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Journal articles on the topic 'Cross-linked Polyesters'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Shao, Fen Juan, Qun Yang, Lan Ying Li, and Da Nian Lu. "Study on Synthesis and Characterization of Unsaturated Polyester by Enzyme-Catalyzed." Key Engineering Materials 575-576 (September 2013): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.575-576.67.

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Unsaturated polyester was prepared with adipic acid (AA), fumaric acid (FA), itaconic acid (IA) and 1, 6-hexanediol (HD) by enzyme-catalyzed polmerization. The insoluble gel fraction (Qs), as the cross-linking degree of cured unsaturated polyesters which could be self-cross-linked at high temperature through C=C in it, was got by Soxhlet Extraction. The properties were investigated by FT-IR, 1H NMR, DSC, XRD and so on. The results indicated that the C=C in unsaturated diacids reduced the acitvity of N435, which affected the polmerization. With the introduction of C=C of IA or FA, the Mn of polyester reduced. The C=C could self-cross-link under high temperature for lengthy time. The higher the temperature and the longer the time, the Qs increased. As the C=C of IA was in the side chain, it could move easily. Then Qs of poly (AA-co-IA-co-HD) was higher than ploy (AA-co-FA-co-HD). With the increased content of unsaturated diacid, Qs increased. And the biodegradation of cross-linked polyesters became worse.

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2

Mountaki, Stella Afroditi, Maria Kaliva, Konstantinos Loukelis, Maria Chatzinikolaidou, and Maria Vamvakaki. "Responsive Polyesters with Alkene and Carboxylic Acid Side-Groups for Tissue Engineering Applications." Polymers 13, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 1636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13101636.

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Main chain polyesters have been extensively used in the biomedical field. Despite their many advantages, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and others, these materials are rather inert and lack specific functionalities which will endow them with additional biological and responsive properties. In this work, novel pH-responsive main chain polyesters have been prepared by a conventional condensation polymerization of a vinyl functionalized diol with a diacid chloride, followed by a photo-induced thiol-ene click reaction to attach functional carboxylic acid side-groups along the polymer chains. Two different mercaptocarboxylic acids were employed, allowing to vary the alkyl chain length of the polymer pendant groups. Moreover, the degree of modification, and as a result, the carboxylic acid content of the polymers, was easily tuned by varying the irradiation time during the click reaction. Both these parameters, were shown to strongly influence the responsive behavior of the polyesters, which presented adjustable pKα values and water solubilities. Finally, the difunctional polyesters bearing the alkene and carboxylic acid functionalities enabled the preparation of cross-linked polyester films by chemically linking the pendant vinyl bonds on the polymer side groups. The biocompatibility of the cross-linked polymers films was assessed in L929 fibroblast cultures and showed that the cell viability, proliferation, and attachment were greatly promoted on the polyester surface, bearing the shorter alkyl chain length side groups and the higher fraction of carboxylic acid functionalities.

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3

Sassmann, Pia B., and Oliver Weichold. "Synergistic effects in cross-linked blends of ion-conducting PEO-/PPO-based unsaturated polyesters." Ionics 27, no. 9 (July 8, 2021): 3857–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11581-021-04149-z.

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AbstractIon-conductive unsaturated polyesters (UP) were synthesised from poly(ethylene oxide) (Xn = 9, 13, 22, 90) or poly(propylene oxide) (Xn = 7, 13, 20, 34, 68) and maleic anhydride. Subsequently, the polyesters were doped with LiClO4 and cross-linked with styrene using a redox initiator. For PEO-based polyesters, the minimum resistivity is found at an O/Li+ molar ratio of 50/1. In contrast, more lithium is required to reach the minimum when using PPO (O/Li+ = 10/1). Unlike the PEO-based polyesters, cross-linking of the PPO types gives rise to decreasing resistivities at increasing molecular weight. This correlates well with the transverse proton relaxation time determined by single-sided NMR, which is an indicator of the chain mobility. The cross-linking reaction of these UP with styrene exactly follows the predictions based on the copolymerisation parameters and is, therefore, not dependent on the ratio of styrene to UP double bonds as previously reported. Due to the opposing effects of the molecular weight on the ion conductivity of PEO- and PPO-based UP, 1:1 blends of short-chain PPO and long-chain PEO polyesters were cross-linked with styrene. The resulting networks showed a resistivity of 4 kΩ m (σ = 2.5∙10−4 S∙m−1), which is 5 times lower than the pure PEO and 3 times lower than the pure PPO materials.

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4

Dasgupta, Queeny, Kaushik Chatterjee, and Giridhar Madras. "Controlled Release of Salicylic Acid from Biodegradable Cross-Linked Polyesters." Molecular Pharmaceutics 12, no. 9 (August 24, 2015): 3479–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00515.

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5

Șucu, Theona, and Michael P. Shaver. "Inherently degradable cross-linked polyesters and polycarbonates: resins to be cheerful." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 40 (2020): 6397–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py01226b.

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We summarise the most recent advances in the synthesis and characterisation of degradable thermosetting polyester and polycarbonates, including partially degradable systems derived from itaconic acid and isosorbide.

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6

Acharya, Keyur Harihar. "Synthesis and Characterization of Cross-Linked Waterborne Polyurethane Dispersion." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 1911–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.1911ecst.

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Due to high-performance property, many industries interested recently for production of waterborne polyurethane dispersions (WPUDs). In the present study first WPUDs were prepared by polyaddition reaction of hydroxy terminated unsaturated polyesters (HTUPEs) and isophorone diisocyanate (IDPI) in presence of dibutyl dilaurate (DBTL) as a catalyst. Cross-linking bridge were created between WPUD chains to enhance the thermal and mechanical properties by addition of ethylene diacrylate, hydroxy ethyl acrylate as end capped and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide cobalt naphthenate as a catalyst. All the resultant cross-linked WPUDs (designated as CWPUDs) were studied by thermal and mechanical properties.

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7

Şahin, Yeşim Müge, Gökhan Çaylı, Jesmi Çavuşoğlu, Emre Tekay, and Sinan Şen. "Cross-Linkable Epoxidized Maleinated Castor Oil: A Renewable Resin Alternative to Unsaturated Polyesters." International Journal of Polymer Science 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5781035.

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As an alternative resin to conventional synthetic unsaturated polyesters (UPEs), epoxidized maleinated castor oil (EMACO) was synthesized in two steps. For this purpose, castor oil was reacted with maleic anhydride at 70°C to obtain maleinated castor oil (MACO). Then, epoxidation of MACO was carried out by using a mixture of formic acid and hydrogen peroxide at 0–5°C. Then, the free carboxyl groups of the synthesized EMACO were further reacted with free epoxide groups of EMACO at 90°C. At the end of the reaction, an unsaturated polyester precursor-prepolymer was obtained (P-EMACO). FTIR and1H NMR spectroscopic techniques were used to characterize the monomers synthesized. The P-EMACO was then mixed with styrene and cross-linked in the presence of AIBN at 50°C. Thermal and mechanical properties of the final cross-linked product were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) techniques. The degradation onset temperature of the material at which cross-linked X-EMACO loses 5% of its weight was found to be 209°C. Its dynamicTgand storage modulus at 25°C were determined as 72°C and 1.08 GPa, respectively. These results are higher than some of the different oil based polymers reported in the literature.

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8

Kong, Xin, Ze-Lin Qiu, Chun-Er Lin, You-Zhi Song, Bao-Ku Zhu, Li-Ping Zhu, and Xiu-Zhen Wei. "High permselectivity hyperbranched polyester/polyamide ultrathin films with nanoscale heterogeneity." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 17 (2017): 7876–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta00246g.

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9

Brzeska, Joanna. "Biodegradable Polyurethanes Cross-Linked by Multifunctional Compounds." Current Organic Synthesis 14, no. 6 (September 28, 2017): 778–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570179414666161115155149.

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Background: Cross-linking structure of polyurethanes determines no degradability of these materials. However, introducing the hydrolysable substrates (of natural or synthetic origin) into the cross-linked polyurethanes structure makes them biodegradable. Moreover compounds (such as polycaprolactone triol, glycerin, lysine triisocyanate, etc.) that are used for polyurethane cross-linking are degraded in non-toxic products. All these kinds of compounds can be introduced into soft or hard segments via urethane bonds. Objective: The review focuses on kind of multifunctional polyols and isocyanates, and low molecular crosslinkers used for cross-linked polyurethanes obtaining. These compounds are natural substrates (in the native state or after modification) or are synthetic compounds with degradable linkages. They belong to polyesters, plant oils, proteins, saccharides, and others (e.g. lignocellulosic materials), and they are synthesized chemically or via biosynthesis by algae, plants, microorganisms, and by animals. Conclusion: Incorporation of degradable groups (such as ester moieties) into the polymer structure, and using of substrates with the structure known and metabolized by microorganisms for soft or hard segments building, facilitate degradation of cross-linked polyurethanes.

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10

van der Meulen, Inge, Yingyuan Li, Ronald Deumens, Elbert A. J. Joosten, Cor E. Koning, and Andreas Heise. "Copolymers from Unsaturated Macrolactones: Toward the Design of Cross-Linked Biodegradable Polyesters." Biomacromolecules 12, no. 3 (March 14, 2011): 837–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm200084y.

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11

Gómez, Fernando Navarro, and José Luis Serrano Ostariz. "Mesomorphic behaviour of some cross-linked derivatives of all-conjugated main-chain polyesters." J. Mater. Chem. 1, no. 5 (1991): 895–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/jm9910100895.

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12

Coneski, Peter N., Kavitha S. Rao, and Mark H. Schoenfisch. "Degradable Nitric Oxide-Releasing Biomaterials via Post-Polymerization Functionalization of Cross-Linked Polyesters." Biomacromolecules 11, no. 11 (November 8, 2010): 3208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm1006823.

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13

GROBELNY, JANUSZ. "Structural Investigations of Unsaturated and Cross-Linked Polyesters by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part C: Polymer Reviews 39, no. 3 (December 8, 1999): 405–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/mc-100101423.

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14

Fu, Hao, Linbo Gong, and Shuling Gong. "A New Approach Utilizing Aza-Michael Addition for Hydrolysis-Resistance Non-Ionic Waterborne Polyester." Polymers 14, no. 13 (June 29, 2022): 2655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14132655.

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This work first synthesized a series of linear polyesters by step-growth polycondensation, then an amino-terminated hydrophilic polyether was grafted to the polyester as side-chains through aza-Michael addition to prepare a self-dispersible, non-ionic waterborne comb-like polyester (NWCPE). In contrast to traditional functionalization methods that usually require harsh reaction conditions and complex catalysts, the aza-Michael addition proceeds efficiently at room temperature without a catalyst. In this facile and mild way, the NWCPE samples with number-average molecular weight (Mn) of about 8000 g mol−1 were obtained. All dispersions showed excellent storage stability, reflected by no delamination observed after 6 months of storage. The NWCPE dispersion displayed better hydrolysis resistance than an ionic waterborne polyester, as was indicated by a more slight change in pH value and Mn after a period of storage. In addition, the film obtained after the NWCPE dispersion was cross-linked with the curing agent, it exhibited good water resistance, adhesion, and mechanical properties.

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15

Ishiaku, U. S., X. Y. Yang, Y. W. Leong, H. Hamada, T. Semba, and K. Kitagawa. "Effects of Fiber Content and Alkali Treatment on the Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(caprolactone) Blend Jute Fiber-Filled Biodegradable Composites." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 1, no. 1 (April 1, 2007): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2007.1981.

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An attempt was made at increasing both toughness and rigidity by simultaneous toughening and reinforcement. Natural fiber-reinforced biodegradable polyester blend composites were prepared from modified and unmodified biodegradable polyesters blends with surface-treated and untreated jute fibers by melt mixing and subsequent molding. The resulting cross-linked and uncross-linked poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(caprolactone) (PCL)blends were used as the biodegradable polyester matrixes. Alkali treatment was performed as the surface treatments on the jute fiber. This study revealed that alkali treatment of the jute fiber improved the mechanical properties of the composites. The addition of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) also imparted significant changes to the PLA/PCL blend as revealed by thermal and dynamic mechanical analyses. Morphological observation of the DCP modified blend revealed the existence of a third phase at the boundary region of the PLA and PCL phases that could be termed the 'interphase,' while extensive plastic deformation of the tensile fracture surface of the DCP modified blend was observed. The crystalline nature of PLA and PCL are retained in the blend, while the presence of jute fibers interferes with cold crystallization.

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16

Beljaars, Martijn, Arjen J. Kamphuis, Hero J. Heeres, Antonius A. Broekhuis, and Francesco Picchioni. "The Effect of Molecular Weight on the (Re)-Processability and Material Properties of Bio-Based, Thermoreversibly Cross-Linked Polyesters." Applied Sciences 12, no. 14 (July 20, 2022): 7287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12147287.

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A (partially) bio-based short-chain polyester is prepared through interfacial polycondensation of furan-functionalized diphenolic acid with terephthalic chloride. The furan groups along the backbone of the obtained polyester are able to form a covalent network (PE-fur/Bism) with various ratios of 1,1′-(methylenedi-4,1-phenylene)bismaleimide via the thermoreversible Diels–Alder (DA) reaction. Several techniques have been employed to characterize the polyester network, including 1H-NMR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). The polyester base polymer displays a glass transition temperature of 115 °C, whereas the temperatures at which the retro-Diels–Alder (rDA) reaction takes place lie above 130 °C for the various polyester/bismaleimide networks. Excellent thermoreversibility and recyclability of the polyester resin have been shown through DSC and DMTA measurements.

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17

Lee, Ren-Shen, and Jen-Ming Yang. "Synthesis of Novel Pseudo Amino Acid/Functional ε-Caprolactone Polyesters and Photo-Cross-Linked Networks." Polymer Journal 34, no. 4 (April 2002): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/polymj.34.247.

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18

Mahaling, Ram Naresh, Marylène Vayer, Samuel Guillot, and Christophe Sinturel. "Oriented array of polyethylene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) nanoplatelets in unsaturated polyesters cross-linked coatings." European Polymer Journal 47, no. 12 (December 2011): 2277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.10.001.

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19

Leroy, Adrien, Assala Al Samad, Xavier Garric, Sylvie Hunger, Danièle Noël, Jean Coudane, and Benjamin Nottelet. "Biodegradable networks for soft tissue engineering by thiol–yne photo cross-linking of multifunctional polyesters." RSC Adv. 4, no. 60 (2014): 32017–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra03665d.

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Degradable and biocompatible networks have been prepared via thiol–yne photochemistry from novel alkyne multifunctional PCL. The mechanical properties of these cross-linked biomaterials could make them good candidates for soft tissues scaffolds.

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20

Dai, Jinyue, Songqi Ma, Na Teng, Xinyan Dai, Xiaobin Shen, Sheng Wang, Xiaoqing Liu, and Jin Zhu. "2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid- and Itaconic Acid-Derived Fully Biobased Unsaturated Polyesters and Their Cross-Linked Networks." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 56, no. 10 (February 28, 2017): 2650–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b00049.

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21

Hayashi, Mikihiro. "Implantation of Recyclability and Healability into Cross-Linked Commercial Polymers by Applying the Vitrimer Concept." Polymers 12, no. 6 (June 10, 2020): 1322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061322.

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Vitrimers are a new class of cross-linked materials that are capable of network topology alternation through the associative dynamic bond-exchange mechanism, which has recently been invented to solve the problem of conventional cross-linked materials, such as poor recyclability and healability. Thus far, the concept of vitrimers has been applied to various commercial polymers, e.g., polyesters, polylactides, polycarbonates, polydimethylsiloxanes, polydienes, polyurethanes, polyolefins, poly(meth)acrylates, and polystyrenes, by utilizing different compatible bond-exchange reactions. In this review article, the concept of vitrimers is described by clarifying the difference from thermoplastics and supramolecular systems; in addition, the term “associative bond-exchange” in vitrimers is explained by comparison with the “dissociative” term. Several useful functions attained by the vitrimer concept (including recyclability and healability) are demonstrated, and recent molecular designs of vitrimers are classified into groups depending on the types of molecular frameworks. This review specifically focuses on the vitrimer molecular designs with commercial polymer-based frameworks, which provide useful hints for the practical application of the vitrimer concept.

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22

Džunuzović, Jasna V., Marija V. Pergal, Rafał Poręba, Sanja Ostojić, Nada Lazić, Milena Špírková, and Slobodan Jovanović. "Studies of the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Poly(urethane–siloxane)s Cross-Linked by Hyperbranched Polyesters." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 51, no. 33 (August 8, 2012): 10824–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie300927z.

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23

Lin, Liang-Kai, Jane Wang, and Ying-Ling Liu. "Effective Synthesis Route for Linear and Cross-Linked Biodegradable Polyesters Using Aliphatic Meldrum’s Acid Derivatives as Monomers." ACS Omega 3, no. 4 (April 27, 2018): 4641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b00309.

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24

Goerz, Oliver, and Helmut Ritter. "N-Alkylated dinitrones from isosorbide as cross-linkers for unsaturated bio-based polyesters." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 10 (April 22, 2014): 902–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.10.88.

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Isosorbide was esterified with acryloyl chloride and crotonic acid yielding isosorbide diacrylate (9a) and isosorbide dicrotonate (9b), which were reacted with benzaldehyde oxime in the presence of zinc(II) iodide and boron triflouride etherate as catalysts to obtain N-alkylated dinitrones 10a/b. Poly(isosorbide itaconite -co- succinate) 13 as a bio-based unsaturated polyester was cross-linked by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with the received dinitrones 10a/b. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition led to a strong change of the mechanical properties which were investigated by rheological measurements. Nitrones derived from methyl acrylate (3a) and methyl crotonate (3b) were used as model systems and reacted with dimethyl itaconate to further characterize the 1,3-dipolaric cycloaddition.

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25

Chandorkar, Yashoda, Rajesh K. Bhagat, Giridhar Madras, and Bikramjit Basu. "Cross-Linked, Biodegradable, Cytocompatible Salicylic Acid Based Polyesters for Localized, Sustained Delivery of Salicylic Acid: An In Vitro Study." Biomacromolecules 15, no. 3 (February 19, 2014): 863–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm401715z.

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26

Askadskii, Andrey A., Sergey V. Matseevich, and Tat’yana A. Matseevich. "Selection of structural elements of cross-linked polymers used in construction." Vestnik MGSU, no. 3 (March 2021): 347–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2021.3.347-359.

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Introduction. For the first time, a model and a principle for constructing an appropriate computer program for the selection of polymer networks with a given interval of a number of physical characteristics are proposed. These characteristics include density, the temperature of the onset of intense thermal degradation, thermal conductivity, water permeability, and the stress-optical coefficient. As an example, 16 smallest base fragments are given, which, when attached to each other, allow the selection of structural fragments of repeating fragments of polymers of the following classes: polyolefins, vinyl polymers, polystyrene, polyamides, polyethers and polyesters, polycarbonates, polyetherketones, polyimides, polysulfides, polysulfones, silicone polymers, polyurethanes, cellulose derivatives, methacrylic polymers, etc. The purpose of the study is to develop a model for writing a computer program that allows the selection of structural fragments of network polymers possessing specified intervals of physical characteristics. For polymers used in the construction industry, the most important are the glass transition temperature, the stress-optical coefficient, density, water permeability, and thermal conductivity. Materials and methods. A repeating fragment of the network is selected from the smallest basic fragments, which are connected to each other using a control matrix of interactions. The matrix contains labels that allow you to control the interaction of carbon with three carbon atoms, with a carbon atom and two nitrogen atoms, with two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom, with two carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom, with four carbon atoms. There are also labels that control the interaction of carbon atoms included in the aromatic cycles with two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom, with four carbon atoms, with four nitrogen atoms, with two carbon atoms and one sulfur atom, and three oxygen atoms. This makes it possible to select a huge amount of cross-linked polymer. Results. As an example, the possible chemical structure of 14 cross-linked nodes of the polymer network is presented and the corresponding calculations are carried out, showing the adequacy of the model and the principle of constructing a computer program. The structures of the five cross-linked nodes of polymer network were used and the following physical characteristics of the resulting networks were calculated: density, the temperature of the onset of intense thermal degradation, water permeability, thermal conductivity, and the stress-optical coefficient. All these characteristics are important for the manufacture of building materials. Conclusions. The results of the work allow us to write a real computer program for the selection of repeating fragments of polymer networks that have a given interval of a number of important physical characteristics of network polymers. Among these characteristics are not only those listed above, but also other characteristics, such as glass transition temperature, Hildebrand solubility parameter, surface energy, heat capacity, intermolecular interaction energy, permittivity, etc.

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27

Liu, Qianhui, Chao Wang, Yuanhao Guo, Chao Peng, Amal Narayanan, Sukhmanjot Kaur, Ying Xu, R. A. Weiss, and Abraham Joy. "Opposing Effects of Side-Chain Flexibility and Hydrogen Bonding on the Thermal, Mechanical, and Rheological Properties of Supramolecularly Cross-Linked Polyesters." Macromolecules 51, no. 22 (November 13, 2018): 9294–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01781.

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28

Kim, Min Ji, Moon Young Hwang, JiHeung Kim, and Dong June Chung. "Biodegradable and Elastomeric Poly(glycerol sebacate) as a Coating Material for Nitinol Bare Stent." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/956952.

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We synthesized and evaluated biodegradable and elastomeric polyesters (poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS)) using polycondensation between glycerol and sebacic acid to form a cross-linked network structure without using exogenous catalysts. Synthesized materials possess good mechanical properties, elasticity, and surface erosion biodegradation behavior. The tensile strength of the PGS was as high as 0.28 ± 0.004 MPa, and Young's modulus was 0.122 ± 0.0003 MPa. Elongation was as high as 237.8 ± 0.64%, and repeated elongation behavior was also observed to at least three times the original length without rupture. The water-in-air contact angles of the PGS surfaces were about 60°. We also analyzed the properties of an electrospray coating of biodegradable PGS on a nitinol stent for the purpose of enhancing long-term patency for the therapeutic treatment of varicose veins disease. The surface morphology and thickness of coating layer could be controlled by adjusting the electrospraying conditions and solution parameters.

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29

Khalil, Zahi, Bachar Koubaissy, and Mariam Akil. "Study of the Photo-oxidation and Photolysis of Unsaturated and Cross-linked Polyesters (UP) in the Presence of Photoactive or not Inorganic Fillers." Physics Procedia 55 (2014): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2014.07.075.

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30

Abe, Kohei, Maito Koga, Takumi Wakabayashi, Sungmin Kang, Koichi Sakajiri, Junji Watanabe, and Masatoshi Tokita. "Thermally Reversible Distortion Observed for Triblock Copolymers Comprising Main-Chain Liquid Crystal Polyesters Attached to Photo-Cross-Linked Cinnamate Segments at Both Ends." Macromolecules 48, no. 22 (November 5, 2015): 8354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01646.

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31

Zegaoui, Abdeldjalil, Mehdi Derradji, Ruikun Ma, Wan-an Cai, Aboubakr Medjahed, Wen-bin Liu, Abdul Qadeer Dayo, Jun Wang, Li-li Zhang, and Youcef Ramdani. "Simultaneous toughening and reinforcing of cyanate ester/benzoxazine resins with improved mechanical and thermal properties by using hyperbranched polyesters." Journal of Polymer Engineering 38, no. 9 (October 25, 2018): 839–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2017-0376.

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Abstract In the present study, the influence of incorporating various amounts of hyperbranched polyester (HBPE) into thermosetting resin blends composed of cyanate ester (CE) and benzoxazine (BOZ) resins was investigated for their structural, morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties. The FTIR spectra revealed that the CE/BOZ resin had reacted with the functional groups of HBPE, and the SEM test confirmed the morphological changes from a smooth surface that was observed for the virgin CE/BOZ resin to a rough surface for the maximum HBPE content. Moreover, the mechanical and thermal properties were found to be pointedly enhanced as we increased the content of HBPE. These remarkable enhancements may be due to the chemical structure of the HBPE which could form a cross-linked structure through a strong hydrogen bonding with the CE/BOZ resin. As a result, a considerable amount of applied mechanical load can be absorbed, and in parallel, the thermal stability can also be improved. We believe that the HBPE can be a good toughener for the CE/BOZ resins that could possibly expand their range of applications in various industrial sectors.

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32

Hillaireau, Hervé, Trung Le Doan, and Patrick Couvreur. "Polymer-Based Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Nucleoside Analogues." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 6, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 2608–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.453.

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Nucleoside analogues, together with nucleobases and nucleotide analogues, are commonly used in the treatment of cancer and viral infections. In both cases, they act as antimetabolite agents and interfere with the synthesis of cellular or viral nucleic acids. However, the need of high doses due to the rapid elimination of these compounds, to their poor activation, and/or to their non-specific distribution, often leads to side effects and resistances. The present paper aims to review the different types of polymer nanoparticles which have been designed as drug delivery devices to address these issues. Thus, poly(alkylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles have been demonstrated as potential carriers for antiviral nucleoside analogues, especially for anti-HIV agents, regarding both intravenous and oral routes. Nanoparticles based on polyesters such as poly(lactic acid) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) have been used as nanocarriers for nucleosides analogues too, and especially for their ocular delivery. Albumin has shown interesting properties in the design of nanoparticles for the same application, but also for the oral administration of anticancer analogues. Finally, new hydrophilic nanoparticles consisting of cross-linked polymer network ('Nanogels') open the perspective to deliver nucleoside analogues within their active triphosphate form.

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Zhang, Zhonghai, Lichen Yin, Chunlai Tu, Ziyuan Song, Yanfeng Zhang, Yunxiang Xu, Rong Tong, Qin Zhou, Jie Ren, and Jianjun Cheng. "Redox-Responsive, Core Cross-Linked Polyester Micelles." ACS Macro Letters 2, no. 1 (December 24, 2012): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/mz300522n.

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Saengsod, S., S. Limmatvapirat, and Manee Luangtana-Anan. "A New Approach for the Preparation of Bleached Shellac for Pharmaceutical Application: Solid Method." Advanced Materials Research 506 (April 2012): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.506.250.

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With increased awareness about the environment, raw materials from petroleum based synthetics and the "green" quotient of consumer products have developed, shellac or shellac modified resins have gained importance due to their unique nontoxic and hypoallergenic properties. Shellac is water soluble, biologically degradable and has film forming, excellent adhesion, hardness, high gloss and superior in electrical properties. Shellac or shellac modified resins are also compatible with other resins and can be cross linked making them a wider applications. Shellac is abundant in Thailand, China and India, which produced from lac insects, Laccifer Lacca. The resinous secretion can be purified to become shellac. The main structure of shellac consists of polyesters and single esters that have hydroxyl and carboxyl groups [1, . Shellac was first used as a wood polish for music instruments and furniture and later for uses in spar varnishes with antifouling properties for ship paints, phonographic records, wood and wallpaper paints, printing inks, resins for electrical applications and floor polishes. Currently, new applications for using are such as child-safe paints and inks and the coating of fruits and vegetables, food and confectionary, pills, tablets and vitamins in the pharmaceutical industries. Bleached shellac has been widely used in pharmaceutical and cosmetics instead of native shellac due to the whiteness. However, conventional method for bleached shellac used many solvents [3, . Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore a new technique in order to avoid the use of organic solvent prior to the process of bleaching. The comparison was made between bleaching by the conventional and the new methods. The studied properties were acid value, viscosity, color change, water vapor permeability, chemical structure and powder x-ray diffraction.

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35

Bharadwaj, R. K., A. R. Mehrabi, C. Hamilton, C. Trujillo, M. Murga, R. Fan, A. Chavira, and A. K. Thompson. "Structure–property relationships in cross-linked polyester–clay nanocomposites." Polymer 43, no. 13 (June 2002): 3699–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00187-8.

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36

Koptelova, Elena N., Natal’ya A. Kutakova, Sergey I. Tret’yakov, and Anna V. Faleva. "Kinetics of Water-Alkaline Hydrolysis of Birch Bark in a Microwave Field." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2022-3-179-190.

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Birch bark consists of silver bark and bast. Silver bark contains up to 50 % of extractives and serves as a raw material for obtaining valuable biologically active substances (BAS), including betulin. A distinctive feature of the birch bark structure is a cross-linked polymer, suberin. Its monomers are suberic acids. They have found use in the production of lubricants, oils, insecticides, fungicides, polymers, polyesters, coatings, etc. A common method for extracting suberic acid salts from silver bark is exhaustive hydrolysis with an aqueous or water-alcohol solution of alkali (NaOH or KOH). We have proposed the activation of raw materials during hydrolysis by using an ultrahigh-frequency electromagnetic field (microwave hydrolysis). Isolation of suberin from silver bark is both a chemical and mass transfer process. Salts that are formed during hydrolysis of suberic acids diffuse to the surface of silver bark particles and pass into the hydrolysate. The limiting stage of mass transfer during birch bark hydrolysis is internal diffusion in the pores (mass conductivity). The anisotropy of the silver bark structure complicates the mathematical description of the mass transfer kinetics in the diffusion process. The process of internal diffusion during microwave hydrolysis is characterized by a steady regime starting from the 4th minute. The kinetics of this process and the effectiveness of diffusion in the tangential and longitudinal directions were determined. As the size of birch bark particles increases in both length (tangential direction) and width (longitudinal direction), the rate of the hydrolysis process and the degree of suberin isolation increase. Internal diffusion coefficients during microwave bark hydrolysis were determined. The highest value was obtained for fractions with a particle size of 3–4.5 mm (silver bark); the lowest – for fractions less than 1 mm (bast). The article shows that the small fraction (bast) should be separated and silver bark should be cut along the fiber in order to increase the yield of suberin after birch bark grinding.

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Machy, Delphine, Patrick Carteron, and Jacqueline Jozefonvicz. "A new vascular polyester prosthesis impregnated with cross-linked dextran." Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition 13, no. 8 (January 2002): 963–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156856202320401997.

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38

Scherer, Thomas M., R. Clinton Fuller, and Robert W. Lenz. "Characterization and enzymatic degradation of a cross-linked bacterial polyester." Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation 2, no. 4 (October 1994): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02071974.

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39

Janas, V. F., and R. L. McCullough. "Moisture absorption in unfilled and glass-filled, cross-linked polyester." Composites Science and Technology 29, no. 4 (January 1987): 293–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-3538(87)90077-7.

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40

Yoshimura, Daiki, Shinji Yamada, and Akinori Takasu. "A polyester–polystyrene hybrid connected by dynamic covalent bonds prepared via radical polymerization of styrene in a “RAFT gel”." Polym. Chem. 5, no. 11 (2014): 3689–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py00052h.

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We cross-linked the polyester chains with 1,1-thiocarbonyldiimidazole to form a reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) gel, in which the trithiocarbonate moiety acted as a cross-linker. The “RAFT gel” was then swollen in vinyl monomers and styrene was radically polymerized within the gel, in which the polyester and polystyrene segments were miscible at the segment level.

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41

Van Horn, Brooke A., and Karen L. Wooley. "Cross-linked and functionalized polyester materials constructed using ketoxime ether linkages." Soft Matter 3, no. 8 (2007): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b703595k.

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42

Gorelov, Borys M., Alla M. Gorb, Oleksiy I. Polovina, Sylwester Wacke, Zbigniew Czapla, Marek Kostrzewa, and Adam Ingram. "Filler's impact on structure and physical properties in polyester resin–oxide nanocomposites." Adsorption Science & Technology 36, no. 1-2 (May 31, 2017): 549–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263617417706797.

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Impact of nanosized oxide particles of titania (titanium dioxide, rutile) and silica–titania fumed compound on structure relaxation processes in nanocomposites of an orthophtalic unsaturated styrene cross-linked polyester resin has been experimentally studied using the thermal desorption mass spectroscopy, the dielectric spectroscopy, and the positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. All the nanocomposites showed unmonotonous variations in the thermal resistance, the dielectric permittivity and losses, and the annihilation rates for both positrons and ortho-positronium atoms with increasing filler’s loading. The nanoparticle-loading effects can be explained on the assumption that the oxide particles embedded into a cross-linked polyester resin induce rearrangements in its structure. Several mechanisms of particle–polymer interface interaction compete simultaneously and thus promote the alterations in molecular structure of the nanocomposites. The mechanisms may include both chemical and electrostatic fastening of polyester chains and styrene cross-links to the active surface sites, the destruction of the styrene cross-links, and redistribution of electron density in polymers. The features of the loading effects observed in the different nanocomposites can be ascribed to distinctions in both of active surface sites and intrinsic dielectric properties of the filling oxide particles.

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Qiu, Ze-Lin, Xin Kong, Jia-Jia Yuan, Yu-Jie Shen, Bao-ku Zhu, Li-Ping Zhu, Zhi-Kan Yao, and Chuyang Y. Tang. "Cross-linked PVC/hyperbranched polyester composite hollow fiber membranes for dye removal." Reactive and Functional Polymers 122 (January 2018): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.10.012.

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Marois, Yves, Nabil Chakfé, Xiaoyan Deng, Michel Marois, Thien How, Martin W. King, and Robert Guidoin. "Carbodiimide cross-linked gelatin: a new coating for porous polyester arterial prostheses." Biomaterials 16, no. 15 (October 1995): 1131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-9612(95)93576-y.

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45

Takao, Aoyagi, Miyata Fusae, and Nagase Yu. "Preparation of cross-linked aliphatic polyester and application to thermo-responsive material." Journal of Controlled Release 32, no. 1 (November 1994): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-3659(94)90228-3.

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46

Park, Albert H., David Hoyt, David Britt, Shane Chase, Kristina Tansavatdi, Lisa Hunter, Lawrence McGill, Xiaoming Sheng, Aleksander Skardal, and Glenn D. Prestwich. "Cross-linked hydrogel and polyester resorbable ventilation tubes in a chinchilla model." Laryngoscope 123, no. 4 (March 19, 2013): 1043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.23712.

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47

Adema, Koen N. S., Hesam Makki, Elias A. J. F. Peters, Jozua Laven, Leendert G. J. van der Ven, Rolf A. T. M. van Benthem, and Gijsbertus de With. "Kinetic Monte Carlo simulation of the photodegradation process of polyester-urethane coatings." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 30 (2015): 19962–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp01581b.

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A numerical method to simulate reactions in a cross-linked polymer is developed and applied to the photodegradation process of polyester-urethane clearcoats during artificial exposure in a Weather-Ometer.

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48

Wu, Chin-San. "Mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradation of cross-linked cellulose acetate-reinforced polyester composites." Carbohydrate Polymers 105 (May 2014): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.01.062.

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Ibrahim, N. A., Z. M. El-Sayed, H. M. Fahmy, A. G. Hassabo, and M. H. Abo-Shosha. "Perfume Finishing of Cotton/Polyester Fabric Cross-linked with DMDHEU in Presence of Softeners." Research Journal of Textile and Apparel 17, no. 4 (November 2013): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rjta-17-04-2013-b007.

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Tokita, M., H. Tagawa, R. Ishige, K. Osada, and J. Watanabe. "Thermally Reversible Distortion Observed for Monodomain Nematic Elastomer of Cross-Linked Main-Chain Polyester." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 465, no. 1 (March 26, 2007): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421400701205925.

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