Journal articles on the topic 'Cross cultural scenarios'
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Pedersen, Anne, Yin Paradies, Lisa Kathryn Hartley, and Kevin M. Dunn. "Bystander Antiprejudice: Cross-Cultural Education, Links With Positivity Towards Cultural ‘Outgroups’ and Preparedness to Speak Out." Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology 5, no. 1 (August 1, 2011): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/prp.5.1.19.
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AbstractThis article describes a 12-week intervention targeting positivity towards asylum seekers, Indigenous Australians and Muslim Australians. The study also assessed change in the intention to engage in bystander activism in four different scenarios: two Indigenous (old-fashioned and modern prejudice), one Muslim and one asylum seeker. There was a significant increase in positivity towards asylum seekers, Indigenous Australians and Muslim Australians. There was also a significant increase in ‘speaking out intention’, a form of bystander anti-prejudice, in three of the scenarios, but not in response to the Indigenous old-fashioned prejudice scenario. The study indicates that structured education on cross-cultural issues can improve attitudes to perceived ‘outgroups’ and, for the most part, increase participants' intention to speak out against prejudice.
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Chapel, William B., and David A. Victor. "Using Scenarios and vignettes in Cross-Cultural Business Communication Instruction." Business Communication Quarterly 62, no. 4 (December 1999): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108056999906200415.
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Damari, Rebecca Rubin, Gabriela Rubin, and Aubrey Logan-Terry. "Navigating Face-threatening Terrain: Questioning Strategies in Cross-cultural Military Training Scenarios." Procedia Manufacturing 3 (2015): 4090–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.981.
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Andryukhina, T. V. "CROSS-CULTURAL ASPECTS OF METAPHORICAL FRAMING IN POLITICAL DISCOURSE." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 1(46) (February 28, 2016): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2016-1-46-63-69.
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The article examines cross-cultural aspects of metaphorical framing in political discourse. The author notes the importance of conceptual metaphor in framing the conceptual domain of politics, political discourse as a whole, its perception as well as political reality itself. The author shares an opinion that the metaphorical structure of basic concepts of a nation always correlates with its fundamental cultural values. However, the examination of political discourse from the cross-cultural perspective reveals the cases of metaphor uses that don't meet the requirements of cultural coherence and may lead to negative cognitive and communicative consequences. Along with admitting a wide discrepancy between metaphorical models in western and oriental political discourse, the author gives some examples of metaphorical coherence as well as its violation in a number of basic metaphors in American, British and Russian political discourse. To illustrate how cross-cultural factors determine the specific character of metaphorical framing, the article analyses the dynamic character of metaphorical models that can realize diverse scenarios in different national varieties of political discourse. An observation is made about the dependence of metaphoric scenarios in different national varieties of political discourse on the cultural, historical, social and political components of the national cultural cognitive map. The latter is heterogeneous as it is structured by the objectified individual, group, and national verbal and nonverbal experience. This explains, for instance, why there are examples of similarity as well as discrepancy between metaphorical framing in ideologically different party varieties of political discourse within the national political discourse as well as in the rhetoric of politicians belonging to different generations. The observations are illustrated by cross-linguistic data proving the dynamic character of metaphorical models, their variability and potential for conveying new meaning nuances that reflect culture-specific characteristics of the political situation in discourse.
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SOARES, Liliana, Ermanno APARO, and Manuel RIBEIRO. "Cross-Cultural Ventures to Design Stone Products." Eurasia Proceedings of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics 19 (December 14, 2022): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.55549/epstem.1218633.
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This paper is part of an ongoing research, addressing the design of stone products to guide materials to new applications in a reality that asks for local qualities, sustainability, and change. The authors present the thesis that unexpected materials can be obtained through the mix-combination of its basic components. Accidental materials speak through a complex network of interrelationships in relation to the context. So, the power of expressiveness can be obtained through the controlled mixture of its elementary components. In a world where things deliberately unstable are the raw material for the construction of unstable identities, it is urgent to be constantly attentive. It is necessary to ensure that the flexibility and the ability to adapt quickly follow changing patterns from the outside world. The study is based on a mixed practice and supports cross-fertilization and design-driven innovation to create cooperation between different mediators to communicate new meanings with the sense of future. The design process involved design students and the productive sector. The authors want to prove that it is possible to find innovative ways, looking for references in new scenarios that can determine innovation and guide the material to new applications that affirms globally by local qualities.
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Barrett, H. Clark, Stephen Laurence, and Eric Margolis. "Artifacts and Original Intent: A Cross-Cultural Perspective on the Design Stance." Journal of Cognition and Culture 8, no. 1-2 (2008): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156770908x289189.
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AbstractHow do people decide what category an artifact belongs to? Previous studies have suggested that adults and, to some degree, children, categorize artifacts in accordance with the design stance, a categorization system which privileges the designer's original intent in making categorization judgments. However, these studies have all been conducted in Western, technologically advanced societies, where artifacts are mass produced. In this study, we examined intuitions about artifact categorization among the Shuar, a hunter-horticulturalist society in the Amazon region of Ecuador. We used a forced-choice method similar to previous studies, but unlike these studies, our scenarios involved artifacts that would be familiar to the Shuar. We also incorporated a community condition to examine the possible effect of community consensus on how artifacts are categorized. The same scenarios were presented to university student participants in the UK. Across populations and conditions, participants tended to categorize artifacts in terms of a creator's intent as opposed to a differing current use. This lends support to the view that the design stance may be a universal feature of human cognition. However, we conclude with some thoughts on the limitations of the present method for studying artifact concepts.
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Gao, Jun, Aimin Wang, and Mingyi Qian. "Differentiating Shame and Guilt from a Relational Perspective: A Cross-Cultural Study." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 38, no. 10 (November 1, 2010): 1401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38.10.1401.
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In this study we used the self-afflicted versus other-afflicted model to differentiate between shame and guilt among Chinese and American college students. Two scenarios with the same background but a different combination of protagonists were used to test the model. Results showed that the model was confirmed in the Chinese sample and received certain support in the American sample. The implications of the findings are discussed.
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Kotus, Jacek. "Between acceptance and dislike: the intricacy of cross-cultural contacts while travelling." Turyzm/Tourism 22, no. 1 (August 13, 2012): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10106-012-0001-4.
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Today travelling is a global phenomenon. Many journeys involve cross-cultural contacts, often between cultures which are very remote from each other. Some questions arise: does the contemporary traveller expect cross-cultural contacts and how does he/she imagine such interactions? These seemingly simple questions enable us to reflect on the intentionality and complexity of cross-cultural interactions, the main issue discussed in the article. The author draws the reader's attention to the social roles assumed by the modern traveller, as well as the theoretical scenarios of cross-cultural contact, analyzing its symmetric and asymmetric forms.
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Shu, Shih-Tung, and Stephen Strombeck. "Cometh self-image congruence: a cross-cultural study." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 29, no. 3 (June 12, 2017): 538–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-05-2016-0086.
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Purpose Prior research has clearly shown that ethnocentric consumers favor local brands. However, consumers also strongly favor local and global brands which reinforce their desired self-images. The purpose of this paper is to examine how self-image congruence (SIC) mediates the effect of consumer ethnocentrism (CE) on local brand preference (LBP). Design/methodology/approach This study empirically tested the proposed mediation model across three countries (Taiwan, South Korea and Japan) using ten brands from two very different product categories (beer and personal computers). Research subjects were randomly selected and placed into one of four groups for each of these countries. Subjects in these groups were asked to compare well-known domestic and global brands which were either culturally similar or culturally dissimilar. Findings CE significantly impacted LBP among Taiwan, South Korea and Japan college-aged consumers but this impact was limited. SIC, however, had a powerful influence on LBP for these consumers. The cultural similarity and relative necessity of brand choices had almost no effect on the results. Research limitations/implications Researchers and practitioners need to more fully understand the contingencies Asian consumers use in selecting local brands. Under some scenarios, CE may not be a reliable predictor of local brands preference. Originality/value This is one of the first studies to demonstrate the influential role of SIC among consumers from collectivistic cultures.
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Moumoutzis, Nektarios, Marios Christoulakis, Stavros Christodoulakis, and Desislava Paneva-Marinova. "Renovating the Cultural Heritage of Traditional Shadow Theatre with eShadow." Digital Presentation and Preservation of Cultural and Scientific Heritage 8 (September 3, 2018): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.55630/dipp.2018.8.2.
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Digital storytelling is an engaging learning environment that gained worldwide popularity over the last years. It offers a rich cross-curricular learning environment within which children design, create and present their own stories and develop many skills including literacy, presentation and communication skills as well as inquiry-based learning and digital skills. In this paper we present a new way of digital storytelling, a form of dramatized storytelling inspired by the rich tradition of Shadow Theater. This form of storytelling showcases an engaging way of renovating cultural heritage with the use of digital technologies. It combines a number of digital tools for the production of the digital stories covering all five phases of film making: scenario development, pre-production, production, post-production and distribution. eShadow can be used (a) to create digital shadow puppets, and (b) to set up, perform and record the scenes of the digital story (production phase). This way, digital story creation is wrapped around engaging learning scenarios, playful improvisations and creative learning. eShadow has been extensively used to support cross-curricular learning mainly in Greek schools. It is extended to support marionette-like interactions to promote its use in countries with relevant storytelling cultures.
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Gureeva, Anna A., and Svetlana A. Korolkova. "How to teach sight interpreting applying a scenario-situation model." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Philology. Journalism 22, no. 4 (November 23, 2022): 402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1817-7115-2022-22-4-402-408.
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The article deals with sight interpreting as a necessary stage of teaching the interpreter to work with a foreign delegation within a cultural programme. Proper cross-cultural communication requires skills and experience in working with the authentic Russian and foreign texts, parallel glossaries, in order to enrich the professional thesaurus, and train translation of cultural discourse texts. Training interpreting at the initial stage by modelling a communicative situation, standard for the interpreter’s professional practice, via integrated scenes, allows to adapt to the environment of cross-linguistic and cross-cultural interaction, forming and perfecting psychological and cognitive skills and knowledge of the interpreter’s professional competence. The authors propose tasks and exercises, developed on the textual material represented by leaflets of famous cultural and entertainment institutions: museums, art galleries, planetariums, theaters, zoos, concert and opera halls, etc. The tasks and exercises aim at mastering skills and knowledge necessary for the interpreter’s work in various settings of the Cultural Programme communicative situation: a city or a museum tour, an interview with artists, presentations of art and cultural objects, ceremonial opening of cultural institutions, art exhibitions. The authors believe that teaching sight interpreting by such tasks and exercises also promotes progressive training of such interpreting types as one-way liaison interpreting (the interpretation of a guide’s speech), two-way liaison interpreting (dialogue communication between members of a foreign delegation with cultural institutions’ representatives, representatives of art community), “simplified” consecutive interpretation (used in numerous scenarios of the communicative situation).
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Abratt, Russell, Deon Nel, and Nicola Susan Higgs. "An examination of the ethical beliefs of managers using selected scenarios in a cross-cultural environment." Journal of Business Ethics 11, no. 1 (January 1992): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00871989.
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Kadam, Raavee, Srinivasa A. Rao, Waheed K. Abdul, and Shazi S. Jabeen. "Cultural intelligence as an enabler of cross-cultural adjustment in the context of intra-national diversity." International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 21, no. 1 (March 3, 2021): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470595821995857.
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Job transfers within the country can lead to adjustment issues, similar to what expatriates face, especially in the case of highly diverse countries, where a host of sub-cultures exist with distinct cultural practices within a single national culture. Intra-national variations in terms of language, ethnicity, food, clothing, economic development, geographic regions or urban-rural differences can be as significant as cross-cultural differences and cause barriers to social integration. Thus, it becomes important to equip employees with cross-cultural capabilities when they are deployed to a culturally distinct part of the country. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of cultural intelligence (CQ) as a critical capability that can enable the cross-cultural adjustment (CCA) of employees in a domestic context. Participants of this study consisted of employees from the information technology sector of India, who were transferred to a different state within the country in the past 1-month. They were further categorized into those working in culturally homogenous versus heterogeneous environments. Data were gathered using a structured questionnaire. The hypotheses under study were tested using structural equation modeling. The results indicated that CQ enabled the adjustment of employees within the domestic context. Furthermore, the CQ-CCA relationship was found to be positively moderated by intra-national diversity. While the ability of CQ to predict outcomes in cross-cultural scenarios has already been explored in employee mobility literature, this paper addresses the issues of intra-national diversity and domestic adjustment within the CQ framework, and establishes the usefulness of CQ to overcome the challenges put forth by intra-national differences and within-country cultural variations.
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Curtis, Mary B., Teresa L. Conover, and Lawrence C. Chui. "A Cross-Cultural Study of the Influence of Country of Origin, Justice, Power Distance, and Gender on Ethical Decision Making." Journal of International Accounting Research 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 5–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jiar-10213.
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ABSTRACT This study examines the impact of national culture on ethical decision making. We theorize and test a mediation model where country of origin influences perceptions of justice and power distance, which in turn influence behavioral intentions in regard to ethical dilemmas. Our sample includes accounting students from four countries: China, Japan, Mexico, and the U.S. We find that country of origin, justice perceptions, power distance perception, and gender are all related to ethical decision making. We investigate these relationships with two different ethical scenarios, and find that these relationships differ between the two contexts. Additionally, power distance and justice partially mediate the relationship between country of origin and ethical decision making. We find that gender is significantly related to ethical decision making in one of the two scenarios, and explore gender differences in all of the measured constructs across countries. Finally, we contrast the various measures of justice, power distance, and agreement with behavioral intentions in the two ethical scenarios between countries. We find that the two eastern countries (China and Japan) and the two western countries (U.S. and Mexico) demonstrate expected East-West patterns in power distance. However, this East-versus-West pattern is not supported when considering between-country differences in justice, agreement with the layoff decision, and agreement with whistleblowing.
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Li, Chenggang, Wuhong Wang, Hongwei Guo, and André Dietrich. "Cross-Cultural Analysis of Young Drivers’ Preferences for In-Vehicle Systems and Behavioral Effects Caused by Secondary Tasks." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 7, 2018): 4083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114083.
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Hundreds of new features and functionalities have been introduced as in-vehicle systems (IVS) mature. However, it remains unclear whether these novel designs have appropriately addressed driver preferences and requirements, especially when factors such as geographical or cultural differences are considered. An empirical study was conducted to determine cultural differences between young Chinese and German drivers with respect to (a) preferences for 18 selected IVS and (b) behavioral effects in six secondary driving tasks. Data from 232 Chinese and 94 German drivers were collected through an online questionnaire and the results indicate that young Chinese drivers value most of the selected IVS designs more significantly than the Germans do, except in categories such as radio, navigation and autonomous emergency braking. In addition, rotary with a display screen is the most preferred interaction modality for both groups. As for behavioral effects when performing secondary tasks, young Chinese drivers are more likely to engage in safety-related scenarios while the Germans in efficiency-related scenarios. An ordinal logistic regression analysis suggested a strong correlation between secondary tasks (looking up navigation, dialing the phone and connecting Bluetooth) and behavioral degradation for young Chinese drivers, whereas the six secondary tasks seem to affect German drivers minimally. Based on the preference analysis and attitudes to behavioral impacts, implications for the design of IVS are discussed to better satisfy needs from drivers of different cultural backgrounds.
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Soprana, Victor Marques. "A theoretical outline of the importance of cross-cultural and pragmatic awareness in the business scenario." BELT - Brazilian English Language Teaching Journal 8, no. 1 (August 14, 2017): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/2178-3640.2017.1.27462.
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English has become crucial for professional success within the globalized world, and indispensable for communicating with people from other countries. It has become a Lingua Franca and, therefore, has been used to speak among people with different mother tongues who share English as a second language. In light of this multicultural process, this paper aims to provide the reader with a theoretical outline about the relevance of cross-cultural and pragmatic knowledge. Such aspects need to be specially considered when developing an English course for business students as there has been a growing need for professionals to be competent users of English within the business context. Due to this specific context, we have favored an approach – English for Specific Purposes – that targets specific aspects of the language. Our focal point is to validate the need of raising both pragmatic and cross-cultural awareness when teaching business professionals as they will probably have communicative scenarios where such capabilities would be remarkably advantageous.
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Zhang, Cun, and Charles Forceville. "Metaphor and metonymy in Chinese and American political cartoons (2018–2019) about the Sino-US trade conflict." Pragmatics and Cognition 27, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 474–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.20013.zha.
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Abstract Political cartoons make meaning by drawing on scenarios that must be immediately recognizable by their intended audience. Crucial meaning-making mechanisms in these scenarios are verbo-visual ensembles of metaphors and metonymies. In this paper we investigate 69 Chinese and 60 American political cartoons published in 2018 and 2019 that pertain to the two nations’ trade conflict. By examining the cross-cultural similarities and differences between metaphors and metonymies, we chart how Chinese and American cartoonists portray this trade conflict. We end by showing how a complete interpretation of the cartoons requires enrichment with insights provided by yet other analytical instruments.
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Zhang, Cun. "The Sino–US trade war in political cartoons: A synthesis of semiotic, cognitive, and cultural perspectives." Intercultural Pragmatics 18, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 469–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ip-2021-4003.
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Abstract Economic globalization has resulted in more frequent trading frictions, some of which have escalated into trade wars such as the one between China and the US. Drawing on the same corpus built by Zhang and Forceville (Zhang, Cun & Charles Forceville. 2020. Metaphor and metonymy in Chinese and American political cartoons (2018–2019) about the Sino–US trade conflict. Pragmatics and Cognition 27(2). 476–501), and complementing insights of that paper, this paper investigates how the Sino–US trade war is metaphorically and metonymically constructed in 129 Chinese and American political cartoons respectively from a synthesized perspective. Based on comparative analyses, cross-cultural similarity and uniqueness in the semiotic, cognitive, and cultural aspects can be concluded as follows: (a) at the expression level, the shared dominant mode configuration pattern of metaphor and metonymy requires extra-textual knowledge to identify the target domain/concept while the source domain/vehicle concept is pinpointed through pictorial resources; (b) at the cognition level, “us” and “them” are distinctively evaluated by using the metonymy BODILY REACTION FOR EMOTION, cultural symbols, and the Great Chain metaphor. The Chinese cartoons converge on disapproving of “them” while the American cartoons converge on disapproving of “us” and diverge on conceptualizing “them”; (c) a variety of cross-cultural default scenarios are employed in the Chinese cartoons whereas the American cartoons utilize non-default scenarios influenced by only American cultures. Both aim for persuasiveness by employing emotionally charged source domains/vehicle concepts, but to different audiences.
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Ochoa, Gabriel García, Sarah McDonald, and Nicholas Monk. "Adapting Open-space Learning Techniques to Teach Cultural Literacy." Open Cultural Studies 2, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 510–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/culture-2018-0046.
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Abstract There is a growing body of work on the theory of cultural literacy, but little has been written on how to teach cultural literacy in higher education contexts. This article discusses the use of Open-space Learning (OSL) techniques as valuable tools for teaching cultural literacy. Cultural literacy and OSL are two different areas of study, but there is common ground between them, and cultural literacy can draw great benefit from the cross-pollination of ideas with OSL. The paper focuses on practice-based models used in OSL that have been adapted to teach cultural literacy. The aim of these practice-based models is to create an environment that teaches students how to transfer the analytical and critical skills that they learn as part of a literary and cultural studies (LCS) course to real-life scenarios. We argue that an important part of this learning environment is what we refer to as cognitive “destabilisation,” and discuss why OSL techniques are ideally suited to fostering such destabilisation in students.
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Mehl-Madrona, L. "Stories of exceptional survivors who visit aboriginal healers: Cross-cultural lessons for psychiatry." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.672.
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IntroductionIndigenous communities exist within most countries. These communities often have their own informal and invisible (to their mainstream neighbors) systems of health care. We wondered what happened to people who approached traditional community healers for help with mental health problems.MethodsWe interviewed 100 people who had received mental health diagnoses from conventional practitioners and then sought traditional community healers for help. We compared them to a matched population from a computer database who did not seek traditional healers. Patients who visited the healers did statistically significantly better than the comparison group. Panels of naïve graduate students evaluated patient interviews and picked themes that consistently emerged. Scenarios were developed to rate patients along these dimensions from “1” to “5”. New panels did the ratings. Comparisons were made between these 2 groups of people, and those who improved with healers had more change from before to after treatment on the dimensions of Present-centeredness; Forgiveness of others; Release of blame, bitterness, and chronic anger; Orientation to process versus outcome; Sense of Humor; Sense of Meaning and Purpose; and Faith and Hope. The patients who worked with the healers had a new and plausible (to the patient, his or her family, and the healers) explanation for why he or she got well, including a story reflecting a belief about how he or she can stay well; supportive community who believes in the person's cure.ConclusionsThe treatment provided by conventional healers produces measurable changes in several parameters associated with improved mental health.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Keller, Joshua, Erica Wen Chen, and Angela K. Y. Leung. "How national culture influences individuals’ subjective experience with paradoxical tensions." Cross Cultural & Strategic Management 25, no. 3 (August 6, 2018): 443–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-02-2017-0013.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how national culture influences individuals’ subjective experience of tension when confronting paradoxical demands that arise during their day-to-day organizational experience. The paper further explores two types of paradoxical demands (task oriented and relational oriented) and two mediating mechanisms (tolerance for contradictions and harmony enhancement concerns) that exhibit contrary cultural effects. Design/methodology/approach Drawing from a sample of white-collar workers in China and the USA, the authors first inductively generated scenarios with task-oriented and relational-oriented paradoxical demands and then conducted three studies where participants rated the perceived tension from the scenarios. In Study 1, they examined cross-cultural differences in perceived tension and the mediating role of tolerance for contradictions. In Study 2, they primed Americans with proverbs that promoted tolerance for contradictions. In Study 3, they examined the indirect effects of harmony enhancement concerns in China in relational-oriented paradoxical demands. Findings The results found that for task-oriented paradoxical demands, Chinese participants were less likely than American participants to experience tension and the effects were mediated by a higher tolerance for contradictions. Americans exposed to proverbs that promoted tolerance for contradictions also experienced less tension. For relational-oriented paradoxical demands, on the other hand, the authors found no cross-cultural differences, as the indirect effects of a tolerance for contradictions were mitigated by negative indirect effects of greater harmony enhancement concerns. Originality/value This paper demonstrates that culture can influence the tension that individuals subjectively experience when they confront paradoxical conditions, suggesting that individuals learn implicitly how to cope with tensions associated with paradoxes from their broader cultural environment. However, the authors also found different cultural effects within different paradoxical conditions, suggesting that the knowledge that individuals acquire from their broader cultural environment is multifaceted.
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Ott, Ursula F. "The Influence of Cultural Activity Types on Buyer-Seller Negotiations: A Game Theoretical Framework for Intercultural Negotiations." International Negotiation 16, no. 3 (2011): 427–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180611x592941.
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AbstractThis article uses an intercultural bargaining framework to analyze cooperation and conflict between buyers and sellers in intercultural negotiations. On the basis of game theoretical reasoning, culturally embedded bargaining patterns are transformed into culturally determined strategies in intercultural negotiations. The cultural differences of the players can be seen in the initial offer, the strategic approach, the valuation of time, the frequency of rejection and the objectives of the negotiation. In order to provide prescriptions for cross-cultural bargaining, the clash of cultures is dealt with in nine scenarios to show potential conflicts and cooperation between the players.
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Al-Gahtani, Saad. "Sequence Organization of Requests among Australian English and Saudi Arabic Speakers: A Contrastive Study." Arabica 64, no. 5-6 (November 7, 2017): 761–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700585-12341471.
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Abstract Previous research on cross-cultural pragmatics has primarily focused on how native speakers of different languages perform speech acts in relation to politeness and directness. However, Gabriele Kasper (2006), among others, has called for adopting a more discursive approach rather than analyzing data according to the Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Project (ccsarp) coding scheme. Therefore, this paper used Conversation Analysis for Interlanguage Pragmatics to investigate sequence organization of requests in Australian English and Saudi Arabic using role-play scenarios. It specifically examined pre-expansions, pre-pres, accounts in request turn, insert-expansions, and post-expansions, and the extent to which the social variable power affects them. The results showed that both languages shared some regularities in aspects of sequence organization but differed in others. Power influenced the production of some regularities in both languages.
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Lozano-Palacio, Inés. "Irony in Linguistics and Literary Theory: Towards a Synthetic Approach." Miscelánea: A Journal of English and American Studies 59 (December 2, 2019): 95–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_misc/mj.20196341.
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Irony has been approached by different disciplines concerned with language. The more socio-historical approach taken by literary theorists contrasts with the more analytical bias of linguistic accounts. A comparative study of both perspectives reveals the need to enhance mutual cross-disciplinary dialogue with a view to producing a constructive integrated perspective. Following this premise, this paper puts forward an approach that combines insights from inferential pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, and literary theory. It acknowledges the centrality of the relevance-theoretic notion of echo, taken as a cognitive mechanism rather than just as a pragmatic phenomenon. In this view, irony arises from the clash between an echoed and an observed scenario, which reveals the speaker’s attitude. The construction of the former is constrained by socio-cultural, communicative, and personal factors. This view allows for a distinction between different types of ironist (communicator) and interpreter (addressee), a study of their roles in the ironic event, and a classification of echoed scenarios from the standpoint of their grounding in an array of personal and presumed interpersonal beliefs, and in socio-cultural stereotypes. It also allows for a correlation between irony types and echoed scenario types and reveals the gradable character of the pragmatic felicity of the ironic act.
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Chiu-Duke, Josephine. "Mothers and the Well-being of the State In Tang China." NAN NÜ 8, no. 1 (2006): 55–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852606777374592.
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AbstractThis study, based on an examination of evidence from the two Tang dynastic histories with cross references to the relevant Tang anecdotes and funerary inscriptions, discusses the role of mothers in the well-being of the Tang state. The paper argues that motherhood occupied a crucial place in the two dynastic histories and demonstrates that the Tang official depiction of motherhood fitted into a basic pattern of how mothers were represented in earlier traditional Chinese portrayals of motherhood. This essay discloses that there are two possible scenarios behind the placement of the Tang official narratives of maternal acts. Both of these scenarios represent a historiographical recording of maternal actions that the male elite narrators felt were directly or indirectly involved in the preservation of the state.
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Almansoob, Najeeb Taher, Yasser Alrefaee, and K. S. Patil. "A Cross-cultural Study of The Speech Act of Compliments in American English and Yemeni Arabic." Langkawi: Journal of The Association for Arabic and English 5, no. 1 (June 29, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31332/lkw.v5i1.1271.
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Based on a cross-cultural perspective, the current study aims to compare the realization of the speech act of compliments among Yemeni Arabic native speakers (YANSs) and American English native speakers (AENSs). Samples of 30 participants of Americans and 30 other participants of Yemenis were involved in the study. The data were collected through a Discourse Completion Test (DCT) consisting of six hypothetical compliment scenarios. The corpus collected for analysis was 380 Arabic compliment semantic formulas and 338 English compliment semantic formulas. Data were analyzed in terms of frequency counts of 20 strategies and order of semantic formulas in the speakers' response utterances. The findings showed that there are some pragmatic similarities and differences between the two native groups. Some strategies seemed to be universal across the two cultures like Admiration whereas strategies of Exaggeration, Gratitude to God and Metaphor are culturally specific to Arabic. The findings also revealed that most of the speakers' utterances were in the two-fold order of semantic formulas. Moreover, the findings showed that American compliments were steady and formulaic in nature while Arabic Compliments were various in formulas and long.
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Ferluga, Enrico. "La previsione come pregettazione del futuro. I casi della cooperazione transfrontaliera italo-slovena e dell'Euroregione Adriatica." FUTURIBILI, no. 1 (May 2009): 109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/fu2008-001007.
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- The use of a questionnaire on the present and future of cross-border cooperation, based on the contribution of political, economic and cultural elites, fully achieves the planning objective of prediction. The consequent construction of predictive scenarios provides an overall vision of the system of cross-border relations at varying levels of complexity and institutionalisation, but also stands as the point at which what is considered ideal from a number of perspectives is integrated so as to generate a system of strategies and policies aimed at achieving the condition defined by prediction as "normative reality", thus indicating not only the aim but how to achieve it.
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Siala, Haytham, Elmar Kutsch, and Suzy Jagger. "Cultural influences moderating learners’ adoption of serious 3D games for managerial learning." Information Technology & People 33, no. 2 (July 29, 2019): 424–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/itp-08-2018-0385.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether learners from different cultures adopt a serious 3D game to facilitate the learning of transferable managerial skills (ethics) and knowledge. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional, cross-country survey study (n=319) was conducted recruiting participants from one North American and two British universities. The survey data and the conceptual model have been analysed and tested using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling. Findings Participants displayed positive attitudes towards the 3D game and responded positively to theory presented as “real-life” scenarios; gamification techniques such as interactions and dialogue, and rewards and progression levels, which are part of the game, albeit the participants’ adoption was driven more by extrinsic motivations (rewards) than intrinsic ones (ease of use and entertainment). In addition, the empirical results suggest that when gender is taken into account, the perceptions and needs of cross-cultural learners in serious gaming environments vary and display characteristics that are similar to Rogers’ five adopter categories; thus, culture could significantly shape learners’ decisions to adopt a serious game as a managerial learning tool. Research limitations/implications For future researchers, this paper highlights various levels of training, support and promotional awareness that need to be considered to facilitate the adoption of serious games for managerial learning. Practical implications For academics and practitioners in work-based learning and managerial training environments, this paper highlights the salient factors that need to be inherent in a serious 3D game, and best practices for scaffolding existing instructional approaches or training interventions. Originality/value In light of Rogers’ five adopter categories, this cross-country study involving culturally diverse learners provides key insight into the potential application of serious games as a practice-based learning instrument in academia and industry.
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Milan, Selena Bagnara. "Cultural Landscapes: The Future in the Process." Journal of Heritage Management 2, no. 1 (June 2017): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455929617726925.
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The cultural dimension of any cultural landscape embodies various aspects associated with the local community that act as a generating force. Conversely, cultural landscapes play a crucial role in people’s quality of life and sense of belonging, their features contributing to the overall landscape perception and character. Therefore, all heritage management and conservation approaches ought to be based on the identification and consideration of this interrelationship and provide a shared vision—within a global context—through the adoption of cross-disciplinary methods of analysing, evaluating and monitoring cultural landscapes in all their dimensions over time. Within the above conceptual framework, this article attempts to present a meaningful contribution for specific challenges and opportunities connected with the management of cultural landscapes reflecting their multifunctional acceptation. Considering that the development of a management plan is part of a higher management process as well as an essential tool for creating agreement among stakeholders and professionals, the article concludes with an outlook on landscape future scenarios, highlighting those forward-looking approaches that are more effective in governing change in such a way that cultural landscapes’ significant functions and values endure, along with supporting cultural and human sustainable development based on a balanced and critical assessment of the community interests.
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Arciniega, Luis M., Luis González, Vítor Soares, Stefania Ciulli, and Marco Giannini. "Cross-Cultural Validation of the Work Values Scale EVAT Using Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Multidimensional Scaling." Spanish journal of psychology 12, no. 2 (November 2009): 767–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600002134.
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The Work Values Scale EVAT (based on its initials in Spanish: Escala de Valores hacia el Trabajo) was created in 2000 to measure values in the work context. The instrument operationalizes the four higher-order-values of the Schwartz Theory (1992) through sixteen items focused on work scenarios. The questionnaire has been used among large samples of Mexican and Spanish individuals reporting adequate psychometric properties. The instrument has recently been translated into Portuguese and Italian, and subsequently used in a large-scale study with nurses in Portugal and in a sample of various occupations in Italy. The purpose of this research was to demonstrate the cross-cultural validity of the Work Values Scale EVAT in Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian. Our results suggest that the original Spanish version of the EVAT scale and the new Portuguese and Italian versions are equivalent.
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Morgan, Blaire, Liz Gulliford, and Lea Waters. "Taking “Thanks” for Granted: A Cross-Cultural Exploration of Gratitude in the UK and Australia." Cross-Cultural Research 56, no. 2-3 (December 22, 2021): 185–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10693971211067048.
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Examinations of the influence of culture on how gratitude is experienced are sparse, as are studies that simultaneously explore developmental differences in understandings of gratitude. This paper presents three studies that examine whether perceptions and experiences of gratitude differ across children, adolescents and adults in two individualistic, WEIRD and Commonwealth cultures—Australia and the UK. Studies 1a ( N = 88, ages 17–39) and 1b ( N = 77, ages 17–25) provide initial insights into “features of gratitude” in Australia through two stages of a prototype analysis. These features are compared to a previous prototype study of gratitude in the UK, alongside a further comparison to the US. Study 2 employs vignettes to examine how perceptions of the benefactor, benefit and mixed emotions influence the degree of gratitude experienced across adolescents and adults in Australia ( N = 1937, ages 11–85), with a comparison to the UK ( N = 398, ages 12–65). In Study 3, factors examined in Study 2 are adapted into accessible story workbooks for younger children (Australia N=135, ages 9–11; UK N=62, ages 9–11). Results across these studies demonstrate similarities and differences in understandings and experiences of gratitude across cultures. While adults across Australia and the UK responded similarly to gratitude scenarios, cross-cultural differences are observed between children and adolescents in these two countries. Developmental differences are noted in relation to more sophisticated reasoning around gratitude, such as recognition of ulterior motives. These findings highlight the need for gratitude research and interventions to be cross-culturally, and developmentally, responsive.
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Mazzoni, Cristiana, and Andreea Grigorovschi. "Strasbourg Eurométropole, a cross-border conurbation towards new sustainable mobility patterns." Spatium, no. 33 (2015): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat1533018m.
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In the French context, Strasbourg is an exemplary case study for the development pattern of the ?city of short distances?: its local and regional components were developed in the long term after the polycentric ?Rhineland model? of German, Swiss, and Dutch cities. According to the French law on cities of 27 January 2014, Strasbourg has become a local authority with special status - the Eurom?tropole - replacing the former local authority status (CUS). The new Eurom?tropole is supposed to ?enhance metropolitan economic functions, transport networks and academic resources, research and innovation, in a spirit of regional and interregional cooperation and with a desire for balanced development of its territory? (LOW 2014-58). The concept of metropolitan development territory in Strasbourg includes thus the metropolitan system of the Upper Rhine, the idea of innovative governance of the projects shared between several institutional actors referring to multiple scales and diversified skills. Taking into consideration its particular geographical, cultural, social and economical context, ?bottom up? approaches and exploratory scenarios mark a joint effort to invent Strasbourg?s metropolitan development.
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Brookman, Ruth, Karl Wiener, William DeSoto, and Hassan Tajalli. "Racial animus and its association with punitive sentencing and crime types: Do Australian community attitudes reflect the United States’?" Journal of Criminology 55, no. 1 (November 20, 2021): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26338076211051785.
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The racial animus model argues that public support for punitive sentencing of criminal offenders is shaped by threat perceptions associated with cultural minority groups. This study applies the racial animus model to examine support for the punitive sentencing of criminal offenders in the United States and Australia. It also examines whether racial animus mediates the possible difference in punitive attitudes between each country toward different crime types. Online survey data were obtained in the US and Australia to assess racial animus and punitive attitudes using six different crime scenarios. Results indicate that (a) individuals with higher levels of racial animus demonstrate greater levels of punitiveness; (b) Australians have higher levels of racial animus as compared to their US counterparts; and (c) racial animus mediates the difference of punitive attitudes between the two countries. Overall, punitive attitudes and racial animus vary cross-culturally, with Australians demonstrating more racial animus. Our mediation model provides evidence for the importance of racial animus in the cross-cultural demand for the punishment of criminal offenders.
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Dibildox, Javier. "Analysis of TV, advertising and other behavioral determinants of overweight and obesity in childhood." Salud Pública de México 56 (March 3, 2013): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.21149/spm.v56s2.5181.
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Worldwide obesity has reached the proportion of an epidemic. A well-established fact is that nowadays many low- and middle-income countries are facing a “double burden” of disease, dealing with under-nutrition on one side, and on the other experiencing a rapid rise in non-communicable disease risk factors such as obesity and overweight, particularly in urban settings. Behavioral components are strongly influencing obesity spread and development, especially when considering TV and advertising. There is, therefore, the need of multi-cultural and cross-cultural research, in order to gain a full understanding of the association between obesity and different risk factors, in different scenarios, providing the best evidence to decision makers, grounding prevention on evidence-based strategies rather than focusing on single factors without the recognition of their mutual influence.
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Coelho, Carlos, Pedro Narra, Bárbara Marinho, and Márcia Lima. "Coastal Management Software to Support the Decision-Makers to Mitigate Coastal Erosion." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 1 (January 11, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8010037.
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There are no sequential and integrated approaches that include the steps needed to perform an adequate management and planning of the coastal zones to mitigate coastal erosion problems and climate change effects. Important numerical model packs are available for users, but often looking deeply to the physical processes, demanding big computational efforts and focusing on specific problems. Thus, it is important to provide adequate tools to the decision-makers, which can be easily interpreted by populations, promoting discussions of optimal intervention scenarios in medium to long-term horizons. COMASO (coastal management software) intends to fill this gap, presenting a group of tools that can be applied in standalone mode, or in a sequential order. The first tool should map the coastal erosion vulnerability and risk, also including the climate change effects, defining a hierarchy of priorities where coastal defense interventions should be performed, or limiting/constraining some land uses or activities. In the locations identified as priorities, a more detailed analysis should consider the application of shoreline and cross-shore evolution models (second tool), allowing discussing intervention scenarios, in medium to long-term horizons. After the defined scenarios, the design of the intervention should be discussed, both in case of being a hard coastal structure or an artificial nourishment (third type of tools). Finally, a cost-benefit assessment tool should optimize the decisions, forecasting costs and benefits for each different scenario, through definition of economic values to the interventions and to the land/services/ecosystems, weighting all the environmental, cultural, social and historical aspects. It is considered that COMASO tools can help giving answers to the major problems of the coastal planning and management entities, integrating transversal knowledge in risk assessment, physical processes, engineering and economic evaluations. The integrated coastal zone management needs these tools to ensure sustainable coastal zones, mitigating erosion and climate change effects.
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Aiello, Stephen, Claudio Aguayo, Norm Wilkinson, and Kevin Govender. "Developing culturally responsive practice using mixed reality (XR) simulation in Paramedicine Education." Pacific Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning 3, no. 1 (February 16, 2021): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjtel.v3i1.89.
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The department of Paramedicine at Auckland University of Technology is committed to establishing informed evidence and strategies representative of all ethnicities. The MESH360 team propose that immersive mixed reality (XR) can be employed within the learning environment to introduce critical elements of patient care through authentic environmental and socio-cultural influences without putting either students, educators, practitioners or patients at risk.
Clinical simulation is a technique that replicates real-world scenarios in a controlled and non-threatening environment. However, despite the legal and moral obligations that paramedics have to provide culturally competent care, a lack of evidence and guidelines exist regarding how to adequately integrate simulation methods for cultural competence training into paramedicine education. In our curriculum, clinical simulation has been used mainly to teach the biomedical aspects of care with less focus on the psychological, cultural, and environmental contexts. A potential, therefore, exists for high-fidelity clinical simulation and XR as an effective teaching strategy for cultural competence training by providing learners with the opportunity to engage and provide care for patients from different cultural backgrounds, ethnic heritages, gender roles, and religious beliefs (Roberts et al., 2014). This is crucial preparation for the realities of professional practice where they are required to care for patients that represent the entirety of their community.
This presentation explores the MESH360 project and the development of a theoretical framework to inform the design of critical thinking in enhanced culturally diverse simulation clinical scenarios (ResearchGate, n.d.). The project aims to develop a transferable methodology to triangulate participant subjective feedback upon learning in high stress environments within a wide range of cultural-responsive environments. The implications for practice and/or policy are the redefinition of the role of simulation in clinical health care education to support deeper critical learning and paramedic competency within cross-cultural environments within XR.
The aim of the research is to develop simulation based real-world scenarios to teach cultural competence in the New Zealand paramedicine curriculum. Using a Design-Based Research framework in healthcare education the project explores the impact of culturally-responsive XR enhanced simulation for paramedicine students through the triangulation of participant subjective feedback, observation, and participant biometric data (heart rate) (Cochrane et al., 2017). Data analysis will be structured around the identification and description of the overarching elements constituting the cultural activity system in the study, in the context of XR in paramedicine education (Engeström, 1987).
Our research objective focuses upon using XR to enable new pedagogies that redefine the role of the teacher, the learner, and of the learning context to:
Develop clinically appropriate and contextually relevant simulation-based XR scenarios that teach students how to respect differences and beliefs in diverse populations whose world view may be different from ones’ own.
Inform culturally-responsive teaching and learning in paramedicine education research and practice.
Implementation of pedagogical strategies in paramedicine critical care simulation to enhance culturally-responsive understandings and practice.
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Guerra Machado, Bernardo, and Roger Giner-Sorolla. "Examining acculturation in mixed-couples to test cultural transmission mechanisms." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 6, 2022): e0266229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266229.
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The project sought to understand the factors which underlie cultural transmission, adapting self-reported methods from cross-cultural psychology and sociology to test the external validity of several constructs from existing evolutionary models. The target population were native-foreigner mixed-couples, allowing the analyses to benefit from asymmetrical cultural inputs. Sampling took place in Italy and Portugal, with recruitment relying on social networks, online newspapers, friends, organizations, universities, parishes, and embassies. The questionnaire was personally delivered or filled online. The validated variables were: contact with a population in which the majority endorses the culture being acquired, the relative quantity of friends from that culture, the perceived relationship quality with the companion, affective ties with one’s own family, and the desire and emotional components behind the culture-transmission motive (a concept similar to cultural conservatism). An unexpected strong, positive association between both cultural identities was found. Thus, it was suggested that these participants adopted an integrative orientation, allowing both cultural identities to blend, whereas most research so far focuses on assimilation scenarios. Overall, acculturation was driven by either conformity to the majority or random learning, without discarding the influence of preferred demonstrators, and the emotional bounds embedded in the individual’s cultural identity. Acculturation proved to be flexible and potentially changing according to the cultural trait being examined.
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Mullan, Kerry, and Christine Béal. "Conversational humor in French and Australian English: What makes an utterance (un)funny?" Intercultural Pragmatics 15, no. 4 (October 25, 2018): 457–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ip-2018-0016.
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AbstractIn this paper we focus primarily on the second dimension of the model designed for the comparative cross-cultural analysis of conversational humor outlined in (Béal, Christine & Kerry Mullan. 2013. Issues in conversational humour from a cross-cultural perspective: Comparing French and Australian corpora. In Bert Peeters, Kerry Mullan & Christine Béal (eds.),Cross-culturally Speaking, Speaking Cross-culturally. 107–139. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.), namely the linguistic devices and discursive strategies used by speakers to create humor in social interaction. Using a range of illustrative examples we will show that although a number of similar strategies occur in both the French and Australian English data (play on words, personification, implicit references, borrowing words from other languages), there are also marked differences in terms of preferential choices between French and Australian speakers when it comes to the mechanisms that make a particular utterance or exchange a humorous one. In particular, the French speakers in our data displayed a greater tendency to play with the language itself, while the Australians showed a preference for incongruity and absurdity, and collaborative scenarios with escalation.A number of comparative examples of failed humor are also examined. It will be seen that the responsibility for the failure in all cases lies less with the speaker and more with the hearer; i.e. the problem is not actually with the linguistic device employed, but with the hearer’s non-appreciation of the humor or lack of humor support.
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Essary, Jessica N., and Tunde Szecsi. "Friendships Overcome Ignorance and Misconceptions: Teacher Candidates’ Exposure to a Foreign Culture in an Online Cross-national e-pals Project." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 5, no. 1 (June 23, 2018): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/98.
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The cross-national pedagogical e-pal project was implemented between teacher candidates in the United States and the United Arab Emirates with the purpose of expanding teacher candidates’ perspectives on culture. During the five weeks of the intervention, in teams of three, participants had informal online conversations and discussed schooling scenarios to illuminate and articulate their decision-making. In this study, the teacher candidates’ views were captured in pre- and post-surveys, in their posts, and in their reflection responses. All data were analyzed to understand the change in their views on their culture and their partner’s culture as well as any newly developed perspectives on culture. The findings indicated a shift in their views toward a more in-depth understanding of cultures.
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Mak, Anita S., and Tamara L. Shaw. "Perceptions of Intercultural Social Challenges: Towards Culturally Competent Counselling Practice." Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools 25, no. 2 (July 2, 2015): 183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2015.13.
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Increasing ethnic and cultural diversity worldwide and especially in Australia requires that psychologists and counsellors cultivate the knowhow to interact and work effectively with clients and stakeholders in cross-cultural contexts. This study aimed to identify and compare themes regarding challenging intercultural social scenarios experienced by supervising, practising and intern psychologists. Transcripts from five focus groups were open-coded on four occasions and the final themes compared with the EXCELL (Excellence in Cultural Experiential Learning and Leadership) program's six key sociocultural competencies (Mak, Westwood, Barker, & Ishiyama, 1998). We found that many challenges reported by psychologists (regardless of their qualifications) were related to difficulties — for psychologists and clients — in executing one or more of key sociocultural competencies: seeking help or information, participating in a group, making social contact, giving feedback, refusing a request, and expressing disagreement. We also identified barriers to cultural competence in therapeutic relationships, including cultural identity issues, needing to address difficulties in intimate relationships, cultural variation in values/beliefs/social norms, mismatched expectations, psychologists’ perceived deficit in intercultural training, and challenges in self-reflection. Based on our findings, we propose a model of culturally competent counselling practice and discuss implications for counsellor and psychologist training, and for future research.
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Palmer, Gary B. "Emotional, evaluative, and ideological subjectification in Tagalog and Shona." International Journal of Language and Culture 1, no. 1 (August 22, 2014): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijolc.1.1.01pal.
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Cross-linguistic studies of emotion language have explored the universality of emotion concepts (Koveces 1990; Wierzbicka 1999), the cultural specificity of emotion concepts (Wierzbicka 1999; Ning Yu 2009), and the sources of emotion in culturally specific discourse practices (Lutz 1988; Rosaldo 1990; Chen 2004). A few have investigated how emotions or feelings are expressed by certain kinds of grammatical constructions such as metaphors with predicate-base clause structure (Occhi 1999; Palmer and Brown 1998; Palmer, Bennett and Stacey 1999; and Palmer 2003b). This paper shows how grammatical constructions that express emotions and evaluations may arise from subjectification. We compare theories of subjectification proposed by Langacker (2000) and Traugott (2010), and we analyze examples from Shona and Tagalog. Our findings have led us to expand Langacker’s cognitive linguistic approach to include cultural scenarios and themes in the discourse ground. This new perspective has potential applications to the study of ideological communications.
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Robson, Gregory. "Magistrates, Mobs, and Moral Disagreement: Countering the Actual Disagreement Challenge to Moral Realism." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 51, no. 6 (August 2021): 416–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/can.2021.40.
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AbstractI defend convergentist realism from counterarguments that appeal to apparently deep and widespread moral disagreement. Pace recent claims by antirealists, I first argue that scenarios such as the prominent “Magistrate and the Mob” case betray cognitive defects in subjects, such as partiality, that we would not find in ideal agents. After this, I defend three reasons to expect cross-cultural disagreement on moral cases even if convergentist realism is true. These defusing explanations concern individual and group moral development and the moral models on which agents rely. While developing my defense of moral realism, I aim for comprehensive engagement with responses to arguments by Doris, Plakias, and others that have been dispersed across several related articles.
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Huang, Leping, and Yingfu Zhu. "Research on the Construction of Value Evaluation Model of Pragmatic Function of Spoken English Discourse Markers Under the Perspective of Smoking Cessation Discourse." Tobacco Regulatory Science 7, no. 5 (September 30, 2021): 2539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.7.5.1.23.
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In view of the needs of the use of spoken English discourse markers in different situations under cross-cultural communication, it is necessary to standardize the language use of communicators and give full play to the pragmatic value of spoken English discourse markers. By establishing the pragmatic function evaluation model of spoken English discourse markers in the context of smoking cessation and tobacco control from the perspective of smoking cessation discourse, English communicative conversation in the context of smoking cessation and tobacco control is studied in this paper. Based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and starting from four layers including the target layer, criterion layer, index layer and scheme layer, this paper designs an evaluation model of pragmatic functional value of spoken English discourse markers from the perspective of smoking cessation discourse through hierarchy theory model construction, judgment matrix construction, hierarchical single ranking and consistency test, hierarchical total ranking and consistency test. The model is used in the context of communication, language training and language assessment. The model is suitable for simulating communicative behavior, language ability training and language ability assessment in smoking cessation and tobacco control scenarios. It can improve the accuracy of the use of discourse markers, facilitate the reasonable choice of discourse markers in special communication scenarios, ensure the efficiency of English communication, and highlight the unique value of discourse markers in different communication scenarios.
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Augé, Anaïs. "How Metaphor Scenarios can Reveal Socio-cultural and Linguistic Variations of Meaning: A Cross-linguistic Perspective on the “NURTURING PARENT” and the “STRICT FATHER” Frames." Metaphor and Symbol 34, no. 4 (October 2, 2019): 209–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2019.1683949.
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Banerjee, Konika, Bryce Huebner, and Marc Hauser. "Intuitive Moral Judgments are Robust across Variation in Gender, Education, Politics and Religion: A Large-Scale Web-Based Study." Journal of Cognition and Culture 10, no. 3-4 (2010): 253–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853710x531186.
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AbstractResearch on moral psychology has frequently appealed to three, apparently consistent patterns: (1) Males are more likely to engage in transgressions involving harm than females; (2) educated people are likely to be more thorough in their moral deliberations because they have better resources for rationally navigating and evaluating complex information; (3) political affiliations and religious ideologies are an important source of our moral principles. Here, we provide a test of how four factors ‐ gender, education, politics and religion ‐ affect intuitive moral judgments in unfamiliar situations. Using a large-scale sample of participants (n=8778) who voluntarily logged on to the internet-based Moral Sense Test (available online at <ext-link ext-link-type="url" xlink:href="http://moral.wjh.harvard.edu">http://moral.wjh.harvard.edu</ext-link>), we analyzed responses to 145 unique moral and conventional scenarios that varied widely in content. Although each demographic or cultural factor sometimes yielded a statistically significant difference in the predicted direction (e.g., men giving more utilitarian judgments than women; religious individuals giving more deontological/rule-based judgments than atheists), these differences were consistently associated with extremely small effect sizes. We conclude that gender, education, politics and religion are likely to be relatively insignificant for moral judgments of unfamiliar scenarios. We discuss these results in light of current debates concerning the mechanisms underlying our moral judgments and, especially, the idea that we share a universal moral sense that constrains the range of cross-cultural variation.
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Gabel, Jenny, Christof Berns, Sebastian Bosch, Jost Eickmeyer, Kaja Harter-Uibopuu, Nathalie Martin, Ann Lauren Osthof, Johann Anselm Steiger, and Frank Steinicke. "Immersive Inscribed Spaces – Bringing Virtuality to Written Artefacts for Humanities." i-com 21, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/icom-2022-0012.
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Abstract Writing is an essential cultural technique, and the resulting artefacts are an important part of cultural heritage. The Cluster of Excellence ‘Understanding Written Artefacts’ is an interdisciplinary and cross-cultural long-term project dedicated to studying so-called ‘written artefacts (WA)’. Our work introduces immersive technologies such as virtual, augmented, and mixed reality to the research cluster for the first time. In this paper, we outline the scope of our research project and present our current implementations of immersive applications based on two scenarios involving inscribed spaces. So far, immersive technologies have not been used in academia to create research focused applications for exploring, analysing, and understanding WA within their inscribed space, including providing access to appropriate spatial and temporal contexts. Thus, we collaborate closely with researchers from the humanities to create interactive and immersive applications for the novel field of WA research. The results of our preliminary user study show high ratings in the sense of presence in the virtual environments and indicate that immersive spatial context could add new perspectives for understanding WA. We hope to provide valuable insights on the design of immersive applications to support future research in novel fields.
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Fisher, Rose. "Varieties of Pennsylvania Dutch." Bergen Language and Linguistics Studies 12, no. 2 (December 19, 2022): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15845/bells.v12i2.3824.
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Some language communities continue identifying with their heritage language even after a shift to the majority language has occurred. In this paper I use a comparative approach to investigate the extent to which this postvernacular phase can be found among the broad spectrum of Pennsylvania Dutch-affiliated groups in North America. The results of a sociolinguistic survey presented here reveal that vastly different relationships to and experiences with the language and its affiliated cultures exist under the Pennsylvania Dutch umbrella. The postvernacular framework effectively describes the status of the language among the non-sectarians. However, with some exceptions, it cannot account for the extremely diverse scenarios existing among the sectarians (i.e., separatists). A better understanding of each of the relevant linguistic and cultural aspects at play here will have cross-linguistic implications for how languages are bound to human identities.
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Günsoy, Ceren. "Rude bosses versus rude subordinates." International Journal of Conflict Management 31, no. 2 (October 23, 2019): 175–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcma-01-2019-0012.
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Purpose Workplace incivility has detrimental effects on targets of such behaviors and can lead to further conflict. This research aims to examine whether cultural differences in people’s approach to social respect and status may influence their responses to incivility displayed by superiors and subordinates. Design/methodology/approach Three studies (n = 1043) examined how people from honor cultures (southern states of the USA; Latin America) and dignity cultures (northern states of the USA) would perceive and respond to uncivil superiors relative to uncivil subordinates. Studies 1 and 2 used scenarios; in Study 3, employed participants recalled their own incivility experiences. Findings Participants from honor cultures were more likely to perceive the mistreatment negatively if it came from a superior than a subordinate (all studies) and more likely to indicate that they would retaliate against an uncivil superior than an uncivil subordinate (Studies 1 and 3). Moreover, for participants from honor cultures (but not from dignity cultures), anger mediated the relation between the appraisal of incivility and retaliation only when the offender was a superior (all studies). Research limitations/implications This research relied on scenarios and people’s recollections, focusing on a limited range of responses to incivility. Future research should conduct laboratory experiments and examine additional responses. Nevertheless, these findings suggest that being mistreated by a superior or a subordinate has different meanings and consequences for people from diverse cultures, which can have implications for cross-cultural work interactions. Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge, this research is the first to compare people’s emotional and behavioral responses to uncivil superiors with their responses to uncivil subordinates in honor cultures.
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Farbman, Herschel. "A Seafloor for the Disaster." Yearbook of Comparative Literature 64 (July 1, 2022): 55–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ycl-64-030.
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Across discourses and genres, stories of climate change often follow a race-against-time plot, as if confronting environmental disaster meant accepting the terms of the disaster film genre. The objective of this article is to elucidate some of the anxieties these terms manage, in particular, anxiety provoked, paradoxically, by the stability of the earth even in the worst-case scenarios—even, for example, in the case of the total uninhabitability of the earth for human beings. Within the framework of the race-against-time plot, the earth cannot appear as simultaneously stable and uninhabitable; uninhabitability can appear only as a breakdown of stability. Through readings of Sylvia Wynter, Jules Michelet, Jules Verne, and Lars von Trier, who takes the disaster film genre to its limit in Melancholia, this article elaborates an alternative to this splitting, starting from the seafloor, whose primal uninhabitability for human beings is unaffected by the wells that now puncture it and the cables that now cross it. Of course, there is a difference between the disastrous uninhabitability caused by capitalist production and the uninhabitability that precedes it primordially, but the latter is part and parcel of the stability that holds even in the worst-case scenarios. That this limit cannot be destroyed does not mean that there is any limit to how far the desire to destroy it can go. Rather, it helps account for the inextinguishability of the destructive desire, the acknowledgment of which, a condition for change, cannot happen within the terms of the race-against-time plot.
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Fu, Hengyi. "Mixed language queries in online searches." Aslib Journal of Information Management 71, no. 1 (January 21, 2019): 72–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajim-04-2018-0091.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose With the increasing number of online multilingual resources, cross-language information retrieval (CLIR) has drawn much attention from the information retrieval (IR) research community. However, few studies have examined how and why multilingual searchers seek information in two or more languages, specifically how they switch and mix language in queries to get satisfying results. The purpose of this paper is to focus on Chinese–English bilinguals’ intra-sentential code-switching behaviors in online searches. The scenarios and reasons of code-switching, factors that may affect code-switching, the patterns of mixed language query formulation and reformulation and how current IR systems and other search tools can facilitate such information needs were examined. Design/methodology/approach In-depth semi-structured interviews were used as the research method. In total, 30 participants were recruited based on their English proficiency, location and profession, using a purposive sampling method. Findings Four scenarios and four reasons for using Chinese–English mixed language queries to cover information needs were identified, and results suggest that linguistic and cultural/social factors are of equivalent importance in code-switching behaviors. English terms and Chinese terms in queries play different roles in searches, and mixed language queries are irreplaceable by either single language queries or other search facilitating features. Findings also suggest current search engines and tools need greater emphasis in the user interface and more user education is required. Originality/value This study presents a qualitative analysis of bilinguals’ code-switching behaviors in online searches. Findings are expected to advance the theoretical understanding of bilingual users’ search strategies and interactions with IR systems, and provide insights for designing more effective IR systems and tools to discover multilingual online resources, including cross-language controlled vocabularies, personalized CLIR tools and mixed language query assistants.