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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cross-cultural interaction'
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Sugai, Sakae. "Cross-cultural leadership interaction : a mixed-methods approach study." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611820.
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Nganga, Regina W. "Impact of cross-cultural interaction on counselor trainees' development of cultural empathy and intercultural sensitivity." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1232418151&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Shaw, Dara Gay. "Cross-cultural gender dynamics in classroom interaction the adult ESOL classroom /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1811.
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Thesis (Ed. D.)--West Virginia University, 2001.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xx, 401, 2 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 263-275).
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Zhao, Chunyao. "A comparative study of British and Chinese stereotypes in cross-cultural interaction." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2018. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/34601/.
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Stereotype, as a ubiquitous and persistent social phenomenon, has been a key issue in social psychology for some ninety or so years since Lippmann introduced it into social science in 1922. However, “Stereotypes wear the black hats in social science” (Schneider, 2004:1) and, to some extent, stereotypes themselves have been stereotyped, as the traditionally held view has focused on the negative values of stereotyping and viewed it as a static factor in social perception. In this view, stereotypes were considered to be overgeneralisations, inaccurate assumptions, and the cognitive roots of prejudice even discrimination, which are best avoided. Stereotypes have recently claimed an important place in the field of intergroup relations and intercultural communication, but reciprocal interaction between self- and other- perceptions across different ethnic groups in the cross-cultural context has gone largely un-discussed in cross-cultural pragmatic studies. This thesis is an attempt to fill the void by theoretically situating in cross-cultural pragmatics, and empirically investigating one cross-cultural pairing, i.e., British and Chinese overseas students. Moreover, this work will focus on the conventional but perennial issues in stereotype research, i.e., the accuracy, role and pragmatic functions of stereotyping as realised in an interactive context. A mixed methods research methodology has been employed as a procedure for collecting, analysing, and integrating both qualitative and quantitative data in two consecutive phases: (1) focus group interview; (2) questionnaire survey. The aim is to build a holistic perspective to illuminate the research questions. The objectives are to probe the cross-cultural practitioners’ first-hand stereotypical perceptions of self and others through their interactive practice, generate insights into the impact and pragmatic functions of stereotyping, and thereby shed light on stereotype research. This thesis serves to assess the evidence of ‘kernel of truth’ hypothesis and bridge the divergences between British stereotypes of Chinese people and Chinese stereotypes of themselves and vice-versa. Ultimately, therefore, the stereotyping is demonstrated as pragmatic device to assist interactants in achieving more harmonious and mutually beneficial interactions as what is perceived can help interactants predict, expect, and explain what is meant in specific cultural context.
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Holets, Tetyana, and Alina Kyrychenko. "Efficiency of integration processes is in the conditions of cross-cultural interaction." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2008. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8155.
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Muiu, Esther Katete Mutia. "Cross cultural religious interaction of the Kamba community in the 21st century /." Berlin : Viademica-Verl, 2009. http://d-nb.info/994213468/04.
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Wolf, Patricia K. W. "Group dynamics : effects of leadership style on cross-cultural group behavior /." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487266691093613.
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Low, Liang C. "Interaction of budget emphasis, budgeting participation and task characteristics : a cross-cultural study." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1993. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1153.
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This thesis is an empirical examination which links two important areas of management accounting research. The first area relates to the relation between superiors' evaluative styles and the two dependent variables of job related tension and managerial performance. The second area relates to the impact of culture on management accounting system. Two of Hofstede's (1980) dimensions of culture were used in this study. They were power distance and individualism. Two studies, Brownell and Hirst (1986) and Brownell and Dunk (1991), both of which were conducted with samples from a low power distance/high individualism nation were re-examined within the framework suggested by Harrison (1992) that research results related to budgetary participation can be generalized between high power distance/low individualism and low power distance/high individualism nations. Multiple linear regressions were used to test the three-way interaction between budget emphasis, budgetary participation and task characteristics (task uncertainty, task variability or task difficulty), affecting each of the two dependent variables of managerial performance and job related tension. A four-way interaction between budget emphasis, budgetary participation, task difficulty and culture was also tested. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 410 functional heads from 142 manufacturing companies located in Singapore and Western Australia. Singapore was selected as a surrogate for a high power distance/low individualism culture and Western Australia as a surrogate for a low power distance/high individualism culture. The results of the study lend support to the existence of a three-way interaction affecting managerial performance in the case of task difficulty (Van de Ven & Delbecq,1974) but not in the results of Brownell and Hirst (1986) and Brownell and Dunk (1991). No significant three-way interaction between the independent variables affecting job related tension was found. Furthermore, the absence of any four-way significant interaction between budget emphasis, budgetary participation, task difficulty and culture affecting managerial performance provide strong support for Harrison's (1992) hypotheses that research results on budgetary participation can be generalized between nations with high power distance/low individualism culture and nations with low power distance/high individualism culture.
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Moravej, Masuma. "Cross-Cultural Adaptation Among Young Afghan Refugees Returning from Iran to Afghanistan." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30364.
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This study investigated certain aspects of the cross-cultural adaptation process of Afghan returnees who have repatriated from Iran to Afghanistan. The study’s particular focus is the issue of cross-cultural adaptation in the current context of Afghanistan; that is, what challenges face Afghans returning from Iran to their country of origin following years of exile in Iran. Afghan immigration to Iran has a long history. Using Young Yun Kim’s cross-cultural adaptation theory as the leading theoretical framework, the researcher investigated the cultural adaptation of those who have lived in Iran for more than 10 years and have repatriated voluntarily to Afghanistan at least three years before the data for this thesis were gathered.
Semi-structured interviews were conducted for collecting primary data from participants for the thesis. Twelve young returnees from Kabul City, aged 18 to 40, volunteered to take part in the interviews. Results revealed that language barriers, cultural knowledge and environmental challenges were some of the dominant difficulties that returnees experienced after their repatriation. Furthermore, the findings showed that the three main strategies used by the young returnees to adapt to their unfamiliar, new environment of Kabul City included social interaction, using mass media, and keeping an open mind on current issues. The findings of the interviews revealed the ongoing changing nature of identity formation of the returnees after their repatriation to Afghanistan and, also the majority of participants (9 out of 12) voiced a strong sense of belonging and attachment to Afghanistan.
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Kokkinaki, Theano. "Emotion and imitation in early infant-parent interaction : a longitudinal and cross-cultural study." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28374.
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Following a brief introduction to the divergent views on the monitoring structures of imitation, a review of the literature is presented covering the following topics: initial theories and observations on the origin and development of early human imitation; recent theoretical models that have emerged from experimental studies of infant imitation and from naturalistic studies on imitation, in infant-mother communications; and traditional and the recent theoretical and empirical approaches to imitative phenomena in infant-father interaction. This review leads to the following conclusions: a) the fact that attempts to confirm certain ideas/hypotheses/suggestions built into the original theories and strategies of observation were unsuccessful does not detract from their great contribution which set the foundations upon which recent research is conducted. b) despite the different theoretical frameworks and the lack of consensus for a commonly accepted method for investigating early initiative phenomena in experimental settings, neonatal imitation is now considered as a fact; and c) imitative phenomena found in empirical studies focusing on infant-father interaction, as well as the relevant theoretical interpretations, are characterised by a contradiction-theory predicting bidirectional regulations, while the corresponding unidirectional empirical approach favours the parental side. The main findings may be summarized as follows: a) the phenomenon of imitation was evidenced, as early as the 8th week, irrespectively of the country, the parent or infant's sex; b) cultural differences, reflecting the predominance of non-vocal imitative expressive behaviour in the two countries, were found; c) the developmental course of early imitative behaviours was typically non-linear; d) turn taking imitative exchanges predominated over coactions; e) parents were found to imitate their infants more than vice versa; and f) emotional regulation, either in the sense of emotional matching or in the sense of emotional attunement, proved to be the underlying motivating principle for both parental and infant imitations.
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Dempsey, Alison. "Cross-cultural Interactions of Chinese Graduate Students at a Midsized U.S. University." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1336069244.
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Wang, Amy Yun-Ting. "Vagueness in interaction : a cross-cultural examination of vagueness in Taiwanese and British courtroom discourse." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444644.
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Huang, Ching-Yu Soar. "Chinese parenting and children's compliance to adults : a cross-cultural comparative study." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244266.
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The current study examined the parenting beliefs and practices of Taiwanese, Chinese immigrant (all first-generation immigrants in the UK) and English mothers, and the compliance of their young children (aged 5–7), in order to elucidate the effects of child temperament, culture and acculturation strategies on reported parenting beliefs and practices, observed parental behaviour, child behaviour, mother–child interaction dynamics and children’s compliance. The data were collected from a total of 90 families with 5- to 7-year-old children in Taiwan and the UK. Child temperament, parenting beliefs and practices and acculturation were assessed using questionnaires, and parental behaviour, child behaviour, dyadic interaction dynamics and child compliance were assessed using observation in two tasks (Etch-A-Sketch and clean-up). Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with the Chinese immigrant parents to gather more information regarding their acculturation and parenting. Cultural differences were found between groups in reported as well as observed parenting and children’s compliance. The Taiwanese mothers reported greater use of Chinese-specific parenting and physical coercion and were observed to use more (gentle and assertive) physical intervention than both the Chinese immigrant and English mothers. The Chinese immigrant mothers reported a higher degree of child autonomy than the Taiwanese and English mothers, and also reported cultivation of their children’s independence. The stronger the Chinese immigrant mothers' affiliation with Chinese culture, the more they reported adopting the Chinese-specific parenting style; the longer they had been in the UK, the less they reported authoritarian parenting. The English mothers were rated as more responsive and less negatively controlling than the Chinese immigrant mothers; they also showed more positive affect than both the Chinese immigrant and Taiwanese mothers. There were few cultural differences between groups in the children’s behaviour, although Taiwanese children showed more situational compliance than Chinese immigrant children. Further regression analyses showed that child characteristics, such as child age and temperament, affected the parents’ and children’s behaviour as well as dyadic interactional dynamics. Committed compliance, situational compliance and opposition were associated with different predictors, suggesting that they are qualitatively different and are associated with different developmental processes. Committed compliance may develop as children grow older, mediated by surgency; situational compliance, on the other hand, was associated with authoritarian parenting and mothers’ use of negative control, which varied by culture. Child opposition was predicted by neither child characteristics nor parenting. These findings provide valuable insights into parenting and children’s compliance in different cultural contexts. The results underscore the importance of looking at human development from a holistic perspective. The active role that children play in shaping their developmental process, their parents’ parenting and the culture they live in should all be taken into account when attempting to understand their development.
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Raiconi, Marcella. "Travelling objects : cross-cultural exchange and interaction in the Western Mediterranean in the Early Iron Age." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/39139.
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My research focuses on issues relating to the dynamics of cross cultural contact and exchange in the Western Mediterranean (in particular, Southern France and North Eastern Spain) between the late seventh and the late sixth century BC, a period of great innovation and changes in both regions. My work focuses on the ways in which some of the objects acquired through encounter with traders from different cultural backgrounds were integrated in the material culture of these regions, how they were perceived in the geographical and social contexts in which they were acquired and how they could be used to establish or maintain identities and statuses.
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Wild, Mark. "A rumored congregation : cross-cultural interaction in the immigrant neighborhoods of early twentieth century Los Angeles /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3013691.
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Axelsson, Clara, and Charlotte Gustafsson. "Constituting Sesame : a minor field study of a cross-cultural cooperation." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för arbetsvetenskap och medieteknik, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-5374.
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Internationally, universities are undergoing renewal because of technological and social changes that both increases the importance of open and flexible learning, as well as makes it practicable. Net-based education makes it possible to create courses where students can collaborate and share knowledge globally. Collaborative Learning in Virtual Communities, with the working title Sesame, is a cooperative project between Blekinge Institute of Technology, BTH, and University of Pretoria, UP that has intention to provide a course like this. The aim of this collaboration is to initiate research in, as well as to test, and evaluate methods for net-based collaborative learning to see how this can provide new perspectives for students and lecturers in both countries. One key concept in the project is ?internationalisation at home? and this means interaction and knowledge sharing between people from different countries, and cultures, without them having to physically leave their country. In this thesis we describe the phase of constituting Sesame focusing on the cooperation between the involved parties from the two countries.Sesame är ett projekt mellan Blekinge Tekniska Högskola och Universitet i Pretoria som syftar till att skapa kurser där studenter från de båda universiteten ska samarbeta och därigenom utbyta kunskaper och erfarenheter. Målet med projektet är att initiera forskning, såväl som att testa och utvärdera metoder för kollaborativt lärande. Ett nyckelbegrepp inom Sesame är ? internationalisation at home?, vilket betyder möjlighet till interaktion och kunskapsutbyte mellan människor i olika länder och kulturer, utan att de fysiskt måste lämna sina länder. I den här rapporten beskriver vi planeringsfasen av Sesame där vi fokuserar på samarbetet mellan deltagarna i Sverige och Sydafrika.
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Peng, Fei. "Fostering Behavior Change with Interaction Design:Developing Cross-cultural Connections with Incoming International Students in the United States." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1427898295.
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Hall, Stephen James. "A qualitative study of the opening phases of cross cultural in-service teacher training interaction in rural Malaysia." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/7448.
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Interaction during the early opening phases of in-service teacher training courses in Malaysia between native speaker teacher trainers and rural Malaysian teachers involved potential cultural issues. This qualitative study of four rural sites addresses possible tensions from differences in learning cultures as native speaker teacher trainers introduced courses. There were issues of whether primary and secondary teachers accept training techniques. If teachers were to see the courses as useful there was a need for early acceptance of discourse strategies, techniques and the experiential approach. Analysis of this with teacher trainer talk, non-verbals and perceptions of early phase interaction was derived from lesson transcripts, field notes, semi-structured interviews and reflection. Interviews explored teacher acceptance of training techniques. 12 out of 16 Malaysian teachers were positive about the usefulness of training techniques. Most teachers were positive about the early phases of the learning culture when teacher trainers introduced themselves, facilitated transferable tasks, encouraged success and included bilingual approaches. Unexpectedly, humour was important in reducing reliance on the ‘native speaker’ teacher trainer and in creating convergence. While some secondary teachers valued the teacher educator as a knowledge source, for most, the pedagogic approach was pivotal to accepting techniques which were less hierarchical than teachers’ earlier training. Teacher educators stated that teacher interest at both primary and secondary levels focused not on cultural difference as expected but on transferable techniques. Teacher educator stereotypes were abated by cultural adaptation as training techniques reduced the expert knowledge dispenser role. Teacher educators reflected on this and the role of reflection as transcripts and field notes were discussed to develop practitioner knowledge. The teacher educators spoke positively of this reflection. This study provides data for teacher education practice where meeting everyday classroom needs were perceived as central to fostering interactive rural classrooms.
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Low, Rachel Wai Leng, and n/a. "The cultural identity of Chinese Australian adolescents in Canberra." University of Canberra. School of Professional & Community Education, 1999. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060818.161530.
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This research focuses on the cultural identity of Chinese Australian adolescents in Canberra
between the ages of 18 and 21.
Adolescence is a developmental stage in which young people feel a need to define their
cultural identity. According to social identity theory, being a member of the group provides
individuals with a sense of belonging that contributes to a positive self-concept. In
particular, young people belonging to ethnic minority groups need a firm sense of group
identification in order to maintain a sense of wellbeing (Tajfel & Turner, 1979).
The purpose and significance of this study is to update our understanding of how
adolescents from a specific ethnic minority group (Chinese Australian) adjust to the
mainstream Australian culture. The information gathered will be significant to the
wellbeing of these individuals in helping them to come to terms with their own identity. It
will also provide useful information for effective cross-cultural interaction for a range of
services such as education, law, health and social services.
The quantitative and qualitative approaches employed in this study include a questionnaire
and a semi-structured interview. The semi-structured interview complements the
questionnaire in confirming the adjustments of these adolescents within an analytical
framework that is a replica of Phinney's framework (1994). In her research on bicultural
identity orientations of African American and Mexican American adolescents, Phinney
categorised these adolescents under four distinct types of interaction with the mainstream
culture. These are namely: separation (focus only on the ethnic culture), assimilation
(identifying solely with the dominant culture), integration (relating well to both cultures)
and marginality (relating to neither culture). In this dissertation the researcher also aims to
determine the cultural identity of Chinese Australian adolescents in Canberra in the study
using these four categories.
The results of this study demonstrate that this framework is an appropriate analytical tool
for the study of the cultural identity of Chinese Australian adolescents, most of whom
classified themselves as integrated. Overall, Chinese Australian adolescents between the
ages of 18 and 21 in the Canberra region were well adjusted and showed little tension or
stress in relating to their ethnic culture or to the mainstream Australian culture.
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Khattab, Ishraga. "Mobile phone use across cultures : a comparison between the UK and the Sudan." Thesis, Brunel University, 2007. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7897.
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Over the last decade the use of mobile phones has increased dramatically everywhere by people from different cultural backgrounds. However, while such technological adoption move on at an ever increasing pace all over the world, the key problem for designers and developers of mobile phones is how to develop mobile phone services that effectively support the dynamic and flexible communication needs of such diverse groups of users. To counter this problem, this thesis focused on establishing how people from different cultural backgrounds use mobile phones to achieve their communicative, social and informational goals. Questionnaires and interviews were undertaken and analysed to achieve this. The findings from the analysis led to the development of two prototypes missed call services; the icon-based missed call service (IBMCS) and the personalised icon-based missed call service. Several key findings emerged from this research. For example, mobile phone users in the Sudan and the UK differed in the way they used their mobile phones especially in the public places. British participants were more comfortable using their mobile phones in public sphere. British and Sudanese stated that they would like to use an IBMCS to support their communication needs. However, Sudanese users were more keen than the British participants on personalising the developed missed call service to aid the management of their communication needs and to better coordinate their activities. The evaluation of the personalised IBMCS highlighted an important redesign implication, such as allowing the receiver to manipulate the receipt of missed calls in public settings.
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Sutton, Tessa R. "Exploring the third culture building approach for effective cross-cultural interaction for Black American professionals in predominantly white institutions." Scholarly Commons, 2013. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/850.
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Professional interactions that are both functional and mutually beneficial are rare. The purpose of this study is to explore an application of a Third Culture Building (TCB) approach, a mutually constructed interpersonal process between two individuals, for Black American professionals (with advanced knowledge acquired from institutions of higher learning), to generate a new space in Predominantly White Institutions (PWis). These institutions include settings where the racial composition is becoming consistently more diverse (through past desegregation efforts). Although the U.S. has moved beyond integration and the monumental Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, racism and intercultural barriers that prevent functional cross-cultural communication still exist in these settings.
This research is directed toward answering the question: How might Black American professionals generate a Third Culture space in PWis through cross-cultural social exchange? The research builds on my previous study where the TCB approach was found to be conducive for the intercultural barriers faced by Black Americans in PWis. The research emphasizes the perspective of Black Americans and de-emphasizes the perspective of White Americans, given the body of literature that points to their adaptation and intercultural interactions in the U.S. and in international contexts.
A sample of six Black American professionals (ages 30 to 72; 4 men and 4 women) from my baseline study was invited to take part in this study. Respondents were chosen based on their backgrounds and similarity of race, to learn about their perspectives of the intercultural interactions in PWis. Participants live in the Midwest region of the U.S.
Using interpretive, critical theory, and other qualitative approaches, the discussions from a focus group and interviews were transcribed and combined with the interviewer's notes. The participants' responses were organized around TCB frameworks and the interview questions, and then reduced to codes. Two evaluators reviewed the interview data, codes, and themes.
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Reeb, William. "A multi-country investigation of response accuracy based on interactive charts." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683044.
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Woomer, Amanda S. "Body, Speech and Mind: Negotiating Meaning and Experience at a Tibetan Buddhist Center." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/anthro_theses/32.
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Examining an Atlanta area Tibetan Buddhist center as a symbolic and imagined borderland space, I investigate the ways that meaning is created through competing narratives of spirituality and “culture.” Drawing from theories of borderlands, cross-cultural interaction, narratives, authenticity and material culture, I analyze the ways that non-Tibetan community members of the Drepung Loseling center navigate through the interplay of culture and spirituality and how this interaction plays into larger discussions of cultural adaptation, appropriation and representation. Although this particular Tibetan Buddhist center is only a small part of Buddhism’s existence in the United States today, discourses on authenticity, representation and mediated understanding at the Drepung Loseling center provide an example of how ethnic, social, and national boundaries may be negotiated through competing – and overlapping – narratives of culture.
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Kim, Chul-Kyu. "Writer-reader interaction in science popularisations : a corpus based cross-cultural study of writers' management of textual interaction with readers in English and Korean science popularisation discourse." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427052.
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Inamori, Takao. "An exploration into managerial perception and its influence on performance in cross cultural setting : the case of Japan International Cooperation Agency's support for development." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4890.
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There is a wealth of studies which suggest that manager's positive perceptions/expectations can considerably influence organisational performance; unfortunately, little empirical evidence has been obtained from development studies. This first time research explores how Japanese aid workers' perceptions towards the local staff affects their behaviour and performance in cross-cultural project settings. Moreover, this research focuses on the perceptual and behavioural trait differences of successful and unsuccessful aid workers. With cooperation from Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), 244 valid responses were obtained from the aid workers (managers) through a webbased survey. As a result of statistical analysis, positive causal relationships were confirmed between perception related factors and behaviour related factors and the organisational performance variable. These results strongly suggest that aid worker's positive perceptions result in positive behaviour in local colleagues and subsequently higher organisational performance. In addition, it was discovered that the aid workers' positive perception/expectation about work and their local colleagues was related to higher organisational performance, whilst conversely, the negative perception on their part was generally associated with negative behaviour and lower organisational performance.Although the differences in perceptual tendencies suggested by that these findings apply to Japanese aid managers; however, as human nature is universal, positive perception and behaviour should bring out positive output in most organisations. It is recommended that there is a need for people-related and cross-cultural management skills to ensure successful future activities, and stress management competencies to maintain positive managerial perception on the part of aid workers.
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Nahm, Eun Young. "A cross-cultural comparison of Korean American and European American parental meta-emotion philosophy and its relationship to parent-child interaction /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9155.
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Almstedt, Karin. "Knowledge transfer in a cross-cultural context : Case study within a Swedish R&D company: Offshore outsourcing to India." Thesis, Örebro University, Swedish Business School at Örebro University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-4893.
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The global competition and as the worldwide market has become more open a company’s ability to outsource activities to external companies based in other countries, i.e. offshore outsourcing, has increased dramatically. Companies are starting to transfer higher value-added activities that require certain skills, domain knowledge and experience, i.e. Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO). These activities are getting more difficult and complex to manage compared with standardised activities such as payroll, and predict another kind of co-operation and communication between the companies. When the sender and receiver are based in different context, such as organisational and cultural, other aspects might be added to the difficulty. The purpose of this thesis is to describe, and analyse knowledge transfer in a cross cultural context based on three categories identified in the theoretical framework: character of knowledge, distances between sending and receiving context and mutual understanding. Also to answer how cultural differences might affect the knowledge transfer process. The objective of this study is mainly from a Swedish R&D company’s perspective that has an established relation with an external consultancy company based in India. The activities are within the area of dynamical changing software development of complex, communication and knowledge intensive products.
A qualitative case study has been performed based on open target interviews. The findings show that the character of knowledge is an important factor to consider when establishing the knowledge transfer process. It was a need to transfer knowledge not only related to the product itself but also knowledge embedded in organisational routines, processes, practises and norms. This is related to distances between sending and receiving context: organisational and knowledge differences shown in organisational skills and previous experience, and cultural differences mainly visible in communication such as raising problems and an expected top-down approach by managers. The geographical distance adds to the difficulty due to the missing face-to-face contact. The sending company must therefore be very active and can not just expect the receiving company to handle the activity, and especially when the companies’ prerequisites differ as much as in this case. Culture awareness and mutual understanding are factors that improve knowledge transfer.
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Gunnarsson, Daniel. "The distribution of bronze artefacts of Viking Age Eastern Baltic types discovered on Gotland : Iron Age networks and identities." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-203121.
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This thesis has compared the distribution of certain types of Viking Age Eastern Baltic bronze artefacts discovered on Gotland. This was done in order to observe different parts of Gotland´s interaction with different groups in the Baltic Sea region and how this might have influenced the identities and ideas of the individuals involved in the interaction. The objects and their finding contexts were subjected to a geographical analysis and applied to a map of Viking Age Gotland. Different distribution patterns can be observed for different types of artefacts, as well as a shift in pattern of interaction in the Baltic Sea region over time.
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Grabell, Robin (Robin Shawn) Carleton University Dissertation Canadian Studies. "The Huron soundscape, 1623-1649 : an exploration of cross-cultural interaction, conflict and change, as articulated within the domain of ritual and ceremony." Ottawa, 1990.
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Lee, Dong Yeong. "Interaction of cultures through design : Cross-Cultural Design (CCD) learning model : the development and implementation of CCD design education in South Korean higher education." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2016. http://research.gold.ac.uk/19468/.
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This research has arisen from an awareness of the emerging discourses about the future of design education in Korea. The country today is synonymous with advanced technology and high-quality products made by companies such as Samsung. The development of capacity for creativity and innovation in design has not yet been successfully implemented, and it has been argued that much of the responsibility lies with the education system. Currently Korean design education is focused on function, technology and solutions as well as aesthetic values; it drives students to be technically capable without understanding the value of design as a cultural activity. In order to tackle this issue, Korea has been introducing various initiatives in its design education system. These initiatives have focused on the convergence of design specialisms, as well as other disciplines outside of design. Parallel to these, this thesis suggests Cross-Cultural Design (CCD) as one of the possible elements that could aid this transformation. The findings of this thesis suggest that it is important for design students as well as educators to realise design is an activity of cultural production that can improve the quality of our lives. Cross-Cultural Design is not a new concept. There are many definitions and practical implementations found in the various fields of study and within the design industry. Although considerable efforts are being made to explore and understand cross-cultural relationships as a result of globalisation today, there has been limited discussion about cross-cultural concerns from a design practice context. Previous studies on cross-culture have focused almost exclusively on anthropology, sociology and more recently, international business and marketing. This thesis, therefore, seeks to address this gap by examining the potential of Cross-Cultural Design (CCD) practices and develop a Cross-Cultural Design (CCD) educational framework for Korean higher education that encourages designers, design students and Korean universities to become more culturally engaged. Firstly, this thesis begins by examining the current issues facing the Korean education system in Chapter 2. Chapters three and four discuss a general contribution to new knowledge by exploring the key characteristics of CCD, which are: 1) Cross-cultural understanding - understanding the cultural context for designers and the design concepts derived from an in-depth understanding of cultural differences. 2) Originality - enriched creative outputs from cross cultural practice. An ability to think creatively and design whilst retaining unique and novel ideas. 3) Practicality - new design ideas from mixing cultural codes/needs. Creation of usable design for everyday life through combined cultures. 4) Universal design - consolidated cultural needs to achieve Universal design ideas, when appropriate. Universally understandable design with minimised cultural errors and misunderstanding. 5) Cultural identity - celebrating cultural specificity to promote core identities, when appropriate. Cultural identity is also defined through culturally distinctive design, which plays an important role in structuring the Cross-Cultural Design reflection tool and template by providing a set of criteria. The five key characteristics of Cross-Cultural Design presented above are based on various findings of what constitutes the elements within the CCD model (Chapter 3 & 4). This thesis investigates design education through the development of intensive project-based short course learning activities in Chapter 5. As part of the study, five of these CCD short course activities were conducted over five years, starting in 2010. The programmes were developed and conducted in collaboration with Goldsmiths, University of London (UK), Kyung Hee University (Korea), and the Korea Institute of Design Promotion (KIDP). The focus of these education programmes moved from the inspirational benefits of cross-cultural experience, to the practicality and marketability of culturally engaged design. As a result, a CCD learning model was proposed and developed. This thesis concludes that the CCD learning model can help give a new direction to Korean design education in order to make it more process-oriented, whilst paying attention to cultural issues. This model of education could help create more user-oriented and culturally located design. Korean design education is traditionally built on art education. Cross-Cultural Design education can provide a socio-cultural contribution to the education framework, and introduce a methodological approach to designing as a cultural activity, as well as a reflective approach. Secondly, systemic problems in Korean design education means it is currently not able to meet the social and industrial demands and changes required in a developing Korean society. This thesis proposes that Cross-Cultural Design education can help develop a wider spectrum of design fields, such as convergence design education. Lastly, with regards to social problems, Korean design education suffers from a narrow conception of the possibilities of design, and does not recognise that design can extend to work with other subjects within the university. However, Cross-Cultural Design education helps students and designers understand the importance of design in our everyday lives, and more importantly, the significance of culture within design activities. In a broader context, educators can also benefit from diverse teaching methodologies; supporters such as governments can promote their national culture and boost their design industries. More importantly, consumers will have access to culturally rich and diverse products and services. The potential input of this CCD framework is to contribute to transforming Korean higher education. This framework could also be applied to other geographical contexts, but this is outside of the scope of this thesis.
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Shartiely, Nikuigize Erick. "Discourse strategies of lecturers in higher education classroom interaction : a case at the University Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80189.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates how linguistic super diversity is managed in a higher education context in Tanzania. Specifically, the use of language in lectures to large classes made up of students with linguistically diverse backgrounds at the University of Dar es Salaam is in focus. Considering the multilingualism of the students as well as the lecturers, and a language-in-education policy, which prescribes English as the language of teaching and learning, the study is interested in the perceptions and practices of those teaching big numbers of students in large lecture halls. The data comprised eight recorded lectures and interviews with the respective lecturers. The intention was to identify, describe, document and analyse interactional strategies that lecturers use, particularly the discourse strategies that lecturers use in conveying new information at a relatively sophisticated level of academic rhetoric, and to facilitate interaction between them and students. With large numbers of students in the audience, and given that they are first year students new to the university-spoken register, lecturers are likely to make remarkable language choices consciously or unconsciously. Conversational Analysis (CA) and Discourse Analysis (DA) approaches facilitated the identification and analysis of conversational and discursive features of lectures as part of spoken registers that are generically used in university teaching. The analysis particularly considered the linguistic diversity of the participants in the higher education context in Tanzania and how lecturers use language to cater for such diversity. The sample involved eight lecturers, four from each of two departments regarded among those with the highest student numbers in the College of Arts and Social Sciences of the University of Dar es Salaam, namely the Department of Political Science and Public Administration and the Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology. The findings indicate that lecturers use a selected number of both propositional and structural discourse strategies during lecture sessions. The three most notable propositional discourse strategies are repetition, use of questions, and use of code switching between English and Kiswahili. Lecturers use phrasal and clausal types of repetition to achieve cohesion, topic continuity and emphasis. They use tag, rhetorical, open and closed types of questions to check for comprehension, to stimulate higher level thinking, to manage classroom behaviour as well as to encourage students' participation and independent study. They also use inter and intra sentential types of code switching to engage with students, to translate some concepts, explain, and manage students' behaviour and to advise or encourage students. Regarding structural discourse strategies, the study shows that lecturers notably use discourse markers so and now as cohesive devices, marking such textual functions as framing, linking and showing consequential relationships. They use the discourse markers so and now to achieve similar communicative goals as those achieved using propositional discourse strategies. In referring to themselves or their audience, they use specific pronouns you, we, and I, to perform different functions. They use the pronoun you not only as an interactive device, but also as an explanatory device of significance in classroom interaction. They use the pronoun we not only as a solidarity device, but like you, also as a strong explanatory device. They also use the pronoun I to mark speaker's knowledge and his or her stance about it, and speaker's circumstance and experience. This study not only describes generic features and language practices in big lectures; it also engages critically with some of the established practices and in so doing adds to the literature on individual and societal multilingualism and how lecturers manage it in an African higher education context.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie is 'n studie van die wyses waarop talige superdiversiteit binne 'n konteks van hoër onderwys in Tanzanië bestuur word. Meer spesifiek, word aandag gegee aan die gebruik van tale gedurende lesings vir groot klasse wat bestaan uit studente met talig diverse agtergronde. Met inagneming van die veeltaligheid van die studente sowel as die dosente, asook 'n taal-in-onderrig-beleid wat Engels as die taal van onderrig en leer voorskryf, stel die studie belang in die persepsies en praktyke van diegene wat groot getalle studente in groot lesinglokale onderrig. Die studie is kwalitatief dáárin dat dit gewerk het met 'n beperkte aantal opnames van lesings en van onderhoude met die dosente wie se klasse opgeneem is. Die bedoeling was om die mees opvallende interaksionele strategieë wat by die Universiteit van Dar es Salaam aangewend word, te identifiseer, te beskryf, te dokumenteer en ook te analiseer. Veral is gekyk na die diskoersstrategieë wat dosente gebruik om nuwe inligting op 'n redelik gesofistikeerde vlak van akademiese retoriek oor te dra, en om interaksie tussen die dosent en die studentegehoor te fasiliteer. Die generiese eienskappe van hierdie lesings is geïdentifiseer deur die hele reeks opnames na te gaan. Die groot getal studente in die gehoor en die gegewe dat hulle eerstetaalsprekers van 'n verskeidenheid verskillende gemeenskapstale is, sal dosente noodwendig, bewustelik of onbewustelik, interessante taalkeuses maak. Die feit dat beide Engels en Swahili amptelike tale in Tanzanië is, dat die meerderheid studente vlot sprekers van Swahili is, selfs al het hulle hulle hoërskoolonderrig deur die medium van Engels ontvang, lei tot die aannames dat (i) Swahili 'n sterk lingua franca tussen sprekers van verskillende eerstetale is, en (ii) voortgesette hoër onderrig deur die medium van Engels onproblematies behoort te wees. Die benaderings van Gespreksanalise (GA) en Diskoersanalise (DA) het die identifikasie en analise van gesprekseienskappe en diskursiewe eienskappe van lesings as deel van die gesproke registers wat generies in universiteitsonderrig gebruik word, gefasiliteer. Die analise het veral in die talige diversiteit van die deelnemers in die konteks van hoër onderrig in Tanzanië en in die wyse waarop die dosente vir hierdie diversiteit voorsiening maak, belanggestel. Die deelnemers aan hierdie studie was agt dosente, vier elk uit twee departemente met die hoogste studentetal by die Kollege van Kuns en Sosiale Wetenskappe van die Universiteit, naamlik die Departement Politieke Wetenskap en Publieke Administrasie en die Departement Sosiologie en Sosiale Antropologie. Die bevindinge dui daarop dat dosente gereeld en generies 'n telbare aantal proposisionele en strukturele diskoersstrategieë gedurende lesings gebruik. Die drie mees opvallende proposisionele diskoersstrategieë is herhaling, die gebruik van vrae en die gebruik van kodewisseling tussen Engels en Swahili. Dosente gebruik frase- sowel as klousherhaling om kohesie, kontinuïteit van die onderwerp en klem te bewerkstellig. Hulle gebruik einddeel-, retoriese en oop en geslote tipe vrae om begrip te toets, om 'n hoër denkvlak te stimuleer, om die gedrag in die klaskamer te beheer, asook om die studente se deelname en onafhanklike studie aan te moedig. Hulle gebruik ook kodewisseling binne en tussen sinne ten einde nouer met die studente te skakel, sekere konsepte te vertaal, studente se optrede te verduidelik, te vertaal en te beheer en studente te adviseer of aan te moedig. Betreffende die strukturele diskoersstrategieë toon die studie aan dat die diskoersmerkers so en now wyd deur dosente gebruik word as kohesiemeganismes wat tekstuele funksies soos raming, skakeling en oorsaaklike verhoudinge aandui. Hulle wend die diskoersmerkers so en now aan om dieselfde kommunikatiewe doelwitte te bereik as dié wat bereik is met die gebruik van proposisionele diskoersstrategieë. In verwysing na hulleself of die toehoorders, span hulle spesifiek die voornaamwoorde you, we en I in om verskillende referensiële funksies of aanspreek funksies te verrig. Die voornaamwoord you word nie slegs as 'n interaktiewe meganisme gebruik nie, maar ook as 'n beduidende verklarende meganisme in klaskamer interaksie. Hulle gebruik die voornaamwoord we nie net as 'n samehorigheids-meganisme nie, maar ook, soos you, as 'n sterk verklarende meganisme. Hulle gebruik ook die voornaamwoord I om sprekerskennis te merk en sy/haar houding daaromtrent uit te druk, asook die spreker se omstandighede en ervaring. In die analise word aandag gegee aan relevante aspekte van tweetalige onderrig, die gebruik van Engels as 'n lingua franca, en die verskynsel van kodewisseling in akademiese diskoers binne 'n veeltalige onderrigkonteks. Die studie beskryf nie alleen generiese eienskappe en taalpraktyke in groot groep lesings nie; dit oorweeg ook sekere gevestigde gebruike in groot lesings dra daarmee by tot die literatuur oor invividuele en gemeenskaplike veeltaligheid en hoe dit hanteer word deur dosente in 'n hoër onderwyskonteks in Afrika.
The African Doctoral Academy (ADA) for awarding me a full scholarship for full time doctoral study; the financial assistance the University of Dar es Salaam furnished me with through the Directorate of Research and Publication.
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Boirie, Véronique. "L'interculturel franco-allemand en entreprise : l’influence du management américain : l’exemple du management franco-allemand chez Total." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR30018/document.
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L'interculturel franco-allemand en entreprise est indissociable du contexte économique mondial actuel dans lequel les États-Unis prédominent. Total, premier groupe pétrolier français, a constitué notre terrain d'investigation pour répondre à la question de l'influence des pratiques managériales américaines sur le management franco-allemand chez Total et notamment dans l'une de ses filiales à Berlin. C'est auprès du personnel d'encadrement de la filiale allemande principalement, mais aussi de la maison-mère située à Paris, que nous avons pu réaliser 35 entretiens : 12 auprès de managers français – 11 au sein de la filiale à Berlin, un au sein de la maison-mère à Paris – et 18 auprès de managers allemands à Berlin. Les autres entretiens ont été conduits auprès de trois managers belges, d'un manager hollandais et d'un manager anglais.Dans une première partie, nous avons procédé à un état des lieux des travaux existant dans le domaine du management interculturel qui a connu son envol dans les années 1980. Nous avons articulé théorie et pratique en traitant de l'influence de la culture nationale sur les organisations, ce qui nous a permis de redéfinir les modes de fonctionnement des entreprises françaises, allemandes et américaines et d'y associer, à partir de typologies, un style de management et une culture d'entreprise types. Il s'agit bien entendu de modèles. Les décalages entre ces modèles théoriques et la pratique ont trouvé leur expression dans une deuxième partie.Dans cette deuxième partie, nous avons recensé les malentendus interculturels franco-allemands à travers l'évolution des relations franco-allemandes en entreprise de l'avènement du Marché commun à aujourd'hui. Le cas du drame industriel de l'A380 chez Airbus en 2006, les travaux du consultant Jacques Pateau sur la dimension interculturelle dans la coopération franco-allemande, les conseils du cabinet J. P. B. consultants préconisant des solutions aux malentendus franco-allemands récurrents, et les relations de travail entre journalistes français et allemands de la chaîne culturelle européenne Arte, ont constitué des éléments de comparaison intéressants pour obtenir un panorama des problèmes inhérents à la relation de travail franco-allemande, indépendamment du secteur d'activité. L'exemple du groupe Total – à partir de l'analyse du discours de ses managers – montre qu'il est possible de dépasser les malentendus interculturels récurrents ou « incidents critiques », véritables entraves à la relation de travail franco-allemande. De l'interaction quotidienne entre ces personnels de différentes cultures nationales résulte ainsi un style de travail commun, susceptible toutefois de changer au contact d'autres influences culturelles. Les influences extérieures et les interactions quotidiennes entre acteurs de différentes cultures nationales font de la culture émergente un produit en perpétuelle construction, rendant le développement d'une compétence interculturelle nécessaire. Dans une troisième partie, nous avons analysé ces influences extérieures et les transformations qu'elles entraînent chez Total.Cette troisième partie traite de l’influence exercée par les États-Unis et leur pratique du management sur la direction binationale de la filiale allemande de Total. Les techniques managériales américaines font l’objet d'une appropriation différenciée par les managers français et allemands travaillant de concert dans le groupe. C’est ainsi que, du contact entre les systèmes français, allemand et américain, naissent de nouvelles pratiques : il s’avère en effet que les managers du groupe tendent vers un style plus libéral, perçu et vécu différemment toutefois par les Français et les Allemands. Les notions d’« équipe » et de « groupe de travail » trouvent une application dans le quotidien professionnel du personnel d’encadrement de la filiale et jouent un rôle essentiel chez Total [...]Franco-German cross-cultural relations in business cannot be dissociated from the world economic context in which the United States play a dominant role. We have used Total, the leader in the French petroleum industry, specifically through its German subsidiary in Berlin, as a case in point for our investigation of the influence of US business methods on a joint Franco-German top management team. We conducted 35 extensive interviews, 12 of which were held with French nationals, 11 of them top company officials at the Berlin office and one at corporate headquarters in Paris; 18 of the tête-à-têtes took place with German top executives in Berlin. In addition, we consulted one Dutch, one British and three Belgian directors of the petroleum group.Part One of the report is an inventory and review of the literature devoted at this day to cross-culture in the area of corporate management, a subject that began to attract the interest of researchers in the 1980's. We here correlate theory and practice in dealing with the impact of national cultures on corporate behavior. This leads us to reconsider the functioning modes of French, German and US companies and thus, working on the typology of their respective business structures, to classify them according to their specific management styles and corporate cultures. We thus, of course, create mere models, significant but abstract. The distance between theory and actual practice is bridged in Part Two of the report.In Part Two, we concentrate on the cross-cultural ambiguities and misunderstandings that have attended Franco-German business relations as these have evolved since the inception of the Common Market to the present day. The misfortunes of the A380 at Airbus in 2006, consultant Jacques Pateau's reasearch and conclusions on the importance of Franco-German cooperation in business ventures, the solutions offered for the recurrent cross-cultural conflicts by J. P. B. Consulting, and the close working relationship of French and German journalists on the Arte cultural television network, all these have provided us with material for an accurate appraisal of the problems raised by a Franco-German partnership in a corporate environment, whatever the area of professional activity. We learn from the experience of the Total company that it is possible to rise above the recurrent cross-cultural "critical incidents" that plague such binational professional communities, and to achieve common values in the working relationship, proof that it does not take generations to amend long ingrained cultural traits, and that these are amenable to outside influence. The daily interaction between individuals of different cultural backgrounds will eventually lead to common cultural patterns of behavior, susceptible in turn to further changes in a unified framework. In Part Three, we shall inquire into the nature of these outside influences and the changes they have brought to the inner workings of the Total company.Part Three of the report addresses the question of the influence exerted by US managerial praxis on the procedures at Total. This influence, merging with the unified methods developed by the Franco-German partners through their respective contribution of managerial know-how, has resulted in new concepts in management, of a more liberal complexion, and yet, while now standard practice, perceived in a different light by the French and the German executives; the different cultures color the outlooks differently even when the individuals act in harmony. The notion of "teamwork" and "group action" now prevalent at Total, is one of the concepts, now put into prevalent practice by the executive staff, that the company owes to the American business philosophy. We were thus able to identify a number of significant instances, the "project teams" are one, of the American influence on a Franco-German management group
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Bilyayeva, Tetiana A. "Cross-Cultural Comparative Study of Users’ Perception of the Navigation Organization of an E-Commerce Web Application." UNF Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/413.
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The object of this study was to assess the influence of native language, as a principal cultural characteristic, one users’ behavior when using a web-based e-commerce application. The study expands on previous research by comparing English and Russian users. The research also considered demographic data to assess additional factors that influence behavior and task performance. The research design encompassed an online shopping application with two different navigation menus. One menu was based on the action-object model and the other was based on the object-action model. The user interface was created in two different languages (Russian and English). This study suggests that language, as a cultural indicator, has a direct relationship to user satisfaction and performance in e-commerce web applications.
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Heredia, Cessi. "Class Management, Teaching and Teacher-students Interactions in Crowded Classrooms : An observational analysis in an urban Catholic single gendered school." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Barn, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-121582.
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One of my concerns has been how children behave in a crowded classroom with few available opportunities to interact and rehearse the lesson with their peers and teacher. This research paper allows me to explore how teacher`s directives/ manners (verbal & non-verbal communication) during the English lesson, impact and fix children`s behaviours temporarily. I have conducted this emprirical case study in a religious catholic, monolingual, Spanish school conformed only by girls aged 7-9, who are in the third level of its primary level. As my interest was to analyze the talk of my purpose sampling (teacher-student) and the interactive behaviour in the natural occurring situation in this social setting, the method I chose was the analysis of social interaction, on Conversation Analysis. This allows me to unfold the talk-in-interaction and concentrate on micro-analytic situations using the standard convention to transcribe my selected analysis. Therefore, the contribution of this paper is to explore and demonstrate how disciplinary acts were deilvered by the teacher affecting the child`s subjectivity and performance in a crowded classroom.
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Yakushiji, Hiroyuki. "Responsible behaviour amongst backpacker tourists in less developed countries : a case study of Thailand." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/119586.
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Backpacker tourists frequently express “anti-tourist” attitudes and are confident that they contribute positively to their destinations. Ironically, they are sometimes characterised by stakeholders in destinations in less developed countries as neo-colonial invaders. In spite of their anti-tourist attitudes, in reality, backpacker tourists tend to stay in backpacker enclaves where the cultural and moral values of backpackers are dominant. This happens because they encounter many obstacles to enjoying the backpacking experience in an unfamiliar interregional (intercultural) environment. Given such contradictory phenomena surrounding backpacker tourists in less developed countries, one question is how they manifest their responsible behaviour. Therefore, this research aims to explore the nature and degree of responsible behaviour amongst backpacker tourists in Thailand, which is one of the most popular backpacker destinations in the world. Through mixed method research, this principally explores (1) the frequency levels of backpackers’ behavioural intentions, their actual responsible behaviour, and the gap between them based on a series of items representing responsible behaviour, and (2) their definitions and perceived experiences of responsible behaviour. The research found that whilst backpacker tourists tend to report their frequent responsible behaviour and perceive themselves as “responsible” tourists, in reality, they experience many difficulties in behaving responsibly in an unfamiliar interregional (intercultural) tourism setting in spite of their intention to do so, and while being well aware of the importance of behaving responsibly. There is a propensity among backpacker tourists to exaggerate the importance of small and fleeting experiences of responsible behaviour outside backpacker enclaves (e.g. a moment of demonstrating a respectful attitude towards local people). Also, cultural experiences within backpacker enclaves, which are staged authentic manner (e.g. participation in a cultural or cookery class), tend to be exaggerated in importance and regarded as highly responsible behaviour. Moreover, whilst backpacker tourists appreciate themselves as “responsible” tourists and during their travels they respect others and behave so as not to disturb others which are required to do so regardless of place, culture and custom even in the home in daily life, they represented their reluctance to “engage” in responsible behaviour, especially altruistic and philanthropic activities (i.e., engagement in volunteering work or donating to local communities). These propensities were common to all types of backpacker tourists in this study; even those who reported their own outstandingly frequent intention and actual responsible behaviour (i.e., backpacker tourists who travel extensively with the strong motivation to explore destination countries). The principal conclusion in this research is that, whilst the behaviour reported by the backpacker tourists was never harmfully irresponsible, there are several contradictions between their evaluation of their responsible behaviour and their actual behaviour patterns. Moreover, there is a gap between their behavioural pattern of responsible behaviour and the concept of “responsible tourism” for backpacker tourists. The declared good intentions and instances of actually behaving in a responsible manner by backpacker tourists do not necessarily mean that they behave altruistically and philanthropically that the concept of responsible tourism aims to engender.
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Morais, Maria de Lima Salum e. "Conflitos e(m) brincadeiras infantis: diferenças culturais e de gênero." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-14092012-111249/.
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O principal objetivo do trabalho foi comparar brincadeiras, conflitos e provocações de meninos e meninas de quatro a cinco anos de idade, pertencentes a dois grupos culturais: um de uma grande metrópole (São Paulo) e outro de uma pequena comunidade praiana no litoral norte de Estado de São Paulo (Ubatuba). As crianças foram observadas em atividade livre no pátio escolar. Em relação ao brincar, os principais resultados encontrados foram: as crianças de São Paulo se envolveram mais em brincadeiras simbólicas do que as ubatubanas e essas, mais em jogos de regras e em brincadeiras de contingência social do que as paulistanas; os meninos participaram mais de brincadeiras de contingência física do que as meninas e elas se envolveram mais em atividades de contingência social do que seus colegas. Predominaram as provocações de caráter não verbal entre as crianças ubatubanas. Os episódios de zombaria tenderam a ter conseqüências interacionais positivas em ambos os grupos, apesar de terem gerado também algumas reações negativas. As crianças de ambos os grupos apresentaram número equivalente de episódios de conflito, embora sua duração tenha sido maior entre as meninas de São Paulo. A principal causa de conflitos nos dois grupos culturais foi a disputa por brinquedos e a maior parte dos desenlaces teve caráter afiliativo. As crianças ubatubanas apresentaram táticas mais simples e diretas e as paulistanas, estratégias mais diversificadas e verbais de enfrentamento das situações conflituosas. Na discussão dos resultados, destaca-se a importância da configuração dos grupos de brincadeira e de dimensões culturais mais amplas como estilos de criação e códigos de comunicação , evidenciando-se a relevância de estudos interculturais para o avanço na compreensão do comportamento infantilThe major goal of the study was to compare play, conflicts and teasing in four to fiveyears- old children of two cultural groups: one from a big city (São Paulo), and another from a small seashore community (Ubatuba, São Paulo State). Children were observed in free play periods at school yard. The main findings concerning play were: São Paulos children engaged in more pretend play than seashores children, and these ones showed greater participation in games with rules and in social contingency play; boys engaged in more physical contingency activities than girls, while girls participated in more social contingency play than their male peers. Non-verbal teasing prevailed in seashore children, and teasing episodes had more frequent positive interational outcomes, although negative consequences were also found in the two groups. Children from both cultural groups presented equivalent number of conflicts and engaged in more same-sex disagreements, but the number of conflict turns was greater among São Paulos girls. Possession of objects and toys was the main conflict reason. Seashore children presented more simple and direct conflict strategies, and São Paulos children, more diversified and verbal tactics of conflict management. Contend resolutions had a predominantly affiliative character in both groups. In the discussion of data, play group configuration, as well as broader cultural dimensions such as rearing styles and communication codes , are emphasized, showing the importance of cross-cultural studies for advances in understanding childhood behavior
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Buckholz, Lana Lee. "Peer Conversations about Inter-racial and Inter-ethnic Friendships." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1542.
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The purpose of this study was to understand how early adolescents talk about cross-racial and cross-ethnic friendships. Gordon Allport's intergroup contact theory provided the framework for studying the elements needed for inter-racial and inter-ethnic friendship formation. Qualitative data were drawn from four separately recorded peer group conversations. Participants (n=18) were recruited from Parrish Middle School in Salem, Oregon. Patterns that emerged from the data were sorted, categorized and identified according to the tenets of intergroup contact theory or extensions of intergroup contact theory. Analysis also looked at the use of metaphors and storytelling among adolescents. Results showed that while intergroup contact theory tenets of interdependence and common goals can foster cross-ethnic and cross-racial friendships, most students form these friendships through friendship chaining and common interests. Dual racial identity and peer group influence can also be positive factors in cross-racial and cross-ethnic friendship development. Further, storytelling examples by adolescents showed similar techniques to those used by adults. Overall the results from this study support intergroup contact theory as continuing to be a useful conceptual framework for encouraging cross-group relations.
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Qiao, Yiyuanfang. "“A FRIEND FROM FAR AWAY”: BERTOLT BRECHT AND HIS CHINESE-INFLUENCED WORKS." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4162.
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In the theatre field, Bertolt Brecht could be counted as a representation of cross-cultural phenomenon. His Verfremdungseffekt theory, Marxist beliefs and wide application of Chinese elements made him a significant stop for every person in theatre who has a passion for Chinese culture. For this reason, I am studying Brecht as a representative innovator who adapted the Eastern Asian elements, especially those from China, into his work, to illustrate this cultural phenomenon and the artistic achievement of his works as well. As an old saying in the Confucian Analects, “Isn’t it delightful to have friends coming from far away? ”, Brecht is like an old friend of China even though he never went to there. Since his works have been introduced into China from 1930s to 1940s, research of Brecht experienced ups and downs through the different political eras.
Even now, Brecht’s theory and practice still has a deep impact on the Chinese drama. I particularly focus on Brecht’s works toward China, and try to illustrate them based on the former research from the European and American scholars as well as from Chinese scholars. I will clarify the Chinese traditional philosophy as the foundation of the whole thesis as well as the beginning of the first chapter, and analyze the Chinese-styled abstraction of Brecht’s poetry. In Chapter Two, I will illuminate the interaction between Brecht and traditional Chinese opera based on Huang Zuolin’s research. In addition, I will clarify the long-term misunderstanding that Chinese drama had for Brecht. In Chapter Three, I will focus on A Good Woman of Sichuan and The Caucasian Chalk Circle as representations to interpret the relationship between Brecht’s and the original versions as well as the Chinese philosophy that Brecht’s version has employed. Finally, the conclusion contains not only the summary, but also the possibilities for Brecht research in the future. Hopefully my work could balance both the objective truth and my personal thoughts, and contribute to the ones who may need them in the future.
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Sithebe, Faith Bonsile. "The speech act realisation of requests and greetings by non-native and native speakers of siSwati : communication challenges faced by American Peace Corps Volunteers in their interaction with Swazi people." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17874.
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Thesis (MPhil )--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the differences in the communication styles of siSwati and American English speakers. Specifically, it investigates the realization patterns of the speech acts of request and greeting in siSwati, by native and non-native speakers of siSwati. It also investigates how these same speech acts are realised by the non-native speakers of siSwati in their first language, English. The participants were 10 Swazis and 10 American Peace Corps volunteers living in Swaziland, Southern Africa at the time this study was conducted. The data were collected by means of a questionnaire followed up with a semi-structured interview. The data were analysed using the framework of the Cross-cultural Speech Act Realization Project as developed by Blum- Kulka (1989). Common trends were noted in the realization of the two speech acts by native speakers and non-native speakers and conclusions were made based on the similarities and differences observed. Overall, the results suggest (i) that there are marked differences in the way in which American English speakers and Swazi people perform and interpret greetings and requests, and (ii) that such differences emanate from the different cultural orientation of the two groups of people. Since such differences sometimes lead to misunderstandings, there is evident need to make people aware of cultural differences in order for understanding and tolerance to prevail in cross-cultural interactions.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die verskille in die kommunikasiestyle van sprekers van siSwati en Amerikaanse Engels. Dit beskou spesifiek die realiseringspatrone van die taalhandelinge versoek en groet in siSwati, deur moedertaal- en nie-moedertaalsprekers van siSwati, en in Engels. Die deelnemers was 10 Swazis en 10 Amerikaanse Vredekorps-vrywilligers woonagtig in Swaziland, Suid-Afrika, ten tye van die studie. Die data is ingesamel deur middel van 'n vraelys wat opgevolg is deur 'n semi-gestruktureerde onderhoud. Die data is geanaliseervolgens die raamwerk van die Kruiskulturele Spraakhandeling-realiseringsprojek, soos voorgestel deur Blum-Kulka (1989). Algemene tendense is opgemerk in die realisering van die twee spraakhandelinge deur moedertaalsprekers en nie-moedertaalsprekers en afleidings is gemaak op grond van die waargenome verskille en ooreenkomste. Oor die algemeen dui die resultate op (i) duidelike verskille tussen die wyses waarop sprekers van Amerikaanse Engels en Swazis versoeke en groethandelinge uitvoer en interpreteer, en (ii) die verskillende kulturele oriënterings van die twee groepe as oorsprong van hierdie tipe verskille. Aangesien laasgenoemde dikwels aanleiding gee tot misverstand, is dit duidelik noodsaaklik dat mense bewus gemaak word van kulturele verskille ten einde begrip en verdraagsaamheid te laat hoogty vier tydens kruiskulturele interaksie.
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Ferretti, Silvia. "Failed Cross-Cultural Humor in English-Italian Interactions." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/20568/.
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The aim of this dissertation is to investigate why some humor attempts in cross-cultural interaction between English and Italians can fail. Although both countries are located in the same continent, are only divided by about 2,000 km and share a lot of similarities, they also have profound cultural and language-related differences. In particular, cultural differences and language-related problems are often the cause of misunderstandings and awkwardness in cross-cultural interaction, and humor understanding and production is particularly challenging for L2 speakers. For this reason, understanding the causes behind some failed humor attempts could be an effective way to gain a deeper understanding of humor dynamics in both cultures, without forgetting the role played by individual factors. The aim of this dissertation will be achieved through the analysis of 23 examples of recorded interaction taken from TV shows, interviews and podcasts in which there were (at least) one Italian and one English interlocutor and (at least) one of them was an L2 speaker of the other language. Most examples are taken from food-related broadcasts and football interviews and press conferences, as both fields of emerged as the ones with some of the most prominent shares of Italian native interlocutors, given that Italian cuisine is highly appreciated in the UK and that many Italian managers and footballers are hired by Premier League football clubs.
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Kralisch, Anett. "The impact of culture and language on the use of the internet." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15501.
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Diese Arbeit untersucht den Einfluss von Kultur und Sprache auf die Nutzung des Internets. Drei Hauptgebiete wurden bearbeitet: (1) Der Einfluss von Kultur und Sprache auf Nutzerpräferenzen bezüglich der Darstellung von Informationen und Nutzung von Suchoptionen; (2) Der Einfluss von Kultur auf Nutzerpräferenzen bezüglich des Inhaltes von Websiteinformationen; (3) Der Einfluss von Sprache auf die Nutzerzufriedenheit und Sprache als Informationszugangsbarriere Daten aus Logfile-Analysen, Onlinebefragungen und experimentellen Untersuchungen bildeten die Auswertungsgrundlage für die Überprüfung der 33 Hypothesen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass kulturspezifische Denkmuster mit Navigationsmusters und Nutzung von Suchoptionen korrelieren. Der Einfluss von Kultur auf Nutzerpräferenzen bezüglich des Inhaltes von Websiteinformationen erwies sich als weniger eindeutig. Aus den Untersuchungen zum Einfluss von Sprache ging hervor, dass Sprache Web¬sitezugriff und –nutzung beeinflusst. Die Daten zeigen, dass signifikant weniger L1-Nutzer als L2-Nutzer auf eine Website zugreifen. Dies lässt sich zum einem mit dem sprachbedingten kognitiven Aufwand erklären als auch mit der Tatsache, dass Websites unterschiedlicher Sprachen weniger miteinander verlinkt sind als Websites gleicher Sprachen. Im Hinblick auf die Nutzung von Suchoptionen zeigte sich, dass L2 Nutzer mit geringem themenspezifischen Wissen sich signifikant von L1 Nutzern unterscheiden. Schließlich lassen die Ergebnisse auch darauf schließen, dass Zufriedenheit der Nutzer einer Website einerseits mit Sprachfähigkeiten der Nutzer und andererseits mit der wahrgenommenen Menge muttersprachlichen Angebots im Internet korreliert.This thesis analyses the impact of culture and language on Internet use. Three main areas were investigated: (1) the impact of culture and language on preferences for information presentation and search options, (2) the impact of culture on the need for specific website content, and (3) language as a barrier to information access and as a determinant of website satisfaction. In order to test the 33 hypotheses, data was gathered by means of logfile analyses, online surveys, and laboratory studies. It was concluded that culture clearly correlated with patterns of navigation behaviour and the use of search options. In contrast, results concerning the impact of culture on the need for website content were less conclusive. Results concerning language, showed that significantly fewer L1 users than L2 users accessed a website. This can be explained with language related cognitive effort as well as with the fact the websites of different languages are less linked than websites of the same language. With regard to search option use, a strong mediation effect of domain knowledge was found. Furthermore, results revealed correlations between user satisfaction and language proficiency, as well as between satisfaction and the perceived amount of native language information online.
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Yi-Hung, Lin. "A holistic investigation of cross-cultural interactions : the perspective of Taiwanese expatriate management." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.727394.
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This thesis investigates the experiential learning of Taiwanese expatriates and their adjustment to overseas environments. The distinguishing feature of this thesis is its use of qualitative methodologies, such as participant observation and in-depth interviews to look at multiple realities of social and cultural phenomenon. In order to understand the complex issues related to Taiwanese expatriate management, six perspectives of cultural development were examined to provide a holistic view Of how Chinese thought and values, derived from Confucian ideology, influence managerial practice. Having described cultural development in Chinese societies, this research goes further to examine issues involved in expatriate management. Previous research found that expatriates’ managerial practices were differentiated by their cultural norms and suggests the importance of being aware of cultural diversity in a multicultural work setting. However, the literature does not provide a satisfactory explanation of the nature of cultural interactions in expatriate management. This is investigated here using a qualitative methodology, together With a synergistic approach and the use of grounded theory. Four field studies were conducted as follows: • In the first field study, Taiwanese expatriate management was explored from a general perspective by interviewing Taiwanese HR managers and training consultants. This field study identifies the attitudes and practices of Taiwanese multinationals and the government regarding expatriate management. • In the second field study, Taiwanese expatriates were interviewed upon their arrival in the host country, Britain. The area of research investigated Taiwanese expatriates’ initial impressions and psychological adjustments to the host country. lii • The third field study focused on Taiwanese expatriates’ experiences of long-term assignments in Europe. Expatriates who had been overseas for longer than a year were interviewed which integrated the previous two field studies of Taiwanese expatriate management from the perspectives of the parent company and expatriate themselves. • In the fourth field study, the same issues were explored further from a different perspective namely through longitudinal participant observation o f a multicultural project team operating in Europe. Through reflection of the overall research, themes and models were developed in the process of research which provides the theoretical framework for this thesis and future research. Finally, evaluation of this thesis was discussed from the methodological and theoretical, points of view which led to suggestions for future research. It is not my intention to generalise the findings from this thesis as the general themes for the overall expatriate management. However, through the specific example of Taiwanese expatriate management , this thesis provides one view of the multiple phenomena of social realities in expatriate management, I hope those who are interested in this thesis derive as much enjoyment from reading it as I did in doing the research for this thesis.
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Sakurai, Yuka. "Problems and prospects in cross-cultural interactions in Japanese multinational corporations in Australia." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2001. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20020122.092141/index.html.
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Sakurai, Yuka, and Yuka Sakurai@anu edu au. "Problems and Prospects in Cross-Cultural Interactions in Japanese Multinational Corporations in Australia." The Australian National University. Faculty of Economics and Commerce, 2001. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20020122.092141.
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As multinational corporations (MNCs) are extending their international operations they need to examine issues such as the localisation of human resource policies and management, and the effective use of local and expatriate managers. Examination of expatriate studies indicates a lack of attention given to the relationships between expatriate managers and local managers or the perspectives of local managers working in MNCs. This thesis attempts to fill these gaps by focusing on the cross-cultural interactions between expatriate and local managers. This thesis addresses the importance of positive cross-cultural understanding between Japanese expatriate managers and local managers in Japanese subsidiaries in Australia, and its effect on work-related outcomes such as job satisfaction and commitment to the organisation. It identifies macro and micro factors which are associated with levels of job satisfaction and commitment of Japanese expatriate managers and Australian managers with special focus on economic functions of industry, communication, and mutual perceptions. Conceptual models for predicting organisational commitment for Japanese expatriate and Australian managers are developed, and the validity of the models is empirically tested.
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Australian managers and Japanese expatriate managers working for Australian subsidiaries of twelve Japanese-owned firms completed self-report questionnaires anonymously. A unique paired data set is used for particular analyses such as measuring communication and perceptions of each other. This thesis examines differences in work values and beliefs between Japanese expatriates and Australian managers on issues derived from structural and cultural features of Japanese MNCs; for example, the type of subsidiary-head office management (eg. strategic planning), integration of local managers, group-oriented decision making, and work ethic. It is found that there is a significant gap in perceptions between Japanese and Australian managers with regard to corporate membership, but no significant differences are found in their opinions towards the strategic planning style of management. Contrary to our expectations, Australian managers are found to be more group-oriented than Japanese managers.
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The characteristics of two industries, general trading firms (the sogo shosha) and manufacturing firms, are discussed and their impacts upon cross-cultural relationships and work attitudes of managers are examined. Findings indicate that Australian managers in manufacturing firms have more positive perceptions of work relations with Japanese managers and positive work attitudes than Australian managers in the sogo shosha. This suggests that manufacturing firms provide a more positive work environment to Australian managers than the sogo shosha, whereas cross-cultural interactions in the sogo shosha are not very effective, which may cause misunderstanding and mistrust between managers, and lower levels of job satisfaction and organisational commitment of local managers. The type of industry does not affect the work attitudes of Japanese managers or their perceptions of Australian counterparts.
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A conceptual model for predicting the organisational commitment of Japanese and Australian managers are developed and tested empirically. Independent variables included in the model are: individual characteristics, type of industry, psychological integration of local managers into the Japanese organisation, work relations between Japanese and local managers and job satisfaction. Results indicate that job satisfaction, work relations and tenure have significant impacts upon organisational commitment of Australian managers. As for the Japanese managers, job satisfaction and tenure have significant impacts upon organisational commitment, but no association between work relations and organisational commitment is found. In addition, the relationship between work relations and organisational commitment for the Australian managers is partially mediated by job satisfaction, however, this is not the case with the Japanese managers.
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The findings of this thesis will improve our understanding of cross-cultural interactions between expatriates and local managers, increasing overall firm performance and improving the quality of cross-cultural relationships within contemporary society. Moreover, these findings will provide a wider perspective on understanding how organisations can implement localisation of management and integrate local managers into the organisation.
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Lee, Jae-Young. "A Cross-Cultural Investigation of College Students' Environmental Decision-Making Behavior: Interactions among Cultural, Environmental, Decisional, and Personal Factors." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1392299752.
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JUNG, JAE MIN. "INTERACTIVE IMPACT OF CULTURE AND INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS ON ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES, CRITERIA, AND JUDGEMENTAL OUTCOMES: A CROSS-NATIONAL COMPARISON BETWEEN SOUTH KOREA AND UNITED STATES." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1022630223.
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Russell, Lillian R. Ph D. "Identifying Complex Cultural Interactions in the Instructional Design Process: A Case Study of a Cross-Border, Cross-Sector Training for Innovation Program." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/msit_diss/80.
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The purpose of this research is to identify complex cultural dynamics in theinstructional design process of a cross-sector, cross-border training environment by applying Young’s (2009) Culture-Based Model (CBM) as a theoretical framework and taxonomy for description of the instructional design process under the conditions of one case. The guiding question of this study is: How does culture, as defined by Young’s (2009) CBM framework, interact with the instructional design process in this case of a cross-sector, cross-border training program?
This research uses the qualitative approach of case study and applies a cultural design framework to examine the process of instructional design by a team of designers-by-assignment in a NASA/university consortium program to train applied research and development teams for an education software company headquartered in India. Fifteen representative participants were chosen to reflect each role involved in the training program and instructional design process, including management, instructors and students. In over two years of engagement with participants, data was gathered at a NASA space center and in Mumbai, India through interviews, observation and artifact analysis. Data was analyzed to identify where components of the design process, decisions of the design team, and perceptions of the stakeholders overlap with culture as defined by Young’s CBM framework.
The findings indicate that at least twenty-three distinguishable elements of culture interact across the design process in the: 1) goals and funding decisions of the client; 2) goals and design decisions of the design team; 3) perceptions of the training program of all stakeholders; and 4) the observable outcomes of the training program. The findings also offer insight into what stakeholders do or do not consciously attribute to culture. By empirically illuminating the pervasive presence of cultural interactions across the instructional design process, this study advocates for culture to be recognized as a construct of importance in our field and demonstrates the powerful capabilities of using a comprehensive descriptive model as a lens for exploring cultural dynamics in the instructional design process.
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Jhangiani, Ira. "A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Cell Phone Interface Design Preferences from the Perspective of Nationality and Disability." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35096.
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A cell phone is an electronic communication device that helps break down the distance barriers between people, with added mobility advantages. For some users a cell phone is more than a communication device; it may be used as a fashion accessory, and for some the cell phone is needed to seek help in emergency situations. The cell phone market has been expanding globally over the past decade, with approximately 423 million sold globally in the year 2002 (Kiljander & Johanna, 2003). According to the CIA World Factbook (2006), the UK has more cell phones than people. The global expansion of cell phone companies may impose problems to cell phone users, since unlike the personal computer industry the cell phone industry has no standard interface, and manufacturers have the freedom to gradually improve the user interface (Kiljander & Johanna, 2003). For a user interface to be well accepted by a target population it is necessary to identify and explore the underlying design preferences. User interfaces of new technology may lead to anxiety and delayed technology acceptance, especially for users with disabilities. Even though the need for users participating in the design process has been realized, users with disabilities are not always included in the design process (Newell & Gregor, 2001). This study followed a participatory design process, to compare and contrast the cell phone interface design preferences of users from two different nations, including users with no apparent disability and users with visual disabilities.
A study was conducted to identify possible relationships between national culture, disability culture and design preferences of cell phone interfaces. The theoretical framework used to guide this study was Hofstede's (1991) five dimensional cultural model. Various studies have explored cross-cultural interface design and found some relationship of these cultural dimensions with interface design components (Choi et. al., 2005; Marcus, 1999; Marcus and Gould, 2001).
This study included 13 product interactive focus groups, with a total of 69 participants, 34 in India and 35 in the United States, of the age group 19-50 years. There were 4 units of analyses in this research study. This included a control group of users without any apparent disability and a disability group with a visual disability of legal blindness. The two countries, India and the United States, were selected for this comparative study because of their diverse cultural backgrounds and the rapid expansion of cell phone usage which they are witnessing. The four units of analyses differed in their cultural dimensions. There were no significant correlations found on Design preferences of cell phone features based on Choi et at. (2005)'s study on mobile services with Hofstede (1990)'s cultural dimensions. However the relationships of some these features with the underlying cultural dimensions were found when group level analysis instead of the individual level of analysis was undertaken. Differences were also found in the ratings of the hardware attributes between disability groups and differences in usability ratings were found based on nationality and disability groups. The content analysis of the focus group sessions provided an insight to the preferences on cell phone interface components and the gave a better understanding of the mobile/cell phone culture in the two countries. These results are summarized to provide guidelines for designing cross-cultural user interfaces that are nationality specific and disability specific. A pyramid model for a holistic process of designing cell phones for users with disabilities integrated the findings of this thesis and Jordon (2002)'s pleasurability framework is proposed in the conclusion section of this thesis.Master of Science
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Pydyn, Andrzej. "Exchange and cultural interactions : a study of long-distance trade and cross-cultural contacts in the late Bronze Age and early iron Age in Central and Eastern Europe /." Oxford : Archaeopress, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37199814f.
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HADIYONO, JOHANA ENDANG PRAWITASARI. "THE EFFECT OF THE NATIVE LANGUAGE AND ENGLISH DURING INTERACTIONAL GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY WITH INDONESIAN AND MALAYSIAN STUDENTS, AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THIS METHOD FOR FOREIGN STUDENTS FROM NON-WESTERN COUNTRIES." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/188050.
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Language and treatment modality are important variables in conducting psychotherapy with students from non-Western countries. Both variables might also have significant impact on therapeutic outcome. Foreign students in America speak at least two languages, and utilizing either their native language or English during sessions might result in different kinds of emotional expressiveness. Indonesian and Malaysian students are from countries where it is uncommon to express emotions publicly. Since language is a part of culture, using English might facilitate a distancing from their cultural context, and might also facilitate more verbal expressions of emotion. On the other hand, using their native language might facilitate a warm and "at home" atmosphere. The purpose of this dissertation is to study the effect of native language and English during interactional group psychotherapy with Indonesian and Malaysian students, and to assess the efficacy of this modality with foreign students. Yalom's interactional group psychotherapy was used with a group of Indonesian, a group of Malaysian, and a group of international students. These three treatment groups were compared to a group of international students who served as a control group. English and the native language were used alternately during the sessions with the Indonesian and Malaysian groups. Only English was used during the sessions with the international student groups. Objective measurements used were the Profile of Mood States, the Personal Orientation Inventory, the Group Environment Scale, the Group Climate Questionnaire, and the Subjective Evaluation Ratings Scale. Subjective measurement was independent judges. Results indicated that Indonesians and Malaysians rated themselves as significantly more active during sessions in English than during sessions in their native language. Raters perceived the Indonesian and Malaysian groups as more cohesive when sessions were conducted in the native language than when conducted in English. This study also indicated that interactional group psychotherapy was effective for foreign students, with some limitations. This treatment method was effective in improving mood states and personality profiles. The method was most effective for the Malaysians. In addition, this study also supported the notion that insight awareness therapy is effective for YAVIS (young, attractive, verbal, intelligent, successful) clients.