator is actively employed in ophthalmic clinics. However, a significant broadening is expected in its range of applications, such as in tissue engineering and drug delivery.

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Sepesy, Maura, Tuli Banik, Joelle Scott, Luke A. F. Venturina, Alec Johnson, Bernadette L. Schneider, Megan M. Sibley, and Christine E. Duval. "Chemically Stable Styrenic Electrospun Membranes with Tailorable Surface Chemistry." Membranes 13, no. 11 (November 2, 2023): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13110870.

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Membranes with tailorable surface chemistry have applications in a wide range of industries. Synthesizing membranes from poly(chloromethyl styrene) directly incorporates an alkyl halide surface-bound initiator which can be used to install functional groups via SN2 chemistry or graft polymerization techniques. In this work, poly(chloromethyl styrene) membranes were synthesized through electrospinning. After fabrication, membranes were crosslinked with a diamine, and the chemical resistance of the membranes was evaluated by exposure to 10 M nitric acid, ethanol, or tetrahydrofuran for 24 h. The resulting membranes had diameters on the order of 2–5 microns, porosities of >80%, and permeance on the order of 10,000 L/m2/h/bar. Crosslinking the membranes generally increased the chemical stability. The degree of crosslinking was approximated using elemental analysis for nitrogen and ranged from 0.5 to 0.9 N%. The poly(chloromethyl styrene) membrane with the highest degree of crosslinking did not dissolve in THF after 24 h and retained its high permeance after solvent exposure. The presented chemically resistant membranes can serve as a platform technology due to their versatile surface chemistry and can be used in membrane manufacturing techniques that require the membrane to be contacted with organic solvents or monomers. They can also serve as a platform for separations that are performed in strong acids.

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Fonblanc, Diane, David Lopez-Ferber, Mélanie Wynn, Abhijeet Lale, Anne Soleilhavoup, Anne Leriche, Yuji Iwamoto, Fabrice Rossignol, Christel Gervais, and Samuel Bernard. "Crosslinking chemistry of poly(vinylmethyl-co-methyl)silazanes toward low-temperature formable preceramic polymers as precursors of functional aluminium-modified Si–C–N ceramics." Dalton Transactions 47, no. 41 (2018): 14580–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8dt03076f.

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Li, Chun, Jie Tang, and Juan Xie. "Synthesis of crosslinking amino acids by click chemistry." Tetrahedron 65, no. 38 (September 2009): 7935–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2009.07.054.

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Gupta, Munishwar Nath, Mohammad Perwez, and Meryam Sardar. "Protein crosslinking: Uses in chemistry, biology and biotechnology." Biocatalysis and Biotransformation 38, no. 3 (March 4, 2020): 178–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10242422.2020.1733990.

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DeRose, Victoria J., Kory Plakos, Barbara L. Golden, Jonathan White, Maire Osborn, and Alan Moghaddam. "RNA Crosslinking and Click Chemistry with Platinum Compounds." Biophysical Journal 106, no. 2 (January 2014): 494a—495a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.2766.

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Trujillo-de Santiago, Grissel, Roholah Sharifi, Kan Yue, Ehsan Shrizaei Sani, Sara Saheb Kashaf, Mario Moisés Alvarez, Jeroen Leijten, Ali Khademhosseini, Reza Dana, and Nasim Annabi. "Ocular adhesives: Design, chemistry, crosslinking mechanisms, and applications." Biomaterials 197 (March 2019): 345–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.01.011.

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Billiet, Stijn, Xander K. D. Hillewaere, Roberto F. A. Teixeira, and Filip E. Du Prez. "Chemistry of Crosslinking Processes for Self-Healing Polymers." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 34, no. 4 (December 17, 2012): 290–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.201200689.

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Yang, Juan, Martien A. Cohen Stuart, and Marleen Kamperman. "Jack of all trades: versatile catechol crosslinking mechanisms." Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, no. 24 (2014): 8271–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cs00185k.

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Lin, Chien-Chi. "Correction: Recent advances in crosslinking chemistry of biomimetic poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels." RSC Advances 5, no. 53 (2015): 42942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra90048d.

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Ida, Shohei, Akimitsu Katsurada, Mitsuhiro Tsujio, Motoharu Nakamura, and Yoshitsugu Hirokawa. "Crosslinker-Based Regulation of Swelling Behavior of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Gels in a Post-Polymerization Crosslinking System." Gels 6, no. 1 (December 21, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels6010002.

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A fundamental understanding of the effect of a crosslinker on gel properties is important for the design of novel soft materials because a crosslinking is a key component of polymer gels. We focused on post-polymerization crosslinking (PPC) system utilizing activated ester chemistry, which is a powerful tool due to structural diversity of diamine crosslinkers and less susceptibility to solvent effect compared to conventional divinyl crosslinking system, to systematically evaluate the crosslinker effect on the gel properties. A variety of alkyldiamine crosslinkers was employed for the synthesis of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) gels and it was clarified that the length of alkyl chains of diamine crosslinkers strongly affected the gelation reaction and the swelling behavior. The longer crosslinker induced faster gelation and decreased the swelling degree and the response temperature in water, while the crosslinking density did not significantly change. In addition, we were able to modify the polymer chains in parallel with crosslinking by using a monoamine modifier along with a diamine crosslinker. This simultaneous chain modification during crosslinking (SMC) was demonstrated to be useful for the regulation of the crosslinking density and the swelling behavior of PNIPAAm gels.

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Zhu, Liang, Tawanda J. Zimudzi, Nanwen Li, Jing Pan, Bencai Lin, and Michael A. Hickner. "Correction: Crosslinking of comb-shaped polymer anion exchange membranes via thiol–ene click chemistry." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 14 (2016): 2589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py90044e.

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Zhao, Benbo, Mingda Zhao, Liming Li, Shixiong Sun, Heping Yu, Yuan Cheng, Yuedi Yang, Yujiang Fan, and Yong Sun. "Preparation and Properties of Double-Crosslinked Hydroxyapatite Composite Hydrogels." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 9962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179962.

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Natural polymer hydrogels have good mechanical properties and biocompatibility. This study designed hydroxyapatite-enhanced photo-oxidized double-crosslinked hydrogels. Hyaluronic acid (HA) and gelatin (Gel) were modified with methacrylate anhydride. The catechin group was further introduced into the HA chain inspired by the adhesion chemistry of marine mussels. Hence, the double-crosslinked hydrogel (HG) was formed by the photo-crosslinking of double bonds and the oxidative-crosslinking of catechins. Moreover, hydroxyapatite was introduced into HG to form hydroxyapatite-enhanced hydrogels (HGH). The results indicate that, with an increase in crosslinking network density, the stiffness of hydrogels became higher; these hydrogels have more of a compact pore structure, their anti-degradation property is improved, and swelling property is reduced. The introduction of hydroxyapatite greatly improved the mechanical properties of hydrogels, but there is no change in the stability and crosslinking network structure of hydrogels. These inorganic phase-enhanced hydrogels were expected to be applied to tissue engineering scaffolds.

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Hu, Bo, Luyang Miao, Yang Bai, and Changli Lü. "Facile construction of crosslinked anion exchange membranes based on fluorenyl-containing polysulfone via click chemistry." Polymer Chemistry 8, no. 30 (2017): 4403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7py00789b.

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Crosslinked fluorenyl-containing polysulfone based anion exchange membranes have been successfully synthesized via click chemistry with improved properties by controlling the crosslinking degree and micro-phase structure.

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Mauri, Massimiliano, Leo Svenningsson, Thomas Hjertberg, Lars Nordstierna, Oscar Prieto, and Christian Müller. "Orange is the new white: rapid curing of an ethylene-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer with a Ti-bisphenolate type catalyst." Polymer Chemistry 9, no. 13 (2018): 1710–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7py01840a.

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Lin, Chien-Chi. "Recent advances in crosslinking chemistry of biomimetic poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels." RSC Advances 5, no. 50 (2015): 39844–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra05734e.

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Khetsomphou, Elodie, Francesco Deboli, Mateusz L. Donten, and Laurent Bazinet. "Impact of Hierarchical Cation-Exchange Membranes’ Chemistry and Crosslinking Level on Electrodialysis Demineralization Performances of a Complex Food Solution." Membranes 13, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13010107.

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Hierarchical cation-exchange membranes (hCEMs) fabricated by blade coating and UV crosslinking of ionomer on top of a porous substrate demonstrated promising results in performing NaCl demineralization. In the food industry, complex solutions are used and hCEMs were never investigated before for these food applications. The performances of two different coating chemistries (urethane acrylate based: UL, and acrylic acid based: EbS) and three crosslinking degrees (UL5, UL6, UL7 for UL formulations, and EbS-1, EbS-2, EbS-3 for EbS formulations) were formulated. The impacts of hCEMs properties and crosslinking density on whey demineralization performances by electrodialysis (ED) were evaluated and compared to CMX, a high performing CEM for whey demineralization by ED. The crosslinking density had an impact on the hCEMs area specific resistance, and on the ionic conductance for EbS membrane. However, 70% demineralization of 18% whey solution was reached for the first time for hCEMs without any fouling observed, and with comparable performances to the CMX benchmark. Although some properties were impacted by the crosslinking density, the global performances in ED (limiting current, demineralization duration, global system resistance, energy consumption, current efficiency) for EbS and UL6 membranes were similar to the CMX benchmark. These promising results suggest the possible application of these hCEMs (UL6, EbS-2, and EbS-3) for whey demineralization by ED and more generally complex products as an alternative in the food industry.

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Reinold, P., K. Bruchlos, and S. Ludwigs. "Simultaneous doping and crosslinking of polythiophene films." Polymer Chemistry 8, no. 47 (2017): 7351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7py01688c.

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We present a click chemistry approach for the synthesis of conjugated redox polymers based on highly regioregular polythiophenes with tunable amounts of pendant redox-active triphenylamine (TPA) groups. Solution-deposited films can be simultaneously doped and crosslinked by electrochemical or chemical oxidation.

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Apostolidis, Panos, Xueyan Liu, Martin van de Ven, Sandra Erkens, and Tom Scarpas. "Kinetic Viscoelasticity of Crosslinking Epoxy Asphalt." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 3 (March 2019): 551–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119835530.

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Epoxy modification of asphalt binders has been recognized as a very effective technology to alter the chemistry of asphaltic materials in such a way that long-lasting pavement structures can be designed. However, the phenomena that are involved to build up the physico-mechanical properties of epoxy asphalt systems are still unknown. The focus of this paper is on understanding the link between chemistry and the mechanical properties of epoxy asphalt binders during the thermo-irreversible process of chemical hardening. For this purpose, a constitutive model for predicting the evolution of cure-induced stresses in epoxy asphalt binders is proposed, and an experimental program was developed to determine the model parameters. The cure dependency of physico-mechanical parameters of modified binder was obtained and imported into the model to simulate the build-up of material properties during (non-)isothermal hardening of epoxy asphalt binder. The model is implemented in a commercially finite element tool by coupling the chemical, thermal, and mechanical phenomena with multi-physics strategies, and the results are analyzed to identify the influence of different heating conditions on the crosslinking density and subsequently on stress build-up. It was found that the amount of stress build-up during curing was strongly dependent on the heating conditions, and a higher rate of stress build-up was observed at higher applied temperatures. In other words, the processing conditions during in-plant material production or in-field manufacturing of structures made by epoxy asphalt systems affect the material hardening and subsequently the desired functionalities of pavement structures.

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Zeng, Fanwei, Xing Guo, Li Sun, Xuelian He, Zuoxiang Zeng, and Zhen Liu. "Non-isothermal crosslinking of ethylene vinyl acetate initiated by crosslinking agents: kinetic modelling." RSC Advances 12, no. 24 (2022): 15623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra01994a.

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The kinetic parameter Ea of EVA crosslinking reaction initiated by a peroxide crosslinking agent showed irregular changes in the early stage of crosslinking, and increase with the increase of conversion rate α in the later stage of crosslinking.

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Wang, Yuan-Xia, Chen-Chen Wang, Ying Shi, Li-Zhi Liu, Nan Bai, and Li-Fu Song. "Effects of Dynamic Crosslinking on Crystallization, Structure and Mechanical Property of Ethylene-Octene Elastomer/EPDM Blends." Polymers 14, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14010139.

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The dynamic crosslinking method has been widely used to prepare rubber/plastic blends with thermoplastic properties, and the rubber phase is crosslinked in these blends. Both polyolefin elastomer (POE) and ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM) can be crosslinked, which is different from usual dynamic crosslinking components. In this paper, dynamic crosslinked POE/EPDM blends were prepared. For POE/EPDM blends without dynamic crosslinking, EPDM can play a nucleation role, leading to POE crystallizing at a higher temperature. After dynamic crosslinking, the crosslinking points hinder the mobility of POE chains, resulting in smaller crystals, but having too many crosslinking points suppresses POE crystallization. Synchrotron radiation studies show that phase separation occurs and phase regions form in non-crosslinked blends. After crosslinking, crosslinking points connecting EPDM and part of POE chains, enabling more POE to enter the EPDM phase and thus weakening phase separation, indicates that dynamic crosslinking improves the compatibility of POE/EPDM, also evidenced by a lower β conversion temperature and higher α conversion temperature than neat POE from dynamic mechanical analysis. Moreover, crosslinking networks hinder the crystal fragmentation during stretching and provide higher strength, resulting in 8.3% higher tensile strength of a 10 wt% EPDM blend than neat POE and almost the same elongation at break. Though excessive crosslinking points offer higher strength, they weaken the elongation at break.

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Fu, Yu-Wei, Yong-Qi Zhang, Wei-Feng Sun, and Xuan Wang. "Functionalization of Silica Nanoparticles to Improve Crosslinking Degree, Insulation Performance and Space Charge Characteristics of UV-initiated XLPE." Molecules 25, no. 17 (August 20, 2020): 3794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173794.

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In order to inhibit the outward-migrations of photo-initiator molecules in the ultraviolet-initiated crosslinking process and simultaneously improve the crosslinking degree and dielectric properties of crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) materials, we have specifically developed surface-modified-SiO2/XLPE nanocomposites with the silica nanofillers that have been functionalized through chemical surface modifications. With the sulfur-containing silanes and 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxy silane (MPTMS), the functional monomers of auxiliary crosslinker triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) have been successfully grafted on the silica surface through thiol–ene click chemistry reactions. The grafted functional groups are verified by molecular characterizations of Fourier transform infrared spectra and nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectra. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) indicates that the functionalized silica nanoparticles have been filled into polyethylene matrix with remarkably increased dispersivity compared with the neat silica nanoparticles. Under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, the high efficient crosslinking reactions of polyethylene molecules are facilitated by the auxiliary crosslinkers that have been grafted onto the surfaces of silica nanofillers in polyethylene matrix. With the UV-initiated crosslinking technique, the crosslinking degree, insulation performance, and space charge characteristics of SiO2/XLPE nanocomposites are investigated in comparison with the XLPE material. Due to the combined effects of the high dispersion of nanofillers and the polar-groups of TAIC grafted on the surfaces of SiO2 nanofillers, the functionlized-SiO2/XLPE nanocomposite with an appropriate filling content represents the most preferable crosslinking degree with multiple improvements in the space charge characteristics and direct current dielectric breakdown strength. Simultaneously employing nanodielectric technology and functional-group surface modification, this study promises a modification strategy for developing XLPE nanocomposites with high mechanical and dielectric performances.

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Jayachandran, Brindha, Thansila N. Parvin, M. Mujahid Alam, Kaushik Chanda, and Balamurali MM. "Insights on Chemical Crosslinking Strategies for Proteins." Molecules 27, no. 23 (November 22, 2022): 8124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238124.

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Crosslinking of proteins has gained immense significance in the fabrication of biomaterials for various health care applications. Various novel chemical-based strategies are being continuously developed for intra-/inter-molecular crosslinking of proteins to create a network/matrix with desired mechanical/functional properties without imparting toxicity to the host system. Many materials that are used in biomedical and food packaging industries are prepared by chemical means of crosslinking the proteins, besides the physical or enzymatic means of crosslinking. Such chemical methods utilize the chemical compounds or crosslinkers available from natural sources or synthetically generated with the ability to form covalent/non-covalent bonds with proteins. Such linkages are possible with chemicals like carbodiimides/epoxides, while photo-induced novel chemical crosslinkers are also available. In this review, we have discussed different protein crosslinking strategies under chemical methods, along with the corresponding crosslinking reactions/conditions, material properties and significant applications.

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Yu, Feng, Xiaodong Cao, Yuli Li, Lei Zeng, Bo Yuan, and Xiaofeng Chen. "An injectable hyaluronic acid/PEG hydrogel for cartilage tissue engineering formed by integrating enzymatic crosslinking and Diels–Alder “click chemistry”." Polymer Chemistry 5, no. 3 (2014): 1082–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3py00869j.

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Injectable HA/PEG hydrogel was crosslinked by integrating the enzymatic crosslinking and Diels–Alder click chemistry and showed excellent shape recovery and anti-fatigue properties at a high compressive stress.

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Liguori, Anna, Jone Uranga, Silvia Panzavolta, Pedro Guerrero, Koro de la Caba, and Maria Letizia Focarete. "Electrospinning of Fish Gelatin Solution Containing Citric Acid: An Environmentally Friendly Approach to Prepare Crosslinked Gelatin Fibers." Materials 12, no. 17 (September 1, 2019): 2808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12172808.

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The majority of the crosslinking approaches employed to confer water resistance properties to electrospun gelatin mats are based on the use of potential cytotoxic agents, turning out to be not suitable for biomedical applications. Environmentally friendly chemical strategies based on the use of non-toxic agents are, therefore, strongly demanded. In the present work, the possibility to produce crosslinked electrospun fish gelatin mats by electrospinning an aqueous solution, containing citric acid as a crosslinking agent, is reported. The effect of pH on solution rheological properties, as well as on the electrospun mat morphology, chemistry, and crosslinking degree, is assessed. The increase of solution pH from 1.8 to 3.7 allows for obtaining fibers that maintain the fibrous morphology also in the mat. Subsequent thermal treatment of the electrospun mat (80 °C for 30 min) turns out to increase the crosslinking degree and morphological stability of the mat.

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Chang, Jian, Miao Zhang, Qiang Zhao, Liangti Qu, and Jiayin Yuan. "Ultratough and ultrastrong graphene oxide hybrid films via a polycationitrile approach." Nanoscale Horizons 6, no. 4 (2021): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nh00073j.

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Decker, C. "Photoinitiated crosslinking polymerisation." Progress in Polymer Science 21, no. 4 (January 1996): 593–650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0079-6700(95)00027-5.

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Correa, Rodolpho Fagundes, Giovana Colucci, Noureddine Halla, João Alves Pinto, Arantzazu Santamaria-Echart, Silvia Priscila Blanco, Isabel Patrícia Fernandes, and Maria Filomena Barreiro. "Development of Chitosan Microspheres through a Green Dual Crosslinking Strategy Based on Tripolyphosphate and Vanillin." Molecules 26, no. 8 (April 16, 2021): 2325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082325.

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Microencapsulation procedures have recently focused attention on designing novel microspheres via green synthesis strategies. The use of chitosan (CS) as an encapsulating material has increased interest due to its unique bioactive properties and the various crosslinking possibilities offered by their functional groups. The consolidation of the microspheres by physical crosslinking using sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) combined with chemical crosslinking using vanillin (VA) open new opportunities in the framework of green dual crosslinking strategies. The developed strategy, a straightforward technique based on an aqueous medium avoiding complex separation/washing steps, offers advantages over the processes based on VA, mostly using water-in-oil emulsion approaches. Thus, in this work, the combination of TPP crosslinking (3, 5, and 10 wt.%) via spray-coagulation technique with two VA crosslinking methods (in situ and post-treatment using 1 wt.% VA) were employed in the preparation of microspheres. The microspheres were characterized concerning morphology, particle size, physicochemical properties, thermal stability, and swelling behavior. Results revealed that the combination of 5 wt.% TPP with in situ VA crosslinking led to microspheres with promising properties, being an attractive alternative for natural bioactives encapsulation due to the green connotations associated with the process.

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Yan, Chaozong, Ke Xu, Ruiping Liu, Tailiang Zhang, Zhiyu Huang, and Cunchuan Zheng. "The one-step synthesis of B,N co-doped carbon dots as a fracturing crosslinker and fluorescent tracer in flowback fluid and their performance." New Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 47 (2021): 22478–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nj04236j.

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Raota, Camila Suliani, Janaina da Silva Crespo, Camila Baldasso, and Marcelo Giovanela. "Development of a Green Polymeric Membrane for Sodium Diclofenac Removal from Aqueous Solutions." Membranes 13, no. 7 (July 12, 2023): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13070662.

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Water-soluble polymers provide an alternative to organic solvent requirements in membrane manufacture, aiming at accomplishing the Green Chemistry principles. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is a biodegradable and non-toxic polymer renowned for its solubility in water. However, PVA is little explored in membrane processes due to its hydrophilicity, which reduces its stability and performance. Crosslinking procedures through an esterification reaction with carboxylic acids can address this concern. For this, experimental design methodology and statistical analysis were employed to achieve the optimal crosslinking conditions of PVA with citric acid as a crosslinker, aiming at the best permeate production and sodium diclofenac (DCF) removal from water. The membranes were produced following an experimental design and characterized using multiple techniques to understand the effect of crosslinking on the membrane performance. Characterization and filtration results demonstrated that crosslinking regulates the membranes’ properties, and the optimized conditions (crosslinking at 110 °C for 110 min) produced a membrane able to remove 44% DCF from water with a permeate production of 2.2 L m−2 h−1 at 3 bar, comparable to commercial loose nanofiltration membranes. This study contributes to a more profound knowledge of green membranes to make water treatment a sustainable practice in the near future.

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Fan, Zhiping, Ping Cheng, Min Liu, Sangeeta Prakash, Jun Han, Zhuang Ding, Yanna Zhao, and Zhengping Wang. "Dynamic crosslinked and injectable biohydrogels as extracellular matrix mimics for the delivery of antibiotics and 3D cell culture." RSC Advances 10, no. 33 (2020): 19587–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra02218g.

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Polysaccharides-polypeptide derived biohydrogels were formed using hydrazone chemistry as crosslinking strategy, which have controllable drug release rate and many other potential applications, especially in sustained drug delivery and cell scaffold.

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Wang, Gang, Xiaodong Cao, Hua Dong, Lei Zeng, Chenxi Yu, and Xiaofeng Chen. "A Hyaluronic Acid Based Injectable Hydrogel Formed via Photo-Crosslinking Reaction and Thermal-Induced Diels-Alder Reaction for Cartilage Tissue Engineering." Polymers 10, no. 9 (August 27, 2018): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10090949.

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A hyaluronic acid (HA) based injectable hydrogel with gradually increasing mechanical properties was synthesized via photo-crosslinking reaction and thermal-induced Diels-Alder (DA) reaction. The injectable hydrogel can quickly gelate within 30 s by photo-crosslinking of HA-furan under the catalysis of lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP). This injectable property is beneficial to keep the encapsulated cell activity and convenient for clinical operation. And the mechanical properties can be control from 4.86 to 10.66 kPa by exposure time. Then, the thermal-induced DA click chemistry further occurs between furan groups and maleimide groups which gradually promoted the crosslinking density of the injectable hydrogel. The mechanical properties of the injectable hydrogel can be promoted to 21 kPa. ATDC-5 cells were successfully encapsulated in the injectable hydrogel and showed good activity. All the results suggested that the injectable hydrogel with gradually increasing mechanical properties formed by photo-crosslinking reaction and thermal-induced DA reaction has a good prospect of application in cartilage tissue engineering.

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Yu, Feng, Xiaodong Cao, Yuli Li, Lei Zeng, Bo Yuan, and Xiaofeng Chen. "Correction: An injectable hyaluronic acid/PEG hydrogel for cartilage tissue engineering formed by integrating enzymatic crosslinking and Diels–Alder “click chemistry”." Polymer Chemistry 9, no. 28 (2018): 3959–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8py90106f.

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Correction for ‘An injectable hyaluronic acid/PEG hydrogel for cartilage tissue engineering formed by integrating enzymatic crosslinking and Diels–Alder “click chemistry”’ by Feng Yu et al., Polym. Chem., 2014, 5, 1082–1090.

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Chen, Minwei, and Dafei Zhou. "Crosslinking of poly(vinyl chloride) with bismaleic compound. I. Crosslinking mechanism." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 44, no. 6 (February 25, 1992): 937–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070440601.

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Liu, Yuan, Weijia Hou, Hao Sun, Cheng Cui, Liqin Zhang, Ying Jiang, Yongxiang Wu, et al. "Thiol–ene click chemistry: a biocompatible way for orthogonal bioconjugation of colloidal nanoparticles." Chemical Science 8, no. 9 (2017): 6182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sc01447c.

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Antony, Prince, S. K. De, and Martin van Duin. "Self-Crosslinking Rubber/Rubber and Rubber/Thermoplastic Blends: A Review." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 74, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 376–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547644.

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Abstract Blends of two or more polymers having appropriate reactive groups can be crosslinked through condensation or substitution reactions in the absence of crosslinking chemicals when molded at high temperatures for prolonged times. When at least one of the two polymers is a rubber, such blends are called “self-crosslinking rubber blends.” Self-crosslinking rubber/rubber blends included in this review are binary CSM/ENR, ENR/XNBR, CR/ENR, ENR/Zn-SEPDM, CSM/XNBR and CR/XNBR blends, and ternary CR/XNBR/ENR and CSM/XNBR/ENR blends. Self-crosslinking thermoplastic/rubber blends include binary PVC/XNBR, PVC/ENR, PVC/NBR, PVC/HNBR, PAA/CR and PAA/ENR blends, and a ternary PVC/ENR/XNBR blend. The formation of crosslinks in self-crosslinking blends is manifested in the rise of the rheometer torque with time. Solvent swelling studies and dynamic mechanical analysis support the self-crosslinking behavior of the blends. The extent of crosslinking depends on the amount and reactivity of the functional groups of the two blend components, the time and temperature of the reaction. In general, the self-crosslinked rubber/rubber blends behave like conventional rubber vulcanizates with respect to physical properties and can be reinforced by fillers. Infrared spectroscopy has been used to identify the chemical structures formed during self-crosslinking, allowing the elucidation of the mechanism of self-crosslinking.

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Murphy, Robert D., Scott Kimmins, Alan J. Hibbitts, and Andreas Heise. "3D-extrusion printing of stable constructs composed of photoresponsive polypeptide hydrogels." Polymer Chemistry 10, no. 34 (2019): 4675–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py00796b.

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Printing of novel linear polypeptide hydrogel bioinks and stabilisation of structures by post-printing UV-triggered crosslinking through catalyst free thiol–yne click chemistry of cysteine and propiolated 4-arm PEG.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Crosslinking chemistry'

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