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Couper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth. "Affectivity in cross-linguistic and cross-cultural perspective." Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5372/.
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Klevanskaya, Liudmila, and Maria Luzina. "Exploring Corporate Greening: a cross-cultural perspective." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, ESOL (Entrepreneurship, Strategy, Organization, Leadership), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18239.
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The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of national culture on corporate greening with specific focus on motivations that drive companies to respond to environmental issues and strategies that companies develop in this regard. The existing literature indicates that the research on motivational and strategic aspects of corporate greening is limited from cultural perspective. Thus, a qualitative study of Swedish and Belarusian companies was conducted to illustrate what induces firms to go green and to describe what environmental strategies are implemented by them. The analysis of received empirical data was concentrated on aligning national culture features with the motivations for environmental initiatives and relevant elements of green strategies. The findings demonstrate the connection between national culture and environmental strategy through green motivations. Finally, some implications for further research as well as practitioners are presented.
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Jose, Anita. "Institutionalization of Ethics: a Cross-Cultural Perspective." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278977/.
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Business ethics is a much debated issue in contemporary America. As many ethical improprieties gained widespread attention, organizations tried to control the damage by institutionalizing ethics through a variety of structures, policies, and procedures. Although the institutionalization of ethics has become popular in corporate America, there is a lack of research in this area. The relationship between the cultural dimensions of individualism/collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity/femininity and the perceptions of managers regarding the institutionalization of ethics is investigated in this study. This research also examined whether managers' level of cognitive moral development and locus of control influenced their perceptions. Data collection was performed through a mail survey of managers in the U.S. and India. Out of the 174 managers of American multinationals who responded to the survey, 86 were Americans and 88 were Indians. Results revealed that managers' perceptions were influenced by the four cultural dimensions. Managerial perceptions regarding the effectiveness of codes of ethics and the influence of referent groups varied according to their nationality. But, managers from both countries found implicit forms of institutionalizing ethics, such as organizational systems, culture, and leadership to be more effective in raising the ethical climate of organizations than explicit forms such as codes of ethics, ethics officers, and ethics ombudspeople. The results did not support the influence of moral reasoning level and locus of control type on managerial perceptions. The results suggested that in order for ethics institutionalization efforts to be successful, there must be a fit or compatibility between the implicit and explicit forms of institutionalizing ethics. The significance of this study rests on the fact that it enriched our understanding of how national culture affects managerial perceptions regarding the institutionalization of ethics. This is the first comparative study between U.S. managers and Indian managers that examines the variables, both explicit and implicit, which influence how ethical values are cultivated and perpetuated in organizations.
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Jiang, Ruifang [Verfasser]. "Rejection Sensitivity : A Cross-cultural Perspective / Ruifang Jiang." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1121588077/34.
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Sciame, Michelle E. 1958. "Adolescent adjustment to parenthood: A cross-cultural perspective." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291864.
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This naturalistic research describes adjustment to parenthood in an ethnically diverse group of out-of-school adolescent mothers enrolled in an educational program. The process of adjustment was investigated, as well as what factors impede or enhance adjustment for these mothers. Ethnic differences were considered along with the role of the educational program. Implications for program planning are discussed. Data collection consisted of interviews, observations, a Life Events Checklist, and a review of program files. Difficult home lives and the frequency of stressful events prior to pregnancy led to a relatively easy adjustment to parenthood for these mothers. Adjustment was enhanced by support; most frequently provided by the program, partners, and families. Partners and families also were the most frequent cause of difficulties that impeded adjustment. The major differences between ethnic groups were in family structure and support systems. The educational program served as a major source of relational support for these mothers.
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Cressey, Jason. "Children's friendships : a non-verbal, cross-cultural perspective." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296863.
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Thanzami, Vanlal. "Beliefs about aggression from a cross-cultural perspective." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2004. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/21081/.
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Studies have shown consistent sex differences on how men and women view their aggression, with men viewing it as an instrumental act, as a way of achieving a specific goal, white women view it as an expressive act, as a temporary loss of self control. The Expressions of Aggression Scale (EXPAGG) consisting of the instrumental and expressive scales was developed for investigating these beliefs. Most of the studies on the EXPAGQ have been conducted on Western samples, particularly British samples. The first aim of the present research endeavour was to investigate cultural differences on beliefs about aggression by comparing two distinct cultures, British and Indian. These two cultures were chosen as they represent countries that are referred to as individualistic and collectivistic cultures - the two most distinct cultural dimensions that have been widely studied. Individualism is characterized by competition, emotional distance from in-groups, self-reliance, and hedonism, while collectivism reflects sociability, interdependence, and family integrity (Triandis and Gelfand, 1998). Study I was conducted on a British sample from two ethnic backgrounds, Anglo-Saxons and Asians. It was predicted that the Anglo-Saxon sample would endorse greater instrumental beliefs than the Asians, while Asians endorsed greater expressive belieli However, results were contrary to this prediction, and there were no individual level association between beliefs about aggression and cultural orientation. This finding could have occurred as a result of the overlapping of cultures and the social circumstances that surrounds people living in such cultures. Hence the second study was conducted on an Indian sample in India so that there would be no blatant or significant impact of any other culture. The Indian sample consisted of 16 and 26 year olds. Males scored higher than females on the instmmental and expressive scales of the EXPAGU. Overall results on the Indian sample revealed very low reliability scores and hence suggest that the items of the EXIPAGG may not be applicable to the Indian sample. Hence, a further exploratory study on this sample was carried out, with the aim of developing an instrument designed to measure beliefs about aggression for this population. The next two studies involved using a multi-method approach as a means of investigating this particular sample's beliefs about aggression. First, interviews were conducted in the same manner as the authors of the EXPAGU conducted their initial exploratory study. Themes were extracted from the transcripts of these interviews and presented to an Indian sample in the form of scenarios. In both these studies the sample belonged to two age groups, 16 and 26 year olds. The findings from these two studies revealed that there were other issues involved when this Indian sample viewed their aggression. Concerns such as how they would appear in public as well as how their behaviour might affect their family name and bring about shame for their families were raised. All these issues are characteristics of collectivism. The findings of these studies were then used to construct the Attitude Toward Aggression Scale. Reliability of this new scale was moderate in size, indicating that the items fit together quite well. Implications of the findings of this research endeavour and future research were discussed.
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Miao, Ching. "Transformative learning and social transformation, a cross-cultural perspective." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0025/MQ50488.pdf.
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Yang, Xin. "Understanding the coach-athlete relationship from a cross-cultural perspective." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/9088.
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This thesis is comprised of four studies. The first study aimed to examine the measurement invariance of the Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (11-item, athlete version CART-Q) employing a total of 1,363 athletes from Belgium (n =200), Britain (n =382), China (n =200), Greece (n =115), Spain (n =120), Sweden (n =169), and the United States of America (n =177). Multi-group mean and covariance structure (MACS) analyses supported the factorial validity of the CART-Q in a three-first order factor model across the seven countries. An examination of the latent mean differences of the CART-Q revealed that there are some variations in terms of the intensity athletes perceive in the quality of the relationship with their coach across the different countries. Overall, these results supply additional evidence of the psychometric properties of the CART-Q and highlight that it is a sound instrument that can be applied cross-culturally. The second study attempted to identify the cultural nuances that exist in Chinese coach-athlete relationships from an derived-emic perspective. Eight-hundred Chinese coaches and athletes completed the long and short versions of the CART-Qs. Results supported the reliability across the CART-Q versions examined, while confirmatory factor analyses only supported the factorial validity of the three-first order factor model of the 11-item CART-Q. The findings indicated that the corresponding aspect of complementarity may not best capture the Chinese coach-athlete behavioural interactions. Thus, it suggested that future research should consider conceptualising and measuring the coach-athlete reciprocal interactions in terms of coaches dominant behaviours and athletes submissive behaviours within Chinese sports context. The third study examined the nomological validity of the 11-item CART-Qs with 350 Chinese coach-athlete dyads. Big-Five personality traits and relationship satisfaction were employed as the criterion variables of coach-athlete relationships. Results revealed: (a) actor effects of personality traits, namely, conscientiousness, extroversion, and neuroticism, on both coaches and athletes perceptions of relationship quality and (b) partner effects of only athletes personality, namely, conscientiousness, extroversion, and neuroticism, on their coaches perceptions of relationship quality. The findings suggested that each relationship member s personality trait contributed independently to relationship quality, because no interaction effects of the coach s and the athlete s personality traits on relationship quality were found. In addition, the findings also supported both actor and partner effects of the coach s and the athlete s perceptions of relationship quality on their satisfaction with training. Based upon the relevant theory and findings generated from the previous three studies, the fourth and final study aimed to fill the gap in the relevant literatures by expanding the construct of complementarity to include coach-athlete reciprocal behaviours, namely the coach s dominant and the athlete s submissive behaviours. Study 4 included 4 phases reflecting the process undertaken to develop and validate the Dominant-Submissive Behaviours Scales. Phase 1 generated a pool of items based on the relevant literatures and feedback from the coaches and athletes; these items were then assessed by three panel groups including academic experts, coaches and athletes. In phase 2 and phase 3, confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the construct validity, nomological validity, and internal reliability of the developed scales. As a result, the 10-item coach s dominant behaviour scale and the 10-item athlete s submissive behaviour scale were derived. Phase 4 employed athletes from five different countries to assess the cross-cultural validity of the submissive scale, and results supported the full structural invariance of the athlete s submissive behaviour scale across the five countries. Overall, results confirmed the dominant-submissive scale is a valid measure for assessing another dimension of complementarity in coach-athlete relationships. Collectively, this thesis has expanded the current knowledge of coach-athlete relationships to a broader social-cultural context by recruiting coaches and athletes from eight different countries across two continents. It is therefore plausible to conclude that the conceptualisation of the 3+1Cs model and the CART-Q seem to be universal across diverse cultures at a generic level. However, future research needs to continue discovering the universals as well as the variations of human behaviours in the content and the quality of coach-athlete relationships. Key Words: Chinese, dominant, submissive, coach-athlete, relationships, cross-cultural, CART-Q
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Runyon, Paul Warren. "The preparation of cross-cultural missionaries an active participant perspective /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2001. http://www.tren.com.
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Pini, Ivano [Verfasser]. "Internationalization of Italian companies. A cross-cultural perspective / Ivano Pini." München : GRIN Verlag, 2021. http://d-nb.info/124076247X/34.
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Li, Lifen 1971. "Managerial relationships in Sino-foreign joint ventures : a cross-cultural perspective." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33299.
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This study explores the dynamics of the managerial relationship in Sino-foreign joint ventures from the perspectives of both Western expatriates and local Chinese. It is based on observations of one joint venture and some formal and informal interviews of a few other joint ventures. Through examining cross-cultural trust, communication, decision making and conflict management, this study has presented some of the problems which have appeared, shed light on their origins and suggests possible resolution strategies. The author argues that mutual understanding between Westerners and Chinese is needed to form a basis for successful managerial relationships. Furthermore, understanding must be based on equality, respect and a knowledge and appreciation of the other people's different customs and forms of self-expression. This study also cautions against the use of Western concepts in pursuing cross-cultural studies of managerial relationships in the Sino-foreign joint venture context.
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Nord, Teresa. "CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE HOTEL INDUSTRY : A CROSS CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE." Thesis, Stockholm University, Interdisciplinary Environmental Research (CTM), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7190.
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Debatten om affärsetik och företagets sociala ansvar i globala sammanhang med olika naturliga, ekonomiska och kulturella förutsättningar har fått en mer framträdande roll i och med globalisering. Syftet med denna studie är att fastställa hur kulturella och lokala förutsättningar påverkar arbetet inom Corporate Social Responsibility genom att undersöka och jämföra CSR arbetet på hotell i kulturellt och geografiskt olikartade länder. Data för indikatorer för avfallsproduktion, vattenförbrukning, energianvändning, jämlika anställningsmöjligheter, yrkesutbildning och facklig organisering samlades in från hotell i Sverige, Norge, Danmark, Island, Storbritannien, Kina, Saudiarabien, Oman, Egypten och Förenade Arabemiraten och jämfördes mot benchmarks.
Data från hotellen i de olika länderna jämfördes mot Hofstedes analys av kulturer för att undersöka eventuella samband mellan kulturella aspekter och CSR-arbete. Resultaten visar att det finns en omvänd korrelation mellan Maktdistans och facklig organisering, och även mellan Maskulinitet och andel kvinnor i tjänstemannapositioner. Dessa samband är framförallt tydliga på hotell i Skandinavien och Mellanöstern. Resultaten visar även att politiska system och nivå av ekonomisk utveckling kan påverka nivån på CSR-arbetet. Skandinaviska hotell låg närmare benchmarknivåer med avseende på alla indikatorer jämfört med hotellen i Mellanöstern, vilket bekräftar slutsatser från tidigare studier som visat att utveckling och socialdemokratisk dominans har positiv påverkan på CSR-aspekter. Vidare visar resultaten att äganderättigheter, lokala traditioner och samhällsförväntningar kan påverka CSR arbetet.
Slutligen visar resultaten, samt bristen på resultat, vikten för hotell att använda sig av ett gemensamt mätningssystem och konsekventa enheter, och av att ha ett centralt rapporteringssystem för miljö- och arbetsfrågor. Utan ett system för att utvärdera och jämföra nivån på CSR-arbetet på olika hotell är det omöjligt att fastställa den relativa effektiviteten av olika satsningar på miljö och arbetsfrågor och därmed svårare att uppnå effektivitet och framgång inom CSR-arbetet.
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Athanasopoulos, Georgios. "Scoring sounds : the visual representation of music in cross-cultural perspective." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7799.
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This thesis argues that a performer’s relationship with a musical score is an interaction largely defined by social and cultural parameters, but also examines whether disparate musical traditions show any common underlying tendencies regarding the perceived relationship between musical sound and visual representation. The research brings a novel, cross-cultural perspective to bear on the topic, combining a systematic, empirical study with qualitative fieldwork. Data were collected at five sites in three countries, involving: classically-trained musicians based in the UK; traditional Japanese musicians both familiar and unfamiliar with western standard notation; literate Eastern Highlanders from Port- Moresby, Papua New Guinea; and members of the BenaBena tribe, a non-literate community in Papua New Guinea. Participants heard short musical stimuli that varied on three musical parameters (pitch, duration and attack rate) and were instructed to represent these visually so that if another community member saw the marks they should be able to connect them with the sounds. Secondly, a forced-choice design required participants to select the best shape to describe a sound from a database. Interviews and fieldwork observations recorded how musicians engaged with the visual representation of music, considering in particular the effects of literacy and cultural parameters such as the social context of music performance traditions. Similarities between certain aspects of the participants’ responses suggest that there are indeed some underlying commonalities among literate participants of any cultural background. Meanwhile, the overall variety of responses suggests that the association between music and its visual representation (when it takes place) is strongly affected by ever-altering socio-cultural parameters.
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Pushparatnam, Adelle. "Interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder : a cross-cultural perspective." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708851.
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Melin, Rebecka, and Rutholm Emma. "Swedish management in a cross-cultural perspective : A qualitative study of how Swedish managers adapt their management to foreign cultures." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-45312.
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The purpose of this thesis is to analyze and study how Swedish managers manage cross-cultural differences and how their management style is adapted to foreign cultures. This thesis could contribute to getting a deeper understanding of how Swedish management is adapted to foreign cultures. The empirical material in this study has been collected through qualitative interviews with four different Swedish managers with experience of managing abroad. The theoretical framework is based on the concepts cultural dimensions, management and cross-cultural adaptation which also are the three concepts in our conceptual framework. The conceptual framework is present in the interview template, the empirical chapter and the analysis to provide the thesis with a clear line of argument. The empirical chapter describes how the Swedish managers have dealt with the challenges of working in a foreign culture and how they have adapted their management to another culture.In the analysis the empirical material is analyzed with the help of the theoretical framework. In the analysis the effect of cultural dimensions is discussed in relations to Swedish management and which challenges a Swedish manager encounter when managing abroad. The conclusion indicates that Swedish managers seem to adapt their management style to the extent that they have to be more clear and strict in their management and they have to make a lot more decisions. It seems to be a linkage between to what extent Swedish mangers have to adapt their management style to the local culture and what kind of management position they have.
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Svobodova, Petra, and Anna Gnyria. "Cross-cultural differences in marketing communications : The Importance of cross-cultural differences in the marketing communications: Investigated in Central and Eastern Europe." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för företagsekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-27896.
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Despite the globalization and cultures’ convergence, it is scholarly recognized that cross-cultural issues are important in a business context, especially for companies extending their activities internationally. However, existing theory does not provide an explicit answer of how cultural differences between countries influence customers’ perception of different aspects of marketing communication mix. That is why the underlying task of the current paper is to investigate if cross-cultural differences within the same geographic region are big enough to affect customers’ perception of marketing communication mix used. To facilitate a data collection, Central and Eastern European region represented by Ukraine and Czech Republic were chosen. As a reference tourism industry was used, due to its’ current significance, scale and global nature. Data was collected by conducting secondary and primary research, both having quantitative nature. Secondary data was collected through statistical offices and official on-line sources. For the primary research purposes a questionnaire survey was conducted among pre-defined target audience in Czech Republic and Ukraine. 300 responses obtained provided a solid basis for the further analysis. Based on the relevant theory and secondary research findings four hypotheses were developed to address the research question “Does cross-cultural differences within Central and Eastern Europe affect the marketing communication mix in a specific industry?”. The study results provided that cultural differences exist not only between different regions, but also found within the same geographic region. When considered from marketing perspective, they are significant enough to influence customers’ preferences and perceptions of different aspects of marketing communication mix. The results obtained are specific for a particular case, so they can not be applied to some other countries. However, when it comes to marketing communication perceptions, the results can be used as guidelines by other industries then tourism
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Gottardello, Debora. "Professors’ roles in dealing with university students’ plagiarism: a cross-cultural perspective." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667153.
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El plagi és un fenomen molt estès en l'àmbit universitari global i representa una amenaça per a la integritat universitària i les normes ètiques. L'objectiu de la present tesi és el d'aconseguir una perspectiva holística de la percepció dels professors pel que fa la etica en la educació i més especifícament al plagi dels estudiants universitaris, així com entendre quin rol juguen en la seva prevenció, detecció i gestió. A tal efecte, s'utilitza una metodologia qualitativa recollint dades a través d'entrevistes semi-estructurades. La mostra consisteix en 81 professors de sis facultats d'economia i empresa de sis països diferents, la qual cosa permet analitzar la influència del factor cultural en aquesta qüestió. Els resultats mostren com l'ètica (en general) i el plagi (en particular) són percebuts de manera diferent en diferents contextos culturals, fins i tot entre països de l'espai educatiu europeu, i evidencien com les diferents percepcions influeixen en la forma i grau de dedicació que els professors exerceixen per prevenir-lo, detectar-lo i gestionar-lo.El plagio es un fenómeno muy extendido en el ámbito universitario global y representa una amenaza para la integridad universitaria y las normas éticas. El objetivo de la presente tesis es el de conseguir una perspectiva holística de la percepción de los profesores con respecto a la etica en educación y mas especificamente al plagio de los estudiantes universitarios, así como entender qué rol juegan en la prevención, detección y gestión del mismo. Para ello, se utiliza una metodología cualitativa recogiendo datos a través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas. La muestra consiste en 81 profesores de seis facultades de economía y empresa de seis países diferentes, lo cual permite analizar la influencia del factor cultural en esta cuestión. Los resultados muestran cómo la ética (en general) y el plagio (en concreto) son percibidos de forma distinta en diferentes contextos culturales, incluso entre países del espacio educativo europeo, y evidencian cómo las distintas percepciones influyen en la forma y grado de dedicación que los profesores ejercen para prevenirlo, detectarlo y gestionarlo.
Plagiarism is a widespread phenomenon in the global university environment and represents a threat to academic integrity and ethical standards. The objective of this thesis is to achieve a holistic perspective of professors' perception about ethics in education and more specifically university students' plagiarism, as well as to understand the role that they play in its prevention, detection and management. To this end, a qualitative methodology is used, collecting data through semi-structured interviews. The sample consists of 81 professors from six universities of economics and business faculties in six different countries. Thus, it allows analyzing the influence of the cultural context on this issue. The results show how ethics (more generally) and plagiarism (more specifically) are perceived differently in different cultural contexts, including between countries of the European educational area, and show how different perceptions influence the form and degree of dedication that teachers exercise to prevent, detect and manage it.
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DyckFehderau, David P. "Towards a theory and method for dispute intervention, a cross-cultural perspective." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq21129.pdf.
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Ping, Hanci. "Teaching Chinese ESL students in a writing workshop, a cross-cultural perspective." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0008/NQ61672.pdf.
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Stavropoulou, Afroditi-Maria. "Innovation, sustainable leadership and consideration of future consequences: A cross-cultural perspective." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för psykologi (PSY), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-45309.
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The present study aimed to examine the relationship between national culture and organizational innovation, sustainable leadership (SL), and leaders’ consideration of future consequences (CFC), based on Hofstede’s cultural dimensions. An online survey was developed and sent out to employees of private organizations located in Greece and Sweden. Analysis of the data collected from 133 participants indicated that: (a) national culture is marginally significantly associated to perceived workplace innovation; (b) national culture is not significantly related to SL based on employees’ perceptions; and (c) national culture is not significantly related to perceived leaders’ CFC. Contrary to previous research that examined the culture-innovation relationship on a national level, the results of this study suggest that national culture is not strongly related to organizational level innovation, although it is significantly related to two of its examined dimensions: creativity and lack of organizational impediments. Moreover, the results indicated that SL and leaders’CFC are not significantly related to national culture, although four of the dimensions of SL varied significantly between the two examined countries. Practical implications, limitations of the study and future suggestions are discussed.
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Gruenewald, John M. "Self-determination theory and hedonic well-being in a cross-cultural perspective." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Summer2009/j_gruenewald_040109.pdf.
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Laestadius, Lars. "A comparative analysis of wood-supply systems from a cross- cultural perspective." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39409.
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An analytical tool must combine sufficient scope with cultural neutrality to be adequate for analyzing problems across technological style boundaries. The concept of a wood-supply system is proposed, defined as a mechanism generating a consistent flow of wood to a set of wood-consuming mills, beginning its work with the severing of trees and ending it by feeding a pulping digester or head saw.
The contrast in wood flow between the wood-supply systems of the Southern United States and Sweden is explored. The systems accommodate surges in wood-consumption rates and changes in wood-supply difficulty differently .. The South maintains a small wood inventory by keeping considerable production capacity idle; Sweden keeps little capacity idle by maintaining a large cushion of wood inventories.
The implications of differences in relative cost between wood in inventory and forcibly idle production capacity are discussed. As a result of the historically motivated emphasis on accounting for capacity in Sweden and for wood in the South, costs associated with wood inventories and idle capacity appear to have been overlooked in a mirror-image pattern.
The transfer of equipment between harvesting styles whose evolution has been governed by different relative costs has a high risk of failure. Southern equipment is cheap, uncomplicated. robust, and dependable in order to survive forced idleness and to produce without buffer inventories. Swedish equipment is expensive, complex, sensitive, and less dependable, due to the freedom to produce at capacity and the occurrence of large buffer inventories. Equipment manufacturers need to estimate the relative cost of idle wood and idle capacity when analyzing equipment exports across style boundaries.
Suggestions for further work include an exploration of the relative cost in each region, and the development of unbiased methods of accounting for idle resources. It is also suggested that the different interpretations of the concept of forestry in Europe and North America be explored.Ph. D.
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Awaida-Nachabe, Nadia. "Examining Cross-cultural Affective Components of Global Competence From a Value Perspective." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6798.
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The purpose of this study was to explore perceived importance of cultural values and affective components in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and their relationships. This study identified which of the nine affective components of global competence and four higher order cultural values were perceived to be important in the MENA region. It also examined the correlations between cultural values and affective components and whether significant differences existed based on gender, age, and country of citizenship.
This research involved the combination of Wallenberg-Lerner’s Affective Component Questionnaire (ACQ) and Schwartz’s Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ). In conjunction with a demographic information form, the Affective Component Value Questionnaire (ACVQ) was developed. A panel of experts assisted in establishing the validity of the instrument.
All nine affective components were perceived to be important in this global era. Self-assurance, Tolerance for Ambiguity, and Connectedness were perceived to be the most important affective components of global competence, while the cultural value of Self-transcendence was recognized as the most important. Several positive correlations existed between three cultural values and eight affective components. The cultural value of Self-transcendence had the highest number of positive correlations with the seven affective components. Self-enhancement did not reveal any correlations.
Analysis of variance was conducted to determine the differences in perceptions based on age, gender, and country of citizenship. No significant differences were present in the perceptions of the affective components and the cultural values based on gender. Perceptions by age were similar for the affective components, but differed for the cultural values. MENA citizens between the ages of 18-25 years more highly regarded the cultural value of Openness to Change and the 46 years and older age group more highly regarded Conservation than the other groups. Perceptions by country of citizenship differed for the affective components, but were similar for the cultural values. Lebanon more highly regarded the affective components, of Adaptability and Empathy. Morocco more highly regarded Connectedness while Tunisia more highly regarded Curiosity.
The findings of this research could have a global benefit of raising the awareness and the integration of the MENA’s perceptions of global competencies into the areas of education, research, policy initiatives, and the private sector.
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Yilmaz, Funda Gunay Thomas Chippewa Marimarta Stadler Holly A. "Exploring themes in multicultural counseling movement through the perspective of flow theory." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SUMMER/Counselor_Education/Thesis/Yilmaz_Funda_15.pdf.
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Barradas, Gonçalo. "A Cross-Cultural Approach to Psychological Mechanisms Underlying Emotional Reactions to Music." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-314870.
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Music plays a crucial role in everyday life by enabling listeners to seek individual emotional experiences. To explain why such emotions occur, we must understand the underlying process that mediates between surface-level features of the music and aroused emotions. This thesis aimed to investigate how musical emotions are mediated by psychological mechanisms from a cross-cultural perspective. Study I manipulated four mechanisms by selecting ecologically valid pieces of music that featured information relevant for each mechanism. The results suggested that listeners’ emotions could be successfully predicted based on theoretically based manipulations of target mechanisms. However, Study I featured only listeners from a single culture, neglecting the possible role of contextual and individual factors. Study II investigated the prevalence of emotions, mechanisms, and listening motives in a web survey featuring listeners from both individualist and collectivist countries. Results indicated that patterns of prevalence of emotions and mechanisms were quite similar across cultures. Still, Study II found that certain emotions such as nostalgia and the mechanism episodic memory were more frequent in collectivist cultures. In contrast, sadness and the mechanism musical expectancy were more frequent in individualist cultures. Study II also suggested that listening motives were country-specific, rather than subject to the individualism-collectivism dimension. Study III explored how particular mechanisms are manifested within a collectivist cultural setting with great potential for deeply felt emotions: fado music in Portugal. Interviews with listeners provided in-depth information on how the cultural context might shape listening motives and emotions. The results revealed that listeners strived for musical experiences that would arouse culturally valued emotions. Music-evoked nostalgia and contextual factors were regarded as important and contributed to an enhanced sense of wellbeing. Study IV tested the influence of lyrics on the emotions induced by Swedish and Portuguese pieces of music. The results revealed cross-cultural differences in how lyrics influenced emotions. The differences were not related to the music’s origin, but to the listener’s origin, suggesting that the impact of lyrics depends on the cultural background of the listener. In conclusion, the thesis suggests that cultural factors serve as moderators of effects of biologically based mechanisms for emotion induction.
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Thabede, Dumisani Gaylord. "Social casework : an afrocentric perspective." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50450.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Of the three primary methods of intervention in social work - casework, group work and community work - the focus of this study is on social casework. Every country structures its own model of casework practice and this model is determined by the social conditions and the diversity of ethnic groups and their specific cultures. For any social work intervention to be effective it must incorporate the cultural elements and nuances that influence the life of the people in a given country. In South Africa the implementation of the western paradigm of casework normally leaves out of account the dynamics of African culture. Consequently, current practice in social casework will have need to undergo a fundamental paradigm shift in order to address the needs of clients in a culturally sensitive way. The problem that this study will address, therefore, is the lack of sensitivity to African culture in the practice of social casework. Not surprisingly, research on the indigenization of casework in South Africa is meagre. This study attempts to contribute to the scientific inquiry about indigenizing casework theory and practice in South Africa. The aim of this study is to present an Afrocentric perspective on the method of social casework that will provide guidelines for practice in African communities in South Africa. To achieve this aim, four objectives are pursued: to describe casework within the context of the history of social work; to identify cultural elements that are essential to practice casework with African clients; to determine to what extent social caseworkers are culturally sensitive; and to investigate how far social caseworkers are equipped to render services to African clients. An exploratory study which is qualitative in nature was conducted. The phenomenological research strategy was used where the researcher, through in-depth interviews with respondents, developed insight into the experiences of social workers with regard to their practice of casework with African clients. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten respondents who were social workers employed either by the state or by private welfare organizations in the Limpopo Province. The findings of the study are that social work training does not adequately prepare social workers to practice casework effectively with African clients. Indeed, social workers practising casework are not always culturally competent. Guidelines to be considered when practising casework with African clients are presented, and ways are suggested of how social workers can achieve cultural competence in service rendering to African clients. For social casework to succeed in South Africa, it is crucial that caseworkers acknowledge the existence of the African worldview, which is profoundly informed by African culture, and also incorporate the implications of this worldview in their casework framework of practice with African clients.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Van die drie primêre intervensiemetodes in maatskaplike werk - gevallewerk, groepwerk en gemeenskapswerk, is die fokus van die studie op gevallewerk. Elke land stel sy eie model vir die beoefening van gevallewerk saam en die model sal afhang van die sosiale toestande en die diversiteit van etniese groepe en hulle spesifieke kulture. Vir maatskaplike werk intervensie om effektief te wees moet die kultuur elemente en nuanses wat die lewe van mense in 'n bepaalde land beïnvloed, in ag geneem word. In Suid-Afrika neem die implementering van die westerse paradigma van gevallewerk normaalweg nie die dinamika van die Afrikakultuur in ag nie. Gevolglik moet die huidige beoefening van gevallewerk in Suid-Afrika 'n fundamentele paradigma skuif ondergaan ten einde die behoeftes van kliënte in 'n kultuur sensitiewe manier aan te spreek. Die probleem wat hierdie studie derhalwe sal ondersoek is die gebrek aan sensitiwiteit vir die Afrika kultuur in die beoefening van gevallewerk. Dit is ook nie verbasend dat navorsing oor die verinheemsing van gevallewerk in Suid-Afrika gebrekkig is nie. Die studie beoog om 'n bydrae te lewer tot die wetenskaplike ondersoek van die verinheemsing van gevallewerk teorie en praktyk in Suid-Afrika. Daar bestaan 'n dringende behoefte om gevallewerk benaderings en prosesse te kontekstualiseer en te verheems ten einde sensitief te wees vir en te reageer op die sosiale realiteite wat die meeste Suid-Afrikaners ervaar. Die doel van die studie is om 'n Afrosentriese perspektief van die gevallewerk metode van maatskaplike werk, wat riglyne sal verskaf vir die beoefening van gevallewerk in Afrika gemeenskappe in Suid-Afrika, aan te bied. Om dit te bereik is vier doelwitte vir die studie gestel: om gevallewerk binne die konteks van die geskiedenis van maatskaplike werk te beskryf; om die kultuur elemente wat essensieel is vir die beoefening van gevallewerk met Afrika kliënte, te identifiseer; om by gevallewerkers vas te stel tot watter mate hulle toegerus is om kultuur sensitief te wees en om die mate waarin gevallewerkers bevoeg is om dienste en Afrika kliënte te lewer, te ondersoek. 'n Verkennende studie wat kwalitatief van aard is, is onderneem. Die fenomenologiese strategie is gebruik waartydens die navorser met behulp van in-diepte onderhoude met respondente insig ontwikkel het in die ervarings van maatskaplike werkers in die beoefening van gevallewerk met Afrika kliënte. Semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude is met tien respondente wat maatskaplike werkers in diens van óf die staat óf privaat welsynsorganisasies in die Limpopo Provinsie is, is gevoer. Die bevindinge van die studie is dat maatskaplikewerk-opleiding maatskaplike werkers nie voldoende voorberei om gevallewerk met Afrika kliënte effektief te beoefen nie. Inderdaad is maatskaplike werkers wat gevallewerk beoefen nie altyd kultuur sensitief nie. Riglyne wat oorweeg kan word vir die beoefening van gevallewerk met Afrika kliënte word aangebied en maniere waarop kulturele kompetensie bereik kan word in dienslewering aan Afrika kliënte word voorgestel. Vir maatskaplike werk om suksesvol te wees in Suid-Afrika is dit kardinaal dat gevallewerkers erkenning sal verleen aan die bestaan van 'n Afrika wêreldbeskouing wat hoofsaaklik ontleen is aan die Afrikakultuur en dat die implikasies van hierdie wêreldbeskouing vir hulle deel sal maak van hulle gevallewerk praktyk raamwerk met Afrika kliënte.
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Andersson, Viktor, and Alexandra Mets. "Cross-Cultural Business Negotiations : The Impact of Business Cultures from a Swedish Perspective." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Handelshögskolan (from 2013), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-77717.
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With our increasingly competitive globalized economy, we are experiencing an emerging trend of firms competing on new international business markets (Bell et al. 2001; Huang 2010). In order to successfully negotiate in an international context, cultural sensitivity needs to be taken into consideration (Manrai & Manrai 2010). This study aims to examine how and to what extent professionalnegotiators’ international negotiation process is influenced by different businesscultures. The study was made by in-depth interviews of five Swedish based professional negotiators and their experiences from negotiating in France, Brazil and Singapore. The mentioned negotiation process was based on Ghuari’s(2003) international business negotiation model which consists of a pre- negotiation stage, a face-to-face negotiation stage and a post-negotiation stage. These stages have been analyzed and interconnected with several cultural variables such as cultural intelligence, adaptation, communication, hierarchy and the Hofstede (2011) parameter of collectivistic versus individualistic cultures to substantiate our two research questions: 1) How does culture intervene in the different stages of the negotiation process? And 2) How are the negotiators adjusting their negotiation strategy to better accommodate the specific culture? The empirical findings showed that there are several differences in both theFrench, Brazilian and Singaporean business culture as well as the negotiators’experiences of their need of adapting to the culture they are negotiating with. The data highlighted the importance of cultural understanding and obtaining the knowledge in a pre-negotiation stage in order to prevent unnecessary misunderstandings which could obstruct the negotiation. The major differenceswhich required the negotiators’ understanding and adaptation was the crucialfactor of building a relationship with the Singaporean delegation, the French’stough negotiation approach and the hierarchical setting in Brazil. The conclusions demonstrated the benefits of cultural adaption as well as the potential pitfall of over-adapting and the imperative preparatory work needed in the pre-negotiation stage of the negotiation.
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Coetzee, Vinet. "The effect of weight on health and face perception : a cross-cultural perspective." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3131.
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My research identifies facial adiposity, a measure of weight in the face, as a novel facial cue to attractiveness and health. Previously identified facial cues, such as symmetry, averageness, sexual dimorphism and skin condition, are not consistently related to indices of actual health. I chapter 2 I demonstrate that facial adiposity is reliably associated with judgements of facial attractiveness and health in Caucasians and also with frequency and duration of respiratory infections, antibiotics use and blood pressure, indicating that facial adiposity is a valid cue to health. Additionally, in chapter 3 I identify three quantifiable facial shape cues that are reliably related to Body Mass Index (BMI) and are used by observers to judge weight in Caucasian and African faces. In chapter 4 I show that Western Caucasian women, but not men, prefer a significantly lower facial adiposity when judging attractiveness than when judging health in other women's faces. This difference may reflect the influence of the media, since it was only significant in women's judgements and previous work showed that women internalize media messages about body ideals more than men do. In contrast, African participants in chapter 6 did not show any difference between the optimal facial adiposity for health and attractiveness, which is consistent with the prediction that people living in an environment with a high disease burden will base their concept of attractiveness more closely on cues to health. Importantly, these different patterns of results for Western Caucasian and African participants are unlikely to be due to cultural differences in media ideals of beauty, since the new African body ideal portrayed by the South African media is closely aligned with the Western ideal (chapter 5). Thus, my research suggests that perceptions of facial adiposity may well be influenced by an interaction between environmental factors and media ideals.
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尹咏雅 and Wing-Nga Wendy Wan. "Judging the wrongdoing: blame assignment and responsibility attribution from a cross-cultural perspective." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31243691.
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Luxon, Michele. "A reconceptualisation of the cross-cultural adaptation process from a Chinese student perspective." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.663239.
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This thesis is an exploration of how Chinese students adapt to a new educational and socio-cultural environment when they come to Britain to do their undergraduate degree, in the context of increasing internationalisation of higher education in the UK. In this qualitative study 39 Chinese students were interviewed, at different stages of their studies over a two year period, in order to gain insights from their perspective, into their home and host educational environments and their experiences of the acculturation process. The interviews were analysed using a grounded theory methodology with an emphasis on the discovery of theory. The thesis traces the adaptation process, taking its starting point as the two different educational contexts, which act as a predictor for the new academic and socio-cultural conventions that the students encounter, and the adjustments the students have to make to accommodate the new environment. It goes on to trace how the students respond to their new situation and how they subsequently change as a result of their new experiences, at the different stages of adaptation. The main findings from this study show emergent new theory of the cross-cultural adaptation process. The first new finding is the identification of enablers, which facilitate the students' adaptation, in addition to obstacles which have previously been identified, in existing theoretical models, and which by contrast militate against acculturation. The second is the emergence of four different types of student response to their new situation, which have been labelled hedonist, cynic, stoic, and quietist responses, which reflect respectively how the students embrace, reject, are indifferent to or are accepting of the new experiences they encounter. Furthermore, it was found that individual students adapt differently to different aspects of their experiences and so there are multiple configurations of these responses for anyone student. The third finding is the identification of the different roles that students take on at different stages of acculturation: starting out as observers, evolving into strategists and participants and then assuming the role of adviser over the period of their stay in the host environment. This investigation has led to the deconstruction and reformulation of existing theories of acculturation, and the emergence of a reconceptualised cross-cultural adaptation process, from a Chinese student perspective. This new theoretical framework could be used in future studies to examine how other international students adapt to new educational contexts in an era of globalised higher education.
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Wan, Wing-Nga Wendy. "Judging the wrongdoing : blame assignment and responsibility attribution from a cross-cultural perspective /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25205833.
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Yi-Hung, Lin. "A holistic investigation of cross-cultural interactions : the perspective of Taiwanese expatriate management." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.727394.
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This thesis investigates the experiential learning of Taiwanese expatriates and their adjustment to overseas environments. The distinguishing feature of this thesis is its use of qualitative methodologies, such as participant observation and in-depth interviews to look at multiple realities of social and cultural phenomenon. In order to understand the complex issues related to Taiwanese expatriate management, six perspectives of cultural development were examined to provide a holistic view Of how Chinese thought and values, derived from Confucian ideology, influence managerial practice. Having described cultural development in Chinese societies, this research goes further to examine issues involved in expatriate management. Previous research found that expatriates’ managerial practices were differentiated by their cultural norms and suggests the importance of being aware of cultural diversity in a multicultural work setting. However, the literature does not provide a satisfactory explanation of the nature of cultural interactions in expatriate management. This is investigated here using a qualitative methodology, together With a synergistic approach and the use of grounded theory. Four field studies were conducted as follows: • In the first field study, Taiwanese expatriate management was explored from a general perspective by interviewing Taiwanese HR managers and training consultants. This field study identifies the attitudes and practices of Taiwanese multinationals and the government regarding expatriate management. • In the second field study, Taiwanese expatriates were interviewed upon their arrival in the host country, Britain. The area of research investigated Taiwanese expatriates’ initial impressions and psychological adjustments to the host country. lii • The third field study focused on Taiwanese expatriates’ experiences of long-term assignments in Europe. Expatriates who had been overseas for longer than a year were interviewed which integrated the previous two field studies of Taiwanese expatriate management from the perspectives of the parent company and expatriate themselves. • In the fourth field study, the same issues were explored further from a different perspective namely through longitudinal participant observation o f a multicultural project team operating in Europe. Through reflection of the overall research, themes and models were developed in the process of research which provides the theoretical framework for this thesis and future research. Finally, evaluation of this thesis was discussed from the methodological and theoretical, points of view which led to suggestions for future research. It is not my intention to generalise the findings from this thesis as the general themes for the overall expatriate management. However, through the specific example of Taiwanese expatriate management , this thesis provides one view of the multiple phenomena of social realities in expatriate management, I hope those who are interested in this thesis derive as much enjoyment from reading it as I did in doing the research for this thesis.
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Wang, Chongying. "A cross-cultural study of metaphoric understanding in English and Chinese children and adults from a developmental and cognitive perspective." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670038.
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Koro, Paul, and n/a. "The Papua New Guinea Senior Education Officers' views on Leadership: A Cross-Cultural Perspective." University of Canberra. Education, 1998. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050516.100024.
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This study examines senior education officers' (SEOs) perceptions of the
meanings and characteristics of the term 'leadership' both from their
traditional PNG and Western perspectives. Data were drawn from
questionnaires returned by 20 SEOs, 2 recorded interviews and a focus-group
methodology.
The purposes of the study are to: (i) define the meaning of leadership from
the senior education officers' perspectives and through the review of the
literature; and (ii) identify key characteristics and skills of the leadership role
of senior education officers in PNG today, as a basis for improving practice
and informing knowledge about leadership.
Respondents were asked to define the meaning of the term leadership, and to
describe their most memorable leadership experiences which may have
helped to shape their understanding of leadership. They were also asked to
identify and to list the key leadership functions, qualities and skills/abilities
which they perceive to be most important in their roles today, and for the
foreseeable future.
Literature on leadership is complex and wide ranging. Those which provided
data of particular significance in specific areas directly related to this study
include: Rost (1991) on the definitions of leadership; Kouzes and Posner (1993
and 1987) in relation to characteristics of leadership; on educational
leadership (Sergiovanni et al 1987, Turney et al 1992, and Fullan 1991 and
1992) in relation to the functions, qualities and related skills/abilities of
educational leaders; on culture and cross-cultural studies (Hallinger and
Leithwood 1996, Heck 1996, Bates 1992); and various ethnographic sources on
PNG and Melanesian traditional and contemporary leadership.
A number of significant findings have emerged through this research study.
The first, relates to a firm view of traditional PNG/Melanesian leadership as a
'shared leadership', defined in this study as a shared influence relationship
among members of a social unit through a mutual quest for their existence.
The notion of shared leadership emphasises the importance of reciprocal
generosity, cooperation and competition for Melanesians in their daily quest
for their needs and aspirations based on mutual concern, care and devotion
for one another. The great diversity of people and cultures of Melanesians
also enriches the view of 'leadership as cultural practice' (Gerstner and O'Day
1995, Heck 1996, Bates 1992) and the interplay of 'education as cultural
construction'. These insepearable concepts provide logical and promising
framework both towards transcending knowledge, cultures and poeple, and
an interest to engage in more cross-cultural research.
This study identifies among the most pressing problems of contemporary
leadership in PNG relates to the inability of leaders to transcend traditional
knowledge and customary practices with the new Western knowledge and
practices. In other words, the problems of transcending the notion of 'shared
leadership' with Western leadership characterised by public accountability,
credibility and integrity normally associated with leadership in public office
cannot easily be matched and transferred. This study suggests a 'transcendent
leadership model' as a potential solution toward achieving this end.
Extending beyond one's own limits, to do something extraordinary and
admirable for the common good is what transcendent leadership model
suggests every leader must be able to do. The foundations of transcendent
behaviour the literature suggests include: moral and ethical living (Starratt
1996); ambition, competence, and integrity (Bennis and Goldsmith 1994); and
honesty, forward-outlook and inspiration (Kouzes and Posner 1993).
The literature indicates that these qualities and skills require proper
'intellectual conditioning' (Ramoi 1987, Narakobi 1991), to produce 'educated
persons' (Starratt 1996) who are able to understand, appreciate, critique, and
participate in their cultures, traditions, and history.
This study therefore investigates and defines the meanings, roles and
functions of the concepts of leadership, culture and education in relation to
the cross-cultural conditions of the work of SEOs in PNG.
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Nakamura, Makoto. "Functional literacy from a cross-cultural perspective : a comparative study of Canada and Japan." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ39039.pdf.
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Bosire, John Kennedy. "A Client-Vendor Relationship Perspective of Cultural Differences on Cross-Border Information Technology Outsourcing." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1595.
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Cross-border information technology (IT) outsourcing continues to rise due to the demand for business process outsourcing. Issues such as miscommunication and management problems have emerged because of cross-cultural disparities between clients and vendors across national borders. The theoretical framework of this study was based on the organizational culture model studies of Meek, Spradley, Smith, and Draft for examining and understanding complex organizational practices. The purpose of this mixed-methods explanatory sequential case study was to qualitatively identify and quantitatively determine the management approaches that are effective in managing cross-cultural differences and the constitution of the elements of global adjustment, motivation, mindset, and communication patterns involving outsourcing business leaders in the United States. Ten IT leaders participated in-depth face-to-face interviews, while 120 IT outsourced service providers from the United Kingdom, Canada, Singapore, and India completed the survey. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed on quantitative survey data. Qualitative data from interviews were organized, coded, and the results generated 6 themes. The themes included no management issues in the current processes, a lack of formal management approaches to resolve cross-cultural issues, an intent to provide a strong management partnership platform, and a positive relationship between approaches. Quantitative results showed that formal management approaches positively correlated with global adjustment, motivation, mindset, and communication pattern. Results could be socially significant to IT business leaders, as these results will equip them with knowledge of effective practices and management approaches to address cultural diversity issues, programs, and policies in the industry.
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Zolfaghari, Badri. "An examination of cross-cultural trust development : adopting a 'mosaic theory' perspective of culture." Thesis, Durham University, 2014. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9503/.
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Trust is an integral feature of human relations, and in turbulent and uncertain times trust serves as a tool that enables organisational members to accept higher levels of risk and increases their willingness to cooperate with each other on a dyadic, group and organisational level. However, the development of trust can be significantly hindered or even obstructed in culturally unfamiliar settings, and between parties who come from different cultural backgrounds. This thesis aims to fill the gap in the literature pertaining to culture’s influence on trust and trust development and the ways in which trust can be formed and enhanced between individuals from different cultural backgrounds. It adopts the ‘mosaic’ conceptualisation of culture in order to overcome the limitations associated with using nationality as a proxy for culture and to address the multiplicity of cultural influences on behaviour. This unravels the etic and emic determinants of culture on trust and its development across cultures. It also accounts for the role of governing contextual factors (i.e. organisational factors and individuals’ cultural intelligence) on this process. Through undertaking a mixed-method approach, data was collected from participants via surveys followed by semi-structured interviews. Data collection took place in Durham, UK, Munich, Germany and Cape Town/Johannesburg, South Africa from individuals operating in various multinational organisations, and across different organisation levels. This method of data collection resulted in rich and detailed accounts of how individuals adopt different cultural identities and how they develop (dis)trust with their counterpart from a different cultural background. Overall, findings from this research confirm the mosaic conceptualisation of culture and reject the use of nationality as proxy for culture. It further reveals that individuals adopt multiple cultural identities in order to display trusting behaviour in the workplace, where some cultural facets (i.e. Family, Organisation and Profession) are more influential on the trust development process than others (i.e. Nationality, Religion, Political Affiliation, etc.). Trust development is enhanced when dyads share cultural values and is hindered when they encounter conflicting values, and is moderated by their level of cultural intelligence.
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Erondu, Emmanuel A. "Requisite competencies for entry to transport management in Nigeria : a cross cultural management perspective." Thesis, Birmingham City University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.480912.
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This study was designed to determine the requisite competencies for entry to transport management in Nigeria and to briefly contrast it with patterns in the United Kingdom using Boyatzis' (1982) model of effective job performance. To accomplish this, a review of United Kingdom and United States literature on management and research findings was conducted to identify and define broad areas of relevant competencies for effective performance of transport managers. A survey instrument consisting of 38 competencies was designed and validated for this study and was sent to a sample of 130 transport personnel managers in Nigeria and 200 in United Kingdom. Personal interviews were also conducted with 20 top level transport executives in Nigeria and United Kingdom respectively. Through a stepwise process, current and requisite competencies were ranked in order of importance and compared for both study areas. Grouped competencies were compared with each other to determine possible relationships. To answer the five research questions developed to address the objectives of the study, paired t-test, Coefficient of congruence, Factor analysis, and Pearson product moment correlation were some of the test statistics used. The study found firstly, that one of the difficulties with the definition of competence is that the term is used to describe very different things. Secondly, the study revealed that 35 competencies were considered important for efficient operation of a transport industry in Nigeria, while the number was 23 in the United Kingdom. This showed significant differences between Nigeria and the United Kingdom in both current competencies and requisite competencies. Thirdly, the study revealed that culture is a very important dimension of managerial competence and that different cultural values and social characteristics result in different kinds of management behaviour and objectives. Fourthly, it revealed that the political and socio-cultural environment affect organisational effectiveness. Finally, the study concludes with a recommendation that management methods be adapted rather than adopted, and that practical universality of management strategies may be a myth.
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Toppin, Claudette V. "A Qualitative Study of Mentoring in a Multicultural Educational Work Setting: A Cross-Racial, Cross-Cultural and, Cross-Age Perspective of Two Women." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27173.
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This qualitative study explored a number of paradoxes embedded in the mentoring phenomenon. Designed as cross-dimensional case study, the questions sought to better understand: (a) what challenges and barriers did the mentor and mentee face in their cross-racial, cross-cultural, and/or cross-age peer mentoring relationship in this specific organization? (b) How did the mentor and mentee address cross-racial, cross-cultural, and cross-age barriers? (c) What skills and/or competencies, as perceived by the mentor and menteeâ s experiences are needed to make a cross-racial, cross-cultural, and cross-age peer mentoring relationship successful?
The unit of analysis for this investigation was one pair - female mentor and mentee- with cross-dimensional differences, thus setting the framework for different cultural perspectives. Data collected for this study were transcriptions from three interviews, the mentee, mentor, and the dyad together. Characterized by the case and field method of research, combined data sources were used concurrently â at different times to compare the participants, views, values, perceptions, experiences and philosophies. The studyâ s goals involved examining the challenges and experiences, of mentoring in a multicultural work setting, and identifying issues relating to cross racial, cross-cultural, and cross-age mentoring relationships. Although linguistic and cultural barriers crested challenges for this mixed pair, their co-created relationship helped to overcome cultural differences. Thematic findings that embodied the foundations of the multicultural relationship were categorized into six areas: Trust and respect, willingness to participate, cultural understanding, mutual compatibility and psychosocial support, knowledge sharing and role modeling, and leadership. Trust emerged as the overarching construct, which laid the foundation for the mentoring relationship structure, linking The Five Câ s (Characteristics) - compatibility, confidence, capabilities, communication, and cultural understanding. Unique in this pair was a source of motivation that transcended their individual selves for a greater cause, which has profound implications for future research. The studyâ s conclusions addressed: a) mentoring at a macro level for the community, and for a greater good, and b) a form of dialogue to foster an appreciation of multiculturalism â an appreciation of human differences and commonalities. Recommendations were made for future research.Ph. D.
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Yani, de Soriano Marie Mirella. "An empirical examination of the behavioural perspective model of consumer choice in a Latin American context." Thesis, Keele University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341242.
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Ferrara, Nadia. "The role of pictorial representations in the assessment of psychological mindedness : a cross-cultural perspective." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23887.
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Psychological mindedness refers to a person's ability to perceive relationships among thoughts, feelings, and action with the goal of learning the meanings and causes of his/her experiences and behavior. Psychological mindedness is clinically important because it influences the patient selection for and the efficacy of psychotherapy. Individuals who have difficulty symbolizing and resolving emotional conflict, and verbally expressing their emotions, are considered to lack psychological mindedness and are sometimes labelled "alexithymic." Culture also influences individual styles of emotional expression and the manner and extent to which feelings are labelled as such. Such cultural differences may be interpreted as differences in psychological mindedness.The present study examined cultural differences in styles of emotional expression and psychological mindedness by comparing two groups: Euro-Canadians and Cree Amerindians--a group that has been characterized as less verbally expressive or taciturn.
In this study, 36 Cree and 36 Euro-Canadian subjects were given a verbal measure of alexithymia, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) and a pictorial measure, the Scored Archetypal Test-9 (SAT9), and measures of depressive and somatic symptomatology (the CES-D and SCL-90 Somatization Scale). Twelve subjects also received a standardized, qualitative art therapy measure, the Ulman Personality Assessment Procedure (UPAP). (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Wallenberg-Lerner, Helena H. "Affective Components Perceived to be Important in Today's Global Society from a Cross-Cultural Perspective." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4604.
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Global competencies, with differences in terminology by various researchers, had been frequently investigated, primarily from an American-biased perspective. Little or no defining research existed that identified requisite, universally agreed upon global competencies, or identified what affective components were perceived to be important cross culturally.
This research study answered the following questions:
1. What affective components are perceived to be important from a cross-cultural perspective?
2. Are there differences in these perceptions of affective components from a cross-cultural perspective?
The purpose of the study was to explore the extent to which individuals in different GeoCultural regions view and identify affective components perceived to be important in today's global society. Affective components relate to emotions, values, and beliefs.
The research entailed the development of two instruments for placing individuals within a primary region (the background information form) and for identifying and rating affective components perceived to be important in today's global society from a cross-cultural perspective (the affective component questionnaire).
The study used four expert panels to perform content validation. Both instruments were developed by global experts from eight GeoCultural regions.
As a result of the panel process, nine affective components were identified.
Two instruments were administered, through intermediaries, to individuals in all the GeoCultural regions and subcategories. Of the responses, 423 were usable.
Affective competence appears to be a complex construct that involves more than one component. Based on this study, there are at least nine different affective components perceived to be important in order to be a culturally competent individual in today's global society. All of the nine affective components were perceived to be important in all GeoCultural regions and subcategories.
Repeated measures ANOVA and Dunn's pairwise comparisons tests were used to assess differences between the affective components and the GeoCultural regions/subcategories. There were differences found in three of the affective components indicating that there may be some differences between GeoCultural regions and subcategories. The Caribbean respondents did not value three affective components as highly as some of the other GeoCultural regions.
Repeated measures ANOVAs were also used to determine if there were any significant differences between the subcategories of Asia and the subcategories of Oceania. Since no significant differences existed in either GeoCultural region, it lends support to the notion that the subcategories are not needed for research dealing with affective components.
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Lizardo, Omar. "Globalization, World Culture And The Sociology Of Taste: Patterns Of Cultural Choice In Cross-National Perspective." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193871.
Full textAbstract:
In this dissertation, I examine the link between culture consumption and globalization. The first two chapters outline the contemporary state of the theoretical field, showing it to be primarily dominated by a macrolevel perspective--the media imperialism thesis--which has recently come under increasing empirical challenge and a theoretical stance at the micro level--the cultural capital paradigm--that does not have the explanatory resources to account for transnational trends towards convergence in the cultural stratification systems of Western societies. Chapter 2 begins the task of theoretical reconstruction by proposing a synthetic "sociostructural" account as an alternative to the media imperialism thesis and an extension of the cultural capital paradigm that incorporates an institutionalist emphasis on how global cultural templates affect individual consumption patterns. In the empirical component of the dissertation I examine the implications of taking institutional theory and the sociostructural approach seriously for the study of culture consumption and taste in contemporary societies. In Chapter 3 I demonstrate, using recently compiled data on cross-national patterns of culture consumption and trade, that in comparison to the media imperialism paradigm, the sociostructural model is best able to account for most of the empirical patterns observed. In chapter 4 I apply the institutionalist framework developed in chapter 2 to examine the connection between patterns of cultural taste and certain forms of subjective geographic identification consonant with a growing "world culture". In chapter 5 I evaluate several claims regarding determinants of "broadening tastes" in modern polities using data from 15 European Union countries, extending the agenda developed in chapters 2 and 4 to a cross-national context. Finally, in chapter 6 I expand the scope of the cross-national analysis by examining the global and institutional correlates of aggregate musical consumption and demand for cultural goods in 72 countries. These empirical chapters serve to advance theory and research on the behavioral and ideational consequences of cultural globalization, using new cross-national data sources and innovative statistical methods. They highlight the connection between local forms of cultural practice, transnational networks of cultural exchange and patterns of connectivity into the networks and flows of the global system.
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Yillah, Dauda. "Post-war French writings on Black Africa : the ambiguities and paradoxes of a cross-cultural perspective." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6fed22a9-2401-45ef-b492-aa0e5ee65163.
Full textAbstract:
Edward Said stresses the politically and ideologically skewed nature of western imperial responses to colonised or formerly colonised cultures and peoples, articulated in a variety of media, including scholarly and imaginative writings, which are inflected by the various kinds of power (political, intellectual, cultural and moral) that the West has wielded and continues to wield over non-Western regions of the world. While recognising the pathbreaking import of Said's work, critics have pointed out his blindness to the possibilities of resistance to and subversion of the discourse of Empire within the western-authored texts that he discusses. Even where he does consider the issue of resistance and opposition to Empire by western intellectuals, he still stresses the complicity of their texts with the processes of Empire. If one were to pursue the logic of such criticisms to its limit and apply it to the intellectual resistance generated from the centre in the context of the post-War dismantling of European overseas empires and its aftermath, one might be tempted to conclude that such resistance constitutes an unqualified disruption of colonial modes of apprehending difference. Against the backdrop of such readings of Said, this thesis examines the issue of cross-cultural representation in a selection of mainstream metropolitan French writings relating to black Africa produced between 1945 and the present. It brings together scholars and writers like Gide, Sartre and Griaule, some of whose works relating to black Africa belong to the first decade of the post-War period marked by France's continued colonial presence in the continent. It also considers other scholars and writers like Dumont, Conchon, Verchave and Le Clézio, whose books appeared in the second and succeeding decades of the period. The overall aim is to identify the ways in which these writers respond individually and collectively to black Africa often construed as a paradigm of cultural difference, and to consider whether such cross-cultural responses, given their historical context, can be described as being invariably a function of the changing relations between France and black Africa. What forms do the cross-cultural responses take? What cultural assumptions and ideological motivations shape those responses? Are the responses entirely disruptive of colonial modes of relating to difference? If not, what are their aporias, their ambiguities and paradoxes? My conclusion is that while Sartre and others relate to black Africa with unmistakeable empathy, their positive cross-cultural disposition does not necessarily enable them to attain a relationship with the peoples and cultures of Africa which is an equipollent relationship between equals.
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Duren, Althea. "An investigation of parents' and children's beliefs of early literacy acquisition from a cross-cultural perspective." FIU Digital Commons, 2005. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3107.
Full textAbstract:
It has been reported that the cultural-historical experiences of ethnic group members can play a role in the literacy beliefs of those members. Socioeconomic conditions can also influence the belief system of the groups' constituents. This study investigated parents' and children's beliefs pertaining to early literacy acquisition as related to the ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) of the participants. The objectives were to determine (a) the differential patterns regarding emergent literacy and traditional skills approaches as they interact with ethnicity and SES and (b) the correspondence between parents and children's beliefs about literacy acquisition.
The study was conducted with 152 parents (38 low-income Hispanic, 38 middle-income Hispanic, 38 low-income African-American, and 38 middle-income African-American) and 36 of their 3-, 4-, or 5-year-old children (18 male and 18 female).
The parents were asked to check those items with which they agreed on a survey that consisted of an equal number of items from the traditional skills-based and emergent literacy orientations. These responses were used to determine the differences and interaction by ethnicity and SES. The children responded to open-ended questions related to the instruction of reading and writing skills. The parents' responses and children's answers were compared to ascertain the matching parent-child dyads by ethnicity and SES.
An item analysis was conducted to strengthen the internal reliability consistency coefficient of the traditional skills-based and emergent literacy scales as measured by the Cronbach Alpha.
A two-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed a significant difference in traditional skill-based beliefs for the low-income African-American and Hispanic parents. There were no significant findings for the parents' traditional skill-based or emergent literacy beliefs based on ethnicity, for the interaction between ethnicity and SES, or for the relationship between parents' and children's literacy beliefs by ethnicity and SES.
It can be concluded that low-income African-American and Hispanic parents believe in the traditional skills approach, indicating that these parents find it necessary for children to have sufficient school readiness skills prior to learning to read or write. In addition, the parent and child dyads had a strong tendency toward emergent literacy beliefs.
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Bodas, Jaee. "Intra-individual and Extra-individual predictors of text anxiety in Indian children: A cross-cultural perspective." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26471.
Full textAbstract:
The present study examined the nature of test anxiety from a cross-cultural perspective, with a specific reference to children in the Indian culture. In particular, the present study investigated the role of intra-individual variables (fear, anxiety, depression, and somatization) and extra-individual variables (activities schedule, consequences of failure, perceived parental expectations and involvement and parental expectations and involvement) in predicting test anxiety. A culturally sensitive methodology consistent with Berryâ s imposed etic-emic-derived etic approach was adopted wherein a combination of qualitative and quantitative data was examined. A sample of 231 children from government, government-aided, and private schools participated in the study. Qualitative data was collected using focus groups and open-ended questions and provided an enriched understanding of the manifestation of test anxiety and its correlates in a sample of school going children in India. Quantitative data was collected from translated and adapted western questionnaires and surveys that tapped intra-individual and extra-individual variables examined in the current investigation. Overall, the qualitative data indicated that social derogation and somatization were salient aspects of the phenomenological experience; while high stakes exams, authoritarian parenting styles, and poverty, were significant contextual factors related to test anxiety in Indian children. Quantitative data suggested that somatization was correlated to test anxiety and predicted test anxiety above and beyond other intra-individual variables. However, among the extra-individual variables, only consequences of exam failure and perceived parental expectations were correlated with test anxiety and these did not predict test anxiety above and beyond the intra-individual variables. Limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed.Ph. D.
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Rycx, François. "Collective bargaining, labour market performance, wage structures and poverty: an international perspective." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211604.
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Botchkareva, Anastassiia Alexandra. "Representational Realism in Cross-Cultural Perspective: Changing Visual Cultures in Mughal India and Safavid Iran, 1580-1750." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13070051.
Full textAbstract:
The concept of realism in visual representation has been defined and deployed largely within the domain of the Western artistic canon. In the field of art history, the term is often used in ways that depend on implicit, culturally coded assumptions about its connection with the formal markers of optical-naturalism. The Persianate tradition of pictorial representation by contrast, has been traditionally characterized in modern scholarship as stylized and decorative, with little acknowledgment of an interest in realism in its own visual language. Furthermore, normative Euro-centric attitudes have perpetuated the assumption that an engagement with realism entered Persianate artistic practices with the advent of Europeanizing modes of depiction in Safavid and Mughal spheres of production around the late sixteenth-century. This dissertation explores the topic of realism from the perspective of Persianate visual culture. In so doing, it proposes to refine our understanding of the concept in terms that accommodate the varied artistic production of cultures that laid claims to cultivating representational realism in their own primary sources.
The first chapter draws on multi-disciplinary discussions to challenge art historical treatments of pictorial realism as a style, in favor of a functional definition of the concept as an emergent quality rooted in formal strategies that activate particular patterns of mirror-response in their audiences.
The second and third chapters reject the principle of evaluating the realism of Persianate representations according to their degree of proximity to European models. The second chapter discusses the structural conditions of change in visual habitus in cases of inter-cultural encounter between foreign modes of representation and the resulting works of aesthetic hybridity. The third chapter presents material evidence of early modern Safavid and Mughal albums as discourses of aesthetic heterogeneity.
The fourth chapter explores the local Persianate roots of realism, including the changes these realism strategies underwent in the early modern period. The fifth and final chapter develops case studies of two seventeenth-century Mughal and Safavid drawings, which cultivate representational enlivenment in depicting harrowing moments of death. The discussion delves in greater detail into the particular patterns of realism developed in the seventeenth-century Persianate visual culture.History of Art and Architecture
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Makgosa, Rina Phoko. "Husbands' and wives' conflict resolution strategies used in joint purchase decision-making processes : a cross-cultural perspective." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616996.
Full textAbstract:
It is a common view that husbands and wives make decisions to purchase most major household purchases jointly. Joint purchase decision-making processes are also perceived to be complex, unstructured, and to involve conflict. Consequently, the key question facing marketers and marketing academics is - "How do couples go through complex and unstructured purchase decision-making processes that also involve conflict? .. Generally, researchers have noted that a study of conflict resolution strategies used in joint purchase decision-making processes is important for our understanding of what transpires within a joint purchase decision. Thus, previous studies have studied the typologies of conflict resolution strategies, frequency in the use of conflict resolution strategies, the different combinations of conflict resolution strategies, as well as the effects of factors such as age, length of marriage, income, education, and occupation and sex role orientation on the different combinations of conflict resolution strategies. Despite efforts to address the subject of joint purchase decision-making processes, it remains largely unexplored. In particular, the role that culture plays in influencing the use of conflict resolution strategies has also been largely ignored. Therefore, this study was undertaken to fill the gap in the cross-cultural perspective of conflict resolution strategies used in joint purchase decision-making processes. To address this gap, fourteen hypotheses derived from theoretical knowledge were specified and tested using separate samples of husbands and wives. Specifically, this is a survey-based study of a total sample of 583 married spouses of British White, Indian, and African Black origin (i.e., 295 husbands and 288 wives). Data from the British White were collected using mail surveys. To collect data for the Indians and African Blacks, non-probabilistic approaches were used, mostly hand distributed questionnaires.