Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cross-country skis

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Cross-country skis'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 24 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Cross-country skis"

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Komi, Paavo V. "Force Measurements during Cross-Country Skiing." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 3, no. 4 (November 1987): 370–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.3.4.370.

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To understand cross-country (X-C) siding it is important to record and identity forces of skis and poles separately and together. They both contribute to the forward progression, but their functional significance may be more complex than that of the ground reaction forces in running and walking. This report presents two methods to record forces on skis and poles during normal X-C skiing. A long force-platform system with four rows of 6-m long plates is placed under the snow track for recording of Fz and Fy forces of each ski and pole separately. This system is suitable especially for the study of diagonal technique under more strict experimental conditions. The second system consists of small lightweight Fz and Fy component force plates which are installed under the boot and binding. These plates can be easily changed from one ski to another, and telemetric recording allows free skiing over long distances and with different skiing techniques, including skating. The presentation emphasizes the integrated use of either system together with simultaneous cinematographic and electromyographic recordings.
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Pierce, Javin C., Malcolm H. Pope, Per Renstrom, Robert J. Johnson, Janet Dufek, and Charles Dillman. "Force Measurement in Cross-Country Skiing." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 3, no. 4 (November 1987): 382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.3.4.382.

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A method for measuring the forces between the shoe and ski and upon the pole has been developed. Instrumented skis and poles are used with a portable data acquisition system that is carried by the skier in the field. Elite, top-level collegiate, and citizen skiers were used as subjects. Skiers performed the diagonal stride, and a marathon skate. Axial force levels at the forefoot were found to reach 164%, and 120% of body weight in the diagonal skate strides, respectively.
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Schindelwig, Kurt, Martin Mössner, Michael Hasler, and Werner Nachbauer. "Determination of the rolling resistance of roller skis." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 231, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337116628719.

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The rolling resistance of skis used in roller skiing competitions should resemble the gliding resistance of cross-country skis to allow specific training and moving patterns for cross-country skiing and to guarantee equal opportunities for athletes in roller ski races. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to develop a portable rolling resistance meter to precisely measure the rolling resistance of roller skis. Measurements were based on recordings of the angular deceleration of a flywheel due to the rolling resistance between a roller ski’s wheel and the flywheel’s steel surface. Rolling resistance coefficients of four roller ski types ranged between 0.019 and 0.025. Measurements of the rolling resistance coefficient showed a precision of 1.26%. Substantial rolling resistance coefficient variations (10%) were observed for wheels of the same type. Furthermore, the rolling resistance coefficient was found to be negatively correlated with normal load or ambient temperature. The proposed rolling resistance meter is appropriate to determine the rolling resistance coefficient of roller skis’ wheels precisely.
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Watts, Phillip B., Jon Eric Sulentic, Kip M. Drobish, Timothy P. Gibbons, Victoria S. Newbury, Martin D. Hoffman, Scott W. Mittelstadt, Kathleen P. O'Hagan, and Philip S. Clifford. "Physiological Responses to Specific Maximal Exercise Tests for Cross-Country Skiing." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 18, no. 4 (December 1, 1993): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h93-030.

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The present study attempted to quantify differences in peak physiological responses to pole-striding (PS), double poling on roller skis (DP), and diagonal striding on roller skis (DS) during maximal exercise. Six expert cross-country ski racers (3 M, 3 F) with a mean age of 20.2 ± 1.3 yrs served as subjects. Testing was conducted on a motorized ski treadmill with a tracked belt surface. Expired air was analyzed continuously via an automated open-circuit system and averaged each 20 s. Heart rate was monitored via telemetry and arterialized blood was collected within 1 min of test termination and analyzed immediately for lactate. Peak values for heart rate and blood lactate did not differ among techniques. Peak oxygen uptake was higher for PS and DS versus DP whereas no difference was found between PS and DS. The VO2 peak for DP was 77 and 81% of VO2 peak for PS and DS, respectively. It was concluded that despite similar peak heart rate and blood lactate values, DP elicits a lower VO2 peak than DS or PS and that PS responses appear to closely reflect those of DS. Key words: exercise testing, maximum oxygen uptake, roller skiing, specificity of exercise, x-c skiing
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Spring, Erik, Sauli Savolainen, Jari Erkkilä, Tuomo Hämäläinen, and Pekka Pihkala. "Drag Area of a Cross-Country Skier." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 4, no. 2 (May 1988): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.4.2.103.

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The drag area CDA of three male cross-country skiers as a function of their velocity was determined from their retardation when they were gliding on roller-skis over a horizontal smooth asphalt surface in a subway. The results show that CDA is a slightly decreasing function of the skier’s velocity in the velocity range 5–11 m/s. The drag area of a skier was found to be 0.27 ± 0.03 m2in a semi-squatting posture and 0.65 ± 0.05 m2in an upright posture for an average size skier (weight 80 kg, height 1.75 m). The difference in the drag area between a normal outdoor suit and a tight-fitting ski suit was found to be as much as 30%. A skier keeping pace with a skier ahead will gain a reduction in drag of about 25 %. The leading skier in this study was found to have his drag reduced by approximately 3 % compared to what it would be if there were no skier pacing up with him. The skier behind hinders the skier ahead from generating to a full extent the vortexes behind himself or herself. These reductions are of course strongly dependent on the distance between the skiers.
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Ohtonen, Olli, Stefan Lindinger, and Vesa Linnamo. "Effects of Gliding Properties of Cross-Country Skis on the Force Production during Skating Technique in Elite Cross-Country Skiers." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 8, no. 2 (June 2013): 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.8.2.407.

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Хуртик, Дмитро, and Ірина Хмельницька. "Features of techniques of movement on skis and roller skis in elite hard of hearing cross-country skiers." Theory and Methods of Physical Education and Sports, no. 4 (October 30, 2013): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.32652/tmfvs.2013.4.81-85.

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Street, Glenn M., and Robert W. Gregory. "Relationship between Glide Speed and Olympic Cross-Country Ski Performance." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 10, no. 4 (November 1994): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.10.4.393.

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While the scientific literature has confirmed the importance of high maximal aerobic power to successful cross-country skiing performance, the same cannot be said of skiing technique or gliding characteristics of skis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether glide speed was related to Olympic race performance. Male competitors in the 50-km freestyle event were videotaped during the 1992 Winter Olympic Games. Glide speeds of the entire field were measured through a 20-m flat section at the bottom of a 150-m, 12° downhill. A significant correlation (r = -.73) was found between finish time and glide speed, showing that the more successful competitors tended to have faster glide speeds through this section of the course. A predictive model of glide speed suggested that the faster glide speeds were due primarily to differences in friction. There was little evidence to suggest that differences in air drag, body mass, or initial speed accounted for the major differences in glide speeds.
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Smith, Gerald A., Richard C. Nelson, Adam Feldman, and Jeffrey L. Rankinen. "Analysis of V1 Skating Technique of Olympic Cross-Country Skiers." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 5, no. 2 (May 1989): 185–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.5.2.185.

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The alternate stride or V1 skate technique was the predominant skiing method used in the free technique races of the 1988 Calgary Games. High-speed films were recorded of two free technique races: the Men’s 50 K and the Ladies' 20 K. A moderate and a steep uphill were sites of the filming, and both temporal and kinematic analyses were made. Times for a complete skating cycle tended to decrease on the steep hill (cycle rate increased). Cycle temporal proportions shifted to longer poling and recovery phases while the skating phases shortened on the steeper terrain. Mean cycle velocities (CV), cycle lengths (CL), and cycle rates (CR) were determined. Differences in kinematic relationships were noted: Male skiers included both those who emphasized CL to maximize CV and those who emphasized CR; females were relatively more consistent in emphasis on CR. In either case, center of mass (CM) motions were related to CR and CL. Increased lateral motion of CM tended to increase CL while decreasing CR. Ski edging angles were negatively correlated; a sharply edged ski on one side was usually associated with the other ski being relatively flat. The relationship of glide to ski flatness suggests that many skiers might benefit from skating with both skis relatively flat.
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Gervais, Pierre, and Craig Wronko. "The Marathon Skate in Nordic Skiing Performed on Roller Skates, Roller Skis, and Snow Skis." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 4, no. 1 (February 1988): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.4.1.38.

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In the past few years there has been a change from emphasizing the classical cross-country ski technique to introducing the skating technique. Use of the skating stride has led to the adoption of roller skates instead of the ratchet-type roller skis for dryland training. Therefore the question arises as to whether the roller skates simulate the movement pattern observed on snow. This study attempted to answer this question and to evaluate the movement similarity between a newly designed skating-specific roller ski and snow skis in performing the skating stride. The marathon skate was chosen for analysis as it was the most established and consistent skating stride. Biomechanical cinematography was used to acquire a sagittal and anterior view of the skiers. Temporal and angular kinematic data were collected. Both dryland devices approximated the snow skiing pattern, yet it was found that due to the discrepancies in the propulsion phase between the roller skates and the snow skis, the “Nordic Skate” roller skis proved to more closely simulate the on-snow technique.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cross-country skis"

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Cortes, Morales Myrna Carolina. "Characterization of cross-country ski base material." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-85856.

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Cross-country skiing has developed to become one of the most competitive winter sports, where a skier can win by fractions of seconds. Joint efforts between ski technicians and scientist have allowed the development of methodologies to prepare the ski surface, yet much of the knowledge up to date is based on the experience of the technicians.  In this sense, much attention is focused on the ski base, given that the friction at the base is an important factor that will define how fast a ski can glide. Ski base preparation is an extensive procedure, due to the several parameters that have to be taken into account. Much disagreement has risen regarding the best way to optimize the base. Thus, a complete characterization of the ski base can help to provide some clarity on the factors that affect friction.   This work presents the results of the characterization of the ski base through the preparation process by observing and measuring different aspects, using characterization techniques such as LOM, optical profilometry, contact angle, DSC and XCT. The results suggest that the mechanical machining of the surface can influence wax retention and hydrophobicity. Furthermore, it is seen that wax is present after the first waxing step, despite the constant brushing and scraping. No major changes were observed for the crystallinity. Finally, the amount of graphite on the surface was quantified. This is hoped to be helpful for ski technicians and athletes alike to improve the performance of their skis.
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Camenisch, Karin. "Flexibility as a determinant of rollerskiing economy in cross-country skiers." Thesis, Montana State University, 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/camenisch/CamenischK0807.pdf.

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Jacobson, Erik Andrew. "Effect of ski pole stiffness on upper body power output in cross-country skiers." Thesis, Montana State University, 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/jacobson/JacobsonE0508.pdf.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether increased pole stiffness corresponds with higher measures of upper body power in competitive cross-country skiers. Fifteen elite/college level cross-country ski racers (8 men, 7 women) tested UBP on a custom-built double-poling ergometer. Ski poles tested were two models of the same brand with different factory-specified stiffness ratings. Subjects underwent three 10 s UBP tests (W10, W) and one 60 s UBP test (W60, W) for each pole type. UBP measures were defined as the average power output over the length of each test. Video recordings of the 10 s and 60 s tests were analyzed with digital imaging software to determine the maximum bend angle for each pole type. Ergometer and kinematic measures were compared by ski poles tested (stiff vs. less stiff) using a multivariate RMANOVA (α=0.05).
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Ainegren, Mats. "Roller skis' rolling resistance and grip characteristics : influences on physiological and performance measures in cross-country skiers." Doctoral thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik och hållbar utveckling, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-16446.

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The aim of this thesis was to investigate roller ski characteristics; classical and freestyle roller skis’ rolling resistance coefficients (μR) and classical style roller skis’ static friction coefficients (μS), and to study the influence of different μR and μS on cross-country skiers’ performance and both physiological and biomechanical indices. The aim was also to study differences in skiing economy and efficiency between recreational skiers, female and male junior and senior elite cross-country skiers.The experiments showed that during a time period of 30 minutes of rolling on a treadmill (warm-up), μR decreased significantly (p<0.05) to about 60-65 % and 70-75 % of its initial value for freestyle and classical roller skis respectively. Also, there was a significant influence of normal force on μR, while different velocities and inclinations of the treadmill only resulted in small changes in μR.The study of the influence on physiological variables of a ~50 % change in μR showed that during submaximal steady rate exercise, external power, oxygen uptake, heart rate and blood lactate were significantly changed, while there were non-significant or only small changes to cycle rate, cycle length and ratings of perceived exertion. Incremental maximal tests showed that time to exhaustion was significantly changed and this occurred without a change in maximal power, maximal oxygen uptake, maximal heart rate and blood lactate, and that the influence on ratings of perceived exertion was non-significant or small.The study of classical style roller skis μS showed values that were five to eight times more than the values of μS reported from on-snow skiing with grip-waxed cross-country skis.The subsequent physiological and biomechanical experiments with different μS showed a significantly lower skiing economy (~14 % higher v̇O2), higher heart rate, lower propulsive forces coming from the legs and shorter time to exhaustion (~30 %) when using a different type of roller ski with a μS similar to on-snow skiing, while there was no difference between tests when using different pairs of roller skis with a (similar) higher μS.The part of the thesis which focused on skiing economy and efficiency as a function of skill, age and gender, showed that the elite cross-country skiers had better skiing economy and higher gross efficiency (5-18 %) compared with the recreational skiers, and the senior elite had better economy and higher efficiency (4-5 %) than their junior counterparts, while no differences could be found between the genders.
Syftet med denna avhandling var att undersöka fristils- och klassiska rullskidors rullmotståndskoefficienter (μR) och klassiska rullskidors statiska friktionskoefficienter (μS) samt effekter av olika μR och μS på längdskidåkares prestation vid rullskidåkning på rullande band. Syftet var även att undersöka s.k. åkekonomi och mekanisk verkningsgrad mellan motionärer och kvinnliga och manliga junior- och seniorlängdskidåkare på elitnivå.Experimenten visade att under en period av 30 minuters kontinuerligt rullande, på rullande band, så sjönk μR signifikant (p<0.05) till 60-65 % och 70-75 % av initiala värden, för fristils- respektive klassiska rullskidor. Undersökandet av olika normalkrafter, hastigheter och lutningars påverkan på μR resulterade i en signifikant, negativ korrelation för μR som funktion av normalkraft, medan olika hastigheter och lutningar endast medförde små förändringar av μR.Studien som undersökte fysiologiska effekter av olika μR visade, vid submaximala konstanta arbetsbelastningar, att yttre effekt, syreupptagning, hjärtfrekvens och blodlaktat förändrades signifikant vid ~50 % förändring av μR. Försökspersonernas frekvens och sträcka per frekvens samt skattning av upplevd ansträngning resulterade dock i mestadels icke signifikanta eller små förändringar. Protokollen med successivt ökande arbetsbelastning (maxtest) resulterade i signifikant förändrad tid till utmattning, vid ~50 % förändring av μR. Detta inträffade utan signifikant skillnad i maximal syreupptagning, hjärtfrekvens och blodlaktat, vilket även mestadels gällde för skattning av upplevd ansträngning.Experimenten som undersökte klassiska rullskidors μS visade att dessa erhöll värden som är fem till åtta gånger högre än vad som rapporterats från studier av μS på snö med fästvallade skidor.Den efterföljande studien som undersökte fysiologiska och biomekaniska influenser av olika μS visade, vid submaximala konstanta arbetsbelastningar, att åkekonomin försämrades (~14 % högre syreförbrukning), hjärtfrekvensen ökade, den framåtdrivande kraften från benen på rullskidorna minskade samt att det blev kortare tid till utmattning (~30 %), vid maxtest, när skidåkarna använde rullskidor med en μS i likhet med vad som rapporterats för skidåkning på snö. För arbetsförsöken med olika rullskidor av olika fabrikat med en högre, och likartad, μS förelåg ingen skillnad i de undersökta variablerna.Studien som undersökte åkekonomi och mekanisk verkningsgrad som funktion av prestationsnivå, ålder och kön, visade att elitskidåkarna hade bättre åkekonomi och verkningsgrad (5-18 %) i jämförelse med motionärerna, att seniorerna hade bättre åkekonomi och verkningsgrad (4-5 %) än juniorerna och att ingen skillnad kunde konstateras mellan könen.
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Stark, Ryan M. "Blood lactate threshold determination in elite cross-country skiers on a ski treadmill." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5633.

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Bergström, Anna Charlotta, and Linda Jacobsson. "Produktutveckling av sitski : En uppdaterad modell för längdskidåkning på elitnivå." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för kvalitets- och maskinteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-39669.

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Att utöva fysiska aktiviteter ska vara möjligt för alla.Genom parasporten, som är sporter anpassade förpersoner med olika funktionsnedsättningar, görs dettamöjligt för alla, oavsett vilka fysiska förutsättningar manhar. Cross-country sitskiing är en gren inom parasportensom växer mer och mer i antalet utövare. Vid utövandetav Cross-country sitskiing sitter åkaren i en typ av kälkesom kallas sitski. Denna är anpassad efter individen ochkan därför se mycket olika ut. Vid tävling är det viktigtatt utrustningen passar bra och håller en låg vikt.Med syftet att förbättra prestationen för en åkare, samtgöra det enklare för andra att göra detsamma, gav SportsTech Research Centre rapportförfattarna i uppdrag attutvärdera och utveckla en sitskiåkares nuvarande sitski.Målet med arbetet är att ta fram ett produktionsunderlagför en ny sitski utifrån åkarens önskemål.Arbetet har skett genom de fyra faserna förstudie,konceptgenerering, konceptval och detaljkonstruktion. Iförstudien undersöktes marknaden i stort och enförståelse för sporten och sitskin skapades. Vidare ikonceptgenereringen undersöktes mer detaljer av desitskis som redan finns på marknaden och möjligalösningar började tas fram, dessa kombinerades till olikakoncept. I konceptvalet kontrollerades koncepten ochjämfördes mot satta krav samt mot varandra. De tvåkoncepten som togs vidare förädlades för att kunna väljaett slutgiltigt koncept. Detta koncept togs vidare till densista fasen, detaljkonstruktion, där det bearbetadesytterligare för att sedan kontrolleras med FEM-analyser.Resultatet gav en ny sitski med väldigt likvärdig viktmot den tidigare. Dock har den nya en öppnare vinkel ihöften, då detta var önskat för att försöka ökaåkeffektiviteten. Den nya sitskin är även merergonomisk än den tidigare, har bättre passform och ärmer personanpassad.
Performing physical activities should be possible foreveryone. Through parasport, i.e. sports adapted forpeople with disabilities, this becomes possible foreveryone - despite differences in physical conditions.Cross country sit-skiing is a competitive sport in theparasport community which has been growing a lot interms of number of athletes. Performing Cross countrysit-skiing, the skier sits in a type of sledge, which is calleda sit-ski. The sit-ski is usually fitted after each individualand can therefore have big differences in appearance andfunctionality. In competitive sports, it is important tohave well-adjusted equipment that also holds a lowweight.With the purpose to improve one skiers performancewhilst also making it possible for others to do the same,the task given by Sports Tech Research Centre was toevaluate and develop a sit-ski used by an athlete incompetition. The aim being to produce a documentationof production for a new sit-ski, adjusted to the skierspreferences.The work has gone through the four phases: prestudy,concept generation, concept selection and detail design.The prestudy analyzed the market in general and anunderstanding for the sport and sit-skis generally wasestablished. The concept generation consisted ofexamining details in sit-skis already on the market, andbeginning to produce possible solutions, which werecombined into different concepts. In the conceptselection, the concepts were checked and compared tothe requirements and to each other. The two conceptswere further refined, to finally be able choose a final one.The final concept was developed further in the detaildesign phase and checked with further FEM-analysis.The result being an improved sit-ski, although with aweight comparable to the old one, a wider angle at thehip to hopefully improve skiing efficiency. The new sit-ski is more ergonomic than the original one, better fittedand more personalized.

Betyg 2020-07-08/2020-08-13

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Nelson, Lars. "App based ski management with performance predictions." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för data- och systemvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-37949.

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This report aims to solve a problem for the   waxers in the Swedish National Cross-country Ski Team, which hereafter will   be referred to as the national team. The problem in hand is that currently,   the national team lacks a system for book-keeping of ski pairs and ski tests.   Also, the project intends to provide a tool for predicting the best ski pairs   in given conditions. The report describes cross-country skis and factors that   affect the performance of these skis. Moreover, this report presents the   testing procedure of the national team. The project provides a solution to   the problem in hand by developing a web service based on Django and Django   REST Framework and an iOS application to handle the user interaction. The app   was tested and approved by the waxers of the national team. To predict the   best performing skis in given conditions, the three Machine Learning   algorithms Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree, and Artificial Neural   Network (ANN) is implemented and evaluated. Experimental results indicate   that the ANN algorithm has better accuracy than the Decision Tree, and that   the SVM algorithms and that the SVM was performing slightly worse than the   other two, when applied on test data which is artificially generated based on   the experience of the national team. All three Machine Learning algorithms   perform better in terms of mean accuracy which is significantly higher   compared to the accuracy of a baseline algorithm. The report suggests that   the accuracy of the ANN algorithm is high enough to be useful for the   national team.
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Frankish, Mark T. "Better Understanding the Adoption of the Long-term Athlete Development Model: Case Analyses of Cross-country Ski Coaches." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20271.

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The Long Term Athlete Development (LTAD) model is an innovation created in response to the Canadian Sport Policy (Canadian Heritage, 2007). The LTAD is an “athlete centered, coach driven, and administration, sport science, and sponsor supported” (Canadian Sport Centres, 2006, p. 33) athlete-development model. Since little research has been completed focusing on this model (viz., Black & Holt, 2009) this thesis had the purpose to better understand the adoption of the LTAD by cross-country ski (XCS) coaches. Two articles present a case study of three XCS club’s coaches, and a descriptive qualitative analysis of XCS coaches (N=13). Both analyses used Rogers’ (2003) Diffusion of Innovations theoretical framework to structure the narrative-interview guide, coding structure, and thematic analysis. Two key results of the thesis were an understanding of the link between a club’s characteristics and a coach’s perceived attributes of the LTAD, and secondly a proposed classification system for XCS coaches.
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Thomas, Mark. "A physiological and biomechanical profile of the athletes competing in a World Cup cross-country ski relay event." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0024/MQ33458.pdf.

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Larsson, Emelie. "Wax-accessory for cross-country skiers : Development of a wax-bench that collect waste." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-70833.

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This is a master thesis report for MSc in Industrial Design Engineering at Luleå University of Technology. It is a development project where a wax-bench for cross-country skiing has been developed. The wax-bench have been developed to facilitate the clean-up for the user and to gather all wax-accessories at one place. In this report the entire project can be followed from start to finish, how the requirements were found, who is the user, what should the product handle and how was the ideas ge- nerated. The final result is a wax- box that is vacuum formed and folded in the middle. In the box there are adjustable profiles to place the ski on and an adjustable attachment part in the center that attaches to the skis binding. The box acts as a collector of the waste that is produced when waxing skis, and as storage of waxing accessories when not in use. How to install the accessory in the box is not yet determined, but the idea is to develop a specific bag that fits perfectly in the wax-box and includes all the usual accessories. This bag should then be taken out when you wax and put back in the box after complete the waxing.
I den här rapporten kan man följa ett examensarbete för civilingenjörsprogrammet Tek- nisk Design på Luleå Tekniska Universitet. Projektet består av ett utvecklingsarbete där en vallabänk för längdskidåkning har utvecklas. Vallabänken har utvecklats för att underlätta städningen för användaren och för att samla alla vallatillbehör på en och samma plats. I den här rapporten kan man följa hela projektet från start till mål, hur kraven hittades, vem är användaren, vad ska produkten klara av och hur genererades ideer. Det slutgiltiga resultatet är en valla-låda som är vakuumformad och viks ihop på mitten. I lådan finns det justerbara profiler att placera skidan på samt ett justerbart fäste i mitten som fäster i skidans bindning. Lådan fungerar som uppsamlare av skräpet som bildas när man vallar skidor och som förvaring av vallatillbehör när den inte används. Hur valla-tillbehöret ska placeras är ännu inte fastställt men tanken är att det ska utvecklas en specifik väska som passar in perfekt i valla-boxen och som har plats för alla de vanliga tillbehören. Denna väska ska sedan gå att plocka ur när man vallar och placera tillbaka i boxen efter utförd vallning.
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Books on the topic "Cross-country skis"

1

Skating on skis. Syracuse, N.Y: Acorn Pub., 1988.

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Waxing and care of cross-country skis. Berkeley: Wilderness Press, 1986.

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Alberta. Alberta Recreation and Parks. Cross country ski trails. [Edmonton, Alta.]: Alberta Recreation and Parks, Recreation Development Division, 1988.

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Burns, Kylie. Biathlon, cross country, ski jumping, and nordic combined. New York: Crabtree Pub. Co., 2010.

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Burns, Kylie. Biathlon, cross-country, ski jumping, and nordic combined. New York: Crabtree Pub. Co., 2010.

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Umbrella guide to skiing in Alaska: Downhill and cross- country. Kenmore, WA: Epicenter Press, 1997.

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Burns, Kylie. Biathlon, cross-country, ski jumping, and nordic combined. New York, NY: Crabtree Pub. Co., 2010.

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ill, Dickason Jack, ed. Ski!: Your guide to cross-country, downhill, jumping, racing, freestyle, and more. Washington, D.C: National Geographic, 2002.

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Ski faster, easier. Champaign, Ill: Leisure Press, 1986.

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Peter, Shelton. The snow skier's bible. New York: Doubleday, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cross-country skis"

1

Bäckström, Mikael, Leon Dahlen, and Mats Tinnsten. "Essential Ski Characteristics for Cross-Country Skis Performance (P251)." In The Engineering of Sport 7, 543–49. Paris: Springer Paris, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-2-287-09413-2_66.

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Carlsson, Peter, M. Ainegren, M. Tinnsten, D. Sundström, B. Esping, A. Koptioug, and M. Bäckström. "Cross-Country Ski." In The Engineering Approach to Winter Sports, 107–51. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3020-3_5.

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Johansson, Moa, Marie Korneliusson, and Nickey Lizbat Lawrence. "Identifying Cross Country Skiing Techniques Using Power Meters in Ski Poles." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 52–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35664-4_5.

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Svensson, Daniel. "Skiing Through Time: Articulating a Landscape Heritage of Swedish Cross-Country Skiing." In Leisure Cultures and the Making of Modern Ski Resorts, 93–115. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92025-2_5.

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Hejda, Jan, Petr Volf, Jakub Mejstřík, Ján Hýbl, Aleš Tvrzník, David Gerych, Tomáš Michálek, Čestmír Oberman, Emil Bolek, and Patrik Kutílek. "Design of Device for Measuring the Load of Cross-Country Ski Poles." In IFMBE Proceedings, 640–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31635-8_77.

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Baumann, W. "The Mechanics of the Roller Ski and its Influence on Technique in Cross Country Skiing." In Biomechanics: Current Interdisciplinary Research, 711–16. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7432-9_108.

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Tinnsten, M., and L. Kuzmin. "Estimation of Dirt Attraction on Running Surfaces of Cross-Country Skis." In The Impact of Technology on Sport II. Taylor & Francis, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439828427.ch124.

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"Cross-country ski technology." In Routledge Handbook of Sports Technology and Engineering, 199–216. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203851036-23.

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Watanabe, Kazuhiko. "Ski-Jumping, Alpine-, Cross-Country-, and Nordic-Combination Skiing." In Biomechanics of Sport, 239–61. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003068549-7.

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Watanabe, Kazuhiko. "Ski-Jumping, Alpine-, Cross-Country-, and Nordic-Combination Skiing." In Biomechanics of Sport, 239–61. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003068549-7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cross-country skis"

1

Bruzzo, John, A. L. Schwab, Aki Mikkola, Olli Ohtonen, and Vesa Linnamo. "A Simple Multibody Dynamic Model of Cross-Country Ski-Skating." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12859.

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The purpose of this paper is to present the development of a simple multibody dynamic model matching the observed movements of the center of mass of a skier performing the skating technique in cross-country skiing. The formulation of the equation of motion was made using the Euler–Lagrange equations applied to a multibody tree-type system in three dimensions. The description of the lower limb of the skier and the ski was completed by employing three bodies, one representing the ski, and two representing the natural movements of the leg of the skier. This simple model is able to show an approximation of the movement of the center of mass of the skier and its velocity behavior allowing to study the effect of the key parameters used to build the model.
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Bruzzo, John, A. L. Schwab, Aki Mikkola, Antti Valkeapää, Olli Ohtonen, and Vesa Linnamo. "A Simple Mechanical Model for Simulating Cross-Country Skiing Propulsive Force." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46454.

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In this paper, a three-dimensional multibody dynamic model of a cross-country skier is developed and presented where a single propulsion phase is modeled to obtain the kinetic parameters involved in the movement. A professional Olympic-level skier performed the skating technique without poles in a ski tunnel under controlled conditions and on an incline plane. Then, with the use of a force acquisition system attached to the ski bindings and a motion capture system set on site, the leg resultant forces and the movement of specific points of the skier’s lower body were acquired. The data obtained from the motion capture system was used as the prescribed kinematic input data in the multibody model and the measured force was used later as a comparison parameter with the results of the simple model. After simulating the technique, the calculated propulsion forces seem to be in agreement with those measured in the field.
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Wang, Jiawei, Yong-Yi Wang, William A. Bruce, Steve Rapp, and Russell Scoles. "Development of Lifting and Lowering-in Plan for the Control of Construction Stresses." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9753.

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Abstract Construction of a cross-country pipeline involves lifting the pipeline off the skids and lowering it into the trench (lifting and lowering-in). This can introduce the highest stress magnitude that the pipe may experience over its service life. If not managed properly, overly high stresses may cause integrity issues during construction and/or service. If the girth welds are qualified and accepted using alternative flaw acceptance criteria, such as those in API 1104 Annex A and CSA Z662 Annex K, these stresses must be kept below a preset level during lifting and lowering-in to satisfy the requirements of those standards. This paper covers the development and usage of a stress analysis tool for the continuous lifting and lowering-in of pipe strings without a concrete coating or river weights. The outcome of the stress analysis can be used to develop lifting and lowering-in plans for construction crews. The core functionality of the application tool is to calculate the stresses from bending in the vertical and horizontal planes. The stresses from vertical bending are derived from an extensive analysis of continuous lifting and lowering-in processes. The stresses from horizontal bending are calculated using closed-form analytical solutions. The tool provides a graphical interface that interprets the background stress analysis results and displays information necessary for the development of lifting and lowering-in plans. The tool can be used to evaluate what-if scenarios for various tentative lifting and lowering-in scenarios. The process of using the tool to develop lifting and lowering-in plans is demonstrated in this paper through an example problem. The number of sidebooms and other lifting and lowering-in parameters such as sideboom spacing and lifting height range are changed to make the lifting and lowering-in plan easy to use for the laying contractors. Such tradeoffs can be addressed proactively with construction contractors to ensure that a mutually acceptable approach to lifting and lowering-in is taken.
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