Dissertations / Theses: 'Cross- Cultural Marketing Model'

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Watchravesringkan, Kittichai. "A hierarchical model of values, price perception, ongoing search and shopping behaviors: A cross-cultural comparison." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280776.

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A considerable degree of cross-cultural research has recognized the impact of cultural values of individualism and collectivism on individuals' consumption behavior. Recently, the impact of international market expansion and modernization may have helped transform values of materialism among Asians. It is evident that values have a hierarchical influence on consumption behavior through higher-order cognition (e.g., perceptions and attitudes). In this study, we argue that materialism, individualism, and collectivism have an impact on consumers' ongoing search and shopping behaviors through consumers' perceived two different roles of price: symbolic and functional. The symbolic role reflects a person's self-enhancement, role position, and self-image, whereas the functional role implies the motivational aspect of an individual's consumption. This current paper is comprised of two studies. In study one, we attempt to establish the overall hierarchical flow of the cultural values of materialism, individualism, and collectivism with regard to consumers' perceived symbolic and functional roles of price, which in turn affect their ongoing search and mall shopping behavior for apparel products based on the combined sample from two cultures, American and Korean. In study two, we focus on establishing a cross-cultural validation of the hierarchical model of values-price perception-ongoing search-shopping behaviors in four countries (the United States, Canada, Thailand, and China). Additionally, study two extends study one by incorporating both horizontal versus vertical individualism and collectivism and the role of the Internet as informational and transactional sources into the hierarchical model. The final sample is comprised of 806 college students. Of these, 192 are Americans, 158 are Canadian, 248 are Thai, and 208 are Chinese. The present findings illustrate that cross-cultural validation using the hierarchical model of values-price perception-ongoing search-shopping behavior is established. However, the underlying constructs explaining such flow differ considerably across cultures. Using a culture (i.e., region) and an individual (i.e., country) level of analysis, we further found that there are differences and similarities related to materialism; as well, the impact of horizontal versus vertical individualism and collectivism and the interrelationships among these constructs are examined. Implications for future theoretical and practitioner research are provided. Limitations and future research directions are also acknowledged.

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Yani, de Soriano Marie Mirella. "An empirical examination of the behavioural perspective model of consumer choice in a Latin American context." Thesis, Keele University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341242.

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Chung, Sean. "The role of culture in service quality : a cross-national study in Britain and Trinidad and Tobago." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-role-of-culture-in-service-quality-a-crossnational-study-in-britain-and-trinidad-and-tobago(d335d918-3d93-4bdb-842e-f424a8d4e217).html.

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The primary aim of this thesis was to explore the role culture plays in service delivery, more specifically on consumers' perceptions of service quality and its potential impact on complaint behaviour. A key premise of the thesis was that prominent models of service quality are conceptualized largely in western contexts without considering conceptual meaning in various contexts or nuances of meaning. Furthermore, there may indeed be unique aspects of culture in each context not yet identified in the extant literature. With this in mind, a qualitative approach was employed in order to gain an in-depth understanding of consumers' perceptions. The thesis was conducted in three stages culminating in three separate papers. Stage 1 involved a student sample of Trinidad and Tobago nationals currently enrolled at university in the North West region of the UK. Generally this stage served as a pilot for the larger cross-national study. Interview data and subsequent thematic analyses culminated in a holistic, multi-dimensional hierarchical framework labelled Conceptualization of Service Quality in Cultural Context (CSQCC). Within this framework two key cultural triggers called Culture of Closeness and Culture of Servitude where found to have an overarching influence on all variables in the model. As well as uniquely including culture, the CSQCC also encompasses human resources and operational variables not included in traditional service quality models namely Employee Work Ethic/Attitudes, Organizational Responsibility and Customer Responsibility. Stage 2 which included samples of British and Trinidad and Tobago nationals, all currently living in their country of birth were part of the larger study sample. Findings from both country contexts indicate that the general structure of the CSQCC identified in Stage 1 is upheld demonstrating universality in terms of the range of factors consumers utilize in their evaluations of service quality, at least in Britain and the UK. Notwithstanding the similarities, the importance weightings for the universal aspects of the CSQCC framework appear to vary. Furthermore, cultural triggers again were found to have an overarching influence consumers' perceptions, two such triggers were identified for British nationals-British Reserve and Culture of Cordiality, and for Trinbagonian nationals two additional triggers-Festive Culture and Culture of Entitlement. Data for Stage 3 was collected at the same time at Stage 2 and involved a cross-national analysis of consumer complaint behaviour. Based on the empirical data a Cultural Framework of Consumer Complaint Behaviour (CFCCB) was proposed inclusive of consumers' behavioural processes and post-interaction behavioural outcomes. There are four key processes-cognitive, motivational, environmental and emotive-with emotions playing a central role. The unique cultural triggers identified in Stages 1 and 2 were also found to influence these behavioural processes which in turn impact behavioural outcomes. To the best of the researcher's knowledge such a holistic model as the CFCCB has not been previously conceptualized. There is no such thing as "culture-free" behaviour; culture and human behaviour are deeply intertwined, and thus multinationals and global firms need to be environmentally sensitive, identify the cultural triggers in potential markets, and assess their likely impact on service quality delivery.

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Dakin, John. "Country of origin effect and the image of Third World manufactured goods exporters : an example from Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Derby, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10545/224911.

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This thesis reports research in the Country-of-Origin (COO) area of international business, into the postulated phenomenon of Negative Image. Image has been regarded as a potential purchase decision influencing factor but to date not investigated in-depth. Research was carried out in the business to business area, across cultures and between developed and developing countries, using an example from Zimbabwe. The primary research methodology comprised semi-structured elite interviews with Zimbabwean footwear exporters and UK footwear importers. A questionnaire incorporating sections on topics related to the international image of manufactured goods exporters based in Third World countries was also administered to the UK footwear importers. This dealt with political, commercial and image aspects of importer-exporter relationships and also addressed directly the issue of Third World businessmen's image. Results from the field work demonstrate that the Negative Image of Third World manufactured goods exporters directly affects importer decision making and that Negative Image has an exclusively negative impact. Data from inductive analysis of interviews and supporting correlations arising from the questionnaire were used to construct a model of the relationships and formalise the concepts and constructs of Negative Image. These included disparities in exporter and importer expectations of quality, price, delivery and performance. In addition unreliability, inefficiency, professionalism, lack of both marketing skills and social conversation contribute to the phenomenon. A potential conflict was identified at the individual level between personal and professional perspectives and a reciprocal Negative Image of importers was identified from the Zimbabwean exporters' perspective. Suggestions are made regarding the key factors in exporter-importer relationship development and conclusions are then drawn suggesting that improvement to levels of importer-exporter contacts and information flows can be useful in ameliorating the Negative Image effect. Scenarios for image improvement are offered at government, firm and individual levels. Finally, limitations of the research are discussed and recommendations for further research are given

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Svobodova, Petra, and Anna Gnyria. "Cross-cultural differences in marketing communications : The Importance of cross-cultural differences in the marketing communications: Investigated in Central and Eastern Europe." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för företagsekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-27896.

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Despite the globalization and cultures’ convergence, it is scholarly recognized that cross-cultural issues are important in a business context, especially for companies extending their activities internationally. However, existing theory does not provide an explicit answer of how cultural differences between countries influence customers’ perception of different aspects of marketing communication mix. That is why the underlying task of the current paper is to investigate if cross-cultural differences within the same geographic region are big enough to affect customers’ perception of marketing communication mix used. To facilitate a data collection, Central and Eastern European region represented by Ukraine and Czech Republic were chosen. As a reference tourism industry was used, due to its’ current significance, scale and global nature. Data was collected by conducting secondary and primary research, both having quantitative nature. Secondary data was collected through statistical offices and official on-line sources. For the primary research purposes a questionnaire survey was conducted among pre-defined target audience in Czech Republic and Ukraine. 300 responses obtained provided a solid basis for the further analysis. Based on the relevant theory and secondary research findings four hypotheses were developed to address the research question “Does cross-cultural differences within Central and Eastern Europe affect the marketing communication mix in a specific industry?”. The study results provided that cultural differences exist not only between different regions, but also found within the same geographic region. When considered from marketing perspective, they are significant enough to influence customers’ preferences and perceptions of different aspects of marketing communication mix. The results obtained are specific for a particular case, so they can not be applied to some other countries. However, when it comes to marketing communication perceptions, the results can be used as guidelines by other industries then tourism

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Rayford, Vernon Alvin. "A cross cultural communication model of ministry." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1989. http://www.tren.com.

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Adams, Pedro Duan. "An international marketing framework for Ford South Africa in Nigeria." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/3869.

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Africa is seen as the last investment frontier and according to literature will have a GDP of $1.5 trillion by the year 2016 and a population that is double the size of Europe. The rapid expansion of infrastructure and construction in African countries, such as Mozambique and Zambia has increased the demand for commercial vehicles. This has sparked unparalleled marketing opportunities for automotive manufacturers and the continent is fast attracting major players in this sector. The international marketing literature still lacks detailed studies and research into the marketing deliberations and trades in Africa. Therefore, according literature a greater representation of African culture within the international marketing literature would provide relevance and richness in the global market place and offer greater insight to organisations who are seeking to invest and expand their businesses in Africa. The management issue here is to comprehend the diversity and vastness of this region and putting together all spheres to ensure growth and creating brand loyalty. The key challenge here is for management to be able to grasp and understand not only the various cultures but also the way of doing business in such a vastly different region. It is therefore imperative for Ford Motor Company to fully understand these factors so as to take full advantage associated with entering a market early which is commonly referred as first-mover-advantage. A case in point is when General Motors entered the Chinese automotive industry in 1997 when the Chinese market was relatively small. General Motors’ enthusiasm and commitment back in 1997 was driven by a belief that China would ultimately become an economic powerhouse and emerge as one of the world’s largest automotive markets. By the year 2010 China was one of the world’s biggest automotive markets and General Motors was a dominant force in this market. Africa has all the key elements for the growth and development of a robust automotive market. By studying past experiences and outcomes from empirical studies on international marketing with emphasis on the automotive industry, it will be possible to draw lessons and experience about the potential growth of the automotive sector on the African continent. This study will also be of great significance to other automotive manufacturers and suppliers looking to expand their business and market share across Africa due to the increase of the middle class. Therefore creative strategies and thinking of how to circumvent challenges in the African cultural environment, creativity in managing bureaucracy and due diligence about business and investment opportunities will uncover unprecedented volumes of profitable business that lies untapped on the African continent. Data from the quantitative study suggest that culture, political environment, country-of-origin, competition and country infrastructure in Nigeria, are essential factors to the development of a successful international marketing strategy for Ford South Africa. This study therefore concludes that Ford Motor Company of South Africa can utilize this framework in order to gain greater market share and ultimately success in Nigeria. Recommendations were also made for future research studies that can contribute to the international marketing literature with emphasis on the African market.

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Dietrich, Katrina, and Giorgos Angelakis. "Services Marketing in a Cross-Cultural Environment: Elekta in Germany." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-16249.

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Abstract Title: Services Marketing in a Cross-Cultural Environment: Elekta in Germany Level: Master Thesis in Business Administration Author: Katrina Dietrich & Giorgos Angelakis Supervisor: Maria Fregidou-Malama Examiner: Akmal Hyder Date: 2014-January Aim: This study aims to examine how culture, trust, network and standardization/adaption are applied within the Service Marketing of Elekta in Germany and if they overcome the characteristics of Services within a culturally different environment. Method: The research uses qualitative data, applies a single case study, questionnaires and semi-structured interviews to collect primary data. Result & Conclusions: The applied model shows that Elekta uses a balance between adaptation and standardization as well as applies trust and network under awareness and use of the German culture. These factors are used in combination and are influencing each other in order to create a homogeneous and tangible service. Suggestions for future research: The case study indicates that one company is subject of the study in one country, hence generalization cannot be achieved. Therefore future research of other countries and other service industries can extend this research. Contribution of the thesis: This research stresses the importance of culture, adaptation/ standardisation and trust and networks in cross-cultural services marketing of Elekta. It shows how heterogeneity and intangibility are influenced by the variable trust, network, adaptation/ standardization and culture.

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Hsieh, Hsiu Ching. "A new model for cross-cultural web design." Thesis, Brunel University, 2008. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5388.

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People from different cultures use web interface in different ways, expect different visual representation, navigation, interaction, mental model, and layouts etc., and have different communication patterns and expectation. In the context of globalisation, web localisation becomes a powerful strategy to acquire an audience in a global market. Therefore, web developers and designers have to make adaptations to fit the needs of people from different cultures, and the way cultural factors are integrated into web interface design needs to be improved. Most previous research lacks an appropriate way to apply cultural factors into web development. No empirical study of the web interface has been carried out to support the cross-cultural web design model. It is noted that no single model can support all cross-cultural web communication but a new model is needed to bridge the gap and improve the limitations. Thus the research aim was to build a new model of cross-cultural web design to contribute to effective communication. Following an extensive literature review, a local web audit was conducted, then a series of experiments with users to gather and evaluate data and build and validate the new model. A new model, based on a study of British and Taiwanese users, was formulated and validated demonstrating that content and message remain the core of web design but the performance of the selected users is influenced by the cultural dimension and cultural preferences and this, in turn impacts on the effectiveness of the web communication. For the British user sample, ease of using the website was seen to be strongly related to desirability. Taiwanese users showed preference for visual pleasure but no relationship between efficient performance and desirability. The resultant model contributes to the knowledge of how to design effective web interfaces for British and Taiwanese cultures and is replicable for the purpose of comparing approaches to designing for other cultures.

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Stuckey, Rachel E. "Creating a Model for Developmental, Cross-Cultural Design." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1342716398.

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Hachmeister, Philip, and Andrian Satrio. "Services marketing in a cross cultural environment : the case of Brazil." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Business Administration and Economics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-4814.

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Aim: Despite the domestic and international importance of services the research about the internationalization of services it is limited. Compared to products, services differ in nature. They are intangible and heterogeneous, meaning they are usually consumed at the point of purchase and are performed, as well as perceived differently. When a service provider wants to market its offerings in culturally distant country, the local country's culture is an important factor during the process of adaptation/standardization of the service. What is acceptable in one country might not be acceptable in another. Thus, this study aims to identify how adaptation/standardization of a service in a foreign country takes place, how the problems of intangibility and heterogeneity are handled.

Method: This study presents the single case of the Swedish medical systems company Elekta and its efforts to market its Gamma Knife Technology, a neurosurgical method, to Brazil. It is based on secondary data, in form of topic related books, scientific articles and internet sources, only. For gathering primary data, an exploratory research design was chosen to conduct a qualitative research. Structured interviews were chosen to acquire data since they are particularly helpful when dealing with complex issues. The interviews were sent in form of email questionnaires to a contact person at Elekta's head quarter in Sweden, as well as the Swedish/Brazilian co-operation. However, both interviewees did not respond contrary to prior agreements.

Result & conclusion: The analysis of the findings revealed that, according to Hofstede's Five Cultural Dimensions both countries differ greatly in culture. Whilst some service characteristics are likely to be fully or mainly standardized, others will have to be adapted in order to fit the local culture. The service itself, as well as the service's process, its people involved and its physical evidence offer great potential for standardization, whereas pricing and promotion tend to be affected strongly by income and language and thus, is likely to require adaptation. Clearly, the local culture plays an important role during the process of adaptation/standardization. Cultural adaption can make service offering more tangible by reducing the gap of misunderstanding. Service providers should standardise service offerings, ideas, values and beliefs connected to the quality of a service and adapt factors related to the market. Standardisation and adaptation can both be implemented successfully in the market. A balanced combination makes services more homogenous and tangible.

Suggestion for further research: There is limited research available concerning the internationalization of services, with special regards to the process of adaptation /standardization. This study is based only on a single case, without primary research. Further research in Trust and Networking is required to complete the model. Furthermore, lacking primary sources from both companies, further research regarding of how both companies are providing services are required.

Contribution of the thesis: This work seeks to make a contribution towards a clearer understanding of international services marketing and the process of adaptation/standardization of services. It emphasizes on the importance of culture during the process of adaptation/standardization with regards to the intangibility and heterogeneity of services. It is based on previous research conduct by Hyder & Fregidou-Malama (2007) focusing on the adaptation/standardization of Elekta's services in Egypt.

Key words: International services marketing, service, adaptation, standardization, culture, intangibility and heterogeneity

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Rydback, Michelle. "Service Marketing in Cross-Cultural Envirorment : the Case of the Philippines." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-9756.

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The aim of this research is to analyse how adaptation / standardisation, trust and network development counter the challenges created by intangibility and heterogeneity of service in the case of Philippine Gamma Knife Incorporated. This research used qualitative data that were gathered through unstructured interviews, direct observation and documents. The adaptation / standardisation, trust and network facilitate service visibility and decrease heterogeneity of a health care service. Among the variables adaptation / standardisation signifies an important role; however, trust manifestation was concluded more significant compared to network in a cultural environment such as that found in the Philippines. Moreover, culture was found to be an important role in the development of adaptation / standardisation, trust and network processes.

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Cutler, Bob D. (Bob Dean). "International advertising: a content analysis of cross-cultural differences." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1991. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332550/.

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This study addresses the question of cross-country standardization of advertising by identifying existing cross-national differences in magazine advertisements. A content analysis of 1,983 advertisements in business, women's and general interest magazines was performed. The sample included 1989 and 1990 magazine issues from the United States, United Kingdom, France, India and South Korea.

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Göthlin, Alexander, and Anna Jacobsson. "A cross-cultural dilemma of standardization or adaptation : A study of Swedish B2B firms marketing activities in India." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-35760.

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This paper deals with Swedish B2B firms marketing activities in the culturally diverse Indian market, and what adaptations are made to meet the cultural diversity of India. The perception of cultural diversity in India is investigated from a Swedish B2B perspective. The findings were retrieved from three face to face interviews with equal number of respondents and firms; Roxtec, Norden Machinery and Gunnebo, three swedish B2B firms all established in India. The literature review is divided in two categories; Marketing and Culture, the former containing theory on relationship marketing and adaptation vs standardization when designing a marketing strategy, and the latter models of national culture as well as models on multicultural countries, with the models applied on India. The dimensions of culture that we found were most relevant in this paper were Power Distance and Perception of Time. The literature review is concluded with a conceptual framework containing our main concepts. The results from this study suggest that it is the managing of relationships with customers that are the most important part of marketing in India. It was also found that while India is characterized as a multicultural country, the way business is conducted and relationships managed are similar all over this vast country, leading us to suggest that a mutual Indian business culture exists.

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Peyroteo, Madalena Pires. "Conflict management : a cross-cultural approach in Macau public administration." Thesis, University of Macau, 2000. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636758.

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Chan, Xinni. "A Cross-Cultural Investigation of Group Stereotypes." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1372072907.

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Gutehall, Stefan. "Health Services Marketing in a Cross-Cultural Environment: Elekta in Hong Kong." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-14202.

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Aim: The aim of this research is to explore how the process variables adaptation/standardization, trust and networks are utilized when handling the service characteristics heterogeneity and intangibility when services are introduced in new culture, in this case in Hong Kong. Method: The method chosen for the study was case study and primary qualitative data collection was made through semi-structured interviews with seven key persons at Elekta. Result and Conclusions: Results from this work indicate that networks, trust and adaptation/standardization are important variables for handling heterogeneity and intangibility in survives. It also shows that adaptation and standardization needs to be carefully balanced to achieve the optimum effect. The study show that the process model do have a basis for use in identifying how the adaptation/standardization, trust and networks might be utilized to reach a successful balance during service entry in a new culture, partly through the use of Hofstede’s 5 cultural dimensions together with time as a new variable. Suggestions for future research: For future research service introductions in other cultures need to be studied, both by Elekta as well as other service companies outside the MedTech Area. As a further expansion and for future generalization of the model, reversed studies should also be made where foreign companies entry into Sweden is studied. The possibilities of integrating culture closer into the process model also need to be explored as well as the inclusion of the time dimension in the relationship process. Contribution of the thesis: The thesis contributes to academic research in that it expands on the current state of theory and integrates Hofstede’s 5 cultural dimensions closer to existing models as well as including the time variable of relationship development. On a managerial perspective it provides the basis for a tool to show how, in practice, managers might act when introducing their business in a new culture. Finally it has a social dimension in that further research into a narrow field, increases the overall understanding of intercultural mechanisms.

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JUNG, JAE MIN. "INTERACTIVE IMPACT OF CULTURE AND INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS ON ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES, CRITERIA, AND JUDGEMENTAL OUTCOMES: A CROSS-NATIONAL COMPARISON BETWEEN SOUTH KOREA AND UNITED STATES." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1022630223.

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HOLLINGSWORTH, DIANA MORENO. "THE INTERVIEW: A CROSS-CULTURAL MODEL, STRATEGIES AND EVALUATIVE MEASURES." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184112.

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The rapid telescoping of the need to communicate cross-culturally in an ever widening range of contexts sets the basic circumstances for this study. Private and public sector interviewing become more important as cultural and cross-cultural factors emerge in coventuring enterprises. Standard interviewing programs and procedures do not usually focus on cross-cultural variables. A model is necessary through which to orchestrate the interview in a generic form and into which substantive illustrations for cross-cultural interviews can be placed. The Cube model designed by Dr. T. Frank Saunders, in his Double Think book, was adapted to this purpose and provides a comprehensive and exhaustive format for this study. The advent of CD ROM, high storage and easy retrieval computer technology, makes the design presented here an effective and efficient system for the collection and collation of demographic and ethnographic data. The Cube model and procedures set forth in this study should facilitate the data collection and development of an interview manual for cross-cultural interviewing.

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SCHLESSMAN-FROST, AMY C. "CROSS-CULTURAL COVENTURING: A MODEL, TAXONOMY, AND SOME COMPUTER IMPLICATIONS." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184119.

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Both the public and private sectors currently encounter the telescoping urgency for effective cross-cultural coventuring in business, educational and personal arenas. Existing descriptive models for organizing cultural information are either simplistic and superficial or so complex as to be inaccessible or overwhelm the user. This study uses Saunders' theory of model construction as an informing hypothesis to develop a model for cross-cultural coventuring. An integral part of this conception is a definition of culture which uses Villemain's insightful concept of qualitative meaning. Integrating this type of meaning within Saunders' Inquiry Cube allows for categories through which even the most subtle and unarticulated variables making up the human enterprise and the value base of those cherished and celebrated human ideals can be sorted, classified, and set into a taxonomic design. This hierarchical pattern provides direction and parameters for greater cross-cultural exploration. The methodological sequence of the Cultural Inquiry Cube is further translated to a psychological sequence which is more readily comprehensible to the learner. The greatest potential for widespread use of this model seems to be in microcomputer applications. Compact disc technology including CD-ROM and CD-I promises accessibility not possible heretofore.

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Zaytseva, Maria, and Alena Bazyleva. "Services Marketing in a Cross-Cultural Environment – The Case of Elekta in Russia." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-12297.

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ABSTRACT Title: Services Marketing in a Cross-Cultural Environment – The Case of Elekta in Russia Level: Final assignment for Master Degree in Business Administration Authors: Alena Bazyleva and Maria Zaytseva Supervisor: Dr. Maria Fregidou-Malama Aim: The aim of this research is to investigate how the products and services of the Swedish company Elekta are marketed in Russia, a country with cultural environment different from Sweden. For this purpose such aspects of marketing strategy as adaptation/standardization, trust and network development, which help to decrease the influence of intangibility and heterogeneity of services, are examined. Method: In present research explanatory applied type of study was used to describe services marketing process. Combination of induction and deduction methods, and qualitative methods of research were used. Case study of Swedish company Elekta was chosen as the research area. Primary data was collected through survey by means of semi-structured interviews and open questionnaires. Secondary data was collected from sources such as relevant books, scientific articles, company brochure, and websites of company and its clients. Results and conclusion: The research reveals that trust, network building, balance of adaptation and standardization strategies, employed by Elekta company, help to overcome heterogeneity and intangibility of its services in Russian market. It has also been found that the image of Sweden as a country of origin plays an important role in trust establishment in Russia, but in a sense that it is a foreign country, not Sweden in particular. Moreover, it is suggested, that organizational structure of international company, matrix structure in this particular case study, favours the development and effectiveness of the discussed variables. In spite of such characteristics of Russian market as high bureaucracy, corruption, “blat” network, unstable laws, etc., this market is considered to be a promising emerging market for international business. Russian national culture displays large power distance, high uncertainty avoidance, collectivist and feminine values, which influence the whole society and the business sphere as well. Suggestions for future research: It would be beneficial for future research to expand the range of complementing studies, examining the cases of Elekta in different countries and emerging markets in particular. In addition, in order to develop international services marketing theory, it is necessary to include other services industries in the scope of research. Furthermore, getting feedback from the patients, who experienced treatment on Elekta equipment, can contribute to the future research. Contribution of the thesis: The modification and adaptation of the theoretical framework of Fregidou-Malama and Hyder (2011) made by authors of this study contributes to the theory of international services marketing process. In addition, as there is lack of research in this area for health care sector, this study can be valuable addition to this research area. Research of the case of Elekta in Russia complements the range of studies on international services marketing process in health care sector with the cases of Elekta company in different countries: Egypt, China, the Philippines, Brazil, Hong Kong. Besides, current research has certain practical value: it is beneficial for international companies expanding into emerging markets in general and in Russian market in particular. This research may help to increase awareness about Elekta treatment solutions. Key words: Elekta, Gamma Knife, Russia, Services Marketing, Services characteristics, Network, Trust, Adaptation, Standardization, Culture, Organizational structure.

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Massingham, Lester Charles. "The essence of marketing : a cross-cultural inquiry into prevailing beliefs and practices." Thesis, Durham University, 1992. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5770/.

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This doctoral research constituted a cross-cultural inquiry into the contribution of professional marketing education to marketing practice. The essence of marketing, as a collective term, contains the essential ingredients to enable marketing to become a viable system for business; namely, marketing orientation, marketing planning and marketing training connected by the management of change. The Chartered Institute of Marketing Diploma programme was selected as the educational vehicle through which sample surveys were conducted at pre-course, pre-examination and post- qualified stages of respondents' career development. Cross-cultural distinctions and symmetries were examined and accounted for by national culture, experience base and by size of employing organisation in the countries of the United Kingdom, Nigeria, Malaysia, Singapore and Hong Kong, so that an insightful understanding could be achieved between belief and practice. Perceptual gaps were discovered and proposals through the research surveys made to help to bridge the gap between the ambitions of the individual for change and the adoption of integrated marketing by the respective employing organisations. The research is distinguished by the use of innovative techniques for perceptual mapping to enable cross-cultural positions to be visualised and thereby to be more fully appreciated.

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Elgh, Johan, and Felix Nyberg-Åslund. "Developing an integrated cross-cultural marketing communication strategy for software developing B2B SMEs." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119149.

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This thesis has been created as a response to the growing interest among small and medium-sized business-to-business software developers to internationalise in order to grow their businesses. The initial study of the problem lead to the insight that a strategic mix of communication channels is a key success factor for an internationalisation. The purpose of this thesis was therefore determined to be to explore what and how different factors influence the effectiveness and efficiency of a business-to-business marketing communication mix strategy that leverages the brand, in the context of internationalisation of software developing small and medium-sized enterprises. Academic literature within three areas, related to the purpose of the thesis, was identified and discussed and presented in a frame of references. The first area concerned the development process of a strategic business-to-business marketing communication mix. Following this, the culture factor, including how communication is affected by cultural differences, was considered as a relevant area to study and add to the frame of references. Finally, the internationalisation process of business-to-business small and medium-sized enterprises was studied. Based on the study of academic theory, an analytical model was constructed and targeted issues for each area identified for the subsequent empirical study. An explorative case study approach was found to be suitable for the purpose of the thesis. It was performed by conducting qualitative interviews with representatives of the studied case company as well as a selection of its customers. Additional secondary data was withdrawn to triangulate with the primary data for the analysis of culture. By applying the analytical model to analyse the empirical evidence, using the academic theories and models from the frame of references, insights were generated and conclusions could be drawn. The analysis found that a key success factor is to build credibility in the eyes of prospects, regardless of where they are on the journey from being unaware of the company to becoming loyal customers. This is due to the risk avert nature of business-to-business decision makers. The most important factor for establishing credibility is to be able to show strong customer references, which makes nurturing present customer relationships a critical activity for success. Further, it was firmly established that the particularly long sell cycle that characterises the software industry in which the studied case company operates in, requires the communication channels to be integrated in order to be effective for the whole customer journey. Channels through which the communication can be adapted to suit a specific audience should be prioritised. Also, cultural differences and similarities should be considered, especially when it comes to views on power and the level of social restraint in the country to which the internationalisation is directed. The digitalisation of communication is a trend that evidently has a significant impact on the effectiveness of a marketing communication strategy. Digital communication channels are becoming increasingly relevant and suitable for communicating customer references, demonstrating product features and conveying corporate brand messages. By developing a business-to-business digital marketing communication strategy that is culturally adapted, the preconditions for the internationalisation of small and medium-sized enterprises are improved. On a final note, this Master’s thesis has identified a number of factors that influence the effectiveness and efficiency of a business-to-business marketing communication mix strategy that leverages the brand, in the context of internationalisation of software developing small and medium-sized enterprises. While this has contributed to academic theory, the findings concerning how these factors influence the effectiveness and efficiency provide practitioners with actionable insights. It is therefore the belief of the authors of this Master’s thesis that the content of this report can help managers of internationalising software developing small and medium-sized enterprises in their communication strategy development process.

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Sayers, Laurie A. "Osteoporosis : a model for cross-cultural investigation of a multifactorial disorder." Virtual Press, 1999. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1124873.

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The purpose of this paper is the development of a model to investigate possible causal relationships among some of the commonly reported risk factors for the development of osteoporosis and consequential hip fracture. Comparison of hip fracture incidence between women of primarily European descent, referred to in the literature as Caucasians, and Japanese women is made. Studies report the incidence of hip fractures among Japanese women is lower than among Caucasian women. Numerous factors related to the development of osteoporosis are significantly different between Japan and the United States. The model helps explain the interrelationships among the variables involved in this observed geographical variation in hip fracture incidence.
Department of Anthropology

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Baghdadi, Waheed I. "The role of cross-cultural B2B relationship marketing : an investigation of Saudi Telecom Company (STC)." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/315808.

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With the increasing expansion of companies into the global markets, Relationship Marketing (RM) has become more significant than ever, drawing to it the interest of scholars and the attention of practitioners. One aspect of the subject, which this research addresses, is the need to understand the nature and importance of relationships across cultures, since such understanding is critical to organizational expansion. The focus of this research is B2B relationship marketing, with cross-cultural marketing as a major component of analysis. Building on and extending relevant cross-cultural theories, this research investigates B2B relationship marketing in a Middle-Eastern telecom company, Saudi Telecom Company (STC), a company that is well placed for providing fertile illustrations of the mechanism of B2B relationship marketing. It is, furthermore, a key company in Saudi Arabia with hundreds of partners worldwide, and its economic importance to the country is second only to SABIC, the state-owned national oil company. Adopting a case study research strategy, the research explores how a growing organization absorbs cultural awareness into its B2B relationships. Data are garnered by interviewing 35 STC managers, 29 STC Small Medium Enterprise SME business partners, and three of STC’s Major Enterprise partners, as well as accessing and analysing secondary data from the company. The findings to date suggest that as the company grows it needs to develop B2B cross-cultural awareness at local and global level. This research extends cross-cultural models which have been developed in a business-to-consumer (B2C) context such as cross-cultural marketing theories proposed by Hall and Hofstede to understand cross-cultural theory in a B2B context. By exploring the role of culture in B2B relationships in the telecom industry in the Middle East in general and Saudi Arabia in particular, in light of a case study conducted on a specific and major company, STC and its global partners, and by investigating and assessing how it conducts its B2B relationships, this research aspires to extend the understanding of cultural awareness in B2B relationship and thereby to make a useful contribution to scholarship.

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Mitchell, Lorianne D. "What Makes an Effective Mentor: A Cross- Cultural (BRIC) Comparison." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8297.

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Research shows the professional benefits of strong mentoring relationships. However, the majority of the extant mentoring research is either mentor-centric or Western-oriented. Even with the increasing trend of protégé-centric research, relatively little research exists that examines mentoring in India and what protégés from that country would most desire from the mentoring relationship and their mentors. This chapter uses the countries in the emerging economies group represented by the acronym BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China), combined with Hofstede’s classification system for cross-cultural comparisons. Findings from mentoring studies from countries economically and culturally similar to India are then generalized to suggest criteria Indian protégés would find most appealing in their mentors. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of future areas for research on mentoring in India.

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Zeng, Tian S. M. Sloan School of Management. "The competency model of movie producers for cross-cultural co-production projects." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/126999.

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Thesis: S.M. in Management Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, May, 2020
Cataloged from the official PDF of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 36-38).
Movie producers are the de facto managers and leaders of movie crews who demand a comprehensive set of communication skills to solve the hundreds of problems during daily productions. The recent rise of international co-production movies has created more and more workspaces with multicultural teams. This calls for additional cross-cultural communication skills for producers to resolve new intercultural conflicts and communication issues that have emerged in this new working environment. This paper examines the competency model of movie producers in the context of cross-cultural communication. This paper also presents a co-production case to illustrate the findings of cross-cultural communication competency theories.
by Tian Zeng.
S.M. in Management Studies
S.M.inManagementStudies Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management

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Morales, Velázquez Cesáreo. "Cross-Cultural Validation of the Will, Skill, Tool Model of Technology Integration." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5256/.

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The teacher professional development component of the will, skill, tool model of technology integration was tested for predictive validity in the cross-cultural context of data from Texas, USA, and data from Mexico City, Mexico. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis, path analysis, and multiple regression analysis, were statistical procedures employed. The analyses yielded positive results for the model's validity and reliability. The resulting model was found to be a reliable tool to evaluate technology integration among elementary and middle school teachers in Texas and in Mexico City. For the purposes of this study, the teacher professional development component of the will, skill, tool model of technology integration is referred to as the will, skill, tool model of technology integration (WiSTTI). This was one of the seven alternative models tested for goodness of fit across a total of 7 data samples. The structural equation modeling approach proved to be a good technique to find the best fit model in a cross-cultural environment. Latent variables and a set of parameters to judge the validity and reliability of each model were set for testing and retesting in an iterative process. Eventually a "new" modified version of the WiSSTI model was found to fit the data for all samples studied from both countries. From a theoretical perspective, the variation of the WiSTTI model found to be the best fit to the data indicates that increased teacher willingness to integrate technology brings about increased skill, and increased skill leads to more advanced technology integration, if access to technology is available for instruction. Results derived from the model with respect to the evaluation of technology integration for teachers from Texas and Mexico City suggest a differential effect by country, with the Texas teachers (representing USA) currently more advanced in technology integration than their colleagues from Mexico. No large effect was found for educational level, with elementary school teachers and middle school teachers at approximately equivalent levels of technology integration in both countries.

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Enkh-Amgalan, Rentsenkhand. "The Indulgence and Restraint Cultural Dimension: A Cross-Cultural Study of Mongolia and the United States." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/329.

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This research focuses on one of the least studied cultural dimension, “indulgence versus restraint” (IVR) and how it affects consumer behavior, international marketing, and global business operations in the U.S. and Mongolia. This project is the first research on IVR in Mongolia since the country is rarely studied and there is no available data for this cultural dimension. Samples of undergraduate business students (as consumers) from both countries were studied through surveys. The findings support that Mongolians and Americans are different regarding the “indulgence” cultural dimension. This paper has a significant contribution to the cross-cultural literature regarding the indulgence cultural dimension and its applications in global business and marketing and advertising strategies.

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Reed, Rick. "An applied model for communicating theological concepts cross-culturally." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1985. http://www.tren.com.

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Drewek, Paula A. "Cross-cultural testing of James W. Fowler's model of faith development among Baha'is." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10176.

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James W. Fowler's contribution to psycho-social development offered a measurement for how individuals grow in faith which was applied to two populations of Baha'is in a cross-cultural study. The purpose of the study was two-fold: to test Fowler's model of faith development (FD) on a Western population of Baha'is in Canada; and, secondly, to apply the same test to an identical population of Baha'is in India. The overall purpose of the study was to cross-validate Fowler's model of faith development in an Eastern culture. In the very few previous cross-cultural studies of faith development, none had focused on two evenly-matched populations of individuals from the same faith tradition in widely varying cultures. The study consisted of 40 faith development interviews: 20 in Canada and 20 in India, with individuals matched according to four controlled variables which were thought to impact faith stage score. The pairing of respondents according to chronological age, sex, education level and Baha'i age was done to isolate the cultural variable and to highlight potential cultural differences. The research used a phenomenological, quasi-experimental approach. The faith development model was tested in the Canadian population using three measures of compatibility: range of stage scores, clustering of faith aspects, and codeability of the interviews corresponding to the faith stage descriptors. Results supported the model overall, but found difficulties in the clustering of Stage Aspects in Stage 4 interviews. Next, the model was tested on Indian Baha'is by comparing both the stage scores of the two populations and the responses of Canadians and Indians to the same interview questions. The results of the study were both quantitative and qualitative and confirmed the validity of the Fowler model overall but found problems in the stage descriptors in some of the Indian interviews. Quantitative findings showed no significant differences between Canadians and Indians in overall stage scores, but did show varying distributions of those scores which confirmed the hypotheses: there would be more Stage 4 Canadians and more Stage 3 and Stage 5 Indians. Both hypotheses affirmed the cultural biases of the Fowler model in defining Stages 3 and 4. Qualitative findings indicated general validity of the Fowler instrument when applied to the Indian sample, but specific problems with the construction of Stage 3 descriptors. The presence of discrepant data indicating reliance on the role of unconscious and intuitive factors in values and decision-making was also a problem. Lastly, questions related to the application of this model in the Baha'i community were addressed to discover factors inhibiting and supporting growth of faith as measured by Fowler's model in this relatively youthful, but little studied, worldwide religious community.

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Drewek, Paula A. "Cross-cultural testing of James W. Fowler's model of faith development among Bahá'ís." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/nq20998.pdf.

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Collie, Robert A. "Designing a training model for cross-cultural ministry in a post-modern context." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2007. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p049-0486.

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Wolfe, Nancy L. "Application of the relational model of therapy in cross cultural counseling with children." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/511.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the origins of the Multicultural Relational Model of therapy and demonstrate the application of this model in the clinical setting. Subjects were two ethnic minority children, a Hispanic boy, age nine, and a mixed-race boy, age 10, who was adopted by an African American family.

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Eamsobhana, Sudawadee. "The cross-cultural research of United States and Thailand: The relationship between celebrity endorsers and types of product endorsed." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2845.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the use of celebrities and the types of products endorsed. Advertisements from one popular magazine in the U.S. and two popular magazines in Thailand were used.

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Pike, Mary F. "The role of adult education in cross-cultural training programs, towards a model program." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0019/MQ53636.pdf.

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Marshall, Ronald Scott. "Cross-cultural perspectives on the dynamic process of cooperation building in international distribution relationships /." view abstract or download file of text, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p9977910.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2000.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-135). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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Kan, Gongjian. "Effect of country image on consumers' hypermarket patronage intention : a cross-cultural study." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1G007.

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Cette thèse explore d’abord les expériences et leçons apprises d’opérations par les distributeurs mondialisés dans les pays d’Extrême-Orient suivies par une discussion de l’effet du pays d’origine sur l’intention des consommateurs de faire ses achats dans les hypermarchés à travers les différentes cultures. Les résultats empiriques dans le cas de la Chine indiquent que l’image du pays d’origine (IPO) n’a qu’un impact indirect sur la fréquentation par les consommateurs en hypermarché alors que, dans le cas de l’Espagne, il semble que l’IPO a une influence directe sur l’intention de fréquenter l’hypermarché. A la fois en Espagne et en Chine, l’IPO a un impact significatif sur l’évaluation des consommateurs basée sur la fonction et sur l’évaluation des consommateurs basée sur l’expérience d’un hypermarché. Ces deux sortes d’évaluation ont des effets significatifs sur l’attitude du consommateur envers la marque vis-à-vis du magasin ciblé. La différence majeure de comportement de fréquentation des hypermarchés entre les consommateurs chinois et espagnols réside dans le fait que les premiers attachent plus d’importance aux attributs liés à l’expérience dans la formation de l’image du magasin et aux référents sociaux dans leurs décisions de magasinage que les autres. De plus, les consommateurs chinois ont une tendance plus ethnocentrique dans leur comportement de magasinage en hypermarché que les Espagnols. Ces résultats de recherche offrent des implications valables aux praticiens aussi bien nationaux qu’internationaux dans leurs choix de marketing stratégique
This dissertation firstly explores the experiences and lessons learned from global retailers’ operation in East Asian countries followed by discussing the effect of country image on consumers’ hypermarket patronage intention across different cultures. The empirical results from China case indicate that country image has only an indirect impact on consumers’ hypermarket patronage intention while in Spain case it seems that country image has direct influence on consumer’ store patronage intention. In both Spain and China, country image has a significant impact on consumers’ function based evaluation and experience based evaluation of a hypermarket store. These two kinds of evaluation have significant effects on consumers’ brand attitude towards the target store. The major difference of hypermarket store patronage behavior between Chinese consumers and Spanish consumers is that the former attaches more importance on experience attributes in formulating their store image and on social referents in making their shopping decisions than the latter. Besides, Chinese consumers have stronger ethnocentric tendency in their hypermarket shopping behavior than Spanish consumers. These research findings offer valuable implications to both domestic and foreign retail practitioners in making their marketing strategies

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Kraus, Paul D. "Increasing critical self-awareness a revised model for pastoral care." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2009. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p075-0078.

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Ferraz, Sofia Batista. "Mind the gap: um estudo cross-cultural sobre atitude, intenção e comportamento de compra de produtos verdes." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2012. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/15047.

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FERRAZ, Sofia Batista. Mind the gap: um estudo cross-cultural sobre atitude, intenção e comportamento de compra de produtos verdes. 2012. 182 f. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Economia, Administração, Atuária e Contabilidade, Mestrado Acadêmico em Administração e Controladoria, Fortaleza-CE, 2012.
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This research aims to analyze the relationships and the possible gap between attitude, intention and purchase behavior towards green products of Brazilian and Canadian management undergraduate students. This academic effort serves to contribute to the consolidation of the model proposed by Chan (2001), with the addition of situational factors such as availability, price and perceived quality suggested by Dinato and Madruga ( 1999), and Oppenheim Bonini (2008) and D'Souza et al. (2007). The research is quantitative and descriptive due to its objectives. This is a field study using the technique of Structural Equation Model (SEM). The results confirmed a positive relationship between attitude and intention to buy green products, as well as there is a positive relationship between intention and purchase behavior, though less expressive. The influence of availability, price and perceived quality between intention and purchase behavior was also confirmed. Regarding differences between the groups, it was found that Canadian students usually find green products more easily, and are more willing to spend money and better products abdicate in favor of the environment. Despite the differences between the samples, the perceived price is a dominant variable during the transition between intention and purchase behavior of green products, demonstrating general similarities between the two cultures. It is expected to contribute to the promotion of debates and discussions about the advantages and disadvantages in adopting green products, help Management educators seeking to evolve students curricula, stimulate new researches and assist in developing strategies in marketing based on the behavior of their consumers.
O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é analisar as relações e o possível gap entre atitude, intenção e comportamento de compra de produtos verdes entre universitários da área de gestão do Brasil e do Canadá. Buscou-se, também, contribuir para a consolidação do modelo proposto por Chan (2001) referente à atitude, inteção e comportamento de compra de produtos verdes, com o acréscimo de fatores situacionais como disponibilidade, preço e qualidade percebidos sugeridos por Dinato e Madruga (1999), Bonini e Oppenheim (2008) e D’Souza et al. (2007). O estudo é de natureza quantitativa e é descritiva quanto aos seus objetivos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de campo com a utilização da técnica de Modelagem em Equações Estruturais. Os resultados confirmaram que existe uma relação positiva entre a atitude e a intenção de compra de produtos verdes, assim como a há uma relação positiva entre intenção e comportamento de compra, apesar de menos expressiva. A influência da disponibilidade, preço e qualidade percebidos entre intenção e comportamento de compra também foi comprovada. Quanto às diferenças entre os grupos, percebeu-se que os estudantes canadenses costumam encontrar produtos verdes com maior facilidade, assim como estão mais dispostos a despender dinheiro e a abdicar de produtos melhores em prol do meio ambiente. Apesar das diferenças entre as amostras, o preço percebido é uma variável preponderante durante a transição entre intenção e comportamento de compra de produtos verdes, demonstrando também haver semelhanças gerais entre as duas culturas. Espera-se contribuir para a geração de debates e discussões acerca das vantagens e desvantagens na adoção de produtos verdes, auxiliar educadores da área da Administração que buscam desenvolver os currículos dos estudantes que assumirão funções associadas à gestão, estimular o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas na área, além de auxiliar na elaboração de estratégias na área de Marketing com base no comportamento de seus consumidores.

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Ma, Guo. "The marketing of small and medium enterprises and international joint-ventures in China : a cross-cultural perspective." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.656316.

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Marketing is fundamental to the success of an enterprise in the marketplace. From a literature review, it was found that marketing practices of Chinese indigenous SMEs CCEs) are far from fully understood, and that the marketing practices of small and medium-sized Sino-Westem joint ventures (JVs) in China receive even less attention, even though China is one of the fastest growing markets in the world, and has a unique culture. This research aims to identify and test the key marketing characteristics of SMEs and their links with Chinese and Western cultural values, find out the differences between CEs and JVs in their marketing characteristics, and examine the relationships between marketing characteristics and company performnance. To achieve the aims of this research, a combined qualitative and quantitative research method was used. In-depth interviews Ca total of 12 respondents, six from each group) and a questionnaire survey Ca total of 260 respondents, 176 from Chinese groups, 84 from JV groups) were undertaken with CEOs/chief marketing managers of CEs and JVs from the Chongqing area of China. Several analysis techniques were used, including the content analysis method for qualitative data analysis, the Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman's coefficient test, and general descriptive analysis methods were used for the quantitative data analysis. The research resulted in several significant findings. Six key marketing characteristics that reflect the typical marketing practices of SMEs and their links with Chinese and Western cultural values are identified and evidenced qualitatively and quantitatively: they are innovativeness, competition/growth pattern, adaptability/flexibility, nOl1nativeness, opportunity seeking/resource access, and objective setting. The research findings show that JVs outperform CEs on innovativeness, competition, normativeness, and objective setting, while CEs are superior to JVs in adaptability/flexibility, and opportunity seeking and resource access. Positive correlations are found between higher company performance and better or stronger performance in some of these key marketing characteristics. The major contribution of this research is that it establishes the imp011ant role of cultural values, together with business environmental factors, in shaping marketing practices of SMEs, and broadens the scope of the previous research findings on identification of marketing characteristics and relationships with performance. Specifically, the link model of cross-cultural values and marketing characteristics proposed and verified by this research might help other researchers in building a conceptual framework in potential cross-cultural comparative research. Its significant outcomes provide valuable directions for both types of SME, policy makers and educators in enhancing the positive influence and preventing the negative impact of cultural value-influenced marketing characteristics and their interactions with the business environment, in order to obtain better company performance and other social benefits.

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Bronell, Emma, and Carl-Johan Blom. "There will always be another Monday : A cross cultural study of Swedish and Chinese business perspectives." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1735.

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If you look out the window today you can observe influences from all over the world. It seems like the world has shrunken and accessibility has gotten a bigger impact. We are talking about globalization and it can be said to diminish the boarders and unite people all over and contribute to more interactions between different countries and cultures, which in turn will lead to new challenges for companies. More companies can therefore meet in different contexts and for instance a company from Sweden where production costs are comparatively high will be attracted to markets like the Chinese because of their comparatively low production costs. The culture differences between these two nations are wide and will therefore cause implications like cultural clashes or misunderstandings. This is where our interest of the subject grew and hence our research question is:

“How can Swedes avoid incidents of a cultural descent when developing business relations with Chinese corporations?”

The main purpose of this study is to get a better comprehension on how businessmen perceive cultural differences in situations where business relationships are essential and how they avoid such incidents. In addition we have in this study divided the main purpose into three sub-purposes. These are: to gain a better understanding on how both Swedes and Chinese build relationships in business-to-business situations, to gain a better understanding of the differences in the Swedish and Chinese business culture, and to provide suggestions for Swedish entrepreneurs in becoming more aware of cultural gaps when entering the Chinese market.

Our study is based on an hermeneutic approach. We have used an qualitative research strategy where our empirics are based upon seven semi-structured interviews with businessmen today resided in Sweden but have experience from Chinese business interaction. In addition both Swedish and Chinese businessmen have been interviewed to obtain a more balanced data. The contextualization we have made is aligned towards an individual perspective.

Our theoretical frameworks consist of a wide range of theories such as: business relationships theories, relationship marketing theories, Guanxi theories, cultural theories, and culture clash theories. Based on our empirics we have been able to interlink many aspects to conclusions. These have mainly been differences in the two cultures, such as; difference in hierarchy level and how this has caused implications for Swedish businessmen. It was also showed that there are differences in approaching potential business proposals, where the Swedes tended to be direct in contrast to the Chinese who preferred a slower paste. In addition this study showed that what is referred to as Guanxi is far more linked to the Chinese culture than networking is in Sweden.

For a Swedish business man these findings can help prevent incident of diversifying range but raise awareness of other cultural aspects that needs to be considered before going to China in business purposes.

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Villasenor, Natacha. "Ethnocultural identity of persons of Chinese origin : testing a model of minority identity development via Q-Sort Methodology." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29860.

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Literature reviews (Casas, 1984, 1985; Ponterotto, 1988) on the status of racial/ethnic minority research indicate that one of the problems in coming to definite conclusions about the effectiveness of counseling with the culturally different is the lack of research accounting for heterogeneity within ethnic groups. This study investigates ethnic identity as a possible variable tapping into intra-group variability with persons of Chinese origin currently living in Canada. Specifically, Atkinson, Morten & Sue (1979)'s model of ethnic identity development is examined in relation to its validity with this ethnic group. Atkinson et al.'s (1979) Minority Identity Development model postulates five stages minority persons experience in trying to discern and appreciate themselves based on their culture of origin, the mainstream culture and the relationship and meaning between the two. These stages are Conformity, Dissonance, Resistance and Immersion, Introspection and Synergetic Articulation and Awareness. Based on the model, 81 items were generated, translated and administered to 44 participants via Q-Sort Methodology. Also, relevant demographic information was collected. Factor analysis and qualitative analysis for Q-Methodology as suggested by Talbott (1971) generated four factors. The emerging factors reflected the Conformity, Dissonance, Resistance and Immersion, and Synergetic Articulation and Awareness Stages. Thus, based on the partial support for the five-stage model among persons of Chinese origin; a four-stage model was generated. The analysis of results suggests the following conclusions: (1) heterogeneity within ethnic groups must be accounted for it is accounted for within the mainstream culture; (2) ethno-cultural identity emerges as a viable construct (variable) tapping into intra-group differences; (3) Q-Methodology appears as a culturally non-intrusive method; and (4) ethno-cultural identity may mediate the counseling process.
Education, Faculty of
Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of
Graduate

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Kaleli, Jeddy Katule. "Towards an Effective Christian Cross-Cultural Youth Training Model: A Youth Ministry International Case Study /." Lynchburg, Va. : Liberty University, 2004. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu.

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Rüdell, Katja. "Barts Explanatory Model Inventory : the exploration of cross-cultural variations in perceptions of mental distress." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2006. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1879.

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Cultural variations in individuals' perceptions of mental distress are an important issue for health care. They can affect communication between health professionals and mentally distressed individuals and might be one explanation for problematic diagnosis, poor service uptake and negative outcome for individuals from ethnic minorities. This PhD a) explores how cultural variations in perceptions of mental distress have been assessed in the past b) reports the construction and development of a new instrument, the Barts Explanatory Model Inventory (BEMI) and c) uses the instrument to explore associations between illness perceptions and ethnic background, acculturation processes and psychiatric 'caseness' in three different ethnic groups. It was found that significant ethnic variations existed in perceptions about physical complaints, spiritual, physical and psychosocial causes, expected timeline, psychological consequences and helpful treatment. For example individuals from White British background found 'alternative or complementary' treatments helpful (,X 2=1 2.035, p<. 01); individuals from Bangladeshi and Caribbean background on the other hand preferred 'medical' (72 =6.597, p<. 05) or (spiritual' interventions (,X 2=1 7.916, p<. 001). The survey also found that perceptions contribute significantly to predicting psychiatric caseness (R 2= . 577, p<. 0001) and are in turn also helping to predict how long migrants have been in the UK (R 2= . 581 p<. 0001). The findings support the notion of assessing cultural variations in perceptions in health care as a feasible as well as necessary endeavour.

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Tabane, Ramodungoane James. "The influence of cross-cultural interviewing on the generation of data." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02042005-142212.

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Matviyenko, Olena. "The role of culture in the translation of advertisements: a comparative investigation of selected texts with German as source language and South African English as target language." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1187.

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The globalisation of economies and trade growth have made it necessary for international companies to communicate with consumers of different languages and cultures, since a major objective is to sell a standardised product to consumers with linguistic and cultural backgrounds which are different from those to which the manufacturers are accustomed. Once brought to a foreign country, the sales of a product must be promoted by way of advertising. To begin with, the method of advertising depends on the kind of product to be marketed. In addition, persuasive texts, which are characteristic of the language of advertising, not only employ particular pragmatic strategies, but are based on the values and cultural traditions of the relevant society. In different cultures different signs, symbols, names and customs will be used in different situations. In the case of the translation or localisation of advertisements, a translator must be very sensitive to the loss and gain of cultural elements. These could include objects, historical references, customs and habits that are unique to the source culture and not present in the target culture. The main focus of the research is on the culture-specific elements in advertising texts and their depiction in translation. This treatise investigates certain aspects of translation theory (such as theories of equivalence, Skopos theory and other similar theories) to form a basis for conducting this study and then adapts them to the process of translation. In addition, two main opposite techniques known as standardisation or localisation of the advertising message are discussed. The number of source texts (original) and target texts (localised) are examined closely to reveal any misrepresentations and to identify the method of translation applicable in each case.

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Iskhakova, Lilia [Verfasser], Andreas [Gutachter] Hilbert, Florian [Gutachter] Siems, and Frank [Gutachter] Schirmer. "Development of a Causal Alumni Loyalty Model : Cross-cultural and Cross-gender investigations / Lilia Iskhakova ; Gutachter: Andreas Hilbert, Florian Siems, Frank Schirmer." Dresden : Technische Universität Dresden, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1227202466/34.

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Willuweit, Lars. "Promoting Pro-Environmental Behavior : An Investigation of the cross-cultural environmental behavior patterns. The Case of Abu Dhabi." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Human Geography, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-29886.

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In response to the rapidly growing global environmental problems many call for changes in how individuals should deal with the environment. An important aspect of moving towards an environmentally sustainable world is to promote pro-environmental consumer behavior. Against this background, the purpose of this study is to conduct a literature review to identify social and psychological factors that influence environmental behavior and use these as a basis for an empirical study in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, for analyzing current behavioral patterns between population groups. The findings suggest that willingness to sacrifice for the environment, perceived behavioral control of environmental problems and the feeling of responsibility of environmental problems are significantly positively related to environmental behavior in Abu Dhabi. It was evaluated that younger age groups, very low and very high income groups, people from developing nations and low education groups are performing worse in environmental behavior than older age groups, middle income groups, people from developed nations and high education groups. Furthermore, it was concluded that the general level of environmental behavior is low. This is ascribed to a lack of facilities supporting environmental behavior in Abu Dhabi, and a lack of environmental values in the country. Policies aimed at promoting environmental behavior should aim at changing the attitudes and values regarding the environment of the society. Such policies should be tailored for specific population segments.

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Barcellos, Marcia Dutra de, Ivo A. van der Lans, and John Thompson. ""Beef lovers" : um estudo cross-cultural sobre o comportamento de consumo de carne bovina." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/10041.

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O objetivo principal desta tese foi testar um modelo teórico que pudesse relacionar os construtos atitude, norma subjetiva, hábito e intenção de comportamento no consumo de carne bovina. Também se propôs uma análise do impacto das emoções antecipadas (positivas e negativas), do grau de envolvimento e de diferenças culturais como variáveis moderadoras no modelo. Buscou-se ainda contribuir com a Teoria do Comportamento Planejado (Theory of Planned Bahviour – TPB, AJZEN, 1985, 1988, 1991) em estudos sobre o consumo de alimentos pela inclusão do construto hábito como um regressor independente no modelo (VERPLANKEN, 1998) e pela exclusão do construto controle percebido de comportamento (BREDAHL; GRUNERT, 1997; TOWLER; SHEPHERD, 1991/1992). Até recentemente os alimentos eram considerados simplesmente commodities, e seu estudo na área de marketing foi negligenciado por muitos anos. A abertura global dos mercados e o surgimento de novos padrões de consumo mudaram esta realidade, trazendo para a área do comportamento do consumidor tão importante discussão. No entanto, apesar da importância do agronegócio, estudos relacionando hábitos, emoções antecipadas, nível de envolvimento, cultura, atitudes, intenção e comportamento de consumo de produtos alimentares ainda são escassos no Brasil, e, portanto, totalmente abertos à exploração. Os construtos foram analisados como um modelo teórico quantitativo e a Modelagem em Equações Estruturais (MEE) foi utilizada para o cálculo dos parâmetros e teste das hipóteses (ARBUCKLE, 1999). O pré-teste foi realizado na Escócia e coleta de dados ocorreu no Brasil, na Holanda e na Austrália em 2005 e 2006. Foram obtidos 816 questionários válidos nas surveys realizadas, sendo que 400 casos foram usados para a análise cross-cultural multivariada dos dados. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram a relação existente, direta e estatisticamente significante entre os construtos atitude, hábito e norma subjetiva com o comportamento de consumo de carne bovina. No entanto, o papel mediador da intenção de comportamento entre a atitude e a norma subjetiva com o comportamento, postulado pela TPB, não foi confirmado. Uma relação direta, do hábito para atitude também foi um achado teórico relevante. A inclusão de hábito como uma extensão à TPB foi considerada apropriada, pois ajudou a explicar o comportamento de consumo de carne bovina. Os consumidores de Porto Alegre e da Austrália apresentaram a relação entre a atitude e comportamento mais positiva e níveis de envolvimento mais altos com carne bovina do que os consumidores de São Paulo e Holanda. As emoções antecipadas também foram consideradas variáveis moderadoras satisfatórias, tendo em vista que os grupos com expectativas emocionais (positivas e negativas) mais altas mostraram relações mais fortes e significativas no modelo. Os grupos que sofreram menor impacto das variáveis moderadoras emoções antecipadas (positivas e negativas) demonstraram um padrão de consumo menos cognitivo, mais habitual, e mais influenciável pelas normas subjetivas. Sob o ponto de vista gerencial, as cadeias produtivas de carne bovina no Brasil, Holanda e Austrália se beneficiarão dos resultados, pois campanhas e esforços de marketing poderão ser direcionados a grupos específicos de consumidores, com base no seu comportamento de consumo. Vantagens competitivas poderão ser alcançadas por todos os elos da cadeia pela orientação para o mercado e satisfação das demandas dos consumidores a partir do conhecimento gerado.
The main objective of this thesis was to test a theoretical model relating attitude, subjective norm, habit and behaviour intention in beef consumption. We also proposed to analyze the impact of anticipated emotions (positive and negative), degree of involvement and cultural differences as moderator variables in the model. The author aimed to contribute to the Theory of Planned Behaviour - TPB (AJZEN, 1985, 1988, 1991) in food consumption through the inclusion of habit as an independent regressor in that model (Verplanken, 1998) and exclusion of perceived behaviour control (BREDAHL; GRUNERT, 1997; TOWLER;SHEPHERD, 1991/1992). Until recently food was regarded as a commodity and marketing scholars neglected its study for many years. Although, with the global opening of markets and new consumption patterns, this reality changed, bringing up to the study of consumer behaviour such important discussion. Amazingly, in spite of the importance of the agribusiness sector, studies relating food consumption, habits, anticipated emotions, involvement, culture, attitudes and behaviour intention are scarce in Brazil, and therefore, totally open to exploration. The constructs were presented as a theoretical quantitative model and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to estimate parameters and test the hypotheses (ARBUCKLE, 1999). A pre-test was held in Scotland and data collection took place in Brazil, in The Netherlands and in Australia during 2005 and 2006. 816 valid questionnaires were obtained from the surveys and 400 cases were used on the cross-cultural multivariate analysis. Results obtained from this study confirmed most of the hypothesized relations. The authors confirmed the direct, statiscally significant effect of attitude, habit and subjective norm on consumption behaviour. The mediating role of behavioral intention from attitude and subjective norm to consumption behaviour, by contrast, was not confirmed, as postulated by the TPB. A direct relation, from habit to attitude was also found significant. The inclusion of habit as a TPB extension was considered appropriated, helping to explain beef consumption behavior. Consumers from Porto Alegre and Australia confirmed to have stronger relation from attitude to behavior and to have higher degrees of involvement with beef than consumers from São Paulo and The Netherlands. Anticipated emotions were also considered satisfactory moderator variables based on the findings that groups with higher emotional expectations showed stronger relationships in the model. Groups presenting a lower moderating impact were found to show a less cognitive, more habitual consumption pattern, and yet more susceptible to subjective norms influence. From a managerial perspective, Brazilian, European and Australian beef sector will benefit from the results, since marketing campaigns and sales efforts can be addressed to specific groups of consumers, based on their behaviour trends. The entire beef productive chain can improve its competitive advantage via consumer-driven or market-oriented actions.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cross- Cultural Marketing Model'

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