Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cross-sectional survey'
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1
Byford, Brandon. "Cross-Sectional Survey of Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Adolescents in Christchurch." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Health Sciences Centre, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6722.
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In New Zealand, cardiovascular disease is higher among Maori and Pacific
peoples than other ethnic group.
Researchers in Cardiology documented that CVD begins early in a person’s life
and that a person's risk of cardiovascular disease is determined by risk factors that
contribute to a form of CVD over time.
This thesis, “The Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents of Christchurch: A
Cross-Sectional Survey (CRFAC)”, is the first of its kind in the South Island, and was
designed to estimate the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease for
adolescent high school students in New Zealand. The aims of the study were to
determine cardiovascular risk factor levels between, Pacific, Asian, Maori, and European
students, with the Pacific communities including (Samoan, Cook Islands, Tongan, and
Niuean). The CRFAC was a school-based cross-sectional survey of 1051 adolescent
students, across nine Christchurch High Schools.
The study specifically aimed to determine ethnic-specific differences in lifestyle
and intermediate variables that have been established as cardiovascular risks. Variables
included: smoking, alcohol consumption, leisure-time physical activity (LTPA),
television exposure, and sun exposure, and body mass index (BMI). Demographic
variables analyzed included: form (level of education), gender, ethnic group, and socioeconomic
status.
In regards to smoking and alcohol consumption, Maori had the highest rates
overall 77% and 88%, respectfully. As for LTPA, the type of activity that was
participated in varied between sex and ethnicity. For instance, netball was played
predominately more for females than males, and rugby was played more so by
European/Pakehas than compared to Asians. Maori and Pacific also had a higher
proportion 43.4% and 33.7%, respectively, who watched TV four or more hours per week
day on average compared to the other ethnicities. Sun exposure varied strongly with
ethnicity, with Asian students having a smaller proportion 20.1% in the high daily sun
exposure category compared with Maori 40.8 % daily (p< 0.001).
The CRFAC study results showed that demographic variables were associated
with the intermediate variables: lifestyle and BMI. The findings showed that there were
substantive ethnic variations between the four main ethnic groups (Pacific, Maori, Asian
and European) in risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
The CRFAC study was able to identify contributing factors, for which gave the
investigator clarity to possible reasons for ethnic differences in BMI. The CRFAC study
results showed that Pacific participants had the highest BMI levels of all the ethnic
groups, followed by Maori.
2
Kuhn, Larise. "A cross-sectional survey of educational psychologists' utilisation of dynamic assessment." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60949.
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This study set out to determine the extent to which educational psychologists in South Africa are familiar with and use dynamic assessment. The study also covered issues such as the dynamic assessment training that educational psychologists receive as well as their attitudes towards dynamic assessment. A review of the literature revealed that only international studies have been done on the use of dynamic assessment by school psychologists. The findings of international studies can, however, not summarily be generalised to the South African context. The only national study that has been done on the use of dynamic assessment by educational psychologists was a qualitative study. The present study endeavoured to address this research hiatus by conducting a national cross-sectional online survey that was sent to all educational psychologists in South Africa. The study sought to find an answer to the following primary research question: "To what extent are South African educational psychologists familiar with and use dynamic assessment?"
The sample was selected initially through purposive sampling and later through snowball sampling. The study found that of the 173 respondents who responded to the survey, 69,90% were familiar with dynamic assessment. However, this picture changed dramatically when they were asked to what extent they were familiar with dynamic assessment. A total of only 25,40% of the respondents indicated that they were quite familiar with dynamic assessment, and only 20,80% reported that they used dynamic assessment. Furthermore, only 8,10% had used dynamic assessment once a week during the past six months.Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Educational Psychology
MEd
Unrestricted
3
Yip, Nga-ting Keziah. "Factors associated with depressive symptoms in Hong Kong : a cross-sectional survey /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/b3972430x.
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Yip, Nga-ting Keziah, and 葉雅婷. "Factors associated with depressive symptoms in Hong Kong: a cross-sectional survey." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3972430X.
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Li, Kar-yan, and 李嘉恩. "Age-period-cohort analysis of sequential cross-sectional oral health survey data." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45159336.
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Slaymaker, Emma. "Estimation of coital frequency and condom use from cross-sectional survey data." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2011. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/1416609/.
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Coital frequency is an important theoretical determinant of the rate at which an STI can spread through a population. Differences in frequency of sex may bias measures of condom use based on survey data because survey respondents who have infrequent sex and those who have frequent sex contribute equally to commonly used measures of condom use. Data on sexual behaviour are widely available from surveys but detailed information on coital frequency is seldom collected. This thesis examines the available information, examines the utility of a method to make the most use of existing data and investigates whether condom use measures are biased by differences in coital frequency using, for the most part, data from Australia and Tanzania. The existing data and literature show a lack of information on coital frequency for men and for unmarried people. Certain factors are correlated with coital frequency but there are no stable patterns of variation between different populations. Data from Australia and Tanzania show that condom use and coital frequency both vary according to the types of partnership for which they are reported. Further analysis of commonly used measures of condom use shows that these measure are influenced by differences in coital frequency and demonstrates that additional measures, describing the proportion of sex acts protected by condoms, provide complementary information. The scarcity of data on coital frequency is unlikely to be resolved by using the more widely available information on time since most recent sex. Although it is theoretically possible to work backwards from this to the number of sex acts in a given time period, this does not work in practice. Recommendations are made for improved methods to collect coital frequency information in large-scale surveys of the general population.
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Tomy, Amitha Therese. "Sleep disturbances among immigrants in Sweden : A cross-sectional online survey study." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälso- och vårdvetenskap (HV), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104570.
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Introduction: adequate sleep is essential to maintain a healthy life. Inadequate sleep causes various health impacts. The Centers for disease control and prevention (CDCP) from the USA announced in 2015 that sleep disorders and insufficient sleep are global health epidemics. Globally, immigration has risen especially in Sweden compared to past decades. Immigration is one of the factors of social determinants of health. Since immigration show an increasing trend, it is necessary to give much attention to the sleep health of immigrants in a health science context. Aim: The main purpose of this study is to explore the prevalence and factors associated with sleep disturbances among immigrants in Sweden. Method: Cross-sectional survey study conducted by distributing self-administered questionnaires online. Results: the prevalence of sleep disturbance among immigrants in Sweden was 69.16% (n=83). The most common self-identified factors associated with sleep disturbance were stress (62.4%, n=73) as psychological factors and high room temperature (48.3%, n=58) as environmental factors Conclusion: These findings show the necessity of taking immediate action to prevent further sleep consequences and climate change effects because of the increasing immigration trend. Future research studies can focus more on interventions that could control the impact of climate change-related sleep disturbances.
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Truong, Thi Hue. "Vietnamese nursing students' perceptions of their clinical learning environment: A cross-sectional survey." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/91390/1/Thi%20Hue_Truong_Thesis.pdf.
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This study investigated Vietnamese nursing students' perceptions of their clinical learning environment. The study was undertaken in two phases: 1) translation and adaptation of research instrument and 2) a cross-sectional survey was followed. Despite validity issues identified, data from two valid sub-scales and structured questions provided insights into the clinical learning environment that is the environment did not operate from an adult learner philosophy or provide a student-centred environment. The results are significant for development of clinical learning environment in Vietnam and that cultural differences between populations should be carefully considered in future research.
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Pernebrink, Linnea, and Azab Adam El. "Retailing in the digital age : A cross-sectional survey of employees' attitudes toward digitalization." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-156261.
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Digitalization is changing the world, and the retail industry is no exception. The new technologies are affecting retail in multiple ways to increase sales and customer satisfaction. This change is being observed in the physical stores as well as new online markets. The customers’ role in retail is increasing as self-service systems are taking over cashiers, and an increase in e-commerce websites begs the question if the digitalization is threatening the physical store and the number of employees. The worst case scenario being, digitalization rendering the physical stores obsolete. Managers and consumers have been the focus of previous studies, but little is known of how employees perceive the new forms of digitalization emerging in retail. This study examines front-line employees’ attitudes toward digitalization in the retail industry by answering the questions; what are the retail employees' attitudes toward digitalization? Do they differ depending on the industry? Which, if any, factors are affecting employees’ attitudes toward digitalization? This quantitative study has used a deductive approach to construct a cross-sectional survey. The survey has been used to answer the research questions, fulfill the studies purpose, and bridge the gap in research regarding employees’ attitudes. The results show that employees’ attitudes are somewhat positive toward digitalization, and evidence was found of multiple differences between the industries - employees’ attitudes toward digitalization being no exception. The study found that how useful employees perceive digitalization, their personal usage, and what industry they work in are factors affecting employees’ attitudes toward digitalization. This study can be used as a foundation for further study in multiple fields with a focus on retail employees and attitudes. The results of the study also have a practical contribution as it provides evidence of factors which could influence employees’ attitudes. This is of value for managers who can use the results of this study to better influence and manage the attitudes of employees.
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Floden, Lysbeth, Amy Howerter, Eva Matthews, Mark Nichter, James K. Cunningham, Cheryl Ritenbaugh, Judith S. Gordon, and Myra L. Muramoto. "Considerations for practice-based research: a cross-sectional survey of chiropractic, acupuncture and massage practices." BioMed Central Ltd, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610277.
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BACKGROUND: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use has steadily increased globally over the past two decades and is increasingly playing a role in the healthcare system in the United States. CAM practice-based effectiveness research requires an understanding of the settings in which CAM practitioners provide services. This paper describes and quantifies practice environment characteristics for a cross-sectional sample of doctors of chiropractic (DCs), licensed acupuncturists (LAcs), and licensed massage therapists (LMTs) in the United States. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional telephone survey of DCs (n = 32), LAcs (n = 70), and LMTs (n = 184) in the Tucson, AZ metropolitan area, we collected data about each location where practitioners work, as well as measures on practitioner and practice characteristics including: patient volume, number of locations where practitioners worked, CAM practitioner types working at each location, and business models of practice. RESULTS: The majority of practitioners reported having one practice location (93.8% of DCs, 80% of LAcs and 59.8% of LMTs) where they treat patients. Patient volume/week was related to practitioner type; DCs saw 83.13 (SD = 49.29) patients/week, LAcs saw 22.29 (SD = 16.88) patients/week, and LMTs saw 14.21 (SD =10.25) patients per week. Practitioners completed surveys for N = 388 practice locations. Many CAM practices were found to be multidisciplinary and/or have more than one practitioner: 9/35 (25.7%) chiropractic practices, 24/87 (27.6%) acupuncture practices, and 141/266 (53.0%) massage practices. Practice business models across CAM practitioner types were heterogeneous, e.g. sole proprietor, employee, partner, and independent contractor. CONCLUSIONS: CAM practices vary across and within disciplines in ways that can significantly impact design and implementation of practice-based research. CAM research and intervention programs need to be mindful of the heterogeneity of CAM practices in order to create appropriate interventions, study designs, and implementation plans.
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Lin, Chia-Shu. "An empirical cross-sectional survey of food retail internationalisation in Taiwanese hyper, super and traditional markets." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2009. http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/5206/.
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This doctoral thesis presents the findings from an empirical cross-sectional survey of food retail internationalisation in Taiwanese hypermarkets, supermarkets and traditional markets. A critical review of the works of Dupuis and Prime (1996) reveals erratic sales performance of hypermarkets operating in Taiwan and in other Asia-Pacific countries since 1989; this sales trend may be linked to lack of understanding of Taiwanese shopping preferences and choices (Burt and Carralero-Encinas, 2000). This led to the research question: “Can global food retailers using hypermarket store formats achieve and sustain their competitive advantage in emerging economies such as Taiwan”. This led to statement of research objectives with the overall aim to investigate how global food retailers using a hypermarket store format can successfully operate in the Taiwanese food retail market. These objectives were achieved by adopting a phenomenological research philosophy and a mix of focus group interviews and questionnaires (Churchill and Iacobucci, 2005; Saunders et al., 2007). The primary data were presented and analysed using both qualitative and quantitative techniques through employed Microsoft Excel and SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). The thesis identified six critical factors: (1) facility convenience, (2) shopping environment, (3) convenient products, (4) price incentive, (5) convenient services, and (6) shopping convenience which impact Taiwanese store patronage. The results of the factor and cluster analyses reveal that ‘facility convenience’ (with the highest alpha coefficient value of α = 0.748) has the greatest impact on five Taiwanese shopping clusters: (1) Value shoppers, (2) Environment shoppers, (3) Efficient shoppers, (4) Leisure shoppers, and (5) Convenient shoppers. Hypothesis and chi-square tests revealed a relationship between the factors and clusters, which represents sources of competitive advantage for each store format, and formed the bases for constructing a conceptual framework for retail internationalisation in Taiwan. The framework is the thesis’ major contribution to knowledge in providing better understanding of Taiwanese consumer patronage of store formats - this has series implications for global food retailers in the broad area of food retail internationalisation. The major limitation of the thesis relates to the fact that there is a limited extent to which the conceptual framework could be generalised across emerging economies in the Asia-Pacific Region. The issue of generalisability led to identification of the following two key areas for further research: • Testing the conceptual framework by widening the sample size to cover other cities in Taiwan and other emerging markets. This would make the framework more relevant to the Asia-Pacific Region. • A comparative study to identify trends in grocery shopping behaviour involving hypermarkets, supermarkets and traditional markets in Europe and Asia.
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Chen, Wei, Yang Li, Haiqin Yang, John Ehiri, Zaiping Chen, Ying Liu, Mei Wang, Shili Liu, He Tang, and Ying Li. "Is tuberculosis health education reaching the public in China? A cross-sectional survey in Guizhou Province." BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622706.
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Background: Knowledge about tuberculosis (TB) is important for TB control, and China's national TB control guidelines emphasise TB health promotion. A 2010 national TB epidemiology survey showed that the general public had limited knowledge and awareness of TB. Objective: To assess the level of TB knowledge after 5 years of TB health promotion in Guizhou Province, one of the regions with the highest TB burden in China. Design and setting: A community-based, cross-sectional survey of 10 237 residents of Guizhou Province from June to August 2015. Multiple logistic regression models were used to examine factors associated with core TB knowledge and TB health education among respondents. Results: Overall, residents of Guizhou Province had inadequate knowledge of TB. The overall awareness of TB was 41.5%. Less than 30% of respondents were familiar with China's policy of free treatment for TB or knew that the disease could be cured. Factors associated with core TB knowledge included gender, age, ethnicity, education, occupation, region, and having received TB health education. Women, older adults, people employed in non-government institutions, and those living in counties with low TB burdens had little access to TB health education, whereas people with higher education levels had greater access. Respondents' sources of TB knowledge did not necessarily match their preferred channels for delivery of TB health education. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that TB health education should be further strengthened in China and other countries with a high TB burden. TB health education programmes require further formative and implementation research in order to improve programme effectiveness.
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Breitkreuz, Chauvet Linda. "Parental stress and child anxiety and depression : A cross-sectional survey study in Sweden and Switzerland." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-18489.
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Introduction: The shift from single- to dual-earner households means that, often, both parents have joined the paid labor force. The demands of work and family can conflict, and this conflict can be a major stressor to parents in today’s high-income countries. Parental stress has been connected to child anxiety and depression, known precursors for mental disorders later on in life. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe differences between convenience samples of Swedish and Swiss parents, exploring the relationship between parental stress (high and low stress parents) and perceived symptoms of anxiety and depression in their children. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative survey was conducted among convenience samples of n=45 Swedish and n=30 Swiss parents of children ages 7-10 years. Parents were categorized as having high (> weekly) or low stress (< weekly). Raw scores from the Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) 25 parent version were calculated as the outcome. Data were analyzed using t-tests and Chi-square tests using SPSS-25. Results were considered significant at p<0.05. Results: There was a significant correlation between high parental stress and RCADS-25-P scores. Swedish parents reported having to make priorities between activities in the family schedule more often than Swiss parents. Household chores correlated positively with parental stress. Conclusion: Families in both countries report stressors, and there was observed a relationship between parental stress and perceived symptoms of anxiety and depression among their 7-10 year old children. Social support, in the form of family-friendly workplace policies, may be useful in addressing these determinants of health.Introduktion: Skiftet från enförsörjar- till tvåförsörjarhushåll innebär numera ofta att båda föräldrarna sysslar med förvärvsarbete. Det kan uppstå konflikt mellan kraven från arbete och familj, och den här konflikten kan utgöra en stor stressfaktor för föräldrar i dagens höginkomstländer. Föräldrastress har kopplats till ångest och depression bland barn, kända förelöpare till mental ohälsa senare i livet. Syfte: Syftet med den här studien är att beskriva skillnader mellan bekvämlighetsurval av svenska och schweiziska föräldrar, för att undersöka sambandet mellan föräldrastress (hög- och lågstressade föräldrar) och upplevda symptom av ångest och depression hos deras barn. Metod: En jämförande tvärsnitts-enkätstudie utfördes på ett bekvämlighetsurval av n=45 svenska och n=30 schweiziska föräldrar till barn i åldrarna 7-10 år. Föräldrar kategoriserades utefter om de upplevde hög (> varje vecka), samt låg stress (< varje vecka). En råpoäng räknades ut från Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) 25 föräldraversion som utfall. Data analyserades genom t-tester och Chi2-tester i SPSS-25. Resultaten ansågs signifikanta vid p<0,05. Resultat: Det fanns ett signifikant samband mellan föräldrars höga stressnivåer och förhöjda RADS-25-P råpoäng. Svenska föräldrar rapporterade att de oftare behövde prioritera i familjens schema än schweiziska föräldrar. Hushållssysslor korrelerade positivt med föräldrars förhöjda stressnivåer. Slutsats: Familjer från båda länderna rapporterade upplevda stressorer, och studien visar att det finns ett samband mellan föräldrastress och upplevda symptom av ångest och depression hos deras barn i åldrarna 7-10 år. Socialt stöd, i form av familjevänliga arbetsplatspolicyer, skulle kunna vara användbara för att adressera dessa bestämningsfaktorer för hälsa.
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Hargarten, Paul. "A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Health Impacts of Inorganic Arsenic in Chemical Mixtures." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3788.
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Drinking groundwater is the primary way humans accumulate arsenic. Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) (over decades) has been shown to be associated with multiple health effects at low levels (5-10 ppb) including: cancer, elevated blood pressure and cardiovascular disease, skin lesions, renal failure, and peripheral neuropathy. Using hypertension (or high blood pressure) as a surrogate marker for cardiovascular disease, we examined the effect of iAs alone and in a mixture with other metals using a cross-sectional study of adults in United States (National Health and Examination Survey, NHANES, 2005-2010) adjusting for covariates: urinary creatinine level (mg/dL), poverty index ratio (PIR, measure of socioeconomic status, 1 to 5), age, smoking (yes/no), alcohol usage, gender, non-Hispanic Black, and overweight (BMI>=25).
A logistic regression model suggests that a one-unit increase in log of inorganic arsenic increases the odds of hypertension by a factor of 1.093 (95% Confidence Interval=0.935, 1.277) adjusted for these covariates , which indicates that there was not significant evidence to claim that inorganic arsenic is a risk factor for hypertension. Biomonitoring data provides evidence that humans are not only exposed to inorganic arsenic but also to mixtures of chemicals including inorganic arsenic, total mercury, cadmium, and lead. We tested for a mixture effect of these four environmental chemicals using weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, which takes into account the correlation among the chemicals and with the outcome. For one-unit increase in the weighted sum, the adjusted odds of developing hypertension increases by a factor of 1.027 (95% CI=0.882,1.196), which is also not significant after taking into account the same covariates. The insignificant finding may be due to the low inorganic arsenic concentration (8-620 μg /L) in US drinking water, compared to those in countries like Bangladesh where the concentrations are much higher. Literature provides conflicting evidence of the association of inorganic arsenic and hypertension in low/moderate regions; future studies, especially a large cohort study, are needed to confirm if inorganic arsenic alone or with other metals is associated with hypertension in the United States.
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Sartelli, Massimo, Francesco M. Labricciosa, Pamela Barbadoro, Leonardo Pagani, Luca Ansaloni, Adrian J. Brink, Jean Carlet, et al. "The Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery: defining a model for antimicrobial stewardship—results from an international cross-sectional survey." BIOMED CENTRAL LTD, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625526.
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Background: Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASPs) have been promoted to optimize antimicrobial usage and patient outcomes, and to reduce the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant organisms. However, the best strategies for an ASP are not definitively established and are likely to vary based on local culture, policy, and routine clinical practice, and probably limited resources in middle-income countries. The aim of this study is to evaluate structures and resources of antimicrobial stewardship teams (ASTs) in surgical departments from different regions of the world. Methods: A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted in 2016 on 173 physicians who participated in the AGORA (Antimicrobials: A Global Alliance for Optimizing their Rational Use in Intra-Abdominal Infections) project and on 658 international experts in the fields of ASPs, infection control, and infections in surgery. Results: The response rate was 19.4%. One hundred fifty-six (98.7%) participants stated their hospital had a multidisciplinary AST. The median number of physicians working inside the team was five [interquartile range 4-6]. An infectious disease specialist, a microbiologist and an infection control specialist were, respectively, present in 80.1, 76.3, and 67.9% of the ASTs. A surgeon was a component in 59.0% of cases and was significantly more likely to be present in university hospitals (89.5%, p < 0.05) compared to community teaching (83.3%) and community hospitals (66.7%). Protocols for pre-operative prophylaxis and for antimicrobial treatment of surgical infections were respectively implemented in 96.2 and 82.3% of the hospitals. The majority of the surgical departments implemented both persuasive and restrictive interventions (72.8%). The most common types of interventions in surgical departments were dissemination of educational materials (62.5%), expert approval (61.0%), audit and feedback (55.1%), educational outreach (53.7%), and compulsory order forms (51.5%). Conclusion: The survey showed a heterogeneous organization of ASPs worldwide, demonstrating the necessity of a multidisciplinary and collaborative approach in the battle against antimicrobial resistance in surgical infections, and the importance of educational efforts towards this goal.
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Takeuchi, Naomi. "A CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS OF MALE CONTRACEPTIVE USE AND ATTITUDES AT THE CLAREMONT COLLEGES." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1163.
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This study investigates cisgender, heterosexual male opinions regarding contraceptive use at the Claremont Colleges to determine current sexual practices and discern receptibility to novel types of birth control. The number of contraceptives available to women has gone through a significant incline within the past century while male birth control remains limited to withdrawal, condoms, vasectomy and abstinence. Using data collected from students through an online survey, the study addresses the following research questions: 1. What is the landscape of sexual behavior for cisgender, heterosexual men at the Claremont Colleges? 2. How are men situated in family planning as users of current and potential forms of birth control? The results of the study show that men at the Claremont Colleges are active participants in contraception and are receptive to novel birth control options under certain conditions and for various reasons. Participants in the study reveal a need to increase visibility of men’s opinions of male birth control and to emphasize the attitudes of young adults in discussing the responsibility distribution associated with birth control.
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Fong, Ki-kin Kenneth. "Correlation of obesity with tea consumption in a Hong Kong general practice population a cross-sectional survey /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31971738.
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Fong, Ki-kin Kenneth, and 方其健. "Correlation of obesity with tea consumption in a Hong Kong general practice population: a cross-sectional survey." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31971738.
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Zenger, Markus, and Winfried Häuser. "Validation of the Patient-Doctor-Relationship Questionnaire (PDRQ-9) in a Representative Cross- Sectional German Population Survey." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-142630.
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The patient-doctor relationship (PDR) as perceived by the patient is an important concept in primary care and
psychotherapy. The PDR Questionnaire (PDRQ-9) provides a brief measure of the therapeutic aspects of the PDR in primary
care. We assessed the internal and external validity of the German version of the PDRQ-9 in a representative crosssectional
German population survey that included 2,275 persons aged$14 years who reported consulting with a primary
care physician (PCP). The acceptance of the German version of this questionnaire was good. Confirmatory factor analysis
demonstrated that the PRDQ-9 was unidimensional. The internal reliability (Cronbach’s a) of the total score was .95. The
corrected item-total correlations were$.94. The mean satisfaction index of persons with a probable depressive disorder was
lower than that of persons without a probable depressive disorder, indicating good discriminative concurrent criterion
validity. The correlation coefficient between satisfaction with PDR and satisfaction with pain therapy was r = .51 in 489
persons who reported chronic pain, indicating good convergent validity. Despite the limitation of low variance in the PDRQ-
9 total scores, the results indicate that the German version of the PDRQ-9 is a brief questionnaire with good psychometric
properties to assess German patients’ perceived therapeutic alliance with PCPs in public health research.
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Kohlenberger, Judith, Isabella Buber-Ennser, Bernhard Rengs, Sebastian Leitner, and Michael Landesmann. "Barriers to health care access and service utilization of refugees in Austria: Evidence from a cross-sectional survey." Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2019.01.014.
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This paper provides evidence on (1) refugees' subjective well-being, (2) their access and barriers to health care utilization and (3) their perception of health care provision in Austria, one of the countries most heavily affected by the European "refugee crisis". It is based on primary data from the Refugee Health and Integration Survey (ReHIS), a cross-sectional survey of roughly five hundred Syrian, Iraqi and Afghan refugees. Results indicate that refugees' self-rated health falls below the resident population's, in particular for female and Afghan refugees. Whereas respondents state overall high satisfaction with the Austrian health system, two in ten male and four in ten female refugees report unmet health needs. Most frequently cited barriers include scheduling conflicts, long waiting lists, lack of knowledge about doctors, and language. Although treatment costs were not frequently considered as barriers, consultation of specialist medical services frequently associated with co-payment by patients, in particular dental care, are significantly less often consulted by refugees than by Austrians. Refugees reported comparably high utilization of hospital services, with daycare treatment more common than inpatient stays. We recommend to improve refugees' access to health care in Austria by a) improving the information flow about available treatment, in particular specialists, b) fostering dental health care for refugees, and c) addressing language barriers by providing (web-based) interpretation services.
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Quispe-Cañari, Jean Franco, Evelyn Fidel-Rosales, Diego Manrique, Jesús Mascaró-Zan, Katia Medalith Huamán-Castillón, Scherlli E. Chamorro–Espinoza, Humberto Garayar–Peceros, et al. "Self-medication practices during the COVID-19 pandemic among the adult population in Peru: A cross-sectional survey." Elsevier B.V, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/655713.
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Self-medication impacts both negatively and positively the health of people, which has become evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study aimed to assess the prevalence of self-medicated drugs used for respiratory symptoms, as COVID-19 preventive, for its symptoms or once tested positive. To determine the perception of symptom relief and demographic variables that promote self-medication in Peru. We performed a cross-sectional, analytical, multicenter study in 3792 study respondents on the use, the reason for use, and perception of relief after the use of six drugs during the quarantine period. An online questionnaire was developed, pretested and submitted to the general public. Multivariable logistic regression was used to ascertain factors that influence an individual's desire to self-medicate, associations were considered significant at p < 0.05 and using region (coast, mountain and jungle) as cluster group. The majority of respondents self-medicated with acetaminophen for respiratory symptoms and mainly because they had a cold or flu. It was observed that all the surveyed drugs (acetaminophen, ibuprofen, azithromycin, penicillin, antiretrovirals and hydroxychloroquine) were consumed for various symptoms including: fever, fatigue, cough, sneezing, muscle pain, nasal congestion, sore throat, headache and breathing difficulty. Over 90% of respondents perceived relief of at least one symptom. Multivariable logistic regression showed that older people have a higher frequency of antiretroviral self-medication, respondents who currently have a job had a higher frequency of penicillin self-medication, and that respondents from the Andes consumed less acetaminophen, while the ones from the rainforest consumed it more. There were significant percentages of self-medication, including drugs without sufficient scientific evidence. Age, region where one lived and job status were variables associated with self-medication frequency. Continuous awareness and sensitization about the risks of self-medication are warranted.Revisión por pares
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Chen, Ching-Ju. "The investigation and measurement of quality of sleep in individuals with osteoarthritis in Taiwan : a cross-sectional survey." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-investigation-and-measurement-of-quality-of-sleep-in-individuals-with-osteoarthritis-in-taiwan-a-crosssectional-survey(d21a51b4-9048-4f15-98cb-62da596285d0).html.
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Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA), a degenerative musculoskeletal disease affecting joints, is characterised by pain and poor physical functioning, resulting in poor health related quality of life (HRQoL), emotional well-being and quality of sleep. There are few studies in this area in Taiwan. Aim and objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate how quality of sleep impacts on quality of life in individuals with OA in Taiwan. Specific objectives were to measure quality of sleep; to measure pain, physical function, emotional health and quality of life, and investigate their associations with quality of sleep; to investigate predictors of quality of sleep; and to investigate the association between subjective sleep perceptions and objective sleep outcomes. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 192 OA patients aged over 40, diagnosed by radiology, fluent in Mandarin or Taiwanese, and residing in the community were recruited from musculoskeletal or rehabilitation outpatient departments in a university hospital in Taiwan from October 2010 to March 2011. A supervised self-completion questionnaire was used to collect data. Four validated Mandarin Chinese versions of questionnaires were used: the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) to measure pain and physical functioning; the Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) to measure HRQoL; the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) to measure emotional health; and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to measure subjective quality of sleep. A sub-sample of 30 individuals was recruited to measure objective sleep quality using an Actigraph wrist monitor. Data were encoded, entered onto computer and analysed with SPSS 16.0 software. Results: Most participants had poor subjective quality of sleep (70.3%), but only 19.8% were taking sleep medication. Global quality of sleep was poorer in participants who were older, female, had a low educational level and had more severe OA. Pain was mild-to-moderate but 47.4% and 25.5% of participants reported no or poor self-management of OA symptoms respectively, and 66.7% never used a walking aid. Poor quality of sleep was associated with pain, poor physical function, anxiety, depression and low scores on the physical and mental components of HRQoL (Pearson correlations 0.27 to 0.87), although most participants did not present problems with anxiety or depression. Regression showed that taking sleep medication, SF-36 role physical and social functioning, high HADS anxiety, a lack of secondary education, high WOMAC pain and taking analgesics significantly contributed to poor global quality of sleep. Path analysis identified four components potentially causing poor quality of sleep: an OA component (pain and physical function), a sleep medication component, a psychological component (anxiety) and a sociodemographic component (low education and poor social functioning), where being female was causally related to the last two. From the objective measurements, participants overestimated the actual time to fall asleep and underestimated their sleep duration and efficiency. Those with poor subjective quality of sleep were woken more often during the night and awake for longer during the night (both p < 0.027). Conclusion: Global quality of sleep was poor in individuals with OA in Taiwan; pain, physical function and emotional health negatively influenced quality of sleep and HRQoL. A hypothesised causal model for quality of sleep had components related not only to OA but also to psychological distress, socio-demographics and taking sleep medication. Objective measurements indicated that sleep disturbance was associated with poor perceived quality of sleep. The study suggests that better support and guidance on self-management of OA in Taiwan is required to allow patients more control over their health, well being and quality of sleep.
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Preczewski, Stanley C. "Measuring self-directedness for continuing learning : a cross-sectional survey approach using the ODDI continuing learning inventory (OCLI) /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9840027.
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Bhandari, Sakun [Verfasser]. "A cross-sectional survey on rehabilitation and reintegration programs for convicted inmates at Central Jail of Kathmandu / Sakun Bhandari." München : GRIN Verlag, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1182109179/34.
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MacLean, Brian. "The Islington crime survey 1985 : a cross-sectional study of crime and policing in the London Borough of Islington." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.665974.
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Adejayan, O. I. "Reasons for encouter and diagnoses at primary care level in the North West Province : a prospective cross sectional survey." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97201.
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Introduction
Primary health care in South Africa is predominantly provided by clinics and Community Health Centres (CHC). These primary care facilities are situated in the community to ensure accessibility to care. 1 As part of ensuring quality planning, implementation and transformation of the health system, good knowledge of which cases are prevalent at our primary health facilities is important. Thus the rationale for this study as to know what are the reasons our patients come to our facilities and which diagnoses are made by the attending health care workers based on these reasons.
Aim
The aim of this study was to describe the spectrum of clinical and non-clinical problems encountered and the diagnoses made at our primary care facilities in the North West province of South Africa.
Methods
A prospective, cross-sectional survey at 19 Clinics and 5 Community Health Centres in 4 sub-districts of the Ngaka Modiri Molemma District of NW Province, South Africa.
The International Classification of Primary Care-Version 2 (ICPC-2) was used to code data on selected days over a 10-month period from patients presenting at the participating clinics and community health centres.
Results
In total, 5082 patient encounters were recorded of which 3438 (67.7%) were females while 1644 ( 32.3%) were males. The category with highest reasons for encounter (RFE) was the general and unspecific component with 16.5% (n = 1202), followed by the respiratory component at 14.7% (n= 1066) and the cardiovascular component at 12.1% (n=882). The most common diagnoses were in the general component at 16.5% (n= 981) followed by cardiovascular at 16.0% (n= 951) and the respiratory component at 14.5% (n= 865).
The average numbers of RFE was 1.4 per encounter among females and 1.5 amongst males. Diagnoses per encounter averaged 1.2 among females and males. Younger people under 40 years of age 67% (n = 3409) and females 68% (n = 3438) made up the majority of encounters.
Conclusion
Of all the health care facilities surveyed, there were mixtures of RFEs and various diagnoses of mixture of disease components. There were very few patients that came to the facilities for administrative purposes. Majority of the attendees were women. Collection of hypertension medication was the most common reason for encounter (RFE) with uncomplicated hypertension being the commonest diagnoses while psychosocial and problems related to male genitals were the least RFEs. There were more RFEs presented by patients than the diagnoses made by the attending HCWs. The ICPC-2 is a very user friendly tool that can be successfully utilised to monitor encounters and diagnoses at any health care facilities.
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Omozuanvbo, Ikpefan Ewan. "Reasons for encounter and diagnosis in patients seen in Limpopo Province primary health care : a prospective cross-sectional survey." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/98213.
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Thesis (MFamMed)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.Introduction Since 1994 the South African health care system has been undergoing considerable transformation as new health challenges emerges locally and globally. Limpopo and Mopani primary healthcare in particular is not an exception. The information on the reasons for encounter and diagnosis in primary care will create an opportunity to focus on proper planning for the delivery of quality health care that is relevant to the people, socially justifiable and cost effective. The study aimed to determine the range and prevalence of reasons for encounter and diagnoses found among patients attending primary care facilities in Limpopo. Methods Design: A prospective cross-sectional survey Setting: Primary health care centers, clinics and mobile clinics in Mopani district of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Selection of facilities, primary care providers and patients: Patient encounters were obtained from twenty-nine randomnly selected primary care facilities by trained primary care practitioners with data collection sheets. Data collection: The data collection days were spread across all days of the week and across the whole period from July 2009 to March 2010. Analysis: The international classification of primary care (ICPC-2) was used to code and analyse the data. Results A total of 6,666 patient encounters were recorded. Females 4598 (69%), accounted for more than two thirds of all contacts and children aged 0-4 years were the largest age group. Overall the commonest reasons for encounter were cough (13.0%), repeat family planning (8.4%) and headaches (5.7%). The commonest diagnoses were cough/upper respiratory tract infection (16.9%), hypertension (5.7%) and HIV/AIDS (2.6%). The top 20 reasons for encounter (RFE) and diagnoses are presented for all patients, men and women as well as children < 5 years. Conclusion Primary care nurse practitioners, clinical associates and general medical practitioners need to be competent to assess and manage the common RFE and diagnoses in order to deliver comprehensive health care at the primary level.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Nie beskikbaar
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Kawiya, Harry Henry. "Missed opportunities to address mental health of people living with HIV in Zomba, Malawi: a cross-sectional clinic survey." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32247.
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Background. Common mental disorders (CMDs), including depression and anxiety disorders, and risky alcohol use are highly prevalent among people living with HIV. Yet, many studies have found that most people who suffer from mental disorders do not receive treatment, especially in low-income countries. Given people living with HIV frequent health services, this represents a missed opportunity for identification and treatment that could improve physical and mental health outcomes. The aim of this study was to identify missed opportunities to address mental health of people living with HIV in Malawi. Four types of missed opportunities were operationalised for this study. The first two address missed opportunities for screening or identification For missed opportunity #1, a respondent had to screen positive for mental health problem (depression/anxiety or alcohol use ; and in any of their visits to the clinic in the past 12 months, the clinical officer or nurse did not ask about their mental health. Missed opportunity definition #2 was a more nuanced missed opportunity for identification of probable mental health problems. A respondent had to be undetected for mental health problems; and in any of his or her visits to the clinic in the past 12 months, the clinical officer or nurse did not ask about his or her mental health and s/he wanted to receive advice or treatment about his or her mental health problems. The second to definitions address missed opportunities for treatment. For missed opportunity definition #3, a respondent had to screen positive for mental health problem and if in any of his or her visits to the clinic in the past 12 months, and s/he did not receive advice or treatment. For missed opportunity definition #4, a more nuanced missed opportunity for the treatment of probable mental health problem: a respondent had to screen positive for a mental health problem; s/he wanted to receive advice or treatment about his or her mental health problems/alcohol use; and in any of their visits to the clinic in the past 12 months, s/he did not receive treatment for a mental disorder/risky alcohol use. Methods. A a random of participants receiving HIV care were approached while they were waiting for their consultation at three ART clinics namely: Tisungane, Matawale and Domasi. Those who consented to participants were interviewed in a private room. The Self-Reporting Questionnaire-20 (SRQ-20) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) were used to detect probable cases of CMDs and clients consuming alcohol at risky levels. Following v administration of the SRQ-20 and AUDIT, participants were asked if clinical officers (COs) or nurses inquired about their feelings (sad or worried) or alcohol consumption during their routine visits to ART clinics, thus eliciting data on identification by healthcare workers or identification of CMD symptoms. The participants were also asked whether advice or treatment was recommended and whether they would have liked to receive advice or treatment regarding their feelings or risky alcohol use. Descriptive statistics were utilized to calculate prevalence estimates of missed opportunities and multiple logistic regression models were used to determine the factors associated with missed opportunities for mental health service provision. Results. The study had 382 participants. The proportion of participants who screened at risk was 77 (20.2%) for probable CMDs and 16 (4.2%) for risky alcohol use. The proportion of participants who screened at risk for any mental health problem (depression, anxiety and risky alcohol use) was 87 (22.8%). Participants who were asked by clinical officers and nurses about CMD symptoms and alcohol use were 92 (24.1%) and 89 (23.3%) respectively. Of the entire sample, 351 (91.9%) participants wanted to receive advice or treatment and 26 (29.9%) received advice or treatment. Missed opportunities to address the mental health of people living with HIV were found to be as follows: definition #1, 40 participants (46.0%); definition #2, 35 participants (40.2%); definition #3, 87 participants (100%) and definition #4, 66 participants (75.9%). After adjusting for other variables in the model female gender was significantly associated with missed opportunity definition #1. After adjusting for other variables in the model female participants were more likely to meet criteria for missed opportunity definition #2 than male participants. Furthermore, older participants were less likely to meet criteria for missed opportunity definition #2 compared to younger participants. Participants who were employed were less likely to meet criteria for missed opportunity definition #2. In the same vein, participants who were spending less were less likely to meet criteria for missed opportunity definition #2. Given all participants met criteria, we were unable to develop logistic regression models. There were no significant associations for missed opportunity definition #4. Conclusion. Approximately one fifth of the sample recruited screened at risk for CMDs and most clients wanted to receive advice or treatment. Despite over 40% of the participants reporting being asked about CMD symptoms, PHC workers did not provide advice or treatments to 75.9% of clients. There is need to advocate for screening of mental health problems including alcohol use and treatment in all ART clinics in Malawi.
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Eekhout, Juan Darryl. "Current Physical Conditioning Knowledge of High-School Athletic Coaches in the Johannesburg-North Education District – A Cross Sectional Survey." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31575.
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Sports injuries in the adolescent are becoming more frequent as more athletes participate in sporting activity, and sport is the leading cause of injury in the adolescent. Appropriate physical conditioning of the adolescent which includes a warm-up session, endurance training, strengthening exercises and balance training have shown to reduce the rate of injury during pre-season and in-season training. The aim of this study was to establish the current knowledge of athletic coaches in the Johannesburg-North Education District, in the physical conditioning of high-school middle- and long-distance runners. There was no validated questionnaire available to complete this study, so a questionnaire was designed based on the most recent evidence regarding each item. Athletic coaches at each school were selected based on the following inclusion criteria: that they worked at high schools and/or secondary schools whose students participated in middle and long distance running, that they spoke and understood English, that they worked at private and/or public schools, and that they were either gender. There were 33 high schools in the Johannesburg-North Education District that completed the survey out of a possible 42 high schools, a response rate of 78 per cent. Following the statistical analysis of the results, it was found that the questionnaire had an internal consistency (reliability co-efficient) of 0.92. The coaches scored on average 67 per cent for the questionnaire, showing that they had a good knowledge of the physical conditioning concepts. The only significant relationship found was between the coaches’ scores for the use of balance and proprioceptive exercises and age. In conclusion it was found that coaches in both public and private schools have correct physical conditioning knowledge with regards to high school middle and long distance runners. Recommendations are made with regards to future policy, and the researcher suggests that future studies should involve testing the coaches’ practical application of their knowledge.Dissertation (MPhysT)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
Physiotherapy
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Mashanda-Tafaune, Blessing. "Pain knowledge and attitudes of final year medical students at the University of Cape Town: a cross-sectional survey." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33792.
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Background: Pain is the most common presenting complaint in patients visiting a healthcare facility. Healthcare professionals need adequate knowledge of pain to be able to manage it effectively. Aim: To determine the Pain Knowledge and Attitudes of the 2018 final year medical students at the University of Cape Town (UCT). Setting: The study was conducted by the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine in the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa with final year medical students Methods: Unruh's Modified Pain Knowledge and Attitudes (MPKA) questionnaire was utilized to collect data in a cross-sectional survey using an internet-based electronic format. Results: A total of 104 students out of 232 students in the class (44.8%) participated in the study. The total median score on the MPKA questionnaire was 46 (IQR 44- 50.5) out of 57, or 80.7%(IQR 77.2-88.6%).The participants performed worst in the section on the pharmacological management of pain with median scores of 6 (IQR 4- 8) (55%) correct out of 11 questions. Conclusion: Pain knowledge, especially with regards to the pharmacological aspects of pain management, has some important deficiencies in these final year medical students. It appears that the undergraduate curriculum and teaching thereof would benefit from a review of the pain curriculum.
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Swenson, Victor, and Mattias Ekberg. "Usage of Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in a sample of New Zealanders with osteoarthritis : A cross-sectional study." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Avdelningen för fysioterapi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-171613.
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Introduction Oral Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) is an analgesia and is commonly used by people with osteoarthritis (OA). Oral NSAID is currently recommended as the second level of treatment for OA, and could be considered if physical activity, topical NSAID or paracetamol do not supply sufficient pain relief. Aim To investigate how frequently oral NSAID is used in a sample of New Zealanders with OA and also to investigate the exposure to heightened risk of adverse events while using oral NSAID. Method A cross-sectional survey was conducted to collect information about the use of oral NSAID by people with self-reported OA. The survey included 75 participants who were over the age of 45 with an average age of 70.6 years. Results While having OA, 57,3% of the sample reported oral NSAID use. The results also show that 52% of the participants with cardiovascular (CV), gastrointestinal (GI) or renal comorbidities used oral NSAID, and 17,3% of them also combined that NSAID with medication for their comorbidity. Concerning the heightened risks of adverse events, 21% of the participants did acquire the analgesia over the counter (OTC), and 76,6% stated that they were over the age of 65. Conclusion A majority of the participants in the study with self-reported OA take NSAID as an analgesia. Also, the study shows that NSAID is commonly used among participants with co-morbidity, which is similar to figures presented in previous studies in the area. However, the small sample size limits its generalizability to a larger population.Introduktion Orala icke-steroida antiinflammatoriska läkemedel (NSAID) är en grupp smärtstillande mediciner som är vanligt använt av personer mer artros. Orala NSAID-preparat rekommenderas idag som en andrahandsbehandling och kan övervägas om fysisk aktivitet, topikala NSAID-preparat eller paracetamol inte ger tillräcklig smärtlindrande effekt. Syfte Att undersöka hur vanligt användandet av orala NSAID-preparat är i ett stickprov av personer med artros i Nya Zeeland samt att undersöka exponering av orala NSAID-preparat i subgrupper med ökad risk för biverkningar vid användande av orala NSAID-preparat. Metod En tvärsnittsstudie genomfördes för att samla in information kring användning av orala NSAID-preparat av personer med självrapporterad artros. Studiepopulationen bestod av 75 personer över 45 års ålder med en medelålder på 70,6 år. Resultat 57,3% av deltagarna använder orala NSAID-preparat som behandling för sin självrapporterad artros. Gällande subgrupper med ökad risk för biverkning av NSAID användning visar studien att 52% av deltagare med kardiovaskulära, gastrointestinala eller njurpåverkade sjukdomar använder orala NSAID-preparat och av dessa kombinerar 17,3% NSAID-preparaten med medicin för sin samsjuklighet. Av deltagarna som uppgav att de använder orala NSAID-preparat erhåller 21% av dessa NSAID-preparaten receptfritt över disk. Av deltagare som var 65 år eller äldre uppgav 76,6% att de använder orala NSAID-preparat för behandling av artros. Slutsats En majoritet av deltagarna med självrapporterad artros tar orala NSAID-preparat i smärtstillande syfte för sin artros. Studien visar också att NSAID ofta används bland deltagare med samsjuklighet, vilket motsvarar presenterade siffror från tidigare studier inom området. Den lilla stickprovsstorleken begränsar emellertid studiens generaliserbahet gentemot en större population.
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Miller, Emily, Jodi L. Southerland, Deborah L. Slawson, Shimin Zheng, Yan Cao, Deborah L. Slawson, and Lori Paisley. "A Cross-Sectional Study of Suicidal Behaviors and Physical Activity among 65,182 Middle School Students in Tennessee USA." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/133.
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Introduction. Suicide-related fatalities are the third leading cause of death among adolescents, resulting in approximately 4,600 deaths annually. According to findings from the 2005 National College Health Assessment, engagement in weekly physical activity (PA) reduced the risk of suicidal behaviors. Data from the 2010 middle school Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) administered by Tennessee Coordinated School Health this study investigates the cross-sectional relationships of PA with suicidal behaviors, while simultaneously considering explanatory variables such as personal characteristics, sedentary behaviors, drug use, extreme weight control behaviors (EWCB), body mass index (BMI) and weight misperception. Methods. This is a secondary analysis of data from the 2010 Tennessee Middle School YRBS conducted among 65,182 middle school students of which 60,715 students were included in the final analysis. Items assessed were PA, sports team engagement, PE class, sedentary behaviors, suicidal behaviors, drug use, EWCB, BMI, weight misperception and selected personal characteristics. A bivariate analysis was used to create simple descriptive statistics, including means, standard deviations and proportions. Overall, approximately 21.15% (N= 13,704) reported suicidal behaviors, specifically, 18.30% reported ever having thoughts of suicide, 11.13% had ever made a suicide plan and 7.02% had one or more suicide attempts in their lifetime. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to compare the odds of experiencing suicidal behaviors in adolescents who engaged in PA, sports teams, and PE class, with students who did not perform these activities. We used odds ratios (OR) to assess effect size (ES), rather than p-values to assess statistical significance due to the study’s large sample size. As general rules of thumb, there is a small effect size when ES=0.20 or OR = 1.44, 0.694, medium effect size when ES=0.50 or OR = 2.47, 0.405 and large effect size when ES=0.80 or OR = 4.25, 0.235. Results. Based on ES, age, race/ethnicity, gender, grade in school, sports team engagement, PE class attendance, sedentary behaviors, drug use and EWCB were associated with suicidal behaviors. Associations were strongest for drug/substance use and EWCB and suicidal behaviors, both with large ESs. Although weakened when controlling for other independent variables, the ES of race/ethnicity (other vs white non-Hispanic), gender, sports team engagement, drug/substance use and EWCB on suicidal behaviors were >0.20. The ES of age, PE class attendance, and sedentary behaviors were <0.20. Conclusion. Findings suggest that sports team engagement is associated with reduced risk for suicidal behaviors; whereas, no effects were found for PA or PE class attendance. Asking adolescents questions about sports team engagement may help screen for risk of suicidal behaviors.
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Ruscheniko, Iona Helen Felicity. "Perceptions of academic workload with particular reference to research : a cross sectional survey of lecturing staff at the Port Elizabeth Technikon." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52399.
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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Change characterises life in the early twenty first century and higher education is no exception. Higher education in South Africa is currently in a considerable state of flux which ultimately is actualised at institutional level. It is academic staff who encounter these changes first hand. Technikon lecturers, in particular, are faced with additional challenges not faced by their university counterparts - they have been called upon to change from a primarily vocational to an academic alignment as a result of technikons being given the right to award degrees. This study conducts a cross sectional survey of academic staff at the Port Elizabeth Technikon to identify their academic workload, with particular reference to their research function. It also seeks to establish whether lecturers consider themselves to be adequately prepared for their research function. A review of the literature reveals that lecturers in higher education are involved in a wide variety of activities, the main ones being teaching, research, service, and scholarship. The literature review also shows that in overseas institutions with missions similar to the technikons, lecturers experienced changes to their workload as a result of the restructuring of higher education. The empirical study shows that academic staff at the Port Elizabeth Technikon have much in common with their international peers in terms of the changes and pressures that have been experienced. The work reality for lecturers at the named institution includes all the traditional elements associated with being academic: teaching, research, service and scholarship. Although research is a new function, this has been positively embraced by most staff and that in most cases lecturers consider themselves to be adequately prepared for this function. The empirical study also shows that more than one third of the respondents do not support the institutional vision of becoming "the first choice technological university of South Africa". Further, the study shows that, in common with other studies, staff were of the opinion that the institution undervalues teaching and that research attracts more recognition and rewards. Finally, it shows that significant numbers of staff work in excess of 50 hours per week and carry teaching loads that are greater than the institutional guidelines. Recommendations are made on the basis of these findings and a further avenue of research is suggested.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verandering is 'n kenmerk van die lewe in die vroee een-en-twintigste eeu en hoer onderwys is geen uitsondering nie. Hoer onderwys in Suid-Afrika ervaar tans 'n besonderse toe stand van veranderlikheid, maar dit is uiteindelik op onderwysinrigtingvlak wat did tot verwerkliking kom. Dit is akademiese personeel wat hierdie veranderings eerstehands ondervind. In die besonder word Technikonpersoneel gekonfronteer met uitdagings waaraan hulle universiteitsewekniee nie blootgestel word nie - daar word van hulle vereis om van 'n primere beroeps-orientering oor te skakel na 'n akademiese ingesteldheid as gevolg van die feit dat technikons die mandaat verkry het om grade toe te ken. Hierdie studie het 'n opname onder akademiese personeel aan die Port Elizabethse Technikon gedoen om vas te stel wat die personeel se akademiese werkslading is, met besondere verwysing na hulle navorsingsfunksie. Die ondersoek poog ook om vas te stel of lektore van mening is dat hulle genoegsaam voorberei is vir hulle navorsingsfunksie. 'n Literatuuroorsig toon dat lektore in hoer onderwys betrokke is by 'n bree verskeidenheid aktiwiteite, waarvan die belangrikste onderrig, navorsing, dienslewering en vakkundigheid (scholarship) is. Die literatuurstudie toon ook dat in ander lande aan inrigtings met soortgelyke doelstellings as die technikons, lektore veranderings in hulle werksladings ondervind het as gevolg van die herstrukturering van hoer onderwys wat teen die einde van die twintigste eeu plaasgevind het. Die empiriese studie toon dat akademiese personeel aan die Port Elizabethse Technikon met betrekking tot die veranderings en druk wat ondervind word veel in gemeen het met hulle intemasionale ewekniee, Die realiteit in die werkplek vir lektore by genoemde inrigting sluit al die tradisionele elemente in wat verband hou met die akademie: onderrig, navorsing, diens en vakkundigheid (scholarship). Alhoewel navorsing 'n nuwe funksie is, is dit deur die meerderheid personeel positief aanvaar en in die meeste gevalle is lektore van mening dat hulle vir hierdie funksie voldoende voorberei is. Die empiriese studie toon ook dat meer as een derde van die respondente nie die institusionele visie om "die eerste-keuse tegnologiese universiteit van Suid-Afrika te wees" ondersteun rue. Voorts toon die studie soos ook in ander studies, dat personeel van mening was dat die inrigting onderrig geringskat en dat meer erkenning en belonings aan navorsing gegee word. Laastens toon dit dat 'n beduidende aantal personeellede meer as 50 uur per week werk- en onderrigladings dra wat meer is as die riglyne van die inrigting. Op grond van hierdie bevindings word aanbevelings gemaak en 'n verdere navorsingsrigting voorgestel.
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Jenks, Cassandra. "Management of Obesity in Primary Care: A Cross-Sectional Needs Assessment Survey of Behavioral Weight Management Interventions from the Patient Perspective." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/581132.
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Over two thirds of adults in the United States are affected by overweight or obesity. Weight management, which requires multi-component, intensive interventions targeting dietary and physical activity behaviors, should be offered as part of routine primary care services. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of evidence to guide the implementation of feasible and effective strategies within primary care settings. This DNP Project utilized a cross-sectional descriptive needs-assessment to survey obese patients' perceptions and preferences regarding weight and the primary care provider role in weight management. The findings from the needs assessment were used to inform the development of a feasible, patient-centered, weight management program.
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Frishtick, Jennie. "Liberal Arts, Religion, and Irreligion: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Student Religiosity and Secularity at the Claremont Colleges." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/834.
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This study measures levels of religiosity and secularity among students at the Claremont Colleges, including students’ (ir)religious affiliations, beliefs, and practices. The religious landscape in the U.S. is shifting in multiple ways, and young adults feature prominently in these changes. Using data from an online survey of students, the present study addresses the following research questions: What is the (ir)religious makeup of the student body at the Claremont Colleges? Do the observed patterns mirror those of the general U.S. population? The results of this study show that the sample population at the Claremont Colleges is much less religious than the U.S. as a whole in terms of affiliation, beliefs, and practices. The findings highlight the shifting religious landscape in the U.S., particularly in the younger population, and the importance of understanding these shifts in order to best serve the needs of students.
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Le, Roux Loretta Zelda. "A cross-sectional survey to assess the competence of students registered for the B.Cur. programme at the University of the Western Cape." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2138_1254492937.
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The purpose of this study was to describe the extent to which the B.Cur. programme at the University of the Western Cape prepared graduating learners for professional competence. The results of the study indicated progression in competence did not occur as students progressed through higher levels of their training, except the third year of study.
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Ilesanmi-Oyelere, Bolaji Lilian. "Influence of lifestyle choices and risk behaviours for obesity among young adult women in the United Arab Emirates University: a cross-sectional survey." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Health Sciences Centre, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7003.
Full textAbstract:
The impact of a rapid economic growth on the patterns and trends of overweight and
obesity is profound. Obesity is closely linked to lifestyle choices and the risk
behaviours that lead to obesity-related morbidities in young adults can be traced to the
acceptable norms from childhood through to adulthood. The aims of this study were to
estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity using the World Health
Organization classification and to investigate the influence of perceptions/beliefs and
health-risk behaviours and their association with overweight and obesity among
female university students of the United Arab Emirates University. A cross-sectional
survey of the lifestyle choices, risk behaviours and perceptions of obesity with the
Body Mass Index (BMI) status of 321 young adult women aged 18-30 years was
conducted using a self-administered questionnaire. The female students responded to
questions about their diet and physical activity patterns. They reported their
height/weight, and weight-related measurements were taken to calculate the BMI.
Overall, 20.2% of the students were overweight while 8.40% were obese. The
likelihood of being overweight or obese was higher among students who were older,
married and had a family history of obesity. Faculty of study (p=0.018) was
significantly associated with prevalence of overweight and obesity. Many of the
students did not consume fruits and vegetables or eat breakfast daily. Students who
spent long hours on sedentary activities were more likely to be obese, with lack of
time reported as a major reason for physical inactivity. Respondents wanted to lose
weight most commonly for better health and well-being and because of problems with
clothes sizes. In view of the high number of health risk behaviours and prevalence of
overweight and obesity, prompt action is needed to initiate and sustain interventions
and preventive measures that could change the health-compromising behaviours
associated with excess weight.
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Elmes, Amanda Jane. "A cross sectional survey to determine the age of emergence of permanent teeth of Caucasian children of the Colchester area of the UK." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/14186.
Full textAbstract:
There is a general assumption that permanent teeth in children are emerging into the oral cavity earlier than the dates given in published scientific studies conducted many years ago. In the course of this research a rigorous experimental protocol was devised to provide reliable data collection and analysis methods and give contemporary emergence rate estimations with a strong scientific basis. In addition equations are presented to predict the chronological age of children using only the sex of the child and the number of permanent teeth present. Data was collected between April 1998 and July 2001 from 12,395 children between 4 and 15 years of age, in the Colchester area of the UK. The results show that the ages of emergence of the permanent teeth are later than previously assumed. This research also confirms previous research showing that girl's teeth emerge before boy's teeth, that there is no statistical difference in the age of emergence contra-lateral teeth in the same arch and that there is a statistical difference in the age of emergence of ipsi-lateral teeth in opposing arches.
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Owens, Thea Angela. "A Cross Sectional Survey of High School Biology/Life Science Teachers’ Presentation of Genetic Counseling and Health Care Career Options in their Classrooms." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1218810536.
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Katono, Isaac Wasswa. "Cultural predictions of entrepreneurial orientation and the moderating role of entrepreneurial competencies on graduate entrepreneurial intentions: A cross-sectional survey of East Africa." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32745.
Full textAbstract:
This research project examines a theoretical gap (impact of culture on entrepreneurial orientation EO) to try and mitigate a practical problem (unemployment) among graduates in three East African countries: Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Unemployment would be mitigated if only graduates embraced entrepreneurship by starting their own business projects, and many governments have encouraged their youth/graduates to do this. Unfortunately, graduate student interest in entrepreneurial activities in many countries in Africa is very low, and the three study countries are no exception to this trend. While many explanations have been advanced for this phenomenon, a key theoretical gap left unattended in entrepreneurship research is the way in which culture impacts upon EO and how this affects entrepreneurial intention (EI), yet EO is often considered the most important variable in the formative stage of a given project. A close look at how culture influences EO is important because EO is unexplainable without considering the socio-cultural framework in which it is embedded, since it can be supportive or a hindrance to entrepreneurship in different contexts. Thus the key question which this study tries to address is: „Does culture constrain the development of a strong EO, eventually leading to low start-up in this region?‟ Specifically, can the low graduate start-up in these countries be explained by the impact of five cultural orientation dimensions (ambiguity intolerance, power distance, masculinity, independence and interdependence) and ability perception variables (achievement motivation and learning goal orientation LGO) on two variables of EO namely risk taking and proactiveness? How does gender affect these relationships? Besides gender, this study also sought to know the level of prevalence in the study population of three other important culturally influenced variables in entrepreneurship literature namely experience, fear of failure and modernity in order to throw more light on the study problem In particular, given that individuals with a modern outlook are somehow liberated from firm cultural norms, this study sought to establish whether students with a more modern outlook differ from those with a less modern one in terms of the study variables. Further, does optimism another important culturally inclined characteristic of entrepreneurs moderate the relationship between EO and entrepreneurial intention? Some authors argue, however, that culture does not matter; rather, what matters are the entrepreneurial competencies of an entrepreneur. Hence another major question addressed in the current study is to what extent do entrepreneurial competencies (such as knowledge/networks) moderate the relationship between EO and entrepreneurial intention? Using the theory of planned behavior (TPB), upper echelons theory and image theory, this study seeks to address these questions based on a pragmatic paradigm and thus a mixed methods approach in two phases. Phase one of the study was qualitative consisting of non- structured interviews and conversations with various stake holders and is the basis upon which the study instrument was refined. Phase two was quantitative, utilizing a cross-sectional survey research design based on a non random sampling to gather data from finalists in business faculties in three public and two private universities in the study countries (N=1086) during their classes. Data analysis consisted of three phases, comprising ten steps. Phase one was more of a preliminary analysis and consisted of five steps: Generation of descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, and normality tests in step 1, T-tests to gauge the prevalence of experience, fear of failure, and modernity as well as a MANOVA to gauge the prevalence of the cultural dimensions in each study country in step 2, Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) by Varimax/promax rotation to examine the factor structures of the study dimensions in step 3, followed by examination of validity (construct validity, discriminant validity) and reliability for all study instruments (alpha and composite reliability, CR) in Step 4, while step 5 confirmed the factor structure of the measures using confirmatory factor analysis CFA (Lisrel 8.8). The second phase utilized structural equation modeling (SEM) based on latent variables (using AMOS 23) to first estimate a CFA model, followed by a structural baseline model for all data combined (omnibus model) in step 6. This was followed by fitting the baseline model into each country data set in step 7. In step 8, data was divided by gender into male and female samples and by modernity into low and high modernity groups and the baseline model was fitted into each of these four data sets. This was followed by invariance tests between the gender sets and modernity sets as a basis for their meaningful comparison (step 9). The third phase utilized the process macro in SPSS (step 10) to conduct the moderation analysis. Study findings indicate that in all three countries, only 50% of the respondents had some sort of start-up experience. A third (31%) of the students in the three countries indicated that fear of failure would prevent them from starting a business, while the rest indicated that it would not. Further, students who do not regard fear of failure as a barrier to entrepreneurial activities scored significantly higher on proactiveness, knowledge, achievement motivation and modernity in all the three countries, while in at least two of these countries, these people scored significantly higher on risk taking, networking and learning goal orientation. This finding confirms that fear of failure is an important barrier to graduate entrepreneurship in this region. Turning to the structural models in SEM, findings indicate that the low start-up rate in these countries can be attributed to the negative impact of ambiguity intolerance (the most problematic variable), power distance, and lack of an optimistic bias as well as possible negative attitude towards those with an independent cultural orientation. However, Independence and Interdependence support EO, in agreement with researchers who assert that both cultural variables are good for entrepreneurship. Theoretically, the study makes an extension of the TPB since achievement motivation predicts intention in all study samples (apart from Kenya and Tanzania). In terms of gender, there are no significant differences on the reported levels of risk taking; however females score significantly higher on proactiveness. Further structural models indicate that males are more achievement oriented than females, while the low modernity group seems to be more entrepreneurial than the high modernity group. Lastly, networks and knowledge moderate the relationship between risk taking/proactiveness and intention, while optimism does not. The study calls for a revision of the curriculum to include tolerance for ambiguity, proactiveness and autonomy courses in entrepreneurship education as well as a change in the mode of delivery of this subject. A transformation in the education systems of the three countries is needed to produce critical thinkers and to introduce entrepreneurship early in the education system to make everyone appreciate entrepreneurship, thus nurturing an entrepreneurial culture.
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Tian, Haijun. "Caring for depression and comorbid pain evidence from the Health and Retirement Survey and the Healthcare for Communities Survey /." Santa Monica, CA : RAND, 2006. http://www.rand.org/pubs/rgsd_issertations/RGSD204/.
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Domrow, Nathan Craig. "Design, maintenance and methodology for analysing longitudinal social surveys, including applications." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16518/1/Nathan_Domrow_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis describes the design, maintenance and statistical analysis involved in undertaking a Longitudinal Survey.
A longitudinal survey (or study) obtains observations or responses from individuals over several times over a defined period. This enables the direct study of changes in an individual's response over time. In particular, it distinguishes an individual's change over time from the baseline differences among individuals within the initial panel (or cohort). This is not possible in a cross-sectional study. As such, longitudinal surveys give correlated responses within individuals. Longitudinal studies therefore require different considerations for sample design and selection and analysis from standard cross-sectional studies.
This thesis looks at the methodology for analysing social surveys. Most social surveys comprise of variables described as categorical variables.
This thesis outlines the process of sample design and selection, interviewing and analysis for a longitudinal study. Emphasis is given to categorical response data typical of a survey.
Included in this thesis are examples relating to the Goodna Longitudinal Survey and the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Australia (LSIA). Analysis in this thesis also utilises data collected from these surveys. The Goodna Longitudinal Survey was conducted by the Queensland Office of Economic and Statistical Research (a portfolio office within Queensland Treasury) and began in 2002. It ran for two years whereby two waves of responses were collected.
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Domrow, Nathan Craig. "Design, maintenance and methodology for analysing longitudinal social surveys, including applications." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16518/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis describes the design, maintenance and statistical analysis involved in undertaking a Longitudinal Survey. A longitudinal survey (or study) obtains observations or responses from individuals over several times over a defined period. This enables the direct study of changes in an individual's response over time. In particular, it distinguishes an individual's change over time from the baseline differences among individuals within the initial panel (or cohort). This is not possible in a cross-sectional study. As such, longitudinal surveys give correlated responses within individuals. Longitudinal studies therefore require different considerations for sample design and selection and analysis from standard cross-sectional studies. This thesis looks at the methodology for analysing social surveys. Most social surveys comprise of variables described as categorical variables. This thesis outlines the process of sample design and selection, interviewing and analysis for a longitudinal study. Emphasis is given to categorical response data typical of a survey. Included in this thesis are examples relating to the Goodna Longitudinal Survey and the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Australia (LSIA). Analysis in this thesis also utilises data collected from these surveys. The Goodna Longitudinal Survey was conducted by the Queensland Office of Economic and Statistical Research (a portfolio office within Queensland Treasury) and began in 2002. It ran for two years whereby two waves of responses were collected.
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Davis, Brett Andrew, and Brett Davis@abs gov au. "Inference for Discrete Time Stochastic Processes using Aggregated Survey Data." The Australian National University. Faculty of Economics and Commerce, 2003. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20040806.104137.
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We consider a longitudinal system in which transitions between the states are governed by a discrete time finite state space stochastic process X. Our aim, using aggregated sample survey data of the form typically collected by official statistical agencies, is to undertake model based inference for the underlying process X. We will develop inferential techniques for continuing sample surveys of two distinct types. First, longitudinal surveys in which the same individuals are sampled in each cycle of the survey. Second, cross-sectional
surveys which sample the same population in successive cycles but with no attempt to track particular individuals from one cycle to the next. Some of the basic results have appeared in Davis et al (2001) and Davis et al (2002).¶ Longitudinal surveys provide data in the form of transition frequencies between the states of X. In Chapter Two we develop a method for modelling and estimating the one-step transition probabilities in the case where X is a non-homogeneous Markov chain and transition frequencies are observed at unit time intervals. However, due to their expense, longitudinal surveys are typically conducted at widely, and sometimes irregularly, spaced time points. That is, the observable frequencies pertain to multi-step transitions. Continuing to assume the Markov property for X, in Chapter Three, we show that these multi-step transition frequencies can be stochastically interpolated to provide accurate estimates of the one-step transition probabilities of the underlying process. These estimates for a unit time increment can be used to calculate estimates of expected future occupation time, conditional on an individuals state at initial point of observation, in the different states of X.¶ For reasons of cost, most statistical collections run by official agencies are cross-sectional sample surveys. The data observed from an on-going survey of this type are marginal frequencies in the states of X at a sequence of time points. In Chapter Four we develop a model based technique for estimating the marginal probabilities of X using data of this form. Note that, in contrast to the longitudinal case, the Markov assumption does not simplify inference based on marginal frequencies. The marginal probability estimates enable estimation of future occupation times (in each of the states of X) for an individual of unspecified initial state. However, in the applications of the technique that we discuss (see Sections 4.4 and 4.5) the estimated occupation times will be conditional on both gender and initial age of individuals.¶ The longitudinal data envisaged in Chapter Two is that obtained from the surveillance of the same sample in each cycle of an on-going survey. In practice, to preserve data quality it is necessary to control respondent burden using sample rotation. This is usually achieved using a mechanism known as rotation group sampling. In Chapter Five we consider the particular form of rotation group sampling used by the Australian Bureau of Statistics in their Monthly Labour Force Survey (from which official estimates of labour force participation rates are produced). We show that our approach to estimating the one-step transition probabilities of X from transition frequencies observed at incremental time intervals, developed in Chapter Two, can be modified to deal with data collected under this sample rotation scheme. Furthermore, we show that valid inference is possible even when the Markov property does not hold for the underlying process.
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Orpana, Heather M. "Explaining the social gradient in health in Canada: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses examining the role of stressors using the National Population Health Survey." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/29369.
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The pervasive relationship between socioeconomic status and health has been observed in virtually all Western countries, Canada notwithstanding. The relationship between higher socioeconomic status (SES) and better health has been demonstrated to be a stepwise gradient with better health at each successive level of SES, indicating that factors beyond absolute material poverty are likely to be causing this gradient. In order to attenuate social gradients in health, underlying mechanisms must be elucidated. The purpose of this thesis was to examine whether psychosocial stressors associated with lower SES explain the poorer health of poorer people. A secondary purpose of this thesis was to examine a health behaviour-mediated pathway between stressors and health. Cross-sectional analyses of the 1994-95 National Population Health Survey (NPHS), and longitudinal analyses of the 1994-95 and 1996-97 NPHS were conducted. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that lower income was associated with a greater odds of concomitant fair/poor self-rated health, and with a greater odds of experiencing a decline in self-rated health over a two-year period. Most stressors were more prevalent among lower income groups, and with one exception, all stressors were associated with a greater odds of fair/poor self-rated health and of experiencing a decline in health status. Stressors mediated a modest proportion of the social gradient in health. In cross-sectional analyses, about a quarter of the relationship between income and health was explained for men, and from 6% to 15% for women. In longitudinal analyses, these stressors explained 16% and 10% of the relationship between the lowest and second lowest income quintiles and decline in self-rated health respectively. Furthermore, all stressors were associated with smoking behaviour, while fewer associations were observed between stressors and physical activity behaviour. Health behaviours mediated a modest proportion of the relationship between stressors and fair/poor health. The results of this thesis provide evidence for partial mediation of the social gradient in health by psychosocial factors, namely stressors. Furthermore, stress-related health behaviours may be a secondary pathway in this relationship. Future research is warranted to further refine explanatory models of the social gradient in health, in order to identify appropriate points for intervention.
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Kamminga, Froukje. "Assessment of anthropometry, academic performance and absenteeism in a comprehensive educational programme on the Cape Flats : a cross-sectional survey with a cohort analysis." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9332.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-73).Christel House South Africa (CHSA) is an independent primary and secondary school that offers a comprehensive educational programme that includes two meals and snacks to children from disadvantaged areas known as the Cape Flats. Anthropometric measurements such as weight and height are widely recognised as a reliable way to assess growth and nutritional status of children. Underweight and wasting are indicators of recent and severe malnutrition while stunting is associated with poor socio-economic conditions. Academic performance is associated with many factors including genetics, socio-economic circumstances, parental education and ill-health. However, there is no convincing evidence supporting a direct link between improved academic performance and improvement in nutritional status. This study aims to evaluate the comprehensive programme that CHSA provides by assessing anthropometric measurements and academic performance as well as absenteeism among the learners over a two year period. In particular, to assess whether those learners who showed improved anthropometry also demonstrated improved academic performance and reduced absenteeism between 2002 and 2004. The study is a cross-sectional survey with a retrospective cohort analysis. Existing data, part of the school's routine data collection, were used. The data consisted of weight and height measurements, end-of-year grades for English and Mathematics, and absenteeism records, all for 2002 and 2004. After obtaining informed consent from parents and guardians, a sample of 175 learners was established and used for cross-sectional analyses. This represented 65% of all eligible learners in the sample population. The median age was 8.5 years. Sex and age specific anthropometric measurements, expressed as weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height Z-scores, were created using the Epi Nut software in EPilnf06. Due to age and height limits in data that can be entered in this software, a cohort sub-sample of 81 learners, median age 7.2 years, was created and used for cohort analyses. As a result of measurement error with regard to height measurements in 2002, height-for-age and weight-for-height outcomes for 2002 were rendered invalid and excluded from statistical analyses of height-for-age and weight-for-height Z-score change between 2002 and 2004. However, by creating a 'gain' variable that took account of the measurement error, selected comparisons could still be done. The study found a prevalence of underweight of 8% in 2002 and 1.7% in 2004 (n=175). The reduction in underweight was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was a significant improvement in weight-for-age, English performance and Mathematics performance between 2002 and 2004, both in the complete sample (n=175) and the cohort (n=81). These improvements were statistically significant for both sexes, except for weight-for-age among girls in the cohort. There was no significant reduction in absenteeism during this period, either in the complete sample or the cohort. For 2004, bi-variate analyses showed a modest but significant positive correlation between weight-for-age Z-score and English (r=0.21, P<0.05) and Math (r=0.25, P<0.05) performance respectively, and a significant modest negative correlation with absenteeism (r=-0.18, P<0.05) (n=175). These correlations were not apparent in 2002. Multivariate analyses using logistic regression showed no associations between weight-for-age Z-score gain or height-for-age Z-score gain and improvement in English, Math and absenteeism, respectively (n=81). A negative association (OR=0.3, 95% CI 0.11-0.76) was found between weight-for-height Z- score gain and improvement in absenteeism. All analyses were adjusted for sex, age and having failed a year in school between 2002 and 2004. No significant associations were found when assessing improvement in English, Math and absenteeism in relation to quartiles of change in weight-for-age Z-score. A modest positive correlation was found between reduction in absenteeism and improvement in English (r=0.3, P<0.05) (n=81). Limitations of the study include measurement error in height in 2002, leading to the exclusion of height-for-age and weight-for-height in most of the analyses, and eliminating stunting and wasting as indicators of malnutrition from the overall assessment. Secondly, as a result of the limitations for age and height in the EpiNut software, a cohort was created. Analysis indicated that those included in the cohort were significantly different 'from those not included in the cohort in terms of age and sex. In particular, selection bias caused the exclusion of older and taller girls from the cohort. As such, findings for the cohort may not be representative of the study population. In spite of its limitations, this study identified a number of significant findings in respect of academic performance and anthropometric outcomes, suggesting that the programmes as provided by Christel House South Africa benefit their learners. In view of future monitoring and evaluation it is recommended that a protocol for weight and height measurement taking is agreed on, that the same instruments are used consistently, and that these instruments are regularly calibrated. It is also recommended that any future research related to child growth and academic performance at CHSA include data on socio-economic circumstances and parental education. Lastly, it is recommended that CHSA makes an assessment of the quality and nutritional value of the food provided, to ensure that the meals and snacks are healthy, varied and nutritionally balanced.
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Ongosi, Anita Nyaboke. "Prevalence and Risk Factors of Elevated Blood Pressure and Elevated Blood Glucose among Residents of Kajiado County, Kenya: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/263554.
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付記する学位プログラム名: グローバル生存学大学院連携プログラム京都大学
新制・課程博士
博士(医学)
甲第23093号
医博第4720号
京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻
(主査)教授 古川 壽亮, 教授 今中 雄一, 教授 近藤 尚己
学位規則第4条第1項該当
Doctor of Medical Science
Kyoto University
DFAM
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Ogunde, Lydia. "Determinants of use of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria during pregnancy in Kenya: A cross-sectional study based on the 2015 Malaria Indicator Survey." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Internationell mödra- och barnhälsovård (IMCH), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-352657.
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Background: Malaria in pregnancy is a preventable public health concern causing adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Intermittent Preventive Treatment during pregnancy using Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) is one of the main strategies used to prevent malaria. In 2013, Kenya adopted the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations of using three or more doses of IPTp-SP. A Recent study done in Kenya reported low (25%) uptake. The aim of this study was to investigate determinants of use of IPTp-SP in Kenya. Methods: Data was drawn from the 2015 Kenya Malaria Indicator Survey. A total of 1839 women aged 15–49 years old, with pregnancies up to 3 years prior to the survey were analyzed. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis used to assess for independent predictors of IPTp-SP use. Results: Overall 57.3% of respondents used at least one dose (IPTp1) and 27.7% used three or more doses (IPTp3) which were both below roll back malaria targets (80%). Majority (94.4%) attended antenatal care. Number of visits at antenatal care, treated bed nets utilization and residing in Coastal, Nyanza and Western region increased the odds of IPTp1 and IPTp3. Low malaria knowledge, residing in Central and North eastern region lowered odds IPTp1 and IPTp3. Higher education decreased the odds of IPTp1 but not IPTp3. Conclusion: Due to the low IPTp-SP use, despite a high antenatal care attendance, there is need to ensure SP availability at antenatal care. Continuous educational training for all health care providers and increasing messages on malaria prevention via posters and media recommended.
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Keating, Diane Patrice. "The development of a community based survey methodology for use with children with oral communication impairment." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2002. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15839/.
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BACKGROUND: Oral communication impairments (OCIs) are a common childhood problem with often long-term negative outcomes for both the child and society. Despite the growing body of knowledge about the epidemiology of this problem, the shift from traditional treatment approaches to population based approaches to management has been slow. One suggested reason for this is a lack of community based population data on such problems with which to plan services more broadly. AIM: The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the population knowledge of children with OCIs by developing and trialing a data collection method at a community level. LITERATURE REVIEW: One of the major issues in understanding OCIs from a population perspective is the disparate and often incongruent nature of epidemiological data reported in the literature. Five areas of epidemiological research were reviewed in order to critically evaluate the existing evidence base and identify gaps for further research. The five areas reviewed were: Prevalence (Regardless of the methodology used to collect prevalence data, OCIs have been described as a common childhood problem), Life Course (Children with OCIs often have ongoing communication problems and are at risk for poorer life outcomes in social, educational and occupational domains), Comorbidities (OCIs rarely occur in isolation and most children will have other developmental or health issues), Risk factors (There is no one easily definable cause of OCIs, however, genetic and environmental factors appear to increase the risk of OCI in the general population), and Service use (Only around half of children with recognised OCIs will access specialist intervention services).The review concluded that local community data measuring the 'burden', or impact, of the problem, comorbidities and service use in children with and without OCIs would assist in service planning. Therefore a methodology would need to be developed which addressed these issues.A further review of the literature considered this methodology development with specific reference to the issues of study design, sampling and identification of OCIs. The review concluded that a cross-sectional survey design of a community sample could provide the necessary data. Parent and teacher report was suggested as a method for identifying OCIs in surveys, however, a tool needed to be developed and trialed to ensure this method was effective, valid and reliable. PILOT STUDY: A survey tool for parents was designed which included the Child Health Questionnaire (PF - 28), questions relating to socio-demographic features, health and development conditions, service use and specifically developed questions regarding OCIs. The survey methodology was trialed in one school and one childcare centre. The results of the study were reviewed and suggestions made for methodological changes before a community trial was carried out. The reliability and validity of the questions designed to identify OCIs was assessed in a number of ways. Test-retest reliability of parent completed questionnaires proved to be good. Interrater reliability was examined by comparing parent and teacher responses. Parents and teachers agreed on identification of OCI in over 75% of cases for each of the OCIs studied. Criterion validity was assessed by comparing parent report to speech pathologist evaluation in a clinical sample and by comparing parent and teacher report to screening assessments of communication skills in a school sample. Both parents and teachers tended to over-identify children, however, when parent and teacher reports were considered together the validity approached that of the 'gold standard'. Construct validity was assessed by comparing reported OCIs with reports of other developmental conditions known to be commonly comorbid with OCIs. Once again using both parent and teacher report proved to be the most valid method of identifying OCIs using the developed tool. COMMUNITY STUDY: A targeted community survey of 3 to 7 year old children was conducted in a regional centre in Queensland, Australia. Children were sampled through schools and childcare centres. Information letters were distributed to the parents of 898 eligible children. Completed questionnaires were received for 397 children. Teachers completed questionnaires on 375 children which was 42% of the population sampled. Parents and teachers identified OCIs in 16% of the children. However, only 3% of the population were rated by parents or teachers as having severe problems. Over 70% of parents and teachers of children with a reported OCI rated the problem as having an impact on the child's life. Ratings of impact were not related to parent/teacher ratings of severity. Children with OCIs were reported to have significantly more health, developmental and behaviour problems than their peers. Children with OCIs were rated lower by their parents on most aspects of the Child Health Questionnaire (PF-28). In particular, parents reported impacts on their own time and family activities due to the child's problems. No significant differences were found between children with and without reported OCIs on any of the socio-demographic variables studied. Children with reported OCIs used more health and educational services than their peers. Around 60% of children with reported OCIs had seen a speech pathologist, but many parents had also sought advice from a range of other health and educational professionals. Those with two or more OCI conditions were more likely to have seen a professional, however socio-demographic variables did not generally predict service use. Parents reported that the type of service they chose was most commonly influenced by advice from a doctor or teacher. The limitations of this methodology for collecting this type of data are discussed. However despite these limitations data were collected which has major implications for the provision of population based services for children with OCI. CONCLUSION: This thesis has contributed to the understanding of children with OCIs by researching the development of a methodology to study this problem in a defined community sample. The information gained from the literature review and the community study were considered within two models of service provision. The models encompass service delivery from individualised to more population based approaches to the management of OCIs in children. From these models, specific suggestions for the community involved in the study were discussed. This thesis, therefore, provided a survey methodology that is resource efficient in the collection of community data useful in suggesting improved services for children with oral communication impairments.
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Keating, Diane Patrice. "The development of a community based survey methodology for use with children with oral communication impairment." Queensland University of Technology, 2002. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15839/.
Full textAbstract:
BACKGROUND: Oral communication impairments (OCIs) are a common childhood problem with often long-term negative outcomes for both the child and society. Despite the growing body of knowledge about the epidemiology of this problem, the shift from traditional treatment approaches to population based approaches to management has been slow. One suggested reason for this is a lack of community based population data on such problems with which to plan services more broadly. AIM: The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the population knowledge of children with OCIs by developing and trialing a data collection method at a community level. LITERATURE REVIEW: One of the major issues in understanding OCIs from a population perspective is the disparate and often incongruent nature of epidemiological data reported in the literature. Five areas of epidemiological research were reviewed in order to critically evaluate the existing evidence base and identify gaps for further research. The five areas reviewed were: Prevalence (Regardless of the methodology used to collect prevalence data, OCIs have been described as a common childhood problem), Life Course (Children with OCIs often have ongoing communication problems and are at risk for poorer life outcomes in social, educational and occupational domains), Comorbidities (OCIs rarely occur in isolation and most children will have other developmental or health issues), Risk factors (There is no one easily definable cause of OCIs, however, genetic and environmental factors appear to increase the risk of OCI in the general population), and Service use (Only around half of children with recognised OCIs will access specialist intervention services).The review concluded that local community data measuring the 'burden', or impact, of the problem, comorbidities and service use in children with and without OCIs would assist in service planning. Therefore a methodology would need to be developed which addressed these issues.A further review of the literature considered this methodology development with specific reference to the issues of study design, sampling and identification of OCIs. The review concluded that a cross-sectional survey design of a community sample could provide the necessary data. Parent and teacher report was suggested as a method for identifying OCIs in surveys, however, a tool needed to be developed and trialed to ensure this method was effective, valid and reliable. PILOT STUDY: A survey tool for parents was designed which included the Child Health Questionnaire (PF - 28), questions relating to socio-demographic features, health and development conditions, service use and specifically developed questions regarding OCIs. The survey methodology was trialed in one school and one childcare centre. The results of the study were reviewed and suggestions made for methodological changes before a community trial was carried out. The reliability and validity of the questions designed to identify OCIs was assessed in a number of ways. Test-retest reliability of parent completed questionnaires proved to be good. Interrater reliability was examined by comparing parent and teacher responses. Parents and teachers agreed on identification of OCI in over 75% of cases for each of the OCIs studied. Criterion validity was assessed by comparing parent report to speech pathologist evaluation in a clinical sample and by comparing parent and teacher report to screening assessments of communication skills in a school sample. Both parents and teachers tended to over-identify children, however, when parent and teacher reports were considered together the validity approached that of the 'gold standard'. Construct validity was assessed by comparing reported OCIs with reports of other developmental conditions known to be commonly comorbid with OCIs. Once again using both parent and teacher report proved to be the most valid method of identifying OCIs using the developed tool. COMMUNITY STUDY: A targeted community survey of 3 to 7 year old children was conducted in a regional centre in Queensland, Australia. Children were sampled through schools and childcare centres. Information letters were distributed to the parents of 898 eligible children. Completed questionnaires were received for 397 children. Teachers completed questionnaires on 375 children which was 42% of the population sampled. Parents and teachers identified OCIs in 16% of the children. However, only 3% of the population were rated by parents or teachers as having severe problems. Over 70% of parents and teachers of children with a reported OCI rated the problem as having an impact on the child's life. Ratings of impact were not related to parent/teacher ratings of severity. Children with OCIs were reported to have significantly more health, developmental and behaviour problems than their peers. Children with OCIs were rated lower by their parents on most aspects of the Child Health Questionnaire (PF-28). In particular, parents reported impacts on their own time and family activities due to the child's problems. No significant differences were found between children with and without reported OCIs on any of the socio-demographic variables studied. Children with reported OCIs used more health and educational services than their peers. Around 60% of children with reported OCIs had seen a speech pathologist, but many parents had also sought advice from a range of other health and educational professionals. Those with two or more OCI conditions were more likely to have seen a professional, however socio-demographic variables did not generally predict service use. Parents reported that the type of service they chose was most commonly influenced by advice from a doctor or teacher. The limitations of this methodology for collecting this type of data are discussed. However despite these limitations data were collected which has major implications for the provision of population based services for children with OCI. CONCLUSION: This thesis has contributed to the understanding of children with OCIs by researching the development of a methodology to study this problem in a defined community sample. The information gained from the literature review and the community study were considered within two models of service provision. The models encompass service delivery from individualised to more population based approaches to the management of OCIs in children. From these models, specific suggestions for the community involved in the study were discussed. This thesis, therefore, provided a survey methodology that is resource efficient in the collection of community data useful in suggesting improved services for children with oral communication impairments.