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Journal articles on the topic 'Crossing the Gap'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Murray, Katherine E., J. Lindsey Lane, Carol Carraccio, Tiffany Glasgow, Michele Long, Daniel C. West, Meghan O’Connor, Patricia Hobday, Alan Schwartz, and Robert Englander. "Crossing the Gap." Academic Medicine 94, no. 3 (March 2019): 338–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000002535.

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2

Grubb,, Thomas C., and Paul F. Doherty,. "On Home-Range Gap-Crossing." Auk 116, no. 3 (July 1999): 618–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4089323.

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3

Connelly, Marie L., Helen M. Conaglen, Barry S. Parsonson, and Robert B. Isler. "Child pedestrians' crossing gap thresholds." Accident Analysis & Prevention 30, no. 4 (July 1998): 443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-4575(97)00109-7.

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4

Carvalko, Joe. "Crossing the Evolutionary Gap [Fiction]." IEEE Technology and Society Magazine 35, no. 4 (December 2016): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mts.2016.2618659.

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5

Harrell, W. A., and Tami Bereska. "Gap Acceptance by Pedestrians." Perceptual and Motor Skills 75, no. 2 (October 1992): 432–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.75.2.432.

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The riskiness of street crossing behavior of 75 individuals and groups of pedestrians was observed. Gap acceptance, or the elapsed time before a pedestrian initiated a crossing at a marked crosswalk and the time until a vehicle passed through the crosswalk, was the measure of risk. Pedestrian groups containing at least one infant tended to choose longer gaps, i.e., they were less risky in their crossing. Gap acceptance was also more conservative as the mean age of the pedestrian group increased. Gap was not affected by the sex ratio of the group or the volume of traffic passing through the intersection.

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6

Ross, Robert L., and C. J. Koch. "Crossing the Gap: A Novelist's Essays." World Literature Today 62, no. 3 (1988): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40144488.

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7

O’Neal, Elizabeth E., Yuanyuan Jiang, Kathryne Brown, Joseph K. Kearney, and Jodie M. Plumert. "How Does Crossing Roads with Friends Impact Risk Taking in Young Adolescents and Adults?" Journal of Pediatric Psychology 44, no. 6 (April 6, 2019): 726–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsz020.

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Abstract Objective The goal of this investigation was to examine how crossing roads with a friend versus alone affects gap decisions and movement timing in young adolescents and adults. Methods Ninety-six 12-year-olds and adults physically crossed a single lane of continuous traffic in an immersive pedestrian simulator. Participants completed 30 crossings either with a friend or alone. Participants were instructed to cross the road without being hit by a car, but friend pairs were not instructed to cross together. Results Pairs of adolescent friends exhibited riskier road-crossing behavior than pairs of adult friends. For gaps crossed together, adult pairs were more discriminating in their gap choices than adult solo crossers, crossing fewer of the smaller gaps and more of the larger gaps. This pattern did not hold for 12-year-old pairs compared to 12-year-old solo crossers. To compensate for their less discriminating gap choices, pairs of 12-year-olds adjusted their movement timing by entering and crossing the road more quickly. For gaps crossed separately, both adult and 12-year-old first crossers chose smaller gaps than second crossers. Unlike adults, 12-year-old first crossers were significantly less discriminating in their gap choices than 12-year-old second crossers. Conclusions Compared to adults, young adolescents took riskier gaps in traffic when crossing virtual roads with a friend than when crossing alone. Given that young adolescents often cross roads together in everyday life, peer influences may pose a significant risk to road safety in early adolescence.

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8

Shaaban, Khaled, and Karim Abdelwarith. "Pedestrian Attribute Analysis Using Agent-Based Modeling." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (July 16, 2020): 4882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144882.

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Crossing a road outside of a crosswalk is a major cause of pedestrian fatalities. The aim of this study was to investigate this type of behavior for different pedestrian attributes in terms of risk and gap acceptance using agent-based modeling techniques. An agent-based model was developed and tested to represent pedestrian behavior in different situations. Different pedestrian attributes were analyzed, including gender, age, type of clothing, carrying bags, using mobile phones, and crossing in a group. The results showed that pedestrians add a positive risk factor to the speed of approaching vehicles before evaluating a gap, then proceed with the crossing decision. The factor for the female pedestrians was smaller in comparison to their male counterparts, which may infer that they are more prone to taking risks during crossing compared to male pedestrians. Another interpretation can be that they have a better ability to discern vehicle speeds and thus a better assessment of the critical gap. Compared to pedestrians crossing individually, the factor was smaller for pedestrians crossing in a group, which can be an indication that pedestrians have a higher sense of safety when crossing as a group. Moreover, the analysis suggested that there is no difference in perception between old and middle-age pedestrians, pedestrians carrying bags or not, and pedestrians using a mobile phone while crossing or not. These results can be useful in evaluating pedestrian safety at midblock crossings and providing a framework for modeling this type of behavior in simulation models.

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9

Azam, Muhammad, Asif Ali, Saddam Akbar, Marrium Bashir, and Hyun Chae Chung. "GENDER DIFFERENCES WHILE PERFORMING AN EVERYDAY PERCEPTUAL-MOTOR TASK." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 1504–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.93151.

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Purpose of the study: The aim of this paper was to study gender differences regarding their perceptual judgment and movement behavior in the road crossing task. Methodology: A simulated road crossing environment outside the Human Motor Behavior laboratory (HMBL) was used to examine the individuals’ perceptual-motor behavior. Twenty-four young adults performed the road crossing task in the virtual environment judging whether the available gap was crossable or not crossable and then initiating movement depending on the perceptual information. Main Findings: Participants’ gap selection revealed that their cross-ability was influenced by vehicle speed, however, female participants made more errors relative to males. In addition, females took longer to cross and made unnecessary adjustments during crossings. The study findings suggest that females’ erroneous perceptual decisions and inconsistent locomotion behavior in road-crossing put them at higher risk relative to their male counterparts. Application of this study: The findings of this study may apply to developing training programs regarding pedestrian individuals. Training with performing road-crossing tasks may prove to be helpful for refining individuals’ perceptual judgment and movement behavior to minimize chances of accidents in road crossing. Specifically, having experience with the road-crossing task in a virtual environment may reduce the tendency towards risk-taking behavior. The novelty of this study: Most of the past research regarding pedestrian individuals’ road crossing behavior examined participants’ perceptual judgment (perception) in standing position only or did not analyze movement behavior in the actual walking set up. The approach utilized in our experiment was novel in this regard; individuals can choose to cross a gap and walk wearing a head-mounted display.

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10

Saleh, Wafaa, Monika Grigorova, and Samia Elattar. "Pedestrian Road Crossing at Uncontrolled Mid-Block Locations: Does the Refuge Island Increase Risk?" Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 15, 2020): 4891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124891.

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The study investigates the behaviour of pedestrians crossing a road with a refuge island in an urban area to assess whether refuge islands deliver their expected benefit. This type of pedestrian crossings aims at providing a half-way shelter and protection while pedestrians are crossing a road with two-traffic streams. Data has been collected using two video cameras from an urban location in Edinburgh on gaps in traffic flow, rejected and accepted gaps, and critical gaps of pedestrians while crossing from the curb or the median. Data have also been examined to estimate and assess vehicle and pedestrians’ speeds, vehicle type, waiting time, group size and other demographic characteristics of pedestrians. The statistical modelling techniques used include Multiple Linear Regression and Generalised Estimating Equations (GEE). The results show that the critical gap for crossing from the median to the curb is much shorter than that from the curb to the median. Pedestrians appear to be less cautious when crossing from the median to the curb as they are more likely to accept a shorter gap in traffic. This could indicate a shortfall in the design and/or operation of this type of crossing. Further considerations and investigation of what measures could be implemented to enhance safety and reduce risky behaviour at this type of crossing are recommended and certainly encouraged.

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11

Zhao, Meng, Shan Lin Jiang, and Cheng Jun Liu. "New Structure of Crossing Magnetic Poles on Magnetic Fluid Seals." Key Engineering Materials 562-565 (July 2013): 1393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.562-565.1393.

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In order to improve the ability of magnetic fluid seals, the new structure of crossing magnetic poles on magnetic seals can be designed. The reluctivity of gap with the crossing magnetic pole is less than the reluctivity of gap without the crossing magnetic pole. The magnetic intensity in the gap can be bigger because of the crossing magnetic poles. According to the pressure formula of magnetic fluid seals, the pressure on the one side of magnetic fluid seals can be increased. The sealing capacity with the crossing magnetic pole is more than the sealing capacity without the crossing magnetic pole. The sealing capacity can be improved by 10%-15%.

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12

Zwart, Robin, Annick Ledebt, Bianca F. Fong, Hanneke de Vries, and Geert J. P. Savelsbergh. "The affordance of gap crossing in toddlers." Infant Behavior and Development 28, no. 2 (June 2005): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2005.01.001.

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13

Zhang, Hongjia, Yingshi Guo, Yunxing Chen, Qinyu Sun, and Chang Wang. "Analysis of Pedestrian Street-Crossing Decision-Making Based on Vehicle Deceleration-Safety Gap." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 10, 2020): 9247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249247.

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Numerous traffic crashes occur every year on zebra crossings in China. Pedestrians are vulnerable road users who are usually injured severely or fatally during human-vehicle collisions. The development of an effective pedestrian street-crossing decision-making model is essential to improving pedestrian street-crossing safety. For this purpose, this paper carried out a naturalistic field experiment to collect a large number of vehicle and pedestrian motion data. Through interviewed with many pedestrians, it is found that they pay more attention to whether the driver can safely brake the vehicle before reaching the zebra crossing. Therefore, this work established a novel decision-making model based on the vehicle deceleration-safety gap (VD-SGM). The deceleration threshold of VD-SGM was determined based on signal detection theory (SDT). To verify the performance of VD-SGM proposed in this work, the model was compared with the Raff model. The results show that the VD-SGM performs better and the false alarm rate is lower. The VD-SGM proposed in this work is of great significance to improve pedestrians’ safety. Meanwhile, the model can also increase the efficiency of autonomous vehicles.

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14

Taylor, Brendan D., and Ross L. Goldingay. "Squirrel gliders use roadside glide poles to cross a road gap." Australian Mammalogy 35, no. 1 (2013): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am12013.

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Tall wooden poles placed along roadsides may enable road crossing by gliding mammals. We investigated the use of 12-m-high roadside glide poles at one location in Brisbane. Camera traps on roadside poles detected squirrel gliders (Petaurus norfolcensis) on one or both poles on 60 of 310 operational nights including at least 16 confirmed crossings during 125 nights when both roadside cameras operated concurrently. This provides definitive evidence that squirrel gliders will readily use tall wooden poles to make glide-crossings of two-lane roads. This is consistent with other investigations of glide poles and suggests that poles should be installed more broadly to reconnect habitat for gliding mammals.

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15

Sucha, M. "Pedestrians’habits while crossing the road at a former zebra crossing." Social Psychology and Society 9, no. 4 (2018): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2018090404.

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This paper presents research results focused on pedestrians’ crossing behaviour, the role of habit and routine route choice, pedestrians’ perceived safety and comfort, preferences, and waiting times. Data was collected and analysed using rapid on-site interviews with pedestrians, on-site observations and video recordings. The results indicate that vulnerable pedestrians choose different crossing strategies: waiting for a driver to give way to them rather than waiting for a safe gap to pass, and require a much more cooperative approach from drivers than other pedestrians. The results of the study lead to the conclusion that the removal of the crossings reduced pedestrians’ perceived safety and comfort, on the other hand, their awareness has been raised. While adult pedestrians can cope with the new situation relatively well and cross the road without major difficulties, the same does not apply to vulnerable road users.

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16

Saleh, Wafaa Shoukry, and Maha M. A. Lashin. "Investigation of Critical Gap for Pedestrian Crossing Using Fuzzy Logic System." Applied Sciences 10, no. 10 (May 25, 2020): 3653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103653.

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This paper assesses pedestrian crossing behavior and critical gaps at a two-way midblock crossing location. A critical gap is the shortest gap that a pedestrian accepts when crossing a road. A dataset was collected in 2017 in Edinburgh (UK). The analysis was performed using the fuzzy logic system. The adopted membership function of the fuzzy logic system is of a triangular form since it has a simple and convenient structure. The input variables that are used in the analysis are the number and length of rejected gaps and length of accepted gaps at the crossing location. The output variables are the critical gaps. The results show that assessing critical gap estimation of pedestrians crossing using fuzzy logic is achievable and produces reasonable values that are comparable to values that are reported in the literature. This outcome improves the understanding of pedestrian crossing behavior and could therefore have implications for transport infrastructure design. Further analysis using additional parameters including waiting time and demographic characteristics and alternative forms for membership functions are strongly encouraged.

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17

Bailey, Jacob M., Matthew W. Reudink, and Ken A. Otter. "Supplemental feeding may reduce responsiveness of Black-capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) to avian mobbing calls during gap-crossing experiments." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 8 (August 2019): 680–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0161.

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Deforestation creates gaps in forest habitat, which can limit the movements of many avian species. Increased predation risk associated with crossing open habitats is often considered the primary impediment to crossing gaps. However, other factors such as energetic reserves may also influence these decisions. We conducted playback experiments before and after supplemental feeding of Black-capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus (Linnaeus, 1766)) to investigate how energetic reserves influenced gap-crossing decisions. Black-capped Chickadees were less likely to respond to playbacks, whether conducted within forests or across gaps, after supplemental feeding. This suggests that energetic reserves may have less influence on gap-crossing decisions than on the willingness of birds to respond to mobbing calls in general. We recommend that future studies investigating gap-crossing decisions using playbacks account for differences in resource availability among sampling locations, especially when making comparisons across discrete habitats.

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18

Yannis, G., E. Papadimitriou, and A. Theofilatos. "Pedestrian gap acceptance for mid-block street crossing." Transportation Planning and Technology 36, no. 5 (July 2013): 450–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03081060.2013.818274.

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19

Cherry, Christopher, Brian Donlon, Xuedong Yan, Samuel Elliott Moore, and Jian Xiong. "Illegal mid-block pedestrian crossings in China: gap acceptance, conflict and crossing path analysis." International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion 19, no. 4 (December 2012): 320–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2011.628751.

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20

Hosford, Kate, Marie-Soleil Cloutier, and Meghan Winters. "Observational Study of Pedestrian and Cyclist Interactions at Intersections in Vancouver, BC and Montréal, QC." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 6 (May 6, 2020): 410–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120919407.

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As cycling and walking for transportation continues to become more popular in urban settings, there is increased potential for interactions between different types of road users, including between pedestrians and cyclists. However, because of limited data, we know relatively little about the frequency and nature of pedestrian-cyclist interactions. In this observational study we aimed to quantify the extent of pedestrian crossings that involved an interaction with a cyclist at 10 intersections in Vancouver, British Columbia (BC) and Montréal, Quebec (QC), and identify road user and crossing environment characteristics associated with these interactions. Of the 3,884 pedestrians we observed, 562 (14%) were involved in an interaction with a cyclist. The interaction rate was slightly higher in Montréal (16.5%) than Vancouver (13.4%), but varied considerably across intersections (range from 0.9% to 35.8%). Men were slightly more likely to be involved in an interaction with a cyclist, as well as pedestrians crossing at a slower pace at the beginning of the crossing, and at mid-crossing. Contrary to common thought, distracted pedestrians (either using a cell phone or wearing headphones) were not more likely to be involved in an interaction. When considering the street crossing environment, interactions were more likely at crossings with cycle tracks, stop or yield signs, three-way intersections, crossings that had no pedestrian ground markings, and longer crosswalks. Our study provides insight into interactions between pedestrians and cyclists, a well-known gap in transportation safety, and can help identify which urban design features are needed to ensure safe and comfortable pedestrian crossings.

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21

Alver, Y., P. Onelcin, A. Cicekli, and M. Abdel-Aty. "Evaluation of pedestrian critical gap and crossing speed at midblock crossing using image processing." Accident Analysis & Prevention 156 (June 2021): 106127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.106127.

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22

Prieto-Diaz, Cynthia, Mathew R. Anderle, Laura Zagrocki Brinker, Randall Allard, and Jeremi Leasure. "Biomechanical Comparison of First Tarsometatarsal Arthrodesis Constructs Over Prolonged Cyclic Testing." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 247301141989224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011419892240.

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Background: Traditionally, a lengthy period of nonweightbearing is required following arthrodesis of the first tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint in order to provide a stable healing environment for the bones. The goal of this research was to determine the resistance to plantar gapping of 2 locked intramedullary devices and a medial plate with crossing screw, all specifically designed for hallux valgus correction, and compare them to traditional 2–crossing screw fixation under a cyclic testing protocol. We hypothesized the locked intramedullary devices and the medial plate with crossing screw would better resist plantar gapping. Methods: Forty cadaver specimens received 1 of 4 operative treatments: a locked intramedullary device with 2 points of fixation in the cuneiform, a locked intramedullary device with 1 point of fixation in the cuneiform, a medial plate with crossing screw, or 2 crossing screws. We applied dorsiflexion bending forces to the first TMT joint using a cadaveric fatigue model for 20 000 cycles. The plantar gap between the metatarsal and cuneiform was measured at the beginning and end of cyclic testing. Thirty-six specimens were included in the final data set. Results: Both locked intramedullary device groups and the medial plate with crossing screw group exhibited significantly less gap widening compared to the 2–crossing screw group (vs 3-hole intramedullary device, P = .014; vs 4-hole intramedullary device, P = .010; and vs medial plate with crossing screw, P = .044). The intramedullary device groups were the most stable during the cyclic fatigue test, exhibiting the smallest gap widening. The medial plate with crossing screw fixation was also more stable than crossing screws in the cyclic fatigue model. Conclusions: The locked intramedullary devices and medial plate with crossing screw resisted plantar gapping better than 2 crossing screws when used for first TMT arthrodesis. Clinical Relevance: These results indicate that locked intramedullary devices and medial plates with crossing screws may promote superior bone healing and may better tolerate early weightbearing compared with 2 crossing screws.

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23

Naser, Mohamed M., Adnan Zulkiple, Walid A. Al bargi, Nasradeen A. Khalifa, and Basil David Daniel. "Modeling pedestrian gap crossing index under mixed traffic condition." Journal of Safety Research 63 (December 2017): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2017.08.005.

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24

Burton, Gregory, and Jennifer Cyr. "Gap Crossing Decisions in the Sighted and Visually Impaired." Ecological Psychology 16, no. 4 (October 2004): 303–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15326969eco1604_3.

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25

Zorotovic, M., M. R. Schreiber, S. G. Parsons, B. T. Gänsicke, A. Hardy, C. Agurto-Gangas, A. Nebot Gómez-Morán, A. Rebassa-Mansergas, and A. D. Schwope. "Detached cataclysmic variables are crossing the orbital period gap." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 457, no. 4 (January 29, 2016): 3867–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw246.

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26

McLaughlin, H. James, Judith L. Irvin, and Nancy M. Doda. "Crossing the Grade Level Gap: Research on Multiage Grouping." Middle School Journal 30, no. 3 (January 1999): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00940771.1999.11494589.

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27

Lazarus, Ian R. "Innovation or Stagnation? Crossing the Creativity Gap in Healthcare." Journal of Healthcare Management 56, no. 6 (November 2011): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00115514-201111000-00003.

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28

Nomura, Sachiyo, and James R. Goldenring. "Mind the Gap: Crossing Boundaries to Establish Reparative Metaplasia." Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology 6, no. 4 (2018): 468–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.07.002.

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29

Graham, Michelle, and John J. Socha. "Going the distance: The biomechanics of gap-crossing behaviors." Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological and Integrative Physiology 333, no. 1 (May 20, 2019): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.2266.

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30

Dupuis-Desormeaux, Marc, Timothy N. Kaaria, Mary Mwololo, Zeke Davidson, and Suzanne E. MacDonald. "A ghost fence-gap: surprising wildlife usage of an obsolete fence crossing." PeerJ 6 (November 27, 2018): e5950. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5950.

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Wildlife fencing has become more prevalent throughout Africa, although it has come with a price of increased habitat fragmentation and loss of habitat connectivity. In an effort to increase connectivity, managers of fenced conservancies can place strategic gaps along the fences to allow wildlife access to outside habitat, permitting exploration, dispersal and seasonal migration. Wildlife can become accustomed to certain movement pathways and can show fidelity to these routes over many years, even at the path level. Our study site has three dedicated wildlife crossings (fence-gaps) in its 142 km perimeter fence, and we continuously monitor these fence-gaps with camera-traps. We monitored one fence-gap before and after a 1.49 km fence section was completely removed and 6.8 km was reconfigured to leave only a two-strand electric fence meant to exclude elephant and giraffe, all other species being able to cross under the exclusionary fence. The removal and reconfiguration of the fence effectively rendered this fence-gap (which was left in place structurally) as a “ghost” fence-gap, as wildlife now had many options along the 8.29 km shared border to cross into the neighboring habitat. Although we documented some decline in the number of crossing events at the ghost-gap, surprisingly, 19 months after the total removal of the fence, we continued to document the usage of this crossing location by wildlife including by species that had not been previously detected at this location. We discuss potential drivers of this persistent and counterintuitive behavior as well as management implications.

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Wang, Xu, Jiangchen Li, Can Zhang, and Tony Z. Qiu. "Active Warning System for Highway-Rail Grade Crossings Using Connected Vehicle Technologies." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2019 (February 11, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3219387.

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Highway-rail grade crossing (HRGC) collisions are a significant safety concern around the world. HRGC collisions have a high risk of injuries and fatalities. To mitigate that risk, safety countermeasures for both active and passive HRGCs have been implemented. Leveraging the latest developments in connected vehicle (CV) technologies, CV-based warning systems perform well in safety applications for roadway networks. However, few have been developed to focus on safety improvements specifically for HRGCs. To bridge this gap, this paper proposes a novel active warning system that was created with readily available CV technologies and devices. A crossing risk assessment model was developed and evaluated in simulation and field applications. The proposed model predicts the crossing risk probabilities in the near future. When road users are in great risk of a collision, the warning system sends out auditory and visual alerts and displays the estimated waiting time. The test results reveal that the proposed warning system is promising for field implementation to improve safety at grade crossings.

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32

Kim, Soon Ho, Jong Won Kim, Hyun-Chae Chung, Gyoo-Jae Choi, and MooYoung Choi. "Behavioral Dynamics of Pedestrians Crossing between Two Moving Vehicles." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (January 26, 2020): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10030859.

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This study examines the human behavioral dynamics of pedestrians crossing a street with vehicular traffic. To this end, an experiment was constructed in which human participants cross a road between two moving vehicles in a virtual reality setting. A mathematical model is developed in which the position is given by a simple function. The model is used to extract information on each crossing by performing root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) minimization of the function from the data. By isolating the parameter adjusted to gap features, we find that the subjects primarily changed the timing of the acceleration to adjust to changing gap conditions, rather than walking speed or duration of acceleration. Moreover, this parameter was also adjusted to the vehicle speed and vehicle type, even when the gap size and timing were not changed. The model is found to provide a description of gap affordance via a simple inequality of the fitting parameters. In addition, the model turns out to predict a constant bearing angle with the crossing point, which is also observed in the data. We thus conclude that our model provides a mathematical tool useful for modeling crossing behaviors and probing existing models. It may also provide insight into the source of traffic accidents.

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Thorpe, S. K. S., R. H. Crompton, and R. McN Alexander. "Orangutans use compliant branches to lower the energetic cost of locomotion." Biology Letters 3, no. 3 (April 17, 2007): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0049.

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Within the forest canopy, the shortest gaps between tree crowns lie between slender terminal branches. While the compliance of these supports has previously been shown to increase the energetic cost of gap crossing in arboreal animals (e.g. Alexander 1991 Z. Morphol. Anthropol. 78 , 315–320; Demes et al . 1995 Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 96 , 419–429), field observations suggest that some primates may be able to use support compliance to increase the energetic efficiency of locomotion. Here, we calculate the energetic cost of alternative methods of gap crossing in orangutans ( Pongo abelii ). Tree sway (in which orangutans oscillate a compliant tree trunk with increasing magnitude to bridge a gap) was found to be less than half as costly as jumping, and an order of magnitude less costly than descending the tree, walking to the vine and climbing it. Observations of wild orangutans suggest that they actually use support compliance in many aspects of their locomotor behaviour. This study seems to be the first to show that elastic compliance in arboreal supports can be used to reduce the energetic cost of gap crossing.

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34

Wu, Yu, Shun Ying Zhu, Hong Wang, Fei Yao, and Huai Zhong Zhu. "Crossing Roads Safely: Influence of Various Vehicle Types in Gap Selection by Pedestrians." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 2152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.2152.

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This paper analyzed the relationship between the gap selection and the types of oncoming vehicle in the process of pedestrians crossing the road. The oncoming vehicles were divided into large and small vehicle; six groups of pedestrians were recorded, young-male, mid-aged-male, old-male, young-female, mid-aged-female and old-female. The accepted gaps were recorded and analyzed using one-way ANOVA analysis. The results showed that, oncoming vehicles type had significant impact upon gap selection of pedestrians. A large oncoming vehicle had a shorter selected gap than a small oncoming vehicle. It is concluded that pedestrians have a smaller perceived velocity and overestimate the gap, large oncoming vehicle arrive conflict point. However, the overestimated gap was likely not safe to crossing the road. So, at no signal control intersection, a strict speed limit was necessary for large vehicle.

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35

Dutta, Bhupali, and Vinod Vasudevan. "Study on Pedestrian Risk Exposure at Unsignalized Intersection in a Country with Extreme Vehicle Heterogeneity and Poor Lane Discipline." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2634, no. 1 (January 2017): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2634-11.

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The pedestrian is an integral element in the urban road infrastructure. Extreme vehicle heterogeneity, poor lane discipline, lack of adequate infrastructure, and road users’ poor understanding of the right-of-way and yielding make Indian roads extremely dangerous for pedestrians, especially at intersections. Since motorists, in general, do not yield to pedestrians at unsignalized intersections, pedestrians are forced to wait. When the waiting time exceeds a particular threshold, a pedestrian may attempt an unsafe crossing by accepting rolling gaps. The motivation behind this research paper was to understand the effect of waiting time on pedestrian rolling gap acceptance behavior at unsignalized intersections in India under heterogeneous traffic. This paper presents a study on pedestrian crossing behavior at unsignalized intersections in an urban traffic environment that used the survival analysis approach. The field data were collected from six sites in the city of Kanpur, India. The results show that rolling gap acceptance behavior is affected by various factors, such as pedestrian demographic characteristics, approaching vehicle features, and pedestrian group composition. Male pedestrians behave more aggressively and undertake unsafe street crossings. When pedestrians are part of a group, they do not accept rolling gaps easily. One interesting finding of the study is that when the approaching vehicle type is a two-wheeler or when vehicles are not in a platoon, the probability of accepting a rolling gap decreases.

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Dzyubyk, A. R., V. M. Palash, I. B. Nazar, L. V. Dzyubyk, and R. V. Palash. "WELDING RENOVATION OF SUPPORTING UNITS IN GAP-CROSSING PIPELINE STRUCTURES." Scientific Bulletin of UNFU 26, no. 1 (February 25, 2016): 230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/40260143.

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Lees, Alexander C., and Carlos A. Peres. "Gap-crossing movements predict species occupancy in Amazonian forest fragments." Oikos 118, no. 2 (February 2009): 280–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.16842.x.

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Kamiya, Takafumi, Aaron K. Mobley, and Menashe Bar-Eli. "Crossing the junction in the gap of melanoma brain metastasis." Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research 26, no. 4 (April 4, 2013): 435–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pcmr.12095.

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Koos, Sylvain, J.-B. Mouret, and S. Doncieux. "The Transferability Approach: Crossing the Reality Gap in Evolutionary Robotics." IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation 17, no. 1 (February 2013): 122–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tevc.2012.2185849.

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Zagal, Juan Cristóbal, Javier Ruiz-del-Solar, and Paul Vallejos. "Back to reality: Crossing the reality gap in evolutionary robotics." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 37, no. 8 (July 2004): 834–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)32084-0.

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Taylor, T. L., S. E. Hall, S. E. Boehnke, and D. P. Phillips. "Additivity of perceptual channel-crossing effects in auditory gap detection." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 105, no. 1 (January 1999): 563–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.424593.

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Mamidipalli, Shrikanth V., Virginia P. Sisiopiku, Bastian J. Schroeder, Lily Elefteriadou, Katy Salamati, and Nagui M. Rouphail. "Probit-Based Pedestrian Gap Acceptance Model for Midblock Crossing Locations." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2519, no. 1 (January 2015): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2519-14.

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Bowman, Jeff, and Lenore Fahrig. "Gap crossing by chipmunks: an experimental test of landscape connectivity." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 1556–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-161.

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Eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) are forest specialists common to eastern North America. Numerous studies suggest that chipmunks require fencerow corridors between woodlots to maintain functional connectivity in agricultural landscapes. We tested this hypothesis by conducting a homing experiment to assess whether chipmunks would cross nonforested gaps of different sizes. Chipmunks in 11 landscapes were translocated a constant distance of 220250 m across gaps ranging in size from 0 (continuous forest) to 240 m (mostly gap). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the probability of an adult chipmunk returning to its home range was not related to the size of the gap that had to be crossed (χ2 = 0.781, n = 60, P = 0.377, ρ2 = 0.011). Chipmunks crossed the entire range of gap sizes and there was no evidence of a threshold in connectivity. These results suggest that forest woodlots may be functionally connected for chipmunks even without fencerow corridors, and that landscape configuration in the study area may not have isolating effects on chipmunk populations. More empirical studies are required to identify whether functional connectivity thresholds are present in mammal populations as theoretical studies suggest.

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Fenwick, Mac. "Crossing the Figurative Gap: Metaphor and Metonymy in Midnight’s Children." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 39, no. 3 (September 2004): 45–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021989404047046.

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Bl�sing, B., and H. Cruse. "Mechanisms of stick insect locomotion in a gap-crossing paradigm." Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology 190, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-003-0482-3.

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Druelle, François, Peter Aerts, Jean Christophe Bokika Ngawolo, and Victor Narat. "Impressive Arboreal Gap-Crossing Behaviors in Wild Bonobos, Pan paniscus." International Journal of Primatology 41, no. 1 (February 2020): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-020-00140-z.

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Potthoff, Anna-Laura, Dieter Henrik Heiland, Bernd O. Evert, Filipe Rodrigues Almeida, Simon P. Behringer, Andreas Dolf, Ági Güresir, et al. "Inhibition of Gap Junctions Sensitizes Primary Glioblastoma Cells for Temozolomide." Cancers 11, no. 6 (June 20, 2019): 858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers11060858.

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Gap junctions have recently been shown to interconnect glioblastoma cells to a multicellular syncytial network, thereby allowing intercellular communication over long distances as well as enabling glioblastoma cells to form routes for brain microinvasion. Against this backdrop gap junction-targeted therapies might provide for an essential contribution to isolate cancer cells within the brain, thus increasing the tumor cells’ vulnerability to the standard chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide. By utilizing INI-0602—a novel gap junction inhibitor optimized for crossing the blood brain barrier—in an oncological setting, the present study was aimed at evaluating the potential of gap junction-targeted therapy on primary human glioblastoma cell populations. Pharmacological inhibition of gap junctions profoundly sensitized primary glioblastoma cells to temozolomide-mediated cell death. On the molecular level, gap junction inhibition was associated with elevated activity of the JNK signaling pathway. With the use of a novel gap junction inhibitor capable of crossing the blood–brain barrier—thus constituting an auspicious drug for clinical applicability—these results may constitute a promising new therapeutic strategy in the field of current translational glioblastoma research.

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Hutabarat, Emi Septiana. "PENGARUH GAP ACCEPTANCE TERHADAP PROBABILITAS MENYEBERANG JALAN IMPACT OF GAP ACCEPTANCE TO PROBABILITY OF PEDESTRIAN CROSSING." Jurnal Penelitian Transportasi Darat 15, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.25104/jptd.v15i3.1208.

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Pesatnya pertumbuhan lalu lintas saat ini khususnya kendaraan roda dua, menyebabkan minimnya pergerakan lalu lintas non-motorized seperti pengguna sepeda serta pejalan kaki. Tingginya aktivitas lalu lintas motorized menyebabkan sulitnya seseorang mendapatkan kesempatan (gap) untuk menyeberang jalan. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada ruas jalan dengan tata guna lahan untuk pendidikan dan pertokoan di sekitar jalan UGM, Yogjakarta. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah statistik deskriptif dengan variabel gap yang digunakan kendaraan, kecepatan menyeberang dan kecepatan kendaraan. Untuk lokasi I (pendidikan) penyeberang tunggal rata-rata waktu gap kendaraan yang dibutuhkan maksimal adalah 20 detik, sedangkan penyeberang kelompok, waktu gap kendaraan yang dibutuhkan adalah 23 detik, untuk rata-rata kecepatan menyeberang pada penyeberang tunggal maksimal 5 m/detik sedangkan penyeberang kelompok arah selatan 6,04 m/detik, serta kecepatan kendaraan pada saat terdapat penyeberang tunggal rata-rata maksimal adalah 20,48 km/jam, sedangkan untuk penyeberang kelompok maksimal adalah 25,87 km/jam untuk jarak menyeberang 13 m. Untuk lokasi II (pertokoan) penyeberang tunggal rata-rata waktu gap kendaraan yang dibutuhkan maksimal adalah 18,48 detik, sedangkan penyeberang kelompok, waktu gap kendaraan yang dibutuhkan adalah 25 detik, untuk rata-rata kecepatan menyeberang pada penyeberang tunggal maksimal 4,5 m/detik, sedangkan penyeberang kelompok arah utara 7,35 m/detik serta kecepatan kendaraan pada saat terdapat penyeberang tunggal kecepatan rata-rata kendaraan maksimal adalah 20,48 km/jam, sedangkan untuk penyeberang kelompok maksimal adalah 26,60 km/jam untuk jarak menyeberang 14 m. Dari hasil analisis waktu gap kendaraan, kecepatan menyeberang dan kecepatan kendaraan yang dibutuhkan penyeberang untuk penyeberang tunggal lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan penyeberang secara berkelompok.

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Saiful, Saiful, Sugiarto Sugiarto, and Renni Anggraini. "PENERIMAAN CELAH YANG DITERIMA DAN EFEKTIFITAS ZEBRA CROSS PADA JALAN PROF. A. MAJID IBRAHIM, KOTA SIGLI." Jurnal Arsip Rekayasa Sipil dan Perencanaan 1, no. 2 (August 18, 2018): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jarsp.v1i2.10941.

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Along with urbanism and rapid motorization in the Pidie district leads to increasing private-mode dependency. Increasing number of the vehicle used in urban road networks could affect the pedestrian crossing facilities, especially within the school zone. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the needs for pedestrian crossing facilities within school zone located at Prof. A. Majid Ibrahim Road in the Pidie District. The gap acceptance approach is used to evaluate accepted and rejected gaps. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the pedestrian crossing (Zebra Cross) regarding whether it is truly appropriate or not then evaluates using the statistical method of hypothesis testing. The analysis result reveals that the higher speed in the traffic, the greater gap required by crosser. The average speed for the traffic direction of Medan - Banda Aceh is about 47,13 km/h; pedestrians require the distribution of gap value of 85% or about 7 m crossing distance is necessary to available. At the location of the zebra cross 1, in the morning and noon observations show the average gap is about 7.71 and 9.18 seconds, respectively. Furthermore, as for the location of the zebra cross 2, in the morning and noon observations show the average gap is about 8.69 and 10.20 seconds, respectively. Based on the gap distribution, it concluded that the zebra cross facility at Prof. A. Majid Ibrahim Road is still worth using. As for the effectiveness of zebra cross, based on 85% speed at a distance from 50 m and 30 m can be concluded that zebra cross at Prof. A. Majid Ibrahim Road is ineffective. The absence of a decreasing in vehicle speed as it passes through the zebra cross, the velocity of the vehicle at 50 m from the zebra cross ≥ 30 m from the zebra cross. The speed of the vehicle tends to be stable at the time of going through the zebra cross.

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Chung, Hyun Chae, Gyoojae Choi, and Muhammad Azam. "Effects of Initial Starting Distance and Gap Characteristics on Children’s and Young Adults’ Velocity Regulation When Intercepting Moving Gaps." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 62, no. 6 (August 12, 2019): 1002–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720819867501.

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Objective This study investigated how children and young adults regulate their velocity when crossing roads under varying traffic conditions. Background To cross roads safely, pedestrians must adapt their movements to the moving vehicles around them while tightly coupling their movement to visual information. Method Using an Oculus Rift, 16 children and 16 young adults walked on a treadmill and intercepted gaps between two simulated moving vehicles in an immersive virtual environment. We varied the participants’ initial distance from the curb to the interception point, as well as gap characteristics, including gap size and vehicle size. Results Varying the initial distance led to systematic adjustments in participants’ approach velocities. The inter-vehicle gap and the vehicle size affected the crossing position induced by the initial distance. However, participants did not systematically scale their positions according to the initial distance in narrow gap. Notably, children did not finely tune their movements when they approached wide gap from a closer distance or when they approached the large vehicle from closer distance. Conclusion Children were less precise in coupling their movements to the moving vehicle in complex traffic environments. In particular, large moving vehicles approaching at closer distances can pose risks when children cross roads. Application These findings suggest the need for an intervention program to improve children’s skill in perceiving larger vehicles and timing their movements when crossing roads. We suggest using an interactive virtual reality system to practice this skill.

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