Journal articles: 'Cross-laminated timber panels'

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Albostami, Asad S., Zhangjian Wu, and Lee S. Cunningham. "Assessment of cross-laminated timber panels by the state-space approach." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 11 (April 12, 2019): 2375–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219841504.

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In this article, cross-laminated timber panels are investigated as a novel engineering application of the state-space approach. As cross-laminated timber is a laminated composite panel, the three-dimensional analytical method provided by the state-space approach offers the potential for improved accuracy over existing common approaches to the analysis of cross-laminated timber. Before focusing on the specific application to cross-laminated timber, the general theory of the state-space approach is outlined. The method is then applied to describe the behaviour of a number of cross-laminated timber panel configurations previously examined experimentally and analytically. In order to demonstrate the capability of the state-space approach in this application, the results are compared with those from various two-dimensional and three-dimensional analytical approaches and finite element modelling briefly. With a view to design, different failure criteria are explored to assess the ultimate strength of the cross-laminated timber panels. The state-space approach demonstrates its superior capability in capturing the nonlinear distribution of the elastic stresses through the thickness of the cross-laminated timber panels over a range of span-to-thickness ratios common in practical applications.

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Mykhailovskyi, Denis. "Method of calculation of panel buildings from cross-laminated timber." Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures, no. 107 (October 29, 2021): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2410-2547.2021.107.75-88.

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Building constructions made of cross-laminated timber become more and more widespread. Experience in the timber structures design and operation for various purposes confirms the feasibility of their use. Recently, the construction of prefabricated cross-laminated timber houses has become especially widespread. The problem solution of cross-laminated timber panels calculation by means of a finite element method with the material`s reduced mechanical characteristics application is offered in this article. The specified formulas for definition of the reduced geometrical and mechanical characteristics of cross-laminated timber panels` various types, including those made of combined cross-laminated timber, are resulted. The algorithm of cross-laminated timber panels calculation by means of a finite element method is resulted. The possibility of using flat finite elements taking into account orthotropic properties for the calculation of cross-laminated timber panels using the elasticity above modulus according to the above method, adjusting the Poisson's ratios so as to preserve the condition of elastic potential in timber, is reasoned.

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Mamedov, Sh M., E. G. Shabikova, D. V. Nizhegorodtsev, and T. N. Kazakevich. "Method for calculating cross laminated timber panels." Вестник гражданских инженеров 17, no. 5 (2020): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2020-17-5-66-71.

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Cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels are widely used in the construction of buildings and structures abroad. Regulatory documentation in the Russian Federation does not contain provisions for calculating such structures. The paper considers the method of calculating the floor slab made of CLT panel using the Euler Bernoulli beam theory. General recommendations for the design of cross-glued wood structures are offered, and assumptions of the developed methodology are given. Much attention is paid to the main design characteristics of the bent element. Comparative values of these characteristics from various sources are given. A coefficient is proposed to be used taking into account the features of CLT panels in calculations.

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Zhang, Daiyuan, Liming Shen, Xudong Zhu, Sujun Zhang, and Meng Gong. "The influence of the opening size on the shear performance of the cross-laminated timber (CLT) walls." BioResources 16, no. 4 (September 7, 2021): 7071–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.4.7071-7085.

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Cross-laminated timber is a wood product with excellent fire resistance and mechanical performance that is often used in tiny houses. Using the ASTM standard E564, the shear performance of cross-laminated timber wall panels, with and without openings, were investigated in this study. The specimens were made of spruce-pine-fir IIc lumber and installed on a test platform using high-strength bolts passing through them. This connection mode limited the displacements obtained in the test, primarily the shear displacements and rocking displacements. By comparing the static load test data of the three specimens with openings and the one without an opening, it was found that openings reduced the shear strength and shear stiffness. For the same sized rectangular opening, the shear stiffness of the cross-laminated timber panel was less when the wider side was horizontal (normal to the direction of the applied force). The shear stiffness of the cross-laminated timber wall panels can be effectively improved by reinforcing the areas near the openings with metal sheets. With reinforcement, the shear strength did not change drastically, but the damage to the cross-laminated timber wall panels was significantly reduced.

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Wang, Yuexiang, Jin Zhang, Fang Mei, Jianan Liao, and Weibin Li. "Experimental and numerical analysis on fire behaviour of loaded cross-laminated timber panels." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 1 (July 18, 2019): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219864459.

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Cross-laminated timber is a relatively new engineered timber material that can be used in the design and construction of modern timber buildings. A key factor that raises concerns in the wide application of cross-laminated timber is the uncertainty of its fire performance. This article describes experimental and numerical investigations on the fire behaviour of loaded cross-laminated timber panels manufactured with Canadian hemlock. A total of 10 cross-laminated timber panels with different number and thickness of layers were tested under ambient and standard fire conditions to investigate the flexural capacity at ambient temperature, and temperature distribution, charring rate, fire resistance, mid-span deflection under fire exposure. Three-dimensional finite element model was developed using the Hashin criterion and cohesive elements to predict the failure of wood and adhesive, respectively. The thermal model implicitly considers the rapidly increased temperature of inner fresh timber after the protective charred layers have fallen off. The numerical model was validated with the results obtained from experimental tests and was found to have the ability to simulate the fire behaviour of loaded cross-laminated timber panels in reasonable accuracy.

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Gilewski, Wojciech, and Aleksander Glegola. "Computational Modelling of Cross-Laminated Timber Panels." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 661 (November 20, 2019): 012063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/661/1/012063.

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Zhang, Yannian, Moncef L. Nehdi, Xiaohan Gao, and Lei V. Zhang. "Flexural Performance of Novel Nail-Cross-Laminated Timber Composite Panels." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (August 29, 2020): 5983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10175983.

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Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is an innovative wood panel composite that has been attracting growing interest worldwide. Apart from its economic benefits, CLT takes full advantage of both the tensile strength parallel to the wood grain and its compressive strength perpendicular to the grain, which enhances the load bearing capacity of the composite. However, traditional CLT panels are made with glue, which can expire and lose effectiveness over time, compromising the CLT panel mechanical strength. To mitigate such shortcomings of conventional CLT panels, we pioneer herein nail-cross-laminated timber (NCLT) panels with more reliable connection system. This study investigates the flexural performance of NCLT panels made with different types of nails and explores the effects of key design parameters including the nail incidence angle, nail type, total number of nails, and number of layers. Results show that NCLT panels have better flexural performance than traditional CLT panels. The failure mode of NCLT panels depends on the nail angle, nail type, and quantity of nails. A modified formula for predicting the flexural bearing capacity of NCLT panels was proposed and proven accurate. The findings could blaze the trail for potential applications of NCLT panels as a sustainable and resilient construction composite for lightweight structures.

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Alencar, Juliana Bello Mussi, and Jorge Daniel de Melo Moura. "Mechanical Behavior of Cross-Laminated Timber Panels Made of Low-Added-Value Timber." Forest Products Journal 69, no. 3 (January 1, 2019): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-18-00037.

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Abstract The cross-laminated timber (CLT) construction system has recently emerged as an excellent alternative for civil construction. The objective of this work is to analyze the structural performance of CLT panels using plantation lumber, especially eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis) heartwood and pine (Pinus taeda). After visual grading, all boards were mechanically graded through the ultrasonic nondestructive testing method. Boards were organized to compose four types of three-layered CLT panels: 1) exclusively eucalyptus heartwood (EEE), 2) eucalyptus in the outer layers and pine in the central layer (EPE), 3) exclusively pine (PPP), and 4) pine in the outer layers and eucalyptus in the central layer (PEP). Three panels with graded timber were manufactured for each type, and one more panel was made out of ungraded timber, so each group had four panels altogether. Panels containing eucalyptus in the outer layers (EEE and EPE) were stiffer than the ones with pine in outer layers (PPP and PEP). However, the first two groups presented lower bending strength than the second ones. Modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture results were compared to values observed in the literature and to the international standard that regulates CLT (American National Standards Institute/American Plywood Association PRG 320). From the four types studied, only panels containing mostly eucalyptus (EEE and EPE) could meet the PRG 320 E2 class. Panels containing mostly pine (PPP and PEP) did not reach the thresholds of any class in terms of stiffness although their resistance was much higher than that specified in the standard.

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Buka-Vaivade, Karina, Dmitrijs Serdjuks, and Leonids Pakrastins. "Cost Factor Analysis for Timber–Concrete Composite with a Lightweight Plywood Rib Floor Panel." Buildings 12, no. 6 (June 3, 2022): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060761.

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With the growing importance of the principle of sustainability, there is an increasing interest in the use of timber–concrete composite for floors, especially for medium and large span buildings. Timber–concrete composite combines the better properties of both materials and reduces their disadvantages. The most common choice is to use a cross-laminated timber panel as a base for a timber–concrete composite. But a timber–concrete composite solution with plywood rib panels with an adhesive connection between the timber base and fibre reinforced concrete layer is offered as the more cost-effective constructive solution. An algorithm for determining the rational parameters of the panel cross-section has been developed. The software was written based on the proposed algorithm to compare timber–concrete composite panels with cross-laminated timber and plywood rib panel bases. The developed algorithm includes recommendations of forthcoming Eurocode 5 for timber–concrete composite design and an innovative approach to vibration calculations. The obtained data conclude that the proposed structural solution has up to 73% lower cost and up to 71% smaller self-weight. Thus, the proposed timber–concrete composite construction can meet the needs of society for cost-effective and sustainable innovative floor solutions.

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Jorge, Luís, and Alfredo M. P. G. Dias. "X-Lam Panels in Swimming-Pool Building – Monitoring the Environment and the Performance." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 779–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.779.

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The cross-laminated timber panels (X-Lam panels) are produced for structural use in Service Classes 1 and 2 conditions, in accordance with what is established on Eurocode 5 [. Timber boards are glued together on orthogonal layers, allowing the panel to perform two important characteristics: good dimensional stability and loading in two-way directions. The influence of wood moisture content on the feasibility of cross-laminated timber is described in this paper regarding the dimensional stability of the panels when applied in high moisture locations. Several European Technical Approvals, state the low importance of the dimensional variations with moisture content of this type of panel, but some reference values can be found in other technical documents. The French Avis Technique [[[1 reference the value of 0.01mm/m for in-plane deformation (per percentage of timber moisture variation) and the TRADA Wood Information Sheet, WIS 2/3-62 [1, refers the maximum value of 0.02mm/m for the same conditions.The use of the X-Lam panels in Service Class 3 can not be used, concerning the high level of stressing in glue lines, and no producer has yet certified it for this Service Class. Moreover, the French Avis Technique doesnt allow the use of X-Lam panels in swimming-pools due to high hygrometry, even for conditions corresponding to Service Class 2.Cross laminated timber panels are widely used across Europe but are giving the first steps in Portugal at the moment. The first big project was finished in spring 2012 in Almada, comprising a building integrating a 25 meter in-door swimming-pool and a gym. In order to assess the behavior of the timber structure, due to the non-conventional using of the X-Lam panels, a monitoring program was started immediately after building construction. The results obtained are presented and discussed in this paper.

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Frangi, A., M. Fontana, M. Knobloch, and G. Bochicchio. "Fire behaviour of cross-laminated solid timber panels." Fire Safety Science 9 (2008): 1279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.9-1279.

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Vessby, Johan, Bertil Enquist, Hans Petersson, and Tomas Alsmarker. "Experimental study of cross-laminated timber wall panels." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 67, no. 2 (February 19, 2009): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-009-0313-5.

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Buka-Vaivade, Karina, Dmitrijs Serdjuks, Andrejs Podkoritovs, Leonids Pakrastins, and Viktors Mironovs. "RIGID CONNECTION WITH GRANITE CHIPS IN THE TIMBER-CONCRETE COMPOSITE." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 3 (June 16, 2021): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2021vol3.6552.

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Timber-concrete composite panels enables to combine advantages of pure timber and pure concrete panels in one structural member especially in the case, when the rigid timber-concrete connection is provided. The effectiveness of timber and concrete use and load-carrying capacity of the timber-concrete composite panels will grow in the case. The new concept of rigid timber to concrete connection was developed by the using of the granite chips as the keys to provide high quality of the glued connection. Behaviour of the timber-concrete composite panels were investigated by finite element method and laboratorian experiment. Three timber-concrete composite panels in combination with carbon fibre reinforced plastic composite tapes in the tension zone with the span 1.8 m were statically loaded till the failure by the scheme of three-point bending. One specimen was produced by dry method, by gluing together cross-laminated timber panel and prefabricated concrete panel. Timber-concrete connection of the other two specimens was provided by the granite chips, which were glued on the surface of the cross-laminated timber by epoxy, and then wet concrete was placed. Dimensions of the crushed granite pieces changes within the limits from 16 to 25 mm. The current study focuses on determining the effect of the use of granite chips for timber-concrete composite panels with adhesive connection between layers. The effect of the use of granite chips in rigid connection is determined by comparison of mid-span displacements and level of failure load of the two variants of the timber-concrete composite panels. Three-dimensional finite element models of timber-concrete composite with rigid connection was developed and validated by experiment data. Obtained results shown, that the use of the granite chips in rigid timber to concrete connection allow to make a quality rigid connection. Possibility to increase by 28% level of failure load of the timber-concrete composite panels by the adding of granite chips was stated. Maximal vertical mid-span displacements of the panels decrease about 3.8 times at the same time.

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Bidakov, A., E. Raspopov, О. Pustovoitova, and В. Strashko. "THE INFLUENCE OF CLT PANEL PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY ON THEIR STRENGTH AND RIGIDITY." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 154 (April 3, 2020): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-1-154-165-171.

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In this paper considered the technological features of the production of CLT panels with focus on overview of the thicknesses of the boards and their width in cross-section in the panel on their character of pressing and selection of adhesive systems. The quality of wooden building materials based on boards is highly dependent on many technological operations, and above all on the method of pressing and the type of adhesive system. Generally accepted technological features of the production of glued laminated timber are significantly different from the technology of production of CLT panels, since the latter work as plates, and the glued laminated timber elements are the core elements of frames of different types of buildings. For completeness of analysis of CLT panels as a structural material methods of research of panels at different types of stress states are given according to the results of which characteristics of strength and rigidity of panels are assigned and correspond to a certain class of strength of CLT of panels. As a rule, at the present stage of the development of panels, all boards have the same strength class, which greatly simplifies the calculation and increases the homogeneity of the panels, as the structure with mutually transverse layers of boards. Large dimensions and specificity of production of panels of panels has a number of tolerances and boundary parameters that affect the quality of panels and their strength characteristics, which is largely due to the tight control of all technological operations in the manufacture of panels of different thicknesses. The cross laminated timber or CLT in the construction market has sparked a new expansion. The manufacturing practice of PKD panels has been around for more than 20 years in European countries, most notably in Austria, Germany and Switzerland. Keywords: cross laminated timber, CLT, producing technology, stress reliefs, boards edge gluing, rolling shear, board thickness, glue systems.

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Kukk, Villu, Targo Kalamees, and Jaan Kers. "The effects of production technologies on the air permeability and crack development of cross-laminated timber." Journal of Building Physics 43, no. 3 (August 7, 2019): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744259119866869.

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In a building envelope, the cross-laminated timber is often used as an air barrier layer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of production technologies such as edge bonding, different initial moisture content of lamination and number of lamination layers (three and five) on the air permeability properties of the cross-laminated timber. Air leakage and crack area in cross-laminated timber panels were measured after the panels were conditioned in environments with different relative humidities in progressive steps from humid to dry environments (relative humidity 75% → relative humidity 43% → relative humidity 30% → relative humidity 15%). The test results showed that the five-layer specimens combined with initially drier laminations had the most considerable effect on avoiding air leakages through the panel. The greater number of layers helps to avoid any overlapping of gaps between laminations that are possible sources of air leakages. Based on the results, it is recommended to combine the technologies of using a larger number of layers together with initially drier laminations to minimise the growth of cracks on panel surfaces and avoid air leakages during the time of use.

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Barreto, Maria I. M., Victor De Araujo, Juliana Cortez-Barbosa, André L. Christoforo, and Jorge D. M. Moura. "Structural performance analysis of cross-laminated timber-bamboo (CLTB)." BioResources 14, no. 3 (May 2, 2019): 5045–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.3.5045-5058.

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Construction systems based on cross-laminated timber (CLT) have versatility in material development and are an interesting alternative for construction. This study evaluated the structural performance of cross-laminated timber-bamboo produced from wood (Pinus spp.) and bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus). Panels were produced by strips (wood and bamboo) assorted, under non-destructive structural grading, to support a better panel configuration. Small-length pine pieces were also included in the study, considering their low added-value and underutilization in sawmills from Telêmaco Borba, Brazil. Gluing tests of small specimens were performed to evaluate the bonding quality of three adhesives: melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF), isocyanate polymeric emulsion (IPE), and castor oil-based resin (COR). Shear stress strength parallel to grain between bamboo and wood showed the best performance for MUF resin. After preliminary gluing testing, eight cross-laminated panels were produced with MUF adhesive in a three-layered configuration, with transversal orientation: two external bamboo layers and a central layer of pine wood. Stiffness and rupture strength values were above those specified by the ANSI/APA PGR 320 (2012) standard. Elasticity and rupture moduli were 13,310 MPa and 65 MPa, respectively, showing good potential of this composite for structural uses.

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Kozarić, Ljiljana, Smilja Bursać, Martina Vojnić Purčar, Miroslav Bešević, and Žikica Tekić. "Finite Element Analysis of Dynamic Characteristics and Bending Stiffness for Cross Laminated Timber Floor Panels with and without Openings." Drvna industrija 72, no. 4 (November 24, 2021): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2021.2037.

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The aim of this paper is to present numerical investigations of dynamic characteristics and bending stiffness for cross laminated timber floor panels with and without service openings. Five-layer panels with the outer layers oriented in the longitudinal direction of the panel have been analyzed. In order to explore the full potential of this floor system using a limited number of measurements and structural tests, models based on the finite element method have been proposed, validated against experimental results and then used to investigate the effect of opening position in the floor on main structural performance parameters. The results showed that, when the need for additional service opening appears, a slight decrease of the main structural characteristics of the cross laminated timber floor panels is achievable with an adequate geometrical position of the opening in the floor.

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Hindman, Daniel P., and Matthew V. Golden. "Acoustical Properties of Southern Pine Cross-Laminated Timber Panels." Journal of Architectural Engineering 26, no. 2 (June 2020): 05020004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ae.1943-5568.0000407.

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Henek, Vladan, Václav Venkrbec, and Miloslav Novotný. "Fire Resistance of Large-Scale Cross-Laminated Timber Panels." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 95, no. 6 (December 2017): 062004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/95/6/062004.

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Frangi, Andrea, Mario Fontana, Erich Hugi, and Robert Jübstl. "Experimental analysis of cross-laminated timber panels in fire." Fire Safety Journal 44, no. 8 (November 2009): 1078–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.07.007.

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Mallik, Avijit, Md Samdani Azad, Fazlur Rashid, and Md Emdadul Hoque. "Dynamic Response Mechanics of 45 Degree Angled Layered Cross-Laminated Timber." International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 3, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.03.01.2018.06.

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This research is directed on dynamic properties of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels constructed with alternate angled layers. All panels were manufactured using a modified industrial CLT production line, and the timber lamellas were glued and pressed together in a single step procedure to form the CLT panels. The paper also presents that the CLT with 45° configuration can be industrially produced at the same material quantity in comparison with standard production. Tests showed that the 45°-configured panels had 30% higher compression stiffness and 15% higher compression strength when compared to the 90° configuration. The results showed that the achieved mechanical properties of the new configuration can be utilized as a suitable construction material.

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Nehdi, Moncef L., Yannian Zhang, Xiaohan Gao, Lei V. Zhang, and Ahmed R. Suleiman. "Experimental Investigation on Axial Compression of Resilient Nail-Cross-Laminated Timber Panels." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 12, 2021): 11257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011257.

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Conventional cross-laminated timber is an engineered wood product consisting of solid-sawn lumber panels glued together. In this study, the structural behavior of solid wood panels of Nail-Cross-Laminated Timber (NCLT) panels connected with nails instead of glue was studied. The failure mode and nail deformation of the novel NCLT panels under axial compression load using eight full-scale NCLT panels was investigated. The effects of four key design parameters, namely, the nail type, number of nails, nail orientation angle, and nail slenderness ratio on axial compression performance of NCLT panels were also analyzed. In addition, a formula for predicting the axial compression bearing capacity of NCLT panels was developed. For calculation of the slenderness ratio, the moment of inertia of the full section or the effective section was determined based on the nail type, number of nails, angle of nail orientation and number of layers of the plate. Results showed that specimens connected by tapping screws had best compressive performance.

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McGavin, Robert L., Tony Dakin, and Jon Shanks. "Mass-timber construction in Australia: Is CLT the only answer?" BioResources 15, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 4642–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.4642-4645.

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Wood-based mass-panels (WBMP) are emerging as an attractive construction product for large-scale residential and commercial construction. Australia is following the lead of Europe and North America with several recent projects being completed using predominately cross-laminated timber panels (CLT). These sawn timber-based panels offer some key advantages to the construction and sawmilling industry. However, veneer-based mass-panel (VBMP) systems could offer additional benefits including the more efficient use of the available forest resources to produce WBMPs that have equivalent to superior performance to CLT. Research to confirm the expected technical viability of veneer-based systems is required. VBMPs could provide a valuable contribution, alongside CLT, to the Australian timber products market.

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SMIRNOV, P. N., K. A. USTIMENKO, A. D. LOMAKIN, and K. A. AKSENOV. "RESISTANCE OF CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER TO ATMOSPHERIC ACTIONS." Bulletin of Science and Research Center of Construction 35, no. 4 (January 23, 2023): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37538/2224-9494-2022-4(35)-104-116.

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Introduction. Cross-laminated timber (CLT) has started to win a market in Russia. Humidity plays an important role in ensuring the operational reliability of buildings based on timber structures. The lack of comprehensive studies on the influence of varying temperature and humidity actions, including atmospheric ones, hinders the development of CLT.Aim. In this work, the influence of atmospheric actions on various types of CLT building structures was determined in order to amend the requirements in SP 64.13330.2017 for the design and protection of CLT structures.Materials and methods. Samples of CLT wall panels and floor slabs manufactured as per the current regulatory documents were used as an object of research. Field tests were developed in order to determine the influence of atmospheric actions on the strength and elastic characteristics of CLT panels.Results. Atmospheric actions have an adverse effect on the strength and elastic characteristics of CLT panels. The decrease in the strength and elastic characteristics varies for the samples of floor slabs and wall panels.Conclusion. It is proposed that several recommendations given based on the experimental results on the resistance CLT to atmospheric actions are to be included in SP 64.13330.2017 for the design, manufacture, and construction of buildings using CLT structures.

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Abdurrahman, Irfan Naufal, Heru Juhdi Gultom, and Erma Desmaliana. "Kajian Eksperimental Sifat Mekanik Panel Cross Laminated Timber Kayu Sengon dan Kayu Jabon (Hal. 78-87)." RekaRacana: Jurnal Teknil Sipil 4, no. 4 (November 29, 2018): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/rekaracana.v4i4.78.

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ABSTRAKPanel Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) merupakan rekayasa kayu dengan penyusunan kayu dengan arah bersilangan 90 Material kayu yang digunakan yaitu kayu Sengon dan kayu Jabon. Pembuatan panel CLT menggunakan perekat Polyvinyl Acetate, Cross-linker, dan Lateks Karet Alam dengan perbandingan 1:1 untuk base dan 15% untuk katalisator. Tujuan dari penelitian ini, untuk mengetahui kinerja panel CLT kayu Sengon dan kayu Jabon terhadap beban tekan dan geser. Pembuatan panel CLT dilakukan dengan menggunakan kempa dingin dan dimensi panel CLT yang digunakan yaitu 950mm 950mm 120mm. Hasil pengujian eksperimental pada benda uji small clear, didapatkan bahwa kayu jabon dan kayu sengon masuk kedalam kelas kuat V. Kapasitas tekan panel CLT kayu Sengon lebih kuat dibandingkan CLT Jabon yaitu 12,196 MPa dengan defleksi 10,51 mm dan kapasitas tekan panel CLT Kayu Jabon 9,572 MPa dengan defleksi 2,67. Pada pengujian kuat geser Panel CLT kayu Sengon menghasilkan nilai kuat geser lebih baik dari pada CLT kayu Jabon sebesar 0,09 MPa, dan kuat geser CLT kayu Jabon 0,089 MPa. Kata kunci: cross laminated timber, perekat, kuat tekan, kuat geser, defleksi. ABSTRACTCross Laminated Timber (CLT) Panel Is wood engineering with wood’s arrangement cross direction 90°. Wood materials used Sengon and Jabon. Making CLT panels using Polyvinyl Acetate, Cross-linker, and Natural Rubber Latex adhesives with a ratio of 1:1 for base and 15% for catalyst. The purpose of this research is to know the performance of Sengon and Jabon wood CLT panels against press and shear load. CLT panel is made by used cold press processed and the CLT panel dimensions used is 950mm 950mm 120mm. The results of small clear test object, found that Jabon wood and sengon wood were included in the strong V class.The compressive capacity of Sengon wood CLT panel is stronger than Jabon CLT which is 12.196 MPa with 10.51 mm deflection and the compressive capacity of Jabon CLT panel is 9.572 MPa with a deflection of 2.67. The shear strength testing of Sengon wood CLT Panel produces better shear strength than Jabon wood. Shear strength Sengon’s CLT is 0.089 MPa and Jabon’s CLT is 0.128 MPa.Keywords: cross laminated timber, glue, compression strength, shear strength, deflection.

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Ramos, Fernando Murilo Gontijo, E. V. M. Carrasco, and Francisco Carlos Rodrigues. "Cross Laminated Timber in the International Context and in Brazil: Most Relevant Aspects." Key Engineering Materials 777 (August 2018): 543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.777.543.

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Timber is still being rediscovered as building material of excellence in Brazil, and especially as one of the most environmentally friendly one. In the scenario of the production of sustainable buildings, the construction system that uses wood panels - widely used in Europe, USA and Canada - called Glued Laminated Timber (GLULAM) and Cross Laminated Timber (CLT), occupies a prominent place, especially by the possibility of using wood from planted forests. This work aims to provide an overview of what is being produced in Europe and in Brazil.

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Fenemore, Chiaki, Yi Yang, Michael Kingan, and Brian Mace. "Investigating acoustics and wave behaviour in cross-laminated timber panels." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 5 (August 1, 2021): 1807–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-1956.

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Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a timber product that is becoming increasingly popular in construction in NZ because of the ability to prefabricate panels off-site, as well as being lightweight and sustainable compared to other building materials. There is currently a lack of information on its acoustical properties, as the complex geometry through the thickness means it is difficult to model and predict sound transmission. The WFE (wave and finite element) method has been employed as it allows for a small segment of a material to be modelled using standard FE methods and can incorporate several material layers. It then requires finding the mass and stiffness matrices of the segment and post-processing them to determine the wave behaviour of the structure as a whole. The WFE method was used to model the sound transmission of several different CLT panels and these results were compared against measurements taken by the National Research Council Canada. In-house testing was also performed to obtain experimental wavenumbers, and these were also compared to wavenumbers produced by the WFE method.

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Wang, R., J. J. Shi, M. K. Xia, and Z. Li. "Rolling shear performance of cross-laminated bamboo-balsa timber panels." Construction and Building Materials 299 (September 2021): 123973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123973.

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Logawa, Banda, and Murray Hodgson. "Innovative ways to make cross laminated timber panels sound-absorptive." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 136, no. 4 (October 2014): 2151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4899775.

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Bahmanzad, A., P. L. Clouston, S. R. Arwade, and A. C. Schreyer. "Shear Properties of Symmetric Angle-Ply Cross-Laminated Timber Panels." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 32, no. 9 (September 2020): 04020254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0003348.

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Davids, William G., Nicholas Willey, Roberto Lopez-Anido, Stephen Shaler, Douglas Gardner, Russell Edgar, and Mehdi Tajvidi. "Structural performance of hybrid SPFs-LSL cross-laminated timber panels." Construction and Building Materials 149 (September 2017): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.131.

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Shahnewaz, Ida, Thomas Tannert, M. Shahria Alam, and Marjan Popovski. "In-Plane Stiffness of Cross-Laminated Timber Panels with Openings." Structural Engineering International 27, no. 2 (May 2017): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686617x14881932436131.

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Tran, Trong Tuan, Mourad Khelifa, Ali Nadjai, Marc Oudjene, and Yann Rogaume. "Modelling of fire performance of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) panels." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1107 (November 2018): 032002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1107/3/032002.

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Celler, Jiří, Jakub Dolejs, and Vera Hlavata. "Experiments on Wall Panels with One-Sided Board Sheathing for Timber Structures." Advanced Materials Research 1144 (March 2017): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1144.3.

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Timber elements with an I-shaped cross-section are used as supporting elements in wall, ceiling and roof panels of light timber frames. The reinforcement of the panel (I-stud) is provided by means of glued timber composite I-shaped element consisting of a web made of a wood-based desk embedded into flanges of solid or glued laminated timber. The stability of the wall panels is usually ensured by sided board sheathing, which prevents buckling of studs in the plane of the wall or their twist. Walls with one-side board sheathing are used for some types of modern timber structures and their load bearing capacity is determined for situation when one-side sheathing burns down during fire or sheathing is not made of a load-bearing material.

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de Almeida, Amanda Ceinoti, and Jorge Daniel de Melo Moura. "Mechanical Behavior of GFRP Dowel Connections to Cross Laminated Timber-CLT Panels." Forests 13, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020320.

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Sustainability issues are driving the civil construction industry to adopt and study more environmentally friendly technologies as an alternative to traditional masonry/concrete construction. In this context, plantation wood especially stands out as a constituent of the cross-laminated timber (CLT) system, laminated wood glued in perpendicular layers forming a solid-wood structural panel. CLT panels are commonly connected by screws or nails, and several authors have investigated the behavior of these connections. Glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) dowels have been used to connect wooden structures, and have presented excellent performance results; however, they have not yet been tested in CLT. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP)-doweled connections between CLT panels. The specimens were submitted to monotonic shear loading, following the test protocol described in EN 26891-1991. Two configurations of adjacent five-layer panels were tested: flat-butt connections with 45° dowels (x, y, and z axes), and half-lap connections with 90° dowels. The results were evaluated according to the mechanical connection properties of strength, stiffness, and ductility ratio. The results showed higher stiffness for butt-end connections. In terms of strength, the half-lap connections were stronger than the butt-end connections.

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Rose, Colin, Dan Bergsagel, Thibault Dufresne, Evi Unubreme, Tianyao Lyu, Philippe Duffour, and Julia Stegemann. "Cross-Laminated Secondary Timber: Experimental Testing and Modelling the Effect of Defects and Reduced Feedstock Properties." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 9, 2018): 4118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114118.

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The construction industry creates significant volumes of waste timber, much of which has residual quality and value that dissipates in conventional waste management. This research explored the novel concept of reusing secondary timber as feedstock for cross-laminated timber (CLT). If cross-laminated secondary timber (CLST) can replace conventional CLT, structural steel and reinforced concrete in some applications, this constitutes upcycling to displace materials of greater environmental impacts. The fabrication process and mechanical properties of CLST were tested in small-scale laboratory experiments, which showed no significant difference between the compression stiffness and strength of CLST and a control. Finite element modelling suggested that typical minor defects in secondary timber have only a small effect on CLST panel stiffness in compression and bending. Mechanically Jointed Beams Theory calculations to examine the potential impacts of secondary timber ageing on CLST panels found that this has little effect on compression stiffness if only the crosswise lamellae are replaced. Since use of secondary timber to make CLST has a more significant effect on bending stiffness, effective combinations of primary and secondary timber and their appropriate structural applications are proposed. The article concludes with open research questions to advance this concept towards commercial application.

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Ben, Qingguo, Yongqing Dai, Sijian Chen, Benkai Shi, and Huifeng Yang. "Shear performances of shallow notch-screw connections for timber-concrete composite (TCC) floors." BioResources 17, no. 2 (April 26, 2022): 3278–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.2.3278-3290.

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Shallow notch-screw connections, which showed potential superior slip moduli and load-carrying capacity compared with the traditional screwed connections and can be employed in the timber-concrete composite (TCC) floors were examined in this study. Eight groups of shallow notch-screw connections were designed to perform the push-out tests, in which the arrangement of screws, the heavy timber types, and the width of the shallow notch were considered. The depth of the notch was uniformly 15 mm. The vertical screws and the cross inclined screws were separately selected as the reinforcement for the shallow notch connections. The common heavy timber panels, including nail laminated timber (NLT), glulam, and cross laminated timber (CLT), were adopted. The width of the shallow notch tested included 100 and 200 mm. The experimental results showed that the shallow notch connections underwent ductile failure. The effects of testing factors on the shear strength, slip moduli, and ductility were discussed. The design proposals about the slip moduli of the shallow notches using each timber panel types were proposed, aiming to provide guidance for the application of the TCC floors with shallow notches.

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Sotayo, Adeayo, Dan F. Bradley, Michael Bather, Marc Oudjene, Imane El-Houjeyri, and Zhongwei Guan. "Development and structural behaviour of adhesive free laminated timber beams and cross laminated panels." Construction and Building Materials 259 (October 2020): 119821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119821.

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Solvang Tingstveit, Merethe, Henrik Kofoed Nielsen, and Birgit Risholt. "Hygrothermal conditions in Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) dwellings." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 10009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017210009.

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The use of CLT has been increasing the last decade, and a subsequently focus on documentation of the accompanying indoor climate and exposed wooden surfaces on human well-being. This study presents the results of a measurement campaign conducted over one year of a CLT apartment building in Grimstad, Norway. The apartment building consists of three floors with 35 apartments and comply with the Norwegian passive house standard and energy grade A. Measurements of the relative humidity (RH), indoor air temperature and wood moisture content (MC) were performed in the exposed CLT spruce panels in three apartments in two different floors. The results from the three apartments show a relatively small variation in the MC values regardless the residents behavior measured as RH variation through a complete year. Selected periods from a cold period (winter) and a warm period (summer) show the variation in relative humidity (RH) and moisture content in the CLT element. However, results from control measurements showed higher MC values. The gap between the measurements and methods are discussed.

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O'Dowd, Bernard, Lee Scott Cunningham, and Paul Nedwell. "Briefing: Experimental and theoretical bending stiffness of cross-laminated timber panels." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials 169, no. 6 (December 2016): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jcoma.15.00063.

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Fragiacomo, Massimo, Agnese Menis, Isaia Clemente, Giovanna Bochicchio, and Ario Ceccotti. "Fire Resistance of Cross-Laminated Timber Panels Loaded Out of Plane." Journal of Structural Engineering 139, no. 12 (December 2013): 04013018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0000787.

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42

Mayencourt, Paul, and Caitlin Mueller. "Structural Optimization of Cross-laminated Timber Panels in One-way Bending." Structures 18 (April 2019): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2018.12.009.

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43

Oh, Jung-Kwon, Jung-Pyo Hong, Chul-Ki Kim, Sung-Jun Pang, Sang-Joon Lee, and Jun-Jae Lee. "Shear behavior of cross-laminated timber wall consisting of small panels." Journal of Wood Science 63, no. 1 (November 5, 2016): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10086-016-1591-2.

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Mahdavifar, Vahid, Andre R. Barbosa, Arijit Sinha, Lech Muszynski, Rakesh Gupta, and Steven E. Pryor. "Hysteretic Response of Metal Connections on Hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber Panels." Journal of Structural Engineering 145, no. 1 (January 2019): 04018237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0002222.

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Flores, Noel R., Russell Gentry, and Lauren K. Stewart. "Behavior and Damage Characterization of Impulsively Loaded Cross-Laminated Timber Panels." Applied Sciences 12, no. 23 (November 25, 2022): 12076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122312076.

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This research bridges the gap between the quasi-static and high-strain-rate loading regimes in cross-laminated timber (CLT) by investigating two areas that have remained unstudied or elusive, i.e., rolling shear failure of CLT under impulsive, blast-like loading and intermediate strain rates in CLT. To study the conditions that would promote shear modes of failure, a novel, highly adaptable center-point testing system and methodology were developed that permitted the application of impulsive loading to undamaged CLT panels in a highly controlled and repeatable manner. The loading condition and low span-to-depth ratio (6.40 ≤ L:h ≤ 6.55) CLT were selected to encourage the development of shear modes of failure. Changes to the rotational rigidity at the boundary conditions allowed for the empirical simulation of realistic boundary conditions. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and load cell data were used to identify failure modes following loss in resistance in the specimens. Overall, the experiment was successful in consistently eliciting shear modes of failure and providing damage characterization in impulsively loaded CLT. Shear modes of failure resulted in the dramatic loss of resistance in all specimens tested. Strain-rate enhancement in the dynamic apparent flexural stiffness of CLT of 1.3 to 7.2 times was observed. Lower levels of damage were observed in specimens with higher levels of boundary-condition rotational rigidity.

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Vamza, Ilze, Fabian Diaz, Peteris Resnais, Antra Radziņa, and Dagnija Blumberga. "Life Cycle Assessment of Reprocessed Cross Laminated Timber in Latvia." Environmental and Climate Technologies 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0005.

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Abstract It is expected that Cross-laminated timber (CLT) and other engineered wood products will experience rapid growth in the coming years. Global population growth is requiring more housing units, at the same time the negative impact of construction industry cannot stay in the same level as today. Alternatives for concrete and steel reinforced structures are being explored. CLT has proven to be an excellent substitution for concrete regarding construction of buildings up to eight storeys high. In addition to much lower environmental impact, construction process using CLT takes significantly less time due to pre-cut shapes required for specific project. Despite mentioned benefits, there are considerable amount of CLT cuttings generated in this process. Due to irregular shape and small dimensions of these cuttings they are useless for further use in construction. By applying re-processing technology described in this paper, around 70 % of generated cuttings can be re-processed into new CLT panels. In this paper we are evaluating the environmental benefits of re-processing these cuttings into new CLT panels versus business-as-usual scenario with waste disposal. Life cycle assessment results showed significant reduction of environmental impact for the scenario of CLT cutting re-processing.

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Kalbe, Kristo, Villu Kukk, and Targo Kalamees. "Identification and improvement of critical joints in CLT construction without weather protection." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 10002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017210002.

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Wetting of timber structures during erection can have a harmful effect on their durability and could lead to adverse health effects. The probability of dampness related problems is very high when timber is exposed to free water. However, it is not always possible to implement full weather protection and thus there is a need for cost optimal solutions to increase the moisture safety of precipitation-exposed timber construction. In this study we observed the construction works and monitored the timber moisture content (MC) of a cross-laminated timber (CLT) building and proposed a set of activities and designed connection details that could help to avoid moisture ingress during the installation of CLT panels. Our findings showed that the most sensitive area to wetting is the end-grain on the CLT panel and the MC remained within critical limits in structures where drying was prohibited. Therefore, the most vulnerable section of the CLT structure is the foundation connection. We suggest using liquid-applied membrane coating on the cut edges of CLT panels to protect the end grain and to cover the horizontal CLT panels with self-adhesive membranes and vertical CLT panels with temporary clear weather protection foils.

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Goremikins, Vadims, Dmitrijs Serdjuks, Karina Buka-Vaivade, Leonids Pakrastins, and Nikolai Vatin. "PREDICTION OF BEHAVIOUR OF PRESTRESSED SUSPENSION BRIDGE WITH TIMBER DECK PANELS." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 12, no. 4 (December 13, 2017): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2017.29.

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Cable truss usage allows developing bridges with reduced requirements for girder stiffness, where overall bridge rigidity is ensured by prestressing of the stabilization cable. The advantages of prestressed suspension trusses to provide required stiffness without massive stiffness girders and the ability of cross-laminated timber to behave in both directions are combined in the analysed structure. Prestressed cable truss with coincident (unclear meaning, difficult to translate) in the centre point of the span main and stabilization cables and vertical suspenders only was considered as the main load carrying system in the considered structure of suspension bridge. Two numerical models evaluated influence of cross-laminated timber deck on the behaviour of prestressed cable truss. Two physical models of the structure with the span equal to 2 m were developed for verification of the numerical models. The first physical model was developed for the case, when panels of the deck are placed without clearances and behaving in the longitudinal direction in compression so as in the transversal direction in bending. The second physical model was developed for the case when panels of the deck are placed with clearances and are behaving in the transverse direction in bending only. The dependences of maximum vertical displacements and horizontal support reaction of the cable truss on the intensity of vertical load in cases of symmetric and unsymmetrical loading were obtained for both physical models. Possibility to decrease the cable truss materials consumption by 17% by taking into accountcombined work of prestressed cable trusses and cross-laminated timber panels was stated.

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Hristovski, Viktor, Violeta Mircevska, Bruno Dujic, and Mihail Garevski. "Comparative dynamic investigation of cross-laminated wooden panel systems: Shaking-table tests and analysis." Advances in Structural Engineering 21, no. 10 (December 26, 2017): 1421–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433217749766.

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Cross-laminated timber has recently gained great popularity in earthquake-prone areas for construction of residential, administrative, and other types of buildings. At the Laboratory of the Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology in Skopje, comparative full-scale shaking-table tests of cross-laminated timber panel systems have been carried out as a part of the full research program on the seismic behavior of these types of wooden systems, realized by Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, Skopje, and the Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering (UL FCG), University of Ljubljana. Two different specimens built of cross-laminated timber panels have been tested: specimen containing a pair of single-unit principal wall elements (Specimen 1) and specimen containing a pair of two-unit principal wall elements (Specimen 2). In this article, the results from the shaking-table tests obtained for Specimen 2 and numerically verified by using appropriate finite element method–based computational model are discussed. Reference is also made to the comparative analysis of the test results obtained for both specimens. One of the most important aspects of the research has been the estimation of the seismic energy-dissipation ability of Specimen 1 and 2, via calculation of the equivalent viscous damping using the performed experimental tests. It is generally concluded that Specimen 2 exhibits a similar rocking behavior as Specimen 1, with similar energy-dissipation ability. Both specimens have manifested slightly different dynamic properties, mostly because Specimen 2 has been designed with one anchor more compared to Specimen 1. Forced vibration tests have been used for identification of the effective stiffness on the contacts for Specimen 2. This research is expected to be a contribution toward clarification of the behavior and practical design of cross-laminated timber panel systems subjected to earthquake loading.

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Tripathi, Jaya, and Robert W. Rice. "Finite element modelling of heat and moisture transfer through cross laminated timber panels." BioResources 14, no. 3 (June 19, 2019): 6278–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.3.6278-6293.

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The primary objective of this research was to assess and to model the hygrothermal properties of CLT panels made from three distinct combinations of spruce lumber and laminated strand lumber (LSL). The hygrothermal performance of these materials both individually and in conjunction in CLT has not been investigated before and is an important indicator of CLT building wall performance. CLT panels consisting of spruce as a face layer absorbed moisture more rapidly when that face layer was exposed to higher moisture concentration compared to CLT panels consisting of LSL as a face layer. The accumulation of moisture between layers increased with placement of the LSL as a core layer. Based on the smaller diffusion coefficient, moisture transport through the CLT panels made of LSL was slower. Modelling with a finite element-based program showed that the temperature in the panels when exposed to a severe gradient equilibrated within two days, as shown by both experimental and simulated results. For moisture transfer, the diffusion coefficient variation with moisture content and temperature based on the Arrhenius equation produced simulation results in agreement with experimental results but the moisture transfer was much slower than the heat transfer.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cross-laminated timber panels'

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