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Journal articles on the topic 'Cross country skiing'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Blackman, P. "Cross country skiing." British Journal of Sports Medicine 38, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2003.008250.

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2

Schelkun, Patrice Heinz. "Cross-Country Skiing." Physician and Sportsmedicine 20, no. 2 (February 1992): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1992.11947419.

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3

Nilsson, Johnny, Per Tveit, and Olav Eikrehagen. "Cross‐Country Skiing." Sports Biomechanics 3, no. 1 (January 2004): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763140408522832.

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4

Tikkanen, H. O., and J. E. Peltonen. "ASTHMA - CROSS-COUNTRY SKIING." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 31, Supplement (May 1999): S99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199905001-00335.

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5

Eagan, Diane. "Tandem Cross-Country Skiing." Recreational Sports Journal 9, no. 2 (February 1985): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/nirsa.9.2.53.

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6

Morris, Patrick J., and Douglas F. Hoffman. "Injuries in cross-country skiing." Postgraduate Medicine 105, no. 1 (January 1999): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/pgm.1999.01.494.

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7

Clark, Stephanie C., and Edward R. Laskowski. "Shoulder Pain Cross-Country Skiing." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 54, no. 9S (September 2022): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000879400.48105.de.

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8

Smith, Matthew, Gordon O. Matheson, and Willem H. Meeuwisse. "Injuries in Cross-Country Skiing." Sports Medicine 21, no. 3 (March 1996): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199621030-00006.

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9

Wozniak, Carl, Scott Drum, Benjamin Hugus, Erica Wozniak, and Phillip Watts. "“Clumping” in Cross Country Skiing." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 47 (May 2015): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000476473.34162.75.

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10

Hancock, E. William. "Palpitation While Cross-Country Skiing." Hospital Practice 29, no. 10 (October 15, 1994): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21548331.1994.11443085.

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11

Lemos, Diego F., Matthew G. Geeslin, Christopher Kanner, Mark E. Lach, and Roar R. Pedersen. "Musculoskeletal Injuries in Cross-Country Skiing." Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology 26, no. 01 (February 2022): 069–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1731703.

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AbstractCross-country skiing, one of the oldest forms of skiing, is enjoyed widely as a recreational activity and as a competitive sport. It is practiced in regions with snow-covered landscapes, particularly in the Nordic countries and with increasing popularity in non-Nordic countries of Europe as well as in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, among others. Cross-country skiing is a fairly safe activity, and historically the risk of injury has been relatively low. However, advances in equipment development, together with increasing speeds, more demanding trails, and growing numbers of participants, have all contributed to a larger report of injuries, although still comparatively low versus other skiing modalities. Injuries in cross-country skiing can occur either after a single traumatic event or in the setting of chronic repetitive microtrauma (i.e., overuse injuries).
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12

Eisenman, Patricia A., Stephen C. Johnson, Cynthia N. Bainbridge, and Michael F. Zupan. "Applied Physiology of Cross-Country Skiing." Sports Medicine 8, no. 2 (August 1989): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198908020-00001.

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13

Renstrom, Per, and Robert J. Johnson. "Cross-Country Skiing Injuries and Biomechanics." Sports Medicine 8, no. 6 (December 1989): 346–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198908060-00004.

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14

Komi, Paavo V. "Force Measurements during Cross-Country Skiing." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 3, no. 4 (November 1987): 370–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.3.4.370.

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To understand cross-country (X-C) siding it is important to record and identity forces of skis and poles separately and together. They both contribute to the forward progression, but their functional significance may be more complex than that of the ground reaction forces in running and walking. This report presents two methods to record forces on skis and poles during normal X-C skiing. A long force-platform system with four rows of 6-m long plates is placed under the snow track for recording of Fz and Fy forces of each ski and pole separately. This system is suitable especially for the study of diagonal technique under more strict experimental conditions. The second system consists of small lightweight Fz and Fy component force plates which are installed under the boot and binding. These plates can be easily changed from one ski to another, and telemetric recording allows free skiing over long distances and with different skiing techniques, including skating. The presentation emphasizes the integrated use of either system together with simultaneous cinematographic and electromyographic recordings.
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15

Pierce, Javin C., Malcolm H. Pope, Per Renstrom, Robert J. Johnson, Janet Dufek, and Charles Dillman. "Force Measurement in Cross-Country Skiing." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 3, no. 4 (November 1987): 382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.3.4.382.

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A method for measuring the forces between the shoe and ski and upon the pole has been developed. Instrumented skis and poles are used with a portable data acquisition system that is carried by the skier in the field. Elite, top-level collegiate, and citizen skiers were used as subjects. Skiers performed the diagonal stride, and a marathon skate. Axial force levels at the forefoot were found to reach 164%, and 120% of body weight in the diagonal skate strides, respectively.
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16

Orava, S., H. Jaroma, and A. Hulkko. "Overuse injuries in cross-country skiing." British Journal of Sports Medicine 19, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 158–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.19.3.158.

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17

Carlsson, Peter, Mats Tinnsten, and Mats Ainegren. "Numerical simulation of cross-country skiing." Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 14, no. 8 (August 2011): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2010.493885.

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18

Renfro, Gregory J. "Power Training for Cross-Country Skiing." STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING JOURNAL 20, no. 2 (1998): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/1073-6840(1998)020<0028:ptfccs>2.3.co;2.

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19

Larsson, Lars. "Bronchial asthma and cross-country skiing." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 4, no. 2 (January 30, 2007): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1994.tb00410.x.

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20

Hausken, Kjell. "Exhaustive Classification and Review of Techniques and Research Program for Techniques for Skate Skiing, Classical Skiing, and Ski Mountaineering." Open Sports Sciences Journal 10, no. 1 (October 31, 2017): 160–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875399x01710010160.

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Background:Scattered analysis of some cross country skiing techniques is present in the literature.Objective:To provide an exhaustive classification and systematic overview of techniques in cross country skiing.Method:This paper classifies six techniques for skate skiing (gliding diagonal skate skiing G1, paddling G2, double dance G3, two skate G4, marathon skate, combiskate G5), four techniques for classical skiing (running diagonal stride RUN DS, diagonal stride DS, double poling kick DK, and double poling DP), five techniques for both skate skiing and classical skiing (herringbone HB, side-stepping G6, low tuck G7, plowing, skidding), and five techniques for steep terrain ski mountaineering. Classification occurs according to degrees of inclination of the terrain, speed ranges, whether the technique is propulsive or for downhill velocity control/turning, frequency of time applied, and literature references. Furthermore, techniques depend on snow conditions, friction, competition, training, wind, positioning within a race, the skier’s expertise, exhaustion level, acceleration, deceleration,etc.Results:Techniques can influence who wins races in cross-country skiing. Reasons for technique changes are provided, exemplified with technique changes through terrains with different inclines. Literature references are given for inclines and speeds for the various techniques.Conclusion:Essential for maturing skiers are the frequency and quality by which the six techniques for skate skiing, four techniques for classical skiing, and five techniques for both styles except mountaineering, are trained, when to use them, how and in which sequence they are introduced, and adequate supplementary training (e.g.crunches for double poling DP). A research program is sketched.
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21

Chen, Wenying. "College Cross-Country Skiing Teaching and Sports Training Based on VR." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (March 27, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8301746.

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As a kind of simulation equipment that can correctly simulate skiing actions, ski simulators are widely used in ski teaching and training in colleges. With the rapid development of VR, it has been widely used in the development of ski simulator systems. This article mainly talks about the research of college cross-country skiing teaching and sports training based on VR and intends to provide ideas and directions for combining VR with college cross-country skiing teaching and sports training. This article puts forward the research methods of cross-country skiing teaching and sports training in colleges based on VR, including the literature retrieval method, expert interview method, survey method, mathematical statistics method, logical analysis summary method, ski simulator algorithm, etc. At the same time, this paper also conducts experiments on cross-country skiing teaching and sports training in colleges and universities. The experimental results in this paper show that 96.67% of students believe that the college cross-country skiing teaching and sports training system based on VR can stimulate the enthusiasm of ski training.
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22

Sherry, Eugene, and Jenny Asquith. "Nordic (cross‐country) skiing injuries in Australia." Medical Journal of Australia 146, no. 5 (March 1987): 245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1987.tb120231.x.

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23

Howes, J., S. J. Droog, J. Evans, I. M. Wood, and A. M. Wood. "The epidemiology of cross country skiing injuries." British Journal of Sports Medicine 45, no. 15 (November 10, 2011): A20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090606.65.

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24

CLIFFORD, PHILIP S. "Scientific basis of competitive cross-country skiing." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, no. 9 (September 1992): 1007???1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199209000-00009.

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25

SMITH, GERALD A. "Biomechanical analysis of cross-country skiing techniques." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, no. 9 (September 1992): 1015???1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199209000-00011.

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26

HOFFMAN, MARTIN D. "Physiological comparisons of cross-country skiing techniques." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, no. 9 (September 1992): 1023???1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199209000-00012.

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27

Mahood, N. V., R. W. Kenefick, R. Kertzer, and T. J. Quinn. "PHYSIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF CROSS-COUNTRY SKIING PERFORMANCE." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 33, no. 5 (May 2001): S11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200105001-00056.

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28

Hoffman, Martin D., and Philip S. Clifford. "Physiological aspects of competitive cross‐country skiing." Journal of Sports Sciences 10, no. 1 (February 1992): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640419208729903.

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29

Cignetti, F., F. Schena, P. G. Zanone, and A. Rouard. "Dynamics of coordination in cross-country skiing." Human Movement Science 28, no. 2 (April 2009): 204–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2008.11.002.

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30

Nagle, Kyle B. "Cross-Country Skiing Injuries and Training Methods." Current Sports Medicine Reports 14, no. 6 (2015): 442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/jsr.0000000000000205.

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31

ISHIKAWA, Masaki, Kanae Sano, Paavo V. Komi, Pekka Vähäsöyrinki, and Vesa Linnamo. "Muscle Fascicle Behavior During Cross-country Skiing." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 42 (May 2010): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000385889.53160.4c.

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32

Losnegard, Thomas. "Energy system contribution during competitive cross-country skiing." European Journal of Applied Physiology 119, no. 8 (May 10, 2019): 1675–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04158-x.

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AbstractEnergy system contribution during cross-country (XC) skiing races is dependent on several factors, including the race duration, track profile, and sub-techniques applied, and their subsequent effects on the use of the upper and lower body. This review provides a scientific synopsis of the interactions of energy system contributions from a physiological, technical, and tactical perspective. On average, the aerobic proportion of the total energy expended during XC skiing competitions is comparable to the values for other sports with similar racing times. However, during both sprint (≤ 1.8 km) and distance races (≥ 10 and 15 km, women and men, respectively) a high aerobic turnover interacts with subsequent periods of very high work rates at ~ 120 to 160% of VO2peak during the uphill sections of the race. The repeated intensity fluctuations are possible due to the nature of skiing, which involves intermittent downhills where skiers can recover. Thus, the combination of high and sustained aerobic energy turnover and repeated work rates above VO2peak, interspersed with short recovery periods, distinguishes XC skiing from most other endurance sports. The substantially increased average speed in races over recent decades, frequent competitions in mass starts and sprints, and the greater importance of short periods at high speeds in various sub-techniques, have demanded changes in the physiological, technical, and tactical abilities needed to achieve world-class level within the specific disciplines.
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33

Yu, Yichao, Dongye Li, Yifan Lu, and Jing Mi. "Relationship between methods of monitoring training load and physiological indicators changes during 4 weeks cross-country skiing altitude training." PLOS ONE 18, no. 12 (December 15, 2023): e0295960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295960.

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This study aimed to: (i) analyze the load characteristics of 4 weeks cross-country skiing altitude training; (ii) analyze the relationships between methods of monitoring training load and physiological indicators changes of elite male Chinese cross-country skiers during this period. Practitioners collected load data during 4 weeks of altitude training camp. Participants performed maximal oxygen uptake, lactate threshold, body composition, and skierg power test before and after the training camp to investigate the changes in physiological performance. Edwards TRIMP, Lucia TRIMP, and session rating of perceived exertion were collected as internal load. Training distance, time recorded by the Catapult module were collected as external load. The result revealed a " pyramid " pattern in the load characteristics during the altitude training camp. The correlation between luTRIMP and percent change in physiological indicators was highest. Percentage changes in lactate threshold velocity (r = .78 [95% CI -.01 to .98]), percentage changes in lactate threshold HR (r = .71 [95% CI .14- .99]), percentage changes in maximum HR (r = .83 [95% CI .19–1.00]), percentage changes in skierg power-to-weight ratio (r = .75 [95% CI -.28 to .98]) had very large relationships with luTRIMP. In cross-country skiing altitude training, training loads should be reasonably controlled to ensure that athletes do not become overly fatigued. Methods of training load monitoring that combine with athletes’ physiological characteristics and program characteristics have the highest dose-response relationships, it is an important aspect of cross-country ski training load monitoring. The luTRIMP could be a good monitoring tool in cross-country skiing altitude training.
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34

Horyna, Roman, Radka Bačáková, Martina Chrástková, Jan Sedlák, Roman Čmejla, and Bronislav Kračmar. "ACTIVITY OF UPPER BODY MUSCLES IN DOUBLE POLING AND SKIERG WORKOUT." Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences 2, no. 101 (2016): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33607/bjshs.v2i101.53.

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Background. The aim of the study was to compare the involvement of upper body muscles during double poling and SkiErg Concept 2 workout and verify its specificity for cross-country skiing. Methods. Ten elite Czech cross-country skiers performed double poling and SkiErg workout. Electromyography of selected upper body muscles and cycle characteristics were analysed. To monitor the electrical activity of muscles, we used the device ME6000. Data were analysed using Mega Win and MATLAB software version R2012b. Results. Relative poling phase during double poling was 30.30 ± 2.02% and during SkiErg workout 54 ± 3.36%. Pre-activation of trunk flexors was significantly higher during double poling due to high and forward body position before pole plant. Pre-activation of trunk flexors was not significantly different as pre-activation of shoulder and elbow extensors during SkiErg workout. Deactivation of these muscles came significantly later during SkiErg workout. Conclusion. SkiErg cannot be considered a specific training method for cross-country skiing. It can be recommended to obtain specific power, but long-term application may cause disruption of double poling technique, especially timing of trunk flexors, shoulder and elbow extensors.
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35

Hoffman, Martin D., Philip S. Clifford, Božo Bota, Michael Mandli, and Gregory M. Jones. "Influence of Body Mass on Energy Cost of Roller Skiing." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 6, no. 4 (November 1990): 374–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.6.4.374.

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A theoretical analysis was used to evaluate the effect of body mass on the mechanical power cost of cross-country skiing and roller skiing on flat terrain. The relationships between body mass and the power cost of overcoming friction were found to be different between cross-country skiing on snow and roller skiing. Nevertheless, it was predicted that the heavier skier should have a lower oxygen cost per unit of body mass for roller skiing, as is the case for snow skiing. To determine whether the theoretical analysis was supported by experimental data, oxygen consumption measurements were performed during roller skiing by six male cross-country ski racers who spanned a 17.3-kg range in body mass. The theoretical analysis was supported by the experimental findings of decreases in oxygen consumption for each kg increase in body mass of approximately 1.0% for the double pole technique, 1.8% for the kick double pole technique, and 0.6% for the VI skate technique.
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36

Qi, Jiashuo, Dongguang Li, Jian He, and Yu Wang. "Optically Non-Contact Cross-Country Skiing Action Recognition Based on Key-Point Collaborative Estimation and Motion Feature Extraction." Sensors 23, no. 7 (March 31, 2023): 3639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23073639.

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Technical motion recognition in cross-country skiing can effectively help athletes to improve their skiing movements and optimize their skiing strategies. The non-contact acquisition method of the visual sensor has a bright future in ski training. The changing posture of the athletes, the environment of the ski resort, and the limited field of view have posed great challenges for motion recognition. To improve the applicability of monocular optical sensor-based motion recognition in skiing, we propose a monocular posture detection method based on cooperative detection and feature extraction. Our method uses four feature layers of different sizes to simultaneously detect human posture and key points and takes the position deviation loss and rotation compensation loss of key points as the loss function to implement the three-dimensional estimation of key points. Then, according to the typical characteristics of cross-country skiing movement stages and major sub-movements, the key points are divided and the features are extracted to implement the ski movement recognition. The experimental results show that our method is 90% accurate for cross-country skiing movements, which is equivalent to the recognition method based on wearable sensors. Therefore, our algorithm has application value in the scientific training of cross-country skiing.
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37

Norman, Robert W., and Paavo V. Komi. "Mechanical Energetics of World Class Cross-Country Skiing." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 3, no. 4 (November 1987): 353–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.3.4.353.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether world class skiers were alike in their mechanical power outputs (normalized for body mass and velocity and called mechanical cost, MTC) and body segment energy transfers when skiing in competition on level and uphill terrain using the diagonal technique. Eleven competitors were analyzed from film taken during a 15-km World Championship race on a level (1.6°) and uphill (9.0°) section of the course. Metabolic rates were estimated from assumptions concerning the efficiencies of positive and negative work and calculations, from the film, of the mechanical power produced by the skiers. The results showed that skiing on the slope was 2.2 times more demanding mechanically than skiing on a level track (MTC of 4.0 vs. 1.8 J • kg−1• m−1, respectively). Skiers who had high MTC had low energy transfers (r = −0.9). Even in this presumably homogeneous group of elite skiers there were large individual differences in MTC and other mechanical variables, suggesting technique problems for some. Furthermore, on flat terrain the estimated metabolic rate was only about 76% of an MV02of 80 ml • kg−1• min−1. This suggests that speed, using the diagonal stride, may be limited by constraints on body segment utilization and not by the physiological energy delivery system of these highly trained athletes.
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38

Mourot, Laurent, Nicolas Fabre, Erik Andersson, Sarah Willis, Martin Buchheit, and Hans-Christer Holmberg. "Cross-Country Skiing and Postexercise Heart-Rate Recovery." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 1 (January 2015): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0445.

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Postexercise heart-rate (HR) recovery (HRR) indices have been associated with running and cycling endurance-exercise performance. The current study was designed (1) to test whether such a relationship also exists in the case of cross-country skiing (XCS) and (2) to determine whether the magnitude of any such relationship is related to the intensity of exercise before obtaining HRR indices. Ten elite male cross-country skiers (mean ± SD; 28.2 ± 5.4 y, 181 ± 8 cm, 77.9 ± 9.4 kg, 69.5 ± 4.3 mL · min−1 · kg−1 maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max]) performed 2 sessions of roller-skiing on a treadmill: a 2 × 3-km time trial and the same 6-km at an imposed submaximal speed followed by a final 800-m time trial. VO2 and HR were monitored continuously, while HRR and blood lactate (BLa) were assessed during 2 min immediately after each 6-km and the 800-m time trial. The 6-km time-trial time was largely negatively correlated with VO2max and BLa. On the contrary, there was no clear correlation between the 800-m time-trial time and VO2, HR, or BLa. In addition, in no case was any clear correlation between any of the HRR indices and performance time or VO2max observed. These findings confirm that XCS performance is largely correlated with VO2max and the ability to tolerate high levels of BLa; however, postexercise HRR showed no clear association with performance. The homogeneity of the group of athletes involved and the contribution of the arms and upper body to the exercise preceding determination of HRR may explain this absence of a relationship.
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39

Gertsch, P., A. Borgeat, and T. Wälli. "New cross-country skiing technique and compartment syndrome." American Journal of Sports Medicine 15, no. 6 (November 1987): 612–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036354658701500616.

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40

HAYMES, EMILY M., JACQUELINE L. PUHL, and THOMAS E. TEMPLES. "Training for cross-country skiing and iron status." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 18, no. 2 (April 1986): 162???167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198604000-00003.

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41

GOSS, FREDRIC L., ROBERT J. ROBERTSON, ROBERT J. SPINA, THOMAS E. AUBLE, DEBRA A. CASSINELLI, RICHARD M. SILBERMAN, ROBERT W. GALBREATH, ELLEN L. GLICKMAN, and KENNETH F. METZ. "Aerobic metabolic requirements of simulated cross-country skiing." Ergonomics 32, no. 12 (December 1989): 1573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140138908966926.

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42

Larsson, P., and K. Henriksson-Larsén. "Body Composition and Performance in Cross-Country Skiing." International Journal of Sports Medicine 29, no. 12 (July 3, 2008): 971–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1038735.

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43

Talsnes, Rune Kjøsen, Guro Strøm Solli, Jan Kocbach, Per-Øyvind Torvik, and Øyvind Sandbakk. "Laboratory- and field-based performance-predictions in cross-country skiing and roller-skiing." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 24, 2021): e0256662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256662.

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate how various laboratory- and field-based tests predict on-snow cross-country (XC) skiing and roller-skiing performance. Thirty-three national-level male XC skiers (19.0±2.5 years, maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max] 70.8±4.7 mL·min-1·kg-1) performed a 13.6-km roller-ski skating competition tracked by a global positioning system (GPS), which together with individual distance International Ski Federation (FIS) points was used to assess their performance level. On separate days, time in a 6.4-km uphill running time-trial (RUN-TT) and 1.3-km uphill roller-ski double-poling time-trial (DP-TT) was measured in the field and performance indices determined while running and roller-ski skating in the laboratory. The mean finishing times for the RUN-TT and the DP-TT showed moderate to large correlations with distance FIS points and performance in the roller-ski skating competition (r = 0.56–0.72; all p<0.05). RUN-TT was more strongly correlated with distance FIS points than DP-TT (r = 0.72 versus 0.56; p<0.05). Performance indices and VO2max in incremental running and roller-ski skating in the laboratory showed large to very large correlations with distance FIS points and roller-skiing performance (r = 0.50–0.90; all p<0.05). Performance indices and VO2max in running tended to be more strongly correlated with roller-skiing performance than corresponding values obtained while roller-ski skating (all p<0.10). The present findings suggest that both laboratory performance indices and field-based performance tests provide valid predictions of XC skiing and roller-skiing performance in a heterogeneous group of male XC skiers, with test values obtained in running tending to be more strongly correlated with XC skiing performance than those found for technique-specific modalities on roller skis. However, more sophisticated and mode-specific testing might be required for more homogenous groups of elite XC skiers.
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44

Rosso, Valeria, Vesa Linnamo, Walter Rapp, Stefan Lindinger, Magdalena Karczewska-Lindinger, Yves Vanlandewijck, and Laura Gastaldi. "Simulated skiing as a measurement tool for performance in cross-country sit-skiing." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 233, no. 4 (May 6, 2019): 455–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337119843415.

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The International Paralympic Committee mandates the development of an evidence-based classification system, which requires a measure of performance. Performance in cross-country sit-skiing is mainly dependent on force generated during the poling phase and is enhanced by trunk flexion–extension movements. Since all sit-skiers have neuromuscular impairment, but different ability to control the trunk, this study aimed to verify if simulated action of poling on an adapted ergometer, together with a cluster analysis, could be used for grouping participants with different impairments according to their performance. On the ergometer, eight male and five female participants performed seven poling cycles at maximal speed, while sitting on personal sit-ski. Based on maximal speed, generated force, cycle characteristics, and trunk kinematics, cluster analysis divided participants into three groups showing good accuracy, sensitivity, and precision. Although a validation of this exploratory study is necessary, skiing on the ergometer could be considered as sport-specific measure of performance and may become an interesting tool in the development of an evidence-based classification system for cross-country sit-skiing.
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45

Andersson, Erik, Barbara Pellegrini, Øyvind Sandbakk, Thomas Stüggl, and Hans-Christer Holmberg. "The effects of skiing velocity on mechanical aspects of diagonal cross-country skiing." Sports Biomechanics 13, no. 3 (June 23, 2014): 267–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2014.921236.

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46

VÄHÄSÖYRINKI, PEKKA, PAAVO V. KOMI, SEPPO SEPPÄLÄ, MASAKI ISHIKAWA, VELI KOLEHMAINEN, JUKKA A. SALMI, and VESA LINNAMO. "Effect of Skiing Speed on Ski and Pole Forces in Cross-Country Skiing." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 40, no. 6 (June 2008): 1111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3181666a88.

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47

Sandbakk, Øyvind, and Hans-Christer Holmberg. "A Reappraisal of Success Factors for Olympic Cross-Country Skiing." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 9, no. 1 (January 2014): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0373.

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Cross-country (XC) skiing has been an Olympic event since the first Winter Games in Chamonix, France, in 1924. Due to more effective training and tremendous improvements in equipment and track preparation, the speed of Olympic XC-ski races has increased more than that of any other Olympic endurance sport. Moreover, pursuit, mass-start, and sprint races have been introduced. Indeed, 10 of the 12 current Olympic competitions in XC skiing involve mass starts, in which tactics play a major role and the outcome is often decided in the final sprint. Accordingly, reappraisal of the success factors for performance in this context is required. The very high aerobic capacity (VO2max) of many of today’s world-class skiers is similar that of their predecessors. At the same time, the new events provide more opportunities to profit from anaerobic capacity, upper-body power, high-speed techniques, and “tactical flexibility.” The wide range of speeds and slopes involved in XC skiing requires skiers to continuously alternate between and adapt different subtechniques during a race. This technical complexity places a premium on efficiency. The relative amounts of endurance training performed at different levels of intensity have remained essentially constant during the past 4 decades. However, in preparation for the Sochi Olympics in 2014, XC skiers are performing more endurance training on roller skis on competition-specific terrain, placing greater focus on upper-body power and more systematically performing strength training and skiing at high speeds than previously.
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48

Bellizzi, Matthew J., Kellin A. D. King, Sara K. Cushman, and Peter G. Weyand. "Does the application of ground force set the energetic cost of cross-country skiing?" Journal of Applied Physiology 85, no. 5 (November 1, 1998): 1736–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.85.5.1736.

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We tested whether the rate at which force is applied to the ground sets metabolic rates during classical-style roller skiing in four ways: 1) by increasing speed (from 2.5 to 4.5 m/s) during skiing with arms only, 2) by increasing speed (from 2.5 to 4.5 m/s) during skiing with legs only, 3) by changing stride rate (from 25 to 75 strides/min) at each of three speeds (3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 m/s) during skiing with legs only, and 4) by skiing with arms and legs together at three speeds (2.0–3.2 m/s, 1.5° incline). We determined net metabolic rates from rates of O2 consumption (gross O2 consumption − standing O2 consumption) and rates of force application from the inverse period of pole-ground contact [1/ t p(arms)] for the arms and the inverse period of propulsion [1/ t p(legs)] for the legs. During arm-and-leg skiing at different speeds, metabolic rates changed in direct proportion to rates of force application, while the net ground force to counteract friction and gravity (F) was constant. Consequently, metabolic rates were described by a simple equation (E˙metab=F ⋅ 1/ t p ⋅ C, where E˙metab is metabolic rates) with cost coefficients ( C) of 8.2 and 0.16 J/N for arms and legs, respectively. Metabolic rates predicted from net ground forces and rates of force application during combined arm-and-leg skiing agreed with measured metabolic rates within ±3.5%. We conclude that rates of ground force application to support the weight of the body and overcome friction set the energetic cost of skiing and that the rate at which muscles expend metabolic energy during weight-bearing locomotion depends on the time course of their activation.
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Potora, Cristian, and Laura Ionescu. "Annual cross-country skiing competitions of mountain centers in Cluj County - 2018." Palestrica Of The Third Millennium - Civilization And Sport 19, no. 1 (March 29, 2018): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26659/pm3.2018.19.1.67.

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50

Ma, Mujia, Shuang Zhao, Ting Long, Qingquan Song, Hans-Christer Holmberg, and Hui Liu. "Comparative Analysis of the Diagonal Stride Technique during Roller Skiing and On-Snow Skiing in Youth Cross-Country Skiers." Sensors 24, no. 5 (February 22, 2024): 1412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24051412.

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Roller skiing is one primary form of training method as it is an off-snow equivalent to cross-country (XC) skiing during the dry land preseason training, but the results could only be applied to on-snow skiing with appropriate caution. The aim of this present study was to investigate the similarities and differences in roller skiing and on-snow skiing with the diagonal stride (DS) technique. Six youth (age: 14.3 ± 2.9 years) skiers participated in this study. Two high-definition video camcorders and FastMove 3D Motion 2.23.3.3101 were used to obtain the three-dimensional kinematic data. The cycle characteristics and joint angle ROM of the DS technique while skiing on different surfaces were similar. Almost all joint angle–time curves that were obtained from roller skiing showed a moderate-to-high degree of similarity to the angle–time curves obtained from on-snow skiing, except the hip adduction–abduction angle. The differences between roller skiing and on-snow skiing were mainly found in the body and calf anteversion angles, and the joint angles at critical instants. DS roller skiing can simulate DS on-snow skiing to a large extent in youth athletes. The hip movement, knee flexion, and calf anteversion at ski/roller ski touchdown and take-off, pole inclination at pole touchdown, body anteversion angle, and trunk anteversion angle at pole touchdown were the points that required caution when transferring preseason practice roller skiing to on-snow skiing.
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