Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cross-laminated timber panels

Academic literature on the topic 'Cross-laminated timber panels'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Cross-laminated timber panels"

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Albostami, Asad S., Zhangjian Wu, and Lee S. Cunningham. "Assessment of cross-laminated timber panels by the state-space approach." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 11 (April 12, 2019): 2375–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219841504.

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In this article, cross-laminated timber panels are investigated as a novel engineering application of the state-space approach. As cross-laminated timber is a laminated composite panel, the three-dimensional analytical method provided by the state-space approach offers the potential for improved accuracy over existing common approaches to the analysis of cross-laminated timber. Before focusing on the specific application to cross-laminated timber, the general theory of the state-space approach is outlined. The method is then applied to describe the behaviour of a number of cross-laminated timber panel configurations previously examined experimentally and analytically. In order to demonstrate the capability of the state-space approach in this application, the results are compared with those from various two-dimensional and three-dimensional analytical approaches and finite element modelling briefly. With a view to design, different failure criteria are explored to assess the ultimate strength of the cross-laminated timber panels. The state-space approach demonstrates its superior capability in capturing the nonlinear distribution of the elastic stresses through the thickness of the cross-laminated timber panels over a range of span-to-thickness ratios common in practical applications.
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Mykhailovskyi, Denis. "Method of calculation of panel buildings from cross-laminated timber." Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures, no. 107 (October 29, 2021): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2410-2547.2021.107.75-88.

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Building constructions made of cross-laminated timber become more and more widespread. Experience in the timber structures design and operation for various purposes confirms the feasibility of their use. Recently, the construction of prefabricated cross-laminated timber houses has become especially widespread. The problem solution of cross-laminated timber panels calculation by means of a finite element method with the material`s reduced mechanical characteristics application is offered in this article. The specified formulas for definition of the reduced geometrical and mechanical characteristics of cross-laminated timber panels` various types, including those made of combined cross-laminated timber, are resulted. The algorithm of cross-laminated timber panels calculation by means of a finite element method is resulted. The possibility of using flat finite elements taking into account orthotropic properties for the calculation of cross-laminated timber panels using the elasticity above modulus according to the above method, adjusting the Poisson's ratios so as to preserve the condition of elastic potential in timber, is reasoned.
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Mamedov, Sh M., E. G. Shabikova, D. V. Nizhegorodtsev, and T. N. Kazakevich. "Method for calculating cross laminated timber panels." Вестник гражданских инженеров 17, no. 5 (2020): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2020-17-5-66-71.

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Cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels are widely used in the construction of buildings and structures abroad. Regulatory documentation in the Russian Federation does not contain provisions for calculating such structures. The paper considers the method of calculating the floor slab made of CLT panel using the Euler Bernoulli beam theory. General recommendations for the design of cross-glued wood structures are offered, and assumptions of the developed methodology are given. Much attention is paid to the main design characteristics of the bent element. Comparative values of these characteristics from various sources are given. A coefficient is proposed to be used taking into account the features of CLT panels in calculations.
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Zhang, Daiyuan, Liming Shen, Xudong Zhu, Sujun Zhang, and Meng Gong. "The influence of the opening size on the shear performance of the cross-laminated timber (CLT) walls." BioResources 16, no. 4 (September 7, 2021): 7071–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.4.7071-7085.

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Cross-laminated timber is a wood product with excellent fire resistance and mechanical performance that is often used in tiny houses. Using the ASTM standard E564, the shear performance of cross-laminated timber wall panels, with and without openings, were investigated in this study. The specimens were made of spruce-pine-fir IIc lumber and installed on a test platform using high-strength bolts passing through them. This connection mode limited the displacements obtained in the test, primarily the shear displacements and rocking displacements. By comparing the static load test data of the three specimens with openings and the one without an opening, it was found that openings reduced the shear strength and shear stiffness. For the same sized rectangular opening, the shear stiffness of the cross-laminated timber panel was less when the wider side was horizontal (normal to the direction of the applied force). The shear stiffness of the cross-laminated timber wall panels can be effectively improved by reinforcing the areas near the openings with metal sheets. With reinforcement, the shear strength did not change drastically, but the damage to the cross-laminated timber wall panels was significantly reduced.
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Wang, Yuexiang, Jin Zhang, Fang Mei, Jianan Liao, and Weibin Li. "Experimental and numerical analysis on fire behaviour of loaded cross-laminated timber panels." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 1 (July 18, 2019): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219864459.

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Cross-laminated timber is a relatively new engineered timber material that can be used in the design and construction of modern timber buildings. A key factor that raises concerns in the wide application of cross-laminated timber is the uncertainty of its fire performance. This article describes experimental and numerical investigations on the fire behaviour of loaded cross-laminated timber panels manufactured with Canadian hemlock. A total of 10 cross-laminated timber panels with different number and thickness of layers were tested under ambient and standard fire conditions to investigate the flexural capacity at ambient temperature, and temperature distribution, charring rate, fire resistance, mid-span deflection under fire exposure. Three-dimensional finite element model was developed using the Hashin criterion and cohesive elements to predict the failure of wood and adhesive, respectively. The thermal model implicitly considers the rapidly increased temperature of inner fresh timber after the protective charred layers have fallen off. The numerical model was validated with the results obtained from experimental tests and was found to have the ability to simulate the fire behaviour of loaded cross-laminated timber panels in reasonable accuracy.
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Gilewski, Wojciech, and Aleksander Glegola. "Computational Modelling of Cross-Laminated Timber Panels." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 661 (November 20, 2019): 012063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/661/1/012063.

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Zhang, Yannian, Moncef L. Nehdi, Xiaohan Gao, and Lei V. Zhang. "Flexural Performance of Novel Nail-Cross-Laminated Timber Composite Panels." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (August 29, 2020): 5983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10175983.

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Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is an innovative wood panel composite that has been attracting growing interest worldwide. Apart from its economic benefits, CLT takes full advantage of both the tensile strength parallel to the wood grain and its compressive strength perpendicular to the grain, which enhances the load bearing capacity of the composite. However, traditional CLT panels are made with glue, which can expire and lose effectiveness over time, compromising the CLT panel mechanical strength. To mitigate such shortcomings of conventional CLT panels, we pioneer herein nail-cross-laminated timber (NCLT) panels with more reliable connection system. This study investigates the flexural performance of NCLT panels made with different types of nails and explores the effects of key design parameters including the nail incidence angle, nail type, total number of nails, and number of layers. Results show that NCLT panels have better flexural performance than traditional CLT panels. The failure mode of NCLT panels depends on the nail angle, nail type, and quantity of nails. A modified formula for predicting the flexural bearing capacity of NCLT panels was proposed and proven accurate. The findings could blaze the trail for potential applications of NCLT panels as a sustainable and resilient construction composite for lightweight structures.
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Alencar, Juliana Bello Mussi, and Jorge Daniel de Melo Moura. "Mechanical Behavior of Cross-Laminated Timber Panels Made of Low-Added-Value Timber." Forest Products Journal 69, no. 3 (January 1, 2019): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-18-00037.

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Abstract The cross-laminated timber (CLT) construction system has recently emerged as an excellent alternative for civil construction. The objective of this work is to analyze the structural performance of CLT panels using plantation lumber, especially eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis) heartwood and pine (Pinus taeda). After visual grading, all boards were mechanically graded through the ultrasonic nondestructive testing method. Boards were organized to compose four types of three-layered CLT panels: 1) exclusively eucalyptus heartwood (EEE), 2) eucalyptus in the outer layers and pine in the central layer (EPE), 3) exclusively pine (PPP), and 4) pine in the outer layers and eucalyptus in the central layer (PEP). Three panels with graded timber were manufactured for each type, and one more panel was made out of ungraded timber, so each group had four panels altogether. Panels containing eucalyptus in the outer layers (EEE and EPE) were stiffer than the ones with pine in outer layers (PPP and PEP). However, the first two groups presented lower bending strength than the second ones. Modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture results were compared to values observed in the literature and to the international standard that regulates CLT (American National Standards Institute/American Plywood Association PRG 320). From the four types studied, only panels containing mostly eucalyptus (EEE and EPE) could meet the PRG 320 E2 class. Panels containing mostly pine (PPP and PEP) did not reach the thresholds of any class in terms of stiffness although their resistance was much higher than that specified in the standard.
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Buka-Vaivade, Karina, Dmitrijs Serdjuks, and Leonids Pakrastins. "Cost Factor Analysis for Timber–Concrete Composite with a Lightweight Plywood Rib Floor Panel." Buildings 12, no. 6 (June 3, 2022): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060761.

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With the growing importance of the principle of sustainability, there is an increasing interest in the use of timber–concrete composite for floors, especially for medium and large span buildings. Timber–concrete composite combines the better properties of both materials and reduces their disadvantages. The most common choice is to use a cross-laminated timber panel as a base for a timber–concrete composite. But a timber–concrete composite solution with plywood rib panels with an adhesive connection between the timber base and fibre reinforced concrete layer is offered as the more cost-effective constructive solution. An algorithm for determining the rational parameters of the panel cross-section has been developed. The software was written based on the proposed algorithm to compare timber–concrete composite panels with cross-laminated timber and plywood rib panel bases. The developed algorithm includes recommendations of forthcoming Eurocode 5 for timber–concrete composite design and an innovative approach to vibration calculations. The obtained data conclude that the proposed structural solution has up to 73% lower cost and up to 71% smaller self-weight. Thus, the proposed timber–concrete composite construction can meet the needs of society for cost-effective and sustainable innovative floor solutions.
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Jorge, Luís, and Alfredo M. P. G. Dias. "X-Lam Panels in Swimming-Pool Building – Monitoring the Environment and the Performance." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 779–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.779.

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The cross-laminated timber panels (X-Lam panels) are produced for structural use in Service Classes 1 and 2 conditions, in accordance with what is established on Eurocode 5 [. Timber boards are glued together on orthogonal layers, allowing the panel to perform two important characteristics: good dimensional stability and loading in two-way directions. The influence of wood moisture content on the feasibility of cross-laminated timber is described in this paper regarding the dimensional stability of the panels when applied in high moisture locations. Several European Technical Approvals, state the low importance of the dimensional variations with moisture content of this type of panel, but some reference values can be found in other technical documents. The French Avis Technique [[[1 reference the value of 0.01mm/m for in-plane deformation (per percentage of timber moisture variation) and the TRADA Wood Information Sheet, WIS 2/3-62 [1, refers the maximum value of 0.02mm/m for the same conditions.The use of the X-Lam panels in Service Class 3 can not be used, concerning the high level of stressing in glue lines, and no producer has yet certified it for this Service Class. Moreover, the French Avis Technique doesnt allow the use of X-Lam panels in swimming-pools due to high hygrometry, even for conditions corresponding to Service Class 2.Cross laminated timber panels are widely used across Europe but are giving the first steps in Portugal at the moment. The first big project was finished in spring 2012 in Almada, comprising a building integrating a 25 meter in-door swimming-pool and a gym. In order to assess the behavior of the timber structure, due to the non-conventional using of the X-Lam panels, a monitoring program was started immediately after building construction. The results obtained are presented and discussed in this paper.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cross-laminated timber panels"

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Logawa, Banda. "Improving the sound absorption of cross-laminated timber panels using resonant absorbent layer." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/61947.

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Developed in the mid-1990s in Austria and Germany, Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) is an innovative wood product known for its strength in both orthogonal directions, and its dimensional stability, making it a sustainable alternative to concrete slabs. CLT is created through the cross-lamination process, which glues together odd number of layers of wood planks placed in orthogonally alternating directions. With the growing interest in the application of CLT in North America, numerous studies has been conducted to characterize the acoustical properties of CLT panels. However, most of them focused on the sound-transmission aspect of CLT, very few on the sound absorption. This thesis will explore the sound-absorption characteristics of CLT, the effect on overall room-acoustical conditions, the utilization of resonant sound-absorbing layers on CLT to make it more sound-absorptive, and proposed solutions to improve this performance aspect. To demonstrate the low sound absorption and poor acoustical conditions in rooms with exposed and untreated CLT panels, several in-situ reverberation-time (RT) measurements were conducted in multiple buildings in British Columbia. Average sound-absorption coefficients and estimated Speech Intelligibility Indices (SII) were calculated as baseline performance measures for this study. Based on the results from five different buildings, involving 8 rooms configurations, average sound-absorption coefficients for exposed CLT panels are approximately between 0.02 to 0.13, resulting in barely acceptable conditions for verbal communication. To optimize the sound-absorption characteristics of prototype CLT panels, a transfer-matrix model has been developed to predict the performance of multi-layered CLT panels. This theoretical model was then validated by using three different sound-absorption measurement methods (impedance tube, spherical decoupling, and reverberation chamber) for multiple HR array configurations. After identifying the important parameters of an HR system and their effects on performance, a final prototype configuration with Helmholtz Resonator Array was then created with the goal of improving the room- acoustical performance of CLT, as well as responding to input from the CLT manufacturers and experts. Both the theoretical and experimental results confirmed that the proposed solution has the required sound-absorption performance and achieves all research objectives.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Pearson, Hannah. "Strut and tie modelling of cross-laminated timber panels incorporating angular material properties." Thesis, University of Bath, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.667741.

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The use of Cross-Laminated Timber products has increased in recent years with a range of structural applications including CLT tall buildings and folded structures. As CLT is used in more innovative structural applications the need for specific methods of design and analysis are apparent. A review of the literature demonstrates that despite the increasing popularity of CLT in construction there are limited methods for the design and analysis of CLT panels and structures that fully utilise its unique properties. Manufacturer data relating to the CLT material properties varies how the cross directional laminas are considered. Finally it was found that there is limited published knowledge regarding CLT material properties for panels loaded non-tangentially to the direction of the timber grain. A method for predicting failure loads and modes has been presented and compared with experimental test data. A Strut and Tie model is proposed for the analysis of CLT panels, a methodology originally developed to design of reinforced concrete deep beams. The Strut and Tie approach considers panel geometry, loads, supports, different properties in tension and compression and was adapted to consider anisotropic behaviour. The procedure, advantages and limitations have been presented and a model developed for an application in CLT. The use of this model is considered for the analysis of simple CLT panel loadings. The behaviour of CLT at different timber grain angles demonstrate a complex composite behaviour influencing the strut and tie capacities. The definition of node sizes was also found to be critical to the definitions of the struts and ties and hence the capacity of the sections. Comparison of experimental tests to the model demonstrates some application to using a Strut and Tie in CLT panels. It identifies where additional investigation is required to improve, develop and validate the model into a method that may be used for full-scale CLT panels and structures in design practice and consider a variety of geometries and loading arrangements.
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Archila, Santos Hector Fabio. "Thermo-hydro-mechanically modified cross-laminated Guadua-bamboo panels." Thesis, University of Bath, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.675700.

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Guadua angustifolia Kunth (Guadua) is a bamboo species native to South and Central America that has been widely used for structural applications in small and large-scale buildings, bridges and temporary structures. Currently, its structural use is regulated within seismic resistant building codes in countries such as Peru and Colombia. Nevertheless, Guadua remains a material for vernacular construction associated with high levels of manual labour and structural unpredictability. Guadua buildings are limited to two storeys due to the overall flexibility of the slender and hollow culms and its connection systems. Its axial specific stiffness is comparable to that of steel and hardwoods, but unlike wood, Guadua’s hollow structure and lack of ray cells render it prone to buckling along the grain and to transverse crushing. As a result, Guadua’s mainstream use in construction and transformation into standard sizes or engineered Guadua products is scarce. Therefore, this work focussed on the development of standardised flat industrial structural products from Guadua devising replicable manufacturing technologies and engineering methods to measure and predict their mechanical behaviour. Cross-laminated Guadua panels were developed using thermohydro-mechanically modified and laminated flat Guadua strips glued with a high performance resin. Guadua was subjected to thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) treatments that modified its microstructure and mechanical properties. THM treatment was applied to Guadua with the aim of tackling the difficulties in the fabrication of standardised construction materials and to gain a uniform fibre content profile that facilitated prediction of mechanical properties for structural design. Densified homogenous flat Guadua strips (FGS) were obtained. Elastic properties of FGS were determined in tension, compression and shear using small-clear specimens. These properties were used to predict the structural behaviour of G-XLam panels comprised of three and five layers (G-XLam3 and G-XLam5) by numerical methods. The panels were assumed as multi-layered systems composed of contiguous lamellas with orthotropic axes orientated at 0º and 90º. A finite element (FE) model was developed, and successfully simulated the response of G-XLam3 & 5 panels virtually loaded with the same boundary conditions as the following experimental tests on full-scale panels. G-XLam3 and G-XLam5 were manufactured and their mechanical properties evaluated by testing large specimens in compression, shear and bending. Results from numerical, FE predictions and mechanical testing demonstrated comparable results. Finally, design and manufacturing aspects of the G-XLam panels were discussed and examples of their architectural and structural use in construction applications such as mid-rise buildings, grid shells and vaults are presented. Overall, this research studies THM treatments applied to Guadua in order to produce standardised engineered Guadua products (EGP), and provides guidelines for manufacturing, testing, and for the structural analysis and design with G-XLam panels. These factors are of key importance for the use of Guadua as a mainstream material in construction.
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Decker, Brandon T. "In-Plane Lateral Load Capacities of Vertically Oriented Interlocking Timber Panels." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5304.

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The Vertically Oriented Interlocking Timber (VOIT) panel is a new solid wood panel similar to Interlocking Cross Laminated Timber (ICLT) and the more commonly known Cross Laminated Timber (CLT). Like ICLT, VOIT panels use timber connections instead of the adhesives or metal fasteners common to CLT. The difference of VOIT is the orientation of the layers. Where CLT and ICLT panels alternate the orientation of each layer, VOIT panels orient all the layers in the same direction. The vertically oriented layers are then attached to one another by smaller horizontal dovetail members.Two types of VOIT panels were provided to be tested for in-plane lateral loading. Type I had three rows of horizontal dovetail members connecting the layers and Type II had four rows of dovetail members as well as two diagonal members to provide stiffness. Two panels of each type were provided, measuring 8 ft. wide, 8 ft. tall, and 13.75 in. thick. Each panel was disassembled after monotonic lateral in-plane loading to determine possible failure modes. Testing results suggest the VOIT panels to be comparable in shear strength to other wood shear walls, including light frame, CLT, and ICLT walls. A two-part analytical model was created to determine the deflection of the wall when loaded as well as the shear strength of the wall. The model predicted deflection and wall strength reasonably well. Due to the small sample size, additional testing is necessary to confirm the results of the Type I and Type II VOIT panels. Additional testing with more variations of the panel and member geometries is also needed to validate the scope of the model.
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Franzoni, Lorenzo. "Mechanical behavior of regularly spaced Cross Laminated Timber panels : Modeling and experimental validation in ambient and fire conditions." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1113/document.

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Les panneaux en bois lamellé croisé (en anglais CLT - Cross Laminated Timber) sont des éléments de structure composés de couches en bois collées entre eleese et empilées de façon croisée. Chaque couche est composée de planches en bois juxtaposées et généralement non collées sur leur chants. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions l'influence sur le comportement mécanique des espacements entre planches des panneaux avec une approche par modélisation et expérimentation. Les panneaux CLT standard sont considérés comme des panneaux avec des espacements de très faible dimension par opposition aux panneaux avec espacements importants que nous appelons panneaux innovants. Nous modélisons dans un premier temps le comportement en flexion de panneaux standard à l'aide d'un modèle de couche homogène équivalente basée sur des hypothèses simplifiées de la mécanique d'une couche avec chants collés ou non collés. Nous observons un bon accord entre les résultats de notre modélisation et des résultats expérimentaux issus de la littérature. Des études paramétriques sont ensuite réalisés portant sur certaines propriétés des panneaux.Nous avons ensuite réalisé des essais de flexion 4-points sur des panneaux CLT standard et innovants pour quantifier l'influence des espacements sur la réponse mécanique des panneaux. Il se trouve que l'influence des effets de cisaillement transverse sur le comportement élastique et à la rupture augmente avec l'augmentation des vides dans le panneau.Afin de prendre correctement en compte les effets du cisaillement, les CLT espacés sont modélisés comme des plaques épaisses périodiques à l'aide d'un modèle de plaque d'ordre supérieur. Ce modèle a été appliqué à la géométrie des panneaux CLT espacés avec un schéma d'homogénéisation périodique. Des méthodes simplifiées existantes ont également été comparées avec les résultats des essais et le modèle de plaque. De plus, des résultats d'essais de cisaillement dans le plan des panneaux CLT standard issus de la littérature ont été comparés avec nos résultats. La raideur de flexion des CLT espacés peut être prédite avec des méthodes simples existantes, alors que seule la modélisation que nous proposons permet de prédire le comportement en cisaillement transverse et dans le plan. Finalement, des formules analytiques ont été obtenues pour prédire le comportement élastique des CLT espacés. Ces formules donnent une bonne approximation u comportement des CLT espacés et peuvent être utilisées dans le cadre d'une démarche pratique de dimensionnement.Enfin, une étude concernant l'analyse du comportement au feu des panneaux CLT standard est présentée. La comparaison entre des résultats d'essais au feu et une modélisations avancée et simplifiée a permis de proposer une possible amélioration de la méthode de dimensionnement au feu standard
Cross Laminated Timber (CLT, or crosslam) panels are engineered timber products composed of layers made of wooden lamellas placed side by side, glued on their upperand lower faces and stacked crosswise. In the present thesis, the influence of lateral spaces between lamellas of each layer on the panel’s mechanical response is investigated with modeling and tests. Both configurations of standard panels having short spaces and innovative CLT panels with large spaces are analyzed.As a first approach, the bending behavior of standard crosslam was modeled by means of an equivalent-layer model based on simplified hypotheses on mechanical properties of laterally glued or unglued layers. The good agreement of the predicted behavior with an experiment of the literature finally allowed an investigation on several CLT properties by means of parameter studies.Then, 4-points bending tests on standard and innovative CLT floors were performed in order to quantify the influence of periodic spaces on the panels' mechanical response. It appears that the influence of transverse shear effects on the elastic and failure behavior of spaced CLT increases with the increasing spaces between boards.In order to take into account transverse shear effects, spaced CLT have been modeled as periodic thick plates by means of a higher-order plate theory for laminated plates. This model has been applied to the geometry of spaced CLT with a periodic homogenization scheme. Existing simplified methods for spaced crosslam were compared as well with refined modeling and test results. Moreover, available in-plane shear tests of the literature have been compared to the modeling results. It appears that the bending behavior of spaced CLT can be predicted with simplified existing approaches, while only the more refined modeling can predict the in-plane and transverse shear behavior. Then, closed-form solutions for predicting spaced CLT elastic behavior were derived in order to encourage the application of spaced CLT panels in modern timber construction.One further study within this thesis concerns the analysis of fire-exposed standard CLT floors. The comparison between test results and both advanced and simplified modeling led to a suggestion for a possible improvement the standard fire design model
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Vessby, Johan. "Shear walls for multi-storey timber buildings." Licentiate thesis, Växjö University, School of Technology and Design, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-2420.

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Wind loads acting on wooden building structures need to be dealt with adequately in order to ensure that neither the serviceability limit state nor the ultimate limit state is exceeded. For the structural designer of tall buildings, avoiding the possibly serious consequences of heavy wind loading while taking account at the same time of the effects of gravitation can be a real challenge. Wind loads are usually no major problem for low buildings, such as one- to two-storey timber structures involving ordinary walls made by nailing or screwing sheets of various types to the frame, but when taller structures are designed and built, serious problems may arise.

Since wind speed and thus wind pressure increases with height above the ground and the shear forces transmitted by the walls increase accordingly, storey by storey, considerable efforts can be needed to handle the strong horizontal shear forces that are exerted on the bottom floor in particular. The strong uplift forces that can develop on the wind side of a structure are yet another matter that can be critical. Accordingly, a structure needs to be anchored to the substrate or to the ground by connections that are properly designed. Since the calculated uplift forces depend very much upon the models employed, the choice of models and simplifications in the analysis that are undertaken also need to be considered carefully.

The present licentiate thesis addresses questions of how wind loads acting on multi-storey timber buildings can be best dealt with and calculated for in the structural design of such buildings. The conventional use of sheathing either nailed or screwed to a timber framework is considered, together with other methods of stabilizing timber structures. Alternative ways of using solid timber elements for stabilization are also of special interest.

The finite element method was employed in simulating the structural behaviour of stabilizing units. A study was carried out of walls in which sheathing was nailed onto a timber frame. Different structural levels were involved, extending from modelling the performance of a single fastener and of the connection of the sheathing to frame, to the use of models of this sort for studying the overall structural behaviour of wall elements that possess a stabilizing function. The results of models used for simulating different load cases for walls agreed reasonably well with experimental test results. The structural properties of the fasteners binding the sheathing to the frame, as well as of the connections between the members of the frame were shown to have a strong effect on the simulated behaviour of shear wall units.

Regarding solid wall panels, it was concluded that walls with a high level of both stiffness and strength can be produced by use of such panels, and also that the connections between the solid wall panels can be designed in such a way that the shear forces involved are effectively transmitted from one panel to the next.

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Svensson, Meulmann Sebastian, and Egzon Latifi. "Modelling and testing of CLT panels for evaluation of stiffness." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104766.

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The use of timber in building structures is steadily increasing. cross laminated timber (CLT) is an engineered wood product made of an uneven number of layers of lamellas glued at an angle of 90 degrees to each other. This gives CLT high stiffness and strength to bending in all directions, and capability of taking load both in-plane and out-of-plane. Due to the large size of CLT elements, they allow for quick assembly of strong structures. Due to both economic and environmental reasons it is important for producers of CLT to optimize the use of the wood material by using the timber with higher stiffness and strength where it is most needed. This thesis is about evaluating the bending and shear stiffness of CLT elements, when used as plates, depending on the quality of wood used in the different layers. Four-point bending tests are carried out on elements of different compositions and a parametrized finite element model is created. Thus, the model is validated on the basis of experimental tests to evaluate the influence of different quality of different layers. The measured dynamic MoE proved to have good potential to be used as the longitudinal bending stiffness in an FE-model, with a deviation from the experimental tests of less than 1%. There is a strong correlation between the bending stiffness and bending strength of the plates. The effective rolling shear modulus in pine was calculated to be around 170 MPa for pine of dimension 40 x 195 mm2 . Grading the boards into two different classes used for different layers proved to increase the MoE of the plates by 11-17% for 3- and 5-layer CLT.
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Vessby, Johan. "Analysis of shear wallsfor multi-storey timber buildings." Doctoral thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik, TEK, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-11489.

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This doctoral thesis addresses questions of how wind loads acting on multistoreytimber buildings can be dealt with by structural design of such buildings.The conventional use of sheathing either nailed or screwed to a timberframework is considered, together with other stabilizing structures such ascross-laminated timber panels.The finite element method was employed in simulating the structuralbehaviour of stabilizing wall units. A series of studies was carried out of walls inwhich the sheathing was nailed to a timber frame. Different structural levelswere studied starting with modelling the performance of single sheathing-toframingconnections, to the use of models for studying the overall structuralbehaviour of walls. The results of calculations using models for simulation ofwalls subjected to different loading agree reasonably well with experimentalresults. The structural properties of the connections between the sheathing andthe frame, as well as of the connections between the members of the frame,were shown to have a substantial effect on the simulated behaviour of shearwall units. Both these types of connections were studied and described inappended papers.Regarding cross-laminated timber wall panels, it was concluded that walls witha high level of both stiffness and strength can be produced by the use of suchpanels, and also that the connections between the solid wall panels can bedesigned in such a way that the shear forces involved are transmitted from onepanel to the next in an efficient manner.Other topics in the thesis include the properties of connections between shearwalls and the rest of the building. Typically high tension forces occur at specificpoints in a timber structure. These forces need to be transmitted downwards inthe structure, ultimately connecting them to the substrate. A lap-joint that maybe used for this purpose has been studied using generalized Volkersen theory.Finally the maximum capacity of a conventional rail to substrate connection hasbeen examined using linear and nonlinear fracture mechanics.
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Gavric, Igor. "Comportamento sismico di edifici lignei a pannelli in legno lamellare incrociato." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/8638.

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2011/2012
Cross-laminated timber, also known as X-Lam or CLT, is well established in Europe as a construction material. Recently, implementation of X-Lam products and systems has begun in countries such as Canada, United States, Australia and New Zealand. So far, no relevant design codes for X-Lam construction were published in Europe, therefore an extensive research on the field of cross-laminated timber is being performed by research groups in Europe and overseas. Experimental test results are required for development of design methods and for verification of design models accuracy. This thesis focuses on the continuation of SOFIE research project which started in 2005, conducted by IVALSA Trees and Timber Research Institute (San Michele all' Adige, Trentino, Italy). The aim of this project is the development of multi-storey timber building systems using prefabricated cross-laminated panels. As several parts of Italy are earthquake-prone areas, seismic resistance of such building system has to be ensured. Thus, within the scope of the SOFIE project, an extensive experimental research on seismic resistance of X-Lam building system has been performed. The project started with performance of racking tests on wall panels with different layouts of connections and openings and pseudo-dynamic tests on a full scale one-storey building, continued with shaking table tests on a 3-storey building and on a 7-storey building, the latter one conducted at E-Defense facility in Miki, Japan. Experimental tests provided excellent outcomes, as the buildings were able to survive a series of strong recorded earthquakes, such as Kobe earthquake (1995), virtually undamaged, while at the same time demonstrating significant energy dissipation. In the scope of this thesis, an extended experimental programme on typical X-Lam connections was performed at IVALSA Research Institute. In addition, cyclic tests were carried out on full-scale single and coupled cross-lam wall panels with different configurations and mechanical connectors subjected to lateral force. The outcomes of these tests were used for evaluation of mechanical properties, ductility ratio, energy dissipation, and impairment of strength, which are all needed in seismic design and are currently not provided by codes of practice such as the Eurocode 8. In addition, analytical models to predict stiffness and strength at different building levels such as connections, wall systems and entire buildings were developed. Further, capacity design method for X-Lam buildings was introduced and was verified with extensive database of experimental results. In the capacity design, overstrength factors are needed, thus these factors were evaluated based on experimental tests on X-Lam subassemblies. Experimental results served also for calibration of advanced component FE models for non-linear static and dynamic numerical analyses of X-Lam walls and buildings, developed at the University of Trieste. Numerical analysis of X-Lam wall systems using the FE model was carried out in order to extend the results of the experimental tests to different configurations of technical interest. Outcomes of the parametric study provided better understanding of the seismic behaviour and energy dissipation capacities of X-Lam wall systems. It was concluded that the numerical and analytical models, presented in this thesis, are a sound basis for determining the seismic response of cross-laminated timber buildings. However, future research is required to further verify and improve these prediction models.
XXV Ciclo
1985
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RIU, RICCARDO. "Caratterizzazione di pannelli x-lam in pino marittimo sardo." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266697.

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Background and Purpose: The aim of this work is to present the idea of a short procurement chain of timber as a means to provide an increased value to Sardinian forests. It is based on the evidence that timber buildings are increasingly useful for a number of reasons including sustainability, the speed of erection, and excellent structural performance. However, most of the timber currently used in Sardinia is imported from outside this area. The idea is to use the best part of locally-grown trees to produce timber boards, while all the remaining part of the tree including the production waste is used as biomass for energy production. Important issues to address are the generally low mechanical properties of timber from locally-grown Sardinia trees such as Maritime Pine, which would make some wood-based products like glue-laminated timber not technically viable. Cross-laminated timber panels seems to be a possible solution to this problem because this wood-based product is manufactured in such a way that even with low-quality timber boards it is possible to obtain a medium quality panel. The panel is made of layers of timber boards with the adjacent layers glued under pressure at a right angle. Another issue is the need to grade the local timber, for which a number of specimens must be tested on destruction in order to identify a visual or a machine stress grading procedure. Last but not least, the panels must be tested on destruction to correlate their mechanical properties to the properties of the boards. Materials and Method: the research has been developed through the following steps: 1) two maritime pine plantations with stands suitable for logging and processing were identified, extensively surveyed and sampled. On selected standing trees, based on measurements taken at different heights, the first preliminary grading was applied by sorting for structural and energy use. 2) Trees were harvested by a local company and the logs were finally assorted based on their size and their external defects. 3) The logs were then transported to the local sawmill, where different boards size required to build the grading rules and to produce the CLT panels were cut. Each board was then subjected to a non-destructive measurement of the Modulus of Elasticity using acoustic tool for measuring stress wave velocity (Viscan-Microtec) 4). After kiln drying, the required boards (approximately 840) were subjected to non-destructive measurements of their physical properties (density, humidity, defects etc.) using the machine purposely developed by Microtec. The aim was the calibration of this machine in order to enable the machine strength grading of Sardinia maritime pine. 5) The required boards were visually characterized and then tested to destruction in order to measure their strength and correlate this values to the presence of defects such as knot diameters and positions, grain deviations, etc. 6) Based on the results of phases 4 and 5, the visual and machine based grading rule for Sardinia Maritime Pine have been developed. 7) By applying the newly developed grading rules, some boards 5 have been selected among the available ones and used for the production of some prototypes of CLT panels. 8) In order to determine the structural performance, 68 panel have been tested to destruction. Testing was carried out in accordance with EN 408 on specimens with a span to depth ratio equal to 18 to determine the bending strength and stiffness, and on specimens with span to depth ratio equal to 9 to determine the shear strength. A number of different methods exist for the analysis and design of CLT elements, including the Shear Analogy Method and the Mechanically Jointed Beams Theory (Gamma Method). These methods have been considered in this study and a relative comparison have been presented in order to determine which method is most suitable when considering CLT formed using Sardinian grown timber.. Results: It was found that Maritime Pine as structural material is limited by stiffness rather than strength or density. The effective bending stiffness of CLT is a measure of the material stiffness in relation to the cross sectional build-up of the panel. To be competitive on the market, a Sardinian CLT product will have to compete with imported CLT panels, which are usually made from C24 graded material (spruce). In most cases this is simply because the C24 material is widely available on the market rather than a specification from the designer. The performance of panels made of Maritime Pine boards has been compared directly with that of imported products, demonstrating that an increase in the Sardinian panel depth of just 15% is sufficient to match the stiffness of the imported panels, which is the most important design property. Conclusions: This work lays the foundation for the development of a short procurement chain of wood in Sardinia. The EDENSO project developed in parallel to this doctorate study is still in progress and further tests on maritime pine CLT panels are planned. A short procurement chain of timber is a possible means to create job opportunities and reduce depopulation, particularly important in some area of the island. By adding value to the forests by means of timber production used in prefabricated components employed in low-rise timber buildings, it is also possible to improve forest management and even extend forested areas, which have many positive effects on the environment, the landscape and the reduction of hydrogeological hazard.
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Book chapters on the topic "Cross-laminated timber panels"

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Concu, G., B. De Nicolo, R. Riu, N. Trulli, M. Valdes, and M. Fragiacomo. "Sonic testing on cross laminated timber panels." In Insights and Innovations in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation, 1727–30. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315641645-285.

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McAllister, E., and D. McPolin. "Development of cross-laminated timber composite panels from C16 timber." In Current Perspectives and New Directions in Mechanics, Modelling and Design of Structural Systems, 1685–88. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003348443-276.

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McAllister, E., and D. McPolin. "Development of cross-laminated timber composite panels from C16 timber." In Current Perspectives and New Directions in Mechanics, Modelling and Design of Structural Systems, 587–88. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003348450-276.

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Gavric, Igor, Massimo Fragiacomo, Marjan Popovski, and Ario Ceccotti. "Behaviour of Cross-Laminated Timber Panels under Cyclic Loads." In Materials and Joints in Timber Structures, 689–702. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7811-5_62.

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Houck, L. D., and S. Melville. "The planning and construction of a double curved building in cross laminated timber (CLT) panels." In Structures and Architecture A Viable Urban Perspective?, 823–30. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003023555-98.

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Gubana, A. "Cross laminated timber panels to strengthen wood floors." In Structural Analysis of Historic Construction: Preserving Safety and Significance, 949–55. CRC Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439828229.ch108.

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Barbu, Marius C., Roman Reh, and Mark Irle. "Wood-Based Composites." In Materials Science and Engineering, 1038–74. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1798-6.ch041.

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Wood composites are made from various wood or ligno-cellulosic non-wood materials (shape and origin) that are bonded together using either natural bonding or synthetic resin (e.g. thermoplastic or duroplastic polymers), or organic- (e.g. plastics)/inorganic-binder (e.g. cement). This product mix ranges from panel products (e.g., plywood, particleboard, strandboard, or fiberboard) to engineered timber substitutes (e.g., laminated veneer lumber or structural composite lumber). These composites are used for a number of structural and nonstructural applications in product lines ranging from interior to exterior applications (e.g. furniture and architectural trim in buildings). Wood composite materials can be engineered to meet a range of specific properties. When wood materials and processing variables are properly selected, the result can provide high performance and reliable service. Laminated composites consist of wood veneers bonded with a resin-binder and fabricated with either parallel- (e.g. Laminated Veneer Lumber with higher performance properties parallel to grain) or cross-banded veneers (e.g. plywood, homogenous and with higher dimensional stability). Particle-, strand-, or fiberboard composites are normally classified by density (high, medium, low) and element size. Each is made with a dry woody element, except for fiberboard, which can be made by either dry or wet processes. Hybrid composites based on wood wool, particles, and floor mixed with cement or gypsum are used in construction proving high weathering and fire resistance in construction. The mixture with plastics (PP or PE) and wood floor open a new generation of injected or molded Wood Plastic Composites (WPC), which are able to substitute plastics for some utilizations. In addition, sandwich panels with light core made from plastic foams or honeycomb papers are used in the furniture industry.
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Barbu, Marius C., Roman Reh, and Mark Irle. "Wood-Based Composites." In Research Developments in Wood Engineering and Technology, 1–45. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4554-7.ch001.

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Wood composites are made from various wood or ligno-cellulosic non-wood materials (shape and origin) that are bonded together using either natural bonding or synthetic resin (e.g. thermoplastic or duroplastic polymers), or organic- (e.g. plastics)/inorganic-binder (e.g. cement). This product mix ranges from panel products (e.g., plywood, particleboard, strandboard, or fiberboard) to engineered timber substitutes (e.g., laminated veneer lumber or structural composite lumber). These composites are used for a number of structural and nonstructural applications in product lines ranging from interior to exterior applications (e.g. furniture and architectural trim in buildings). Wood composite materials can be engineered to meet a range of specific properties. When wood materials and processing variables are properly selected, the result can provide high performance and reliable service. Laminated composites consist of wood veneers bonded with a resin-binder and fabricated with either parallel- (e.g. Laminated Veneer Lumber with higher performance properties parallel to grain) or cross-banded veneers (e.g. plywood, homogenous and with higher dimensional stability). Particle-, strand-, or fiberboard composites are normally classified by density (high, medium, low) and element size. Each is made with a dry woody element, except for fiberboard, which can be made by either dry or wet processes. Hybrid composites based on wood wool, particles, and floor mixed with cement or gypsum are used in construction proving high weathering and fire resistance in construction. The mixture with plastics (PP or PE) and wood floor open a new generation of injected or molded Wood Plastic Composites (WPC), which are able to substitute plastics for some utilizations. In addition, sandwich panels with light core made from plastic foams or honeycomb papers are used in the furniture industry.
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Hussein, Rafaat. "Treatise on Sustainable Infrastructure Construction: Green Composites, Cross Laminated/Mass Timber, Wood Truss Connectors, Nondestructive Technologies, Health Assessment and Monitoring: Utility Poles and Geofoam." In Advances and Technologies in Building Construction and Structural Analysis. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95850.

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The understanding of the engineering performance of green laminated composites is necessary to the design of load bearing components in building and infrastructure construction, and packaging applications. These components are made of outer thin laminae called skins or faces and a thick inner layer called core. The use of bonding is unavoidable in the assembling of these composite products. Like all materials, the bonding materials have finite mechanical properties, e.g. stiffness, but when used in the literature, they are assumed perfectly rigid. That is an unrealistic assumption. Our analytical solutions change this assumption by using the real properties of bonding. In general, the analytical formulations are based on the equilibrium equations of forces, the compatibility of interlaminar stresses and deformation, and the geometrical conditions of the panels. Once solutions are obtained, the next step is to evaluate them. The numerical evaluations proved that perfect rigid bonding in laminated composites greatly underestimates the true performance. At low values of adhesive stiffness, the serviceability is multiple orders of magnitude of that at high values. The logical question is thus: what constitutes perfect bonding? The answer to this question lies in the core-to-adhesive stiffness. The lower the ration is the higher the error in using the rigid-bond theories. It is worth noting that green-composites in this chapter refer to components made of traditional materials such as wood, in addition to newly developed bio-based and bio-degradable and bio-based composites, made of renewable resources. In addition, bonding and adhesive are used interchangeably.
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Vandergoot, Jana. "The Wood Cycle: Plyscrapers and the Cross-Laminated Timber Panel." In Architecture and the Forest Aesthetic, 24–42. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315735115-2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cross-laminated timber panels"

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Mehdipour, Zabih, Jorge Branco, Iztok Sustersic, Leonardo Filipe Rodrigues, and Paulo Lourenço. "MANSORY-INFILLED RC FRAMES STRENGTHENED WITH CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER PANELS." In 8th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. Athens: Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research National Technical University of Athens, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7712/120121.8639.19231.

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CONCU, GIOVANNA, MASSIMO FRAGIACOMO, NICOLETTA TRULLI, and MONICA VALDÈS. "NON-DESTRUCTIVE ASSESSMENT OF GLUING IN CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER PANELS." In SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING 2017. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sdp170491.

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Hossain, Afrin, Ruthwik Lakshman, and Thomas Tannert. "Shear Connections with Self-Tapping Screws for Cross-Laminated Timber Panels." In Structures Congress 2015. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479117.195.

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Kleinhenz, Miriam, Magdalena Sterley, Alar Just, and Andrea Frangi. "The composite action of cross-laminated timber rib panels at elevated temperatures." In 12th Asia-Oceania Symposium on Fire Science and Technology (AOSFST 2021). Brisbane, Australia: The University of Queensland, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14264/5a21778.

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Santoni, Andrea, Paolo Bonfiglio, Patrizio Fausti, and Stefan Schoenwald. "Predicting sound radiation efficiency and sound transmission loss of orthotropic cross-laminated timber panels." In 173rd Meeting of Acoustical Society of America and 8th Forum Acusticum. Acoustical Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/2.0000626.

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Rando, Mario, Gaute Mo, Katie Overton, Fernando Ibáñez, and Manuel Sánchez-Solís. "Finansparken Bjergsted: an innovative timber-framed office building." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0729.

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<p>Finansparken Bjergsted is an office building currently under construction in Stavanger, Norway, for SR-Bank. The structural system above ground level uses timber as the principal load bearing elements (a natural, renewable and readily available local material). Floors are cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels supported by glued laminated timber (GL) beams and columns. For strength and complex geometrical requirements, laminated veneer lumber (LVL) made of beech is also used. The three basement levels and the four communications and services cores are of reinforced concrete. Mass timber structural elements are engineered for strength and are prefabricated with strict tolerances for a rapid construction process using mainly direct contact timber connections, without metal fasteners. The beams are shaped and fabricated with openings to suit both the architectural aesthetics and services requirements by means of a fully integrated BIM system.</p>
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Schultz, Joshua A., and Seth Hickman. "Failure Prediction Model for 3-Ply CLT Panels." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0663.

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<p>Mass production of cross-laminated timber (CLT) lends itself to cost efficient and sustainable building solutions and is an effective solution for affordable residential housing. Currently, most panel research focuses on longer span, thicker (i.e., 5-, 7-, 9-ply) panels. However, 3-ply panels are important both for residential construction and as a post-fire strength model for 5-ply. As a first step in developing a failure prediction model, 15 three-ply V2 CLT specimens were tested using four-point bending and characterized by ultimate strength, stiffness and shear utilization for comparison to PRG 320 values. The shear and flexure utilization were 350% and 615%, respectively, indicating significant residual strength beyond allowable design values. Results were analyzed to examine correlation between ultimate strength and material defects, suggesting that the ultimate strength of the V2 CLT tested was governed by the shear strength of the middle (perpendicular) layer and that flaws within lumber grades did not noticeably impact the ultimate stresses for the aspect ratios considered.</p><p>Ultimate failure loads were used to develop a failure prediction model. The minimum required out of plane third point load for probability of failure (POF) of 1:1000 is 17.1kN. The loads associated with a 50:1000 and 100:1000 POF are 24.1kN and 31.3kN, respectively. The POF curve was best-fit to obtain a design equation.</p>
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Beyreuther, Todd, and Darren Griechen. "Mass Timber Design Research at the Nexus of Practice and the Academy." In AIA/ACSA Intersections Conference. ACSA Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.inter.15.12.

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Mass timber is an emergent building assembly technology that advances themes of prefabrication, modularization, parametric design, and renewable materials in architectural practice and education. Mass timber is a collective term for several engineered heavy panel wood products including cross-laminated timber (CLT), nail-laminated timber (NLT), glued laminated timber (GLT) laminated veneer lumber (LVL), laminated strand lumber (LSL), and parallel strand lumber (PSL).
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Bottaro, Sara, David Owolabi, and Cristiano Loss. "Vibration serviceability performance of prefabricated cross-laminated timber steel rib composite floors." In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.1590.

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<p>Timber-based composite floors are gaining ascendancy as potential competitors with mainstream steel-concrete composites due to the increasing emphasis on sustainability in the construction industry. This paper investigates the vibration serviceability performance of an innovative prefabricated timber-steel composite floor module. The floor features a cross-laminated timber (CLT) panel joined to cold-formed steel beams using self-tapping screws as shear connectors. The vibration response of the floor module is simulated through the finite element method considering both modal and transient analyses, and its structural performance is evaluated using criteria specified in international design codes and standards. The results provide insight into the vibration behaviour of steel-timber composite floors in residential applications.</p>
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Bottaro, Sara, David Owolabi, and Cristiano Loss. "Vibration serviceability performance of prefabricated cross-laminated timber steel rib composite floors." In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.1590.

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<p>Timber-based composite floors are gaining ascendancy as potential competitors with mainstream steel-concrete composites due to the increasing emphasis on sustainability in the construction industry. This paper investigates the vibration serviceability performance of an innovative prefabricated timber-steel composite floor module. The floor features a cross-laminated timber (CLT) panel joined to cold-formed steel beams using self-tapping screws as shear connectors. The vibration response of the floor module is simulated through the finite element method considering both modal and transient analyses, and its structural performance is evaluated using criteria specified in international design codes and standards. The results provide insight into the vibration behaviour of steel-timber composite floors in residential applications.</p>
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