Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cross Committee'

Since its inception in 1863 the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has pursued its mandate to bring succour to victims of war by strict adherence to its core principles of neutrality and impartiality when dealing with belligerents. The problems of carrying out this mandate during the Second World War were manifold. This was owing not only to the brutal nature of the conflict, but the numerous restrictions under which the Committee was permitted to operate. Although much has been written of the restrictions placed upon the ICRC by the German and Swiss governments and indeed, the Committee's own principles and statutes, the role of the British in determining the success or failure of the ICRC's mission has been mostly ignored by historians. This thesis addresses this problem by analysing the often difficult diplomatic relations between the ICRC and the British government during the Second World War. Through examining these relations this thesis provides new insights into several key wartime events concerned with International Humanitarian Law, neutrality, prisoner of war history, espionage studies and the history of the British blockade in Greece and France. A new perspective will also be offered herein, on the ICRC's controversial and much maligned vice-president Carl J. Burckhardt, who was both the bane of British-ICRC relations and the Committee's most influential wartime member. In conclusion this thesis will argue that the role of the British government in the ICRC's wartime activities was both far more damaging than has been acknowledged and, paradoxically, of great importance for the long-term development of the ICRC into the multifaceted humanitarian agency it is today.

Regional planning has become an important part of today’s politics. As a result of the ongoing globalization municipalties and cities now have to form partnerships accross borders to be able to compete for resources, residents and businesses establishments. Oresund collaboration was initiated when Denmark and Sweden formed The Oresund Committee, which today is called Greater Copenhagen and Skane Committee. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to investigate what the cooperation actually means to three selected municipalties in the region, how the region is perceived by media and how it is portrayed in planning documents. This has been done through a case study.Since the region is a cross-border region it struggles with problems that a region located in one country does not. The biggest issue that we have identified has to do with different laws and economic systems that exists within the region. This has affected the many residents living in Oresund, especially those who travel across the border on a daily basis. Another problem that has arisen concerns the undefined identity that is created by politicians and authorities, which becomes a problem when the citizens do not perceive themselves as a part of the mutual region. Furthermore we have identified an issue that affects the matter of democracy and the recently established border controls. This issue has become apparent due to low priority from the government and the politicians of the capital of Sweden. There are elements that demonstrate that some people consider Stockholm to be the most important actor for Sweden’s future growth, which leads to unequal distribution of power. This brings us to the final problem, dealing with the decision to impose border controls between Sweden and Denmark. The border controls have proven to be very costly for the society and for the travellers who lose a lot of time because of the inflexibility of the way the border controls are carried out. In the final section of this bachelor thesis we discuss what needs to be accomplished to be able to create a better future for Greater Copenhagen and Skane Committee.

It is 150 years since the establishment of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), following Henry Dunant’s experiences during the aftermath of the Battle of Solferino. It is 100 years since the commencement of the Great War: if we think about a ‘traditional’ battlefield, what images come to mind? Perhaps one imagines soldiers in uniform, tanks, guns and trenches. Do the emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (IRCRCM) feature in the imagined conflict scenario? Now imagine the conflicts happening today in, for example, Syria, Mali, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Ukraine. In these conflicts, soldiers mingle with civilians in towns, armoured vehicles and open backed trucks transport non- uniformed soldiers between conflict areas and weapons include, amongst others, improvised explosive devices, suicide bombers and sexual violence. Nevertheless the emblems of the IRCRCM continue to emblazon the uniforms of medical personnel and their equipment, vehicles and aid boxes. What consequences do the changes in the nature of armed conflicts have for the ICRC? The human consequences of conflict and the presence of the ICRC has been a constant for 150 years, but the needs of the population and the types of violence continually change. Indeed, since the creation of the ICRC in 1863, the methods, means and actors in conflicts have changed, but so has the practice of the ICRC. This thesis considers the legality of such developments. The ICRC is, perhaps most significantly, the self-entitled, ‘guardian’ of international humanitarian law (IHL) and a neutral and independent entity. This thesis considers the activities currently undertaken by the ICRC in the name of ‘humanitarianism’. It addresses whether a strict interpretation of the Geneva Conventions I, II, III and IV 1949, Additional Protocols I and II and Statutes of the ICRC would show that it is, as an organisation, usurping its mandate and principles. It also takes into account the ‘ICRC Study on Customary IHL’. The thesis examines the issue of whether the ICRC is an organisation with International Legal Personality (ILP) and, if so, whether it has legitimately extended its role beyond that provided in the Geneva Conventions I, II, III and IV 1949, Additional Protocols I and II and the Statutes of the IRCRCM. More broadly therefore the thesis examines the relationship between the ICRC and international law, including IHL, jus ad bellum and international human rights law (IHRL). One unique contribution made by this thesis is to undertake a substantial analysis of the meaning and implementation of humanity, which is a principle of the IRCRCM. The IRCRCM definition of the principle of humanity is: The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, born of a desire to bring assistance without discrimination to the wounded on the battlefield, endeavours, in its international and national capacity, to prevent and alleviate human suffering wherever it may be found. Its purpose is to protect human life and health and to ensure respect for the human being. It promotes mutual understanding, friendship, cooperation and lasting peace amongst all people. Chapter five of the thesis shows that emerging concepts in the latter part of the twentieth century, in particular sovereignty as responsibility, human security and the Responsibility to Protect (RtoP), are indicative of a development within the international community which identified the plight of individuals within sovereign States as relevant to the international community at large. In particular, the ‘humanity’ and humanitarian needs of people living within states, in particular during and after conflict, became part of international discourse. Humanitarian assistance is no longer restricted to the provision of aid to soldiers. The idea of inhumanity in internal armed conflicts also gained traction on the international stage. It is evident from recent conflicts such as Libya, Syria and Ukraine that international willingness and ability to respond to such situations varies considerably. This thesis, therefore, considers whether the ICRC is able to reach people on the ground in a way that more politicised actors, such as the UN, are not. It considers whether there is a case to be made for a humanitarian approach to protection during, and after, armed conflict? Is the ICRC capable of reaching individuals and communities in a promising and effective way? Has the ICRC had to adapt its humanitarian assistance and protection roles to adequately respond to the changing nature of armed conflicts? These questions permeate the analysis of the mandate of the ICRC and its current work, which is undertaken throughout this thesis. Critically, this thesis dedicates a chapter to analyse what ‘humanity’ means today. In much literature humanity is considered in terms of IHL, which, it is argued, provides a limited definition of such. Likewise, much literature on the ICRC centre’s on its links to IHL. The ICRC often forms a subsection of a chapter on IHL or is viewed through the lens of IHL. This thesis goes further than traditional accounts of the ICRC, as it presents the ICRC as key actor in the long-term protection and assistance of individuals and communities suffering through and trying to recover from armed conflict. It addresses the question of how to interpret ‘humanity’ and whether, perhaps, there is a case to argue that it can and should be interpreted more broadly, given the influx of human focused concepts to emerge since the end of the Second World War. This thesis focuses on sovereignty as responsibility, human security and Responsibility to Protect (RtoP) as key examples of such, as they all relate to humanitarianism. Their specific links are considered in detail in chapter five. Teitel published ‘Humanity’s Law’ in 2011 which reflects on issues similar to those contained in this thesis. However, much of Teitel’s analysis remains grounded in ‘black-letter’ law, whereas this thesis is taking a socio-legal approach and focuses on the law and practice of the ICRC. Humanity’s Law, as a concept, is very close to this Author’s interpretation and understanding of international law and the international legal order, and, as such, it is imperative to refer, throughout the thesis, to ideas put forward in ‘Humanity’s Law’. In terms of existing literature and academic argument on the matter of ‘humanity’, Teitel provides a comprehensive analysis of case law and theory. In addition much literature on the ICRC dedicates a passing comment to the Principles of the IRCRCM, which include ‘humanity’. Sovereignty as responsibility, human security and RtoP are reflective of a shift away from a state-centric model of the international legal order. There is increasing awareness and political will in terms of the plight of vulnerable populations in need. The key for this thesis is whether the ICRC mandate and practice are reflective of the developing notions of humanity, that is, is the ICRC ‘buying in’ to security or interventionist interpretations of humanity? Or, which would be a much more daring conclusion to draw, is the ICRC actually ‘feeding’ the development of ‘humanity’ as a concept which is, in turn, permeating international legal discourse more broadly? The traditional theory of human security, as proposed by the United Nations Development Programme in 1994, considered economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community and political security to be of consequence to the people living in conflict and other insecure environments. These types of security were seldom prioritised in traditional security paradigms, which focused on national security. This thesis considers human security to be of continuing importance to people on the ground during and after armed conflict and other situations of violence. For people trying to rebuild their lives, family life, food, health and community security are as important, if not more important, than the maintenance of territorial borders. In this regard, it considers the work of the Economic Security (EcoSec) Unit, which assesses needs at household level in order to obtain first-hand local information. This thesis required the undertaking of interviews with ICRC delegates at the headquarters in Geneva. The literature in this area is somewhat limited and that which is produced comes predominantly from the ICRC. It was necessary therefore to undertake empirical research to provide an original contribution to research in this field and to comprehensively address the research questions of this thesis. Finally, this thesis uses a case study of the ongoing conflict in the DRC to examine the activities of the ICRC and shows how, and to what extent, the changes within the ICRC practice are impacting people on the ground. The case study was also informed by the interviews.

The International Committee of the Red Cross and Crescent Moon (ICRC) is a leading global humanitarian organization. Despite an exemplary operational record, the ICRC has an imperfect communication history: slow to respond; painfully neutral; and unwilling change. ICRC history, diplomatic and humanitarian communication has been well researched. However, few studies, outside of Maillot (2017), address ICRC SM communication within the ICRC historical context. There is a fundamental value in understanding how an INGO is responding to the challenges of public advocacy communication on SM. This review should allow the identification of improvement areas for digital diplomacy. As a first mover, ICRC policy on SM would lead the industry through a digital evolution.  Inexhaustible SM growth has increased both the type and the frequency of posting. INGOs are now posting multiples times per day; visuals are the dominant media form; and there is a growing need to use visual content that stands out. This sudden proliferation of visual, including 360 ° video footage (Garcia-Orosa, 2020), has opened conversations on the dehumanization of suffering (Chouliaraki, 2006), the lack of representation, and repeated content with colonialist tone. Capability gaps have become apparent as organizations struggle to keep pace with the change. This Case Study reviews the visual content of the ICRC on Facebook within the historical visual context. Focusing on visual Facebook posts from the ICRC, the selected ICRC visual content was analyzed using Barthes (1957) Mythological approach within a historical context. It will be argued that opportunities exist to evolve the visual identity to avoid reinforcing social stereotypes and improve authentic representation. To raise awareness and funds, the ICRC continues to use more old-fashioned and occasionally colonial visual imagery; it feels like the organization is imprisoned by the strength of its historical identity. Solutions are outlined to help define a new way forward including: first, a cultural evolution to help the organization avoid the pitfalls of the past; second, an openness to training. capability gaps are normal – seeking help to train the organization will improve SM effectiveness.

CIVINS
In 2005 the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) completed a ten-year study on customary international humanitarian law, based on an assessment of the State practice of forty-seven nations over the preceding thirty years. Somewhat surprisingly, but perhaps owing to the sheer size of the ICRC Study, there have been relatively few scholarly articles written about it, and only one State has officially responded to the ICRC: the United States, in a letter co-signed by the Department of State Legal Adviser, and the Department of Defense General Counsel.

This thesis examines the approaches taken by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to the protection of civilians during internal armed conflict, both at the level of global policy and at the level of implementation in the Colombian context. The thesis explains how the ICRC and UNHCR approach protection, why each has adopted its particular approach, and how and why the effectiveness of each approach is limited. In doing so, it offers a theoretical framework for explaining the approaches taken by international organizations (IOs) to new tasks within their mandates as well as policy implications for the ICRC, UNHCR and other humanitarian agencies. From a theoretical perspective, this research shows that factors internal to the IO carry greater explanatory power than external factors. Most significantly, when an IO expands into a new issue-area, it frames the new task in terms of the existing tasks within its mandate, replicating the specific goals and the means of pursuing those goals. The extent to which the approach is then adapted to the specificities of the new issue-area depends on the ‘bureaucratic personality’ of the IO, and specifically the extent to which decisions are informed by field-level experience. Internal conflicts by definition include armed non-state actors, and the analysis in this thesis emphasises both their significance in determining civilian security and their neglect in existing approaches to protection. While the ICRC seeks to reduce the threat posed by all armed actors (state and non-state) in its work at the field level, it relies heavily on an international legal framework which prioritises states and this partially undermines its attention to non-state actors at the field level. UNHCR retains a state-centric focus at both the field level and the level of global policy. From a policy perspective, therefore, the thesis advocates greater attention to armed non-state actors both at the level of practice and in the development of protection norms.

This thesis attempts to apply regime 'theory' to the issue-area of international human rights. This is done with reference to the evolution of the concept of human rights, human rights in East-West and North-South relations, the subject of international co-operation on human rights, i.e. international and regional human rights regimes and the work of international human rights NGOs. Regime 'theory' is particularly applied with regard to the work of Amnesty International and the International Committee of the Red Cross and with regard to the subject of promotion rather than protection of human rights. In an attempt to supplement the few existing and 'in length' applications of regime analysis to human rights issues the thesis also looks at the issues examined in an 'in breadth' manner, i.e. looking at specific human rights regimes such as the one against torture rather than at the entire post-war history of all international human rights regimes as the existing 'in length' academic articles have done. This analysis reveals the true value of the two important regime 'theoretical' propositions: (1) changes in norms and principles constitute changes of the regime itself and (2) if there is inconsistency between the regime and related behaviour then this constitutes a weakening of the regime. Regime analysis constitutes a useful analytic tool and should not be dismissed as a 'passing fad' or as 'in itself making little in the way of a long-term contribution to knowledge'. This was so for a number of reasons: (1) regimes are real and do influence behaviour and outcomes; (2) regime analysts have become students of international relations in the true meaning of the term since, by looking at the connecting points of international law politics, security and economics, they offer deep and thorough analyses of an issue; and (3) none of the three regime approaches, i.e. idealism, realism and modified structuralism (with the last one expanded to include cases where there is a fortunate convergence between humanitarian and political/security/economic concerns) can by itself offer a satisfactory account of the full range of observable phenomena. The above three points also re-confirm the validity of conclusions already drawn by other studies which utilized regime analysis. The value of regime analysis was also confirmed by other findings in the thesis: (1) the two regime 'theoretical' propositions as outlined above provided important guidelines in identifying areas which constitute a weakening of human rights regimes and as such they may be seen as very useful warning mechanisms in the service of those who seek to advance human rights, e.g. NGOs; (2) the basic causal factors utilized in the thesis, i.e. self-interest, power, norms and values as well as the two added by the author, that is ideology and foreign policy, although not constituting an exhaustive list, they were, nevertheless, sufficient in offering a more or less satisfactory account of issues under examination; and (3) basic causal factors, regime 'theoretical' propositions as well as the three regime perspectives, offered a basic framework within which to discuss various human rights issues.

The Öresund Region is a historical cross border region working over the national borders of Sweden and Denmark. The regional administration, the Öresund Committee, is the only political forum that encompasses the whole region and serves its interests collectively. Not only is it cooperating with the national governments but also has a close relationship with the Nordic Council and especially with the European Union. According to a method developed by Liesbet Hooghe, Gary Marks and Arjan H. Schakel, it is possible to retrieve a Regional Authority Index which mirrors the formal authority of a region. The method is evaluated in accordance to the complications of the Öresund Region’s dual nationality and finds that the Öresund Committee has a rather concealed role with greater indirect impact than it is given credit for. However, in terms of formal authority, the Öresund Committee has a weak position and shares no rule with higher political entities, such as the Danish, Swedish and European central administrations.

The Red Cross, Red Crescent and Red Crystal Movement is the largest humanitarian movement in the world with 97 million volunteer workers around the globe. The organisation relies on seven fundamental principles, the Neutrality Principle being one of them. The questions of this essay are: *Is it yet possible to provide neutral humanitarian aid in the 21st century? *Have the humanitarian crisis’s changed between the 20th century and the 21st century?

The aim of this study is to analyse how the concept of ‘women and children’ is represented bytwo humanitarian organisations; International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) andMédecins Sans Frontières (MSF). The analyses concludes that there is (still) an assumptionthat women have an inherent vulnerability and women are often described together with‘children’ as if they are one vulnerable group instead of two. This study suggests aproblematization of the concept since activities planned by humanitarian organisations mayhave a big impact on people’s lives when assuming one group to be more vulnerable thananother.

The topic of interpersonal relationships and the factors that enhance the longevity and strength of these have been well documented. Whilst there has been a steady increase in the occurrence of interracial relationships, it has not been matched by an increase in studies on the phenomenon and indeed very little empirical attention has been given to these relationships. Leslie and Letiecq (2004) highlight that the existing research on the phenomenon focuses primarily on the reasons individuals select partners outside of their own racial group. As interracial marriages are reportedly more vulnerable to divorce than marriages among same-race individuals, it seems important to examine the dynamics and quality of interracial relationships (Leslie & Letiecq, 2004). The goal of the study was therefore to explore the cross-cultural differences that inform the experiences, challenges, and strengths for partners in committed interracial relationships. In this qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual study, the author has explored and described the specific cross-cultural differences that the couple has encountered in their relationship and the impact that these differences have had on the quality of their relationship. Furthermore the study aimed to explore and describe the strengths the couple has drawn from these cross-cultural differences to enhance the quality of their relationship. A combination of purposive and snowball sampling techniques has been utilised to identify interracial couples who have been in a committed monogamous relationship of at least one year. The sample consisted of eleven individuals. Semi-structured individual interviews were utilised as the data collection tool, and Tesch‟s model of data analysis (in Creswell, 1998) has been employed. This model of data analysis consists of eight steps that have been used to analyse the data. Five themes emerged from the study: (1) cultural difference factors, (2) negative factors that influence the couple‟s coping with cultural differences, (3) positive factors that influence the couple‟s coping with cultural differences, (4) factors relating to cultural differences that strengthen the relationship and (5) recommendations to other interracial couples. The findings of the study make a meaningful contribution to couple counselling interventions for interracial couples, and also add to the body of knowledge on this sparsely researched topic.

Ignorées à l’origine par le droit de l’Union européenne, les collectivités locales s’inscrivent pourtant dans les enjeux de l’intégration européenne et s’imposent en qualité de « quasi-sujet » du droit de l’Union européenne.A l’échelle de l’Union européenne, les collectivités locales sont associées de plus en plus à l’élaboration et à la mise en oeuvre des politiques de l’UE. Cependant, leur action reste dépendante des cadres étatiques qui édifient des limites institutionnelles à une participation plus accrue. L’Etat demeure l’acteur institutionnel par excellence.En dépit de ces obstacles, les collectivités locales parviennent à élaborer des stratégies pour influer sur le processus décisionnel en utilisant une diversité de canaux formels et informels.Enfin, elles participent directement à la mise en évidence d’un territoire de l’Union européenne. L’ingénierie locale constitue alors un atout pour l’avenir de l’Union, qui consciente des différences et de la diversité de son territoire, adapte ses politiques et ancre de plus en plus sa démarche dans les préceptes de la Multi level governance (ou gouvernance multi-niveaux). L’émergence de ce modèle de gouvernance est censée pérenniser les acquis et la poursuite de la construction européenne, tout en respectant les traditions constitutionnelles nationales.Ainsi, l’objet de cette thèse est d’envisager les rapports complexes entre l’Union européenne et les collectivités locales. Cette étude ouvre alors sur des perspectives territoriales nouvelles intéressant directement l’Union européenne et inspire une réflexion sur le rôle de ces pouvoirs infra-étatiques dans une Union qui s’inscrit aussi dans un monde globalisé
For a long time, the European Union has not known about the local and regional authorities.However, local and regional level is a real asset to the Union. They become some almost subject of the European Union.Indeed, local and regional authorities currently have significant powers in key sectors such as education, environment, economic development, land use planning, public services and social policies. They implement the European legislation. Therefore, they also help ensure the exercise of European democracy and citizenship.Despite some significant advances in terms of recognizing their role in the European process, their actions are controlled by their national’s institutional architecture. And as the Union respects the constitutional autonomy of the Member States, which order their relations with regional and local authorities in different ways, it is really complicated to organize relations between European level and local and regional level.In spite of these impediments, the local authorities succeed in establishing strategies in order to be closely involved in shaping and implementing European strategies.Finally, the local authorities also take part into the construction of a European territory.Indeed, the diversity of the local and regional situations shows that it could be a chance. European policies have to be set up to the disparities and the local level is involved into the European decision making process.By another way, the recognition of the key role played by local and regional authorities in the European Union is developing a multilevel vision in the relations between the European actors. If the member States stay the institutional speaker of the European process, their local authorities succeed in integrating the European level. The multi level governance (MLG) has attracted the European Union. The MLG should coordinate action by the European level, the member states and local and regional authorities.This thesis shows the complicated relations between the European Union and the local authorities. Territorial perspectives and new objectives and tools should drive the European Union towards a better democratic integration

Cette thèse porte sur les missions du Comité international de la Croix Rouge (CICR) pendant la guerre d’Algérie et ses suites. Le CICR intervient, d’une part, dans le cadre de guerres opposant des États et, d’autre part, en cas de conflit armé non international afin de tenter d’assurer le respect des règles humanitaires. Au cours des « évènements » algériens, les arrestations massives de membres et militants du Front de libération nationale (FLN) finissent par saturer les prisons et contribuent à la création de centres d’assignation. Par ailleurs, dès l’indépendance de l’Algérie, des milliers de supplétifs de l’armée française sont internés dans des camps, puis incarcérés pour nombre d’entre eux. L’objectif de ce travail doctoral est l’étude des principales initiatives entreprises par le CICR afin de faire appliquer quelques règles du droit humanitaire aux personnes concernées, pendant les sept années et demi de guérilla et après l’indépendance algérienne. Il est essentiellement question de prisons et de camps d’internement où les délégués contrôlent les conditions matérielles, le traitement et la discipline appliqués aux nationalistes et, plus tard, aux Européens pro-Algérie française arrêtés à partir du début de l’année 1961 ainsi qu’aux anciens supplétifs, de février à août 1963. Il s’agit également d’actions mises en place par le CICR afin d’accéder aux prisonniers français aux mains du FLN. Ce travail aborde également, dans une moindre mesure, diverses actions d’aide humanitaire en direction des populations réfugiées au Maroc ou en Tunisie et des personnes déplacées puis reléguées par l’armée française dans des camps de regroupement
This thesis examines the missions of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) during the Algerian War and its aftermath. The ICRC intervenes both in wars between states and in non-international armed conflicts, in an attempt to ensure the respect of humanitarian rules. During the “events” in Algeria, mass arrests of members and militants of the FLN (Algerian National Liberation Front) led to overcrowding in the prisons and was a factor in the establishment of internment camps. Immediately after independence, thousands of Muslim auxiliaries in the French army were interned in camps; many were subsequently imprisoned. This study looks at the main initiatives taken by the ICRC to ensure that the rules of humanitarian law were applied to the people involved during the seven and a half year of guerrilla warfare and after Algeria’s independence. It focuses on prisons and internment camps in which its delegates inspected material conditions and the treatment and discipline applied to nationalists and, later, to Europeans known to be pro French Algeria, who were arrested from the beginning of 1961, and former auxiliaries, interned between February and August 1963. It also examines initiatives taken by the ICRC to gain access to French prisoners in the hands of the FLN and, to a lesser degree, various humanitarian actions to help refugees in Morocco and Tunisia as well as people forcibly displaced by the French army and grouped together in camps

Cette thèse porte sur les missions du Comité international de la Croix Rouge (CICR) pendant la guerre d’Algérie et ses suites. Le CICR intervient, d’une part, dans le cadre de guerres opposant des États et, d’autre part, en cas de conflit armé non international afin de tenter d’assurer le respect des règles humanitaires. Au cours des « évènements » algériens, les arrestations massives de membres et militants du Front de libération nationale (FLN) finissent par saturer les prisons et contribuent à la création de centres d’assignation. Par ailleurs, dès l’indépendance de l’Algérie, des milliers de supplétifs de l’armée française sont internés dans des camps, puis incarcérés pour nombre d’entre eux. L’objectif de ce travail doctoral est l’étude des principales initiatives entreprises par le CICR afin de faire appliquer quelques règles du droit humanitaire aux personnes concernées, pendant les sept années et demi de guérilla et après l’indépendance algérienne. Il est essentiellement question de prisons et de camps d’internement où les délégués contrôlent les conditions matérielles, le traitement et la discipline appliqués aux nationalistes et, plus tard, aux Européens pro-Algérie française arrêtés à partir du début de l’année 1961 ainsi qu’aux anciens supplétifs, de février à août 1963. Il s’agit également d’actions mises en place par le CICR afin d’accéder aux prisonniers français aux mains du FLN. Ce travail aborde également, dans une moindre mesure, diverses actions d’aide humanitaire en direction des populations réfugiées au Maroc ou en Tunisie et des personnes déplacées puis reléguées par l’armée française dans des camps de regroupement
This thesis examines the missions of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) during the Algerian War and its aftermath. The ICRC intervenes both in wars between states and in non-international armed conflicts, in an attempt to ensure the respect of humanitarian rules. During the “events” in Algeria, mass arrests of members and militants of the FLN (Algerian National Liberation Front) led to overcrowding in the prisons and was a factor in the establishment of internment camps. Immediately after independence, thousands of Muslim auxiliaries in the French army were interned in camps; many were subsequently imprisoned. This study looks at the main initiatives taken by the ICRC to ensure that the rules of humanitarian law were applied to the people involved during the seven and a half year of guerrilla warfare and after Algeria’s independence. It focuses on prisons and internment camps in which its delegates inspected material conditions and the treatment and discipline applied to nationalists and, later, to Europeans known to be pro French Algeria, who were arrested from the beginning of 1961, and former auxiliaries, interned between February and August 1963. It also examines initiatives taken by the ICRC to gain access to French prisoners in the hands of the FLN and, to a lesser degree, various humanitarian actions to help refugees in Morocco and Tunisia as well as people forcibly displaced by the French army and grouped together in camps

A iniciativa assumida neste trabalho visa procurar, recolher, analisar e apresentar, de maneira clara e objectiva, dados sobre o trabalho da Cruz Vermelha Internacional e do Crescente Vermelho ao longo dos tempos em torno do mundo, com particular destaque em Angola e na Namíba, países situados na Região da África Austral, no Continente Africano. A análise constitui uma reflexão sobre o impacto das actividades humanitárias da Cruz vermelha e documenta algumas políticas e práticas que afectam os fluxos de serviços de ajudas de alívio na zona mais a sul do continente Berço da; A iniciativa assumida neste trabalho visa procurar, recolher, analisar e apresentar, de maneira clara e objectiva, dados sobre o trabalho da Cruz Vermelha Internacional e do Crescente Vermelho ao longo dos tempos em torno do mundo, com particular destaque em Angola e na Namíba, países situados na Região da África Austral, no Continente Africano. A análise constitui uma reflexão sobre o impacto das actividades humanitárias da Cruz vermelha e documenta algumas políticas e práticas que afectam os fluxos de serviços de ajudas de alívio na zona mais a sul do continente Berço da humanidade.O presente trabalho integra seis (6) capítulos diferentes, onde o primeiro versa sobre origem, os componentes e o processo de integração do movimento, assim como os objectivos, missão, trabalhos, importância do voluntariado e algumas políticas e regulações da Cruz Vermelha Internacional. O segundo capítulo trata de enfatizar a importância e desafios da Cruz Vermelha Internacional na aplicação do Direito Internacional Humanitário, assim como de alguns direitos fundamentais dos cidadãos, no processo de realização do trabalho humanitário da Cruz Vermelha. De igual modo, é nesta parte do texto onde o autor aborda, com certo destaque, a questão das Convenções de Genebra e dos seus Protocolos adicionais. Os desafios e os obstáculos verificados na implementação da estratégica da missão humanitária da Cruz Vermelha Internacional encontram-se reflectidos no Capítulo 3. Mais concretamente, este capítulo destaca o conceito da missão humanitária, os actuais desafios do movimento face as fortes mudanças climáticas e outros desastres e, mobilidades populacionais, bem como uma tabela estatística que reflecte alguns impactos provenientes de desastres naturais. No quarto e quinto capítulos encontram-se reflectidas algumas experiências humanitárias, desafios e prioridades estratégicas das Sociedades Nacionais da Cruz Vermelha Internacional em Angola e na Namíbia, no processo de protecção de vidas de famílias, através da implementação de programas e projectos direccionados à identificação de riscos, redução de vulnerabilidade, prevenção sobre o HIV e SIDA, saúde social e outros tendentes a melhoria do estado de vivência das populações mais desfavorecidas. Finalmente, o último ou sexto capítulo contém as conclusões que integram algumas lições aprendidas, bem como principais sugestões e ou recomendações, visando, futuramente, melhorar o desenvolvimento do trabalho da organização, facto que grandemente proporcionará positivo impacto na vida de comunidades vulneráveis de vários países do mundo, particularmente em Angola e na Namíbia; ABSTRACT:The initiative assumed on this work tend to search, collect, analyze and present, in a clear and objective manner, data about the work of International Red Cross and Red Crescent all over the times around the world, with particular emphasis in Angola and Namibia, countries located in the Southern African Region, in the African Continent. The analysis constitutes a reflection on the impact of the humanitarian activities of the Red Cross and document some politics and practices that affect the flowing of services and relief aids on the zones more in the Southern African continent, the Cradle of Humanity. The present work integrates six (6) different chapters, where the first deals with the origin, the components and the process of the movement integration, as well as the objectives, mission, works, importance of volunteering and some politics and regulations of the International Red Cross.The Second Chapter manages to emphasize the importance and challenges of the International Red Cross on the application of the International Humanitarian Law, as well as of some fundamental rights of citizens, in the process of implementation of Red Cross Humanitarian work. Similarly, it is on this part of the text where the Author approaches, with some outstanding, the issue of the Geneva Conventions and its Additional Protocols.The challenges and obstacles observed on the implementation of the strategy of the humanitarian mission of International Red Cross are reflected in Chapter 3. More precisely, this chapter points out the concept of the humanitarian mission, the actual challenges of the movement due to the strong climate changes and other disasters and the populations mobility’s, as well as a statistical table that reflects some impacts proceeding from natural disasters. On the fourth and fifth Chapters are reflected some humanitarian experiences, challenges and strategic priorities of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent National Societies in Angola and in Namibia, in the process of protecting the lives of families, through the implementation of projects and programs aimed to identify risks, reduce vulnerability, prevent HIV and AIDS, and social health and others tending to improve the living status of the most unfavorable populations. Finally, the sixth or last Chapter contains the conclusions which integrates some lessons learned, as well as the main suggestions and or recommendations, tending to improve the development of the organization’s work in the future, fact that greatly will provide positive impact on the lives of the most vulnerable communities in various countries of the world, particularly in Angola and in Namíbia.

Yes
Research ethics review by ethics committees has grown in importance since the end of the Nuremberg trials in 1949. However, ethics committees have come under increasing criticisms either for been ‘toothless or too fierce’ (Fistein & Quilligan, 2012:224). This paper presents a personal account of my experience in obtaining ethical approval for my PhD study from a UK university and the ethical dilemmas encountered in the fieldwork in Ghana. In this paper I question whether strict adherence to ethical guidelines developed from western perspectives is useful in conducting research in non-western societies. As more academics are increasingly been mandated to undertake international research, the paper argues for more flexibility in the ethical approval process to accommodate cultural differences.

The purpose of this study was to test whether unconscious bias in the recruitment process serves as a barrier to achieve diversity and inclusion in an organization. Research subject is International Committee of the Red Cross and its talent acquisition team of 12 people. Based on priorinternal evaluations, external literature and organizational examples, a research was carried out to evaluate the presence of bias, the awarenessconcerning itand the organization’s readiness to improve the state of diversity and inclusion from the perspective of recruitment bymitigating or eliminatingunconscious bias. The results were that bias are present, yet the stakeholders of the process are not sufficiently educated on the topic to be aware. On the management level, a collective agreement expresses that ithas to be addressed immediately. The value of this researchisthat it isnot limited to a type of organization and its methodology can be adapted to the public and private sector of different realities with diverse levels of complexity.

Award date: 12 December 2001
Supervisor: C. Joerges
First made available online on 9 July 2013.
This thesis is about the EU regulation of the cross-border provision of investment services. The objective of the thesis is to identify the regulatory strategies underlying the current and future regulation in the field of investment services. The thesis departs from the assumption that the field of investment services is undergoing a change of regulatory strategy. The regulation in the field has for long been based on a regulatory strategy of mutual recognition and competition among rules. Concurrently, a regulatory strategy based on the adoption of detailed regulation and the creation of a common policy by and within a network of committees has emerged. This regulatory strategy is referred to as ’regulation through committee' in the thesis. The strategy of ’regulation through committee’ has gained more and more weight in the field of investment services. Recent developments show that the importance of ’regulation through committee’ will continue to increase in the future. To describe in detail and test the assumption of a change from the regulatory strategy of mutual recognition and competition among rules to the strategy of ’regulation through committee’ in the field of investment services, the thesis will seek to answer the following three questions: 1. What is the underlying regulatory strategy of the current EU regulation on the provision of investment services? 2. What is the underlying regulatory strategy of the future EU regulation on the provision of investment services? 3. In the future regulation of the provision of investment services, will the choice of regulatory strategy differ depending on whether a given piece of regulation has the objective of protecting retail or professional investors?

This dissertation examines monitoring of state compliance with international humanitarian law (IHL) conducted by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). In subjecting this particular monitoring regime to systematic analysis, the dissertation sheds light on the more general question of the effects of international law on state behavior. The project first places the de facto monitoring regime that governs IHL in the broader context of other monitoring regimes in international politics. Here the decentralized nature of the monitoring regime that governs IHL is highlighted. The central role played by a non state actor, the ICRC, in both the initial codification of the law and its monitoring is partial indication of the tepid interest of states in securing compliance with the law. This chapter likewise examines variation in the IHL monitoring regime across time to explain how exogenous changes in the nature of war in the post-World War II period led to the obsolescence of the institution of the protecting power and its replacement by an ad hoc monitoring system with the ICRC at its center. The informality of this institutional arrangement proved an asset, as it was not hamstrung by the same considerations that bedeviled its competitors, the protecting power and the International Humanitarian Fact Finding Commission (IHFFC). The dissertation proceeds to introduce an original dataset and to test via statistical analysis a set of hypotheses about the conditions under which states grant access to the ICRC as a monitor of IHL compliance. Though both regime type variables and variables related to the military-strategic context prove significant, there is substantial evidence that states make strategic use of monitor access, for instance offering partial but incomplete access as a way to accrue at minimum cost the benefits of signaling compliance. There is further evidence that, while some indicators of military urgency decrease monitor access as realists would predict, other such indicators have the opposite effect. I read this as indication that offering a degree of access holds some political value to warring states and thus is an incentive for states to offer partial access even absent full commitment to the law. This intermediate level of access that appears so attractive to states is thus a potential moral hazard. The next chapter examines the strategic decisions, not of states, but of the ICRC itself, probing in particular the circumstances under which it is most likely to break its confidentiality policy and "go public." Examining the full universe of ICRC press releases from 1995 to 2005, I find evidence that the organization is particularly likely to choose a policy of silence in situations in which states refuse it access. This decision may sometimes be problematic. As in the case of the Algerian civil war, the organization may hold its tongue during a civil war in which IHL violation is rampant only to happily announce that it has been welcomed back into the state once the opposition has been routed. This chapter also finds evidence for the relevance of a cultural variable. Because ICRC neutrality is particularly suspect in contexts in which a politicized strand of Islam is a salient conflict dimension, the ICRC tends toward a general policy of silence in such conflicts. A notable exception, nevertheless consistent with the general logic explicated here, is the Israeli Palestinian conflict, in which the ICRC has been unusually critical of Israel in an attempt, I argue, to demonstrate the organization's credibility to Arab and Muslim audiences.

Cap I: Questo capitolo mira a stabilire un punto di partenza per quanto riguarda questa tesi, ricostruendo una definizione ampiamente accettata dalla comunità internazionale su ciò che si deve intendere come concetto di vittime di crimini atroci, concetto sviluppato e perfezionato dal diritto internazionale pubblico, in particolare i contributi a tale concetto proverranno dal diritto internazionale dei diritti umani e dal diritto penale internazionale, inoltre si analizzerà ciascuno degli obiettivi dei modelli di giustizia restaurativa e la di giustizia retributiva per le vittime, dimostrando che esiste un punto di convergenza o di visione eclettica tra i due modelli nel diritto penale internazionale a favore delle vittime di crimini atroci. In questo capitolo si pretende introdurre un concetto simile a quello riconosciuto a livello internazionale come la carta dei diritti umani, in questo caso si introdurrà il concetto di Carta Internazionale dei diritti delle Vittime di crimini atroci, carta fondamentale composta da quattro documenti essenziali e la riunione degli stessi sarà la loro carta dei loro diritti, nel senso di fornire la protezione, difesa e riconoscimento dei loro diritti come Lex specialis, termine utilizzato non per privilegiare l'applicazione di una norma, ma per la costruzione di un corpo legale attraverso l'unione di vari pezzi che contiene disposizioni specifiche e generali, che di per sé non corrispondono ad una posizione cronologica, allo stesso modo, questa Carta delle Vittime si vedrà arricchita dal retaggio di due tradizioni giuridiche del common law e del civile law che hanno inciso nei tribunali internazionali penali e/o dei diritti umani, che rendono effettiva la protezione delle vittime . È allora che si tratterà: In primo luogo, sugli apporti che realizzano i Principi fondamentali di giustizia per le vittime di reati e dell'abuso di potere. In secondo luogo, si approfondirà sui contributi dei principi e delle linee guida sul diritto delle vittime di violazioni manifeste delle norme internazionali dei Cap I diritti umani e di gravi violazioni del diritto internazionale umanitario a interporre ricorsi e ottenere riparazioni, si farà riferimento agli strumenti e alla giurisprudenza del Sistema Universale Dei Diritti Umani, il Sistema regionale Interamericano Dei Diritti Umani, il Sistema Regionale Europeo Dei Diritti Umani e il Sistema Regionale Africano Dei Diritti Umani. In modo uguale si tratterà di garantire in ogni momento alle vittime il diritto di ottenere un risarcimento per le violazioni verificatesi ai loro diritti internazionalmente riconosciuti o per le violazioni del diritto internazionale umanitario. In terzo luogo, si analizzeranno i contributi apportati dai Principi contro l'impunità, in particolare i principi del diritto di sapere, del diritto alla giustizia e del diritto alla riparazione. Quarto luogo: Si descriveranno le caratteristiche generali del riconoscimento dei diritti delle vittime nel Sistema della Corte Penale Internazionale.
cap II: Questo capitolo analizzerà i principi generali che regolano il processo penale internazionale, in particolare quelli a favore delle vittime e degli imputati coinvolti nel processo. Questi principi saranno definiti e spiegati sulla base della giurisprudenza internazionale dei diritti umani, del diritto penale internazionale e della dottrina internazionale. Di conseguenza, saranno trattati come principi per le vittime; l'accesso alla giustizia che tratta il ricorso effettivo contro i gravi crimini perpetrati, che comprendono: il diritto di accedere a un rimedio adeguato e idoneo, il diritto a un ricorso effettivo e il diritto a un ricorso opportuno. Il principio della quarta istanza a favore delle vittime, in particolare l'esame del diritto penale internazionale sulla cosa giudicata fraudolenta l principio dell'adozione di misure di protezione a favore delle vittime di crimini atroci: il principio delle Norme imperative di diritto internazionale generale, jus cogens ed i principi secondo i quali l'imputato deve essere presente nel processo. Allo stesso modo, per sviluppare il processo e come garanzia per gli indagati e imputati e talvolta della vittima, si svilupperanno i principi di: la presunzione di innocenza; il principio di indipendenza e di imparzialità dei giudici; il principio della parità e della ragionevolezza della durata del procedimento; l'uguaglianza delle parti; la pubblicità del procedimento; accesso obbligatorio all' informazione, la confidenzialità e la riservatezza; la durata ragionevole del procedimento e il principio della doppia istanza.
Cap III: Una volta definiti i diritti delle vittime, Carta Internazionale dei diritti delle Vittime di crimini atroci, questo capitolo mira a descrivere le fasi proprie del processo dinanzi alla Corte Internazionale Penale quale massimo esponente del diritto penale internazionale; per questo, la procedura sarà spiegata in modo dettagliato e illustrativo, facendo riferimento alle norme pertinenti degli Statuti e delle regole di procedimento e prova dell'TPIY, dell'TPIR e della Corte Internazionale Penale CPI, nonché alla prassi giuridica dei tribunali penali ad hoc, così come all'influenza degli strumenti e della giurisprudenza dei Tribunali penali internazionali di diritti umani. Pertanto, descriverà il modo di attivazione della Corte da parte di: Gli Stati, il Consiglio di sicurezza, la Procura della CPI, introducendo la partecipazione delle vittime alla trasmissione di informazioni sui reati atroci alla Procura della CPI; così come sitratterà dell'accesso e capacità di azione delle vittime, il diritto di partecipazione al diritto penale internazionale, in particolare dinanzi alla Corte Internazionale Penale, nonché i diritti riconosciuti dallo Statuto di Roma agli indagati e che si trovano in un processo internazionale penale in confronto con gli strumenti relativi ai diritti umani. Dopo di ciò si procederà ad affrontare le varie fasi del processo avviato dalla Corte Internazionale Penale, vale a dire la fase di apertura dell'inchiesta da parte del Procuratore, il principio di complementarità e il test di ammissibilità, le condizioni per l'avvio delle indagini, Lo svolgimento delle indagini e delle indagini da parte del Procuratore della CPI, comprese: la cooperazione giudiziaria degli Stati, la procedura di arresto in attesa di processo, La presentazione dell'atto d'accusa e delle accuse, la procedura preliminare all'udienza. A sua volta si tratterà tutto ciò che riguarda il Processo, vale a dire la presentazione del caso, le norme sulle prove, la delibera, la determinazione della pena, e la procedura di appello o la revisione del processo. Inoltre, questo capitolo mirerà a definire e descrivere le modalità di partecipazione delle vittime all'intero procedimento dinanzi alla Corte Internazionale Penale. Le Corti Internazionali Penali sono state istituite in diversi contesti per indagare e punire crimini gravi; tuttavia, né il Tribunale Penale Internazionale per il Ruanda, né il Tribunale Penale Internazionale per l'ex Iugoslavia e attualmente il Tribunale Penale Internazionale, non sono dotati di forze di polizia che possa operare liberamente nel territorio degli Stati interessati, motivo per cui gli agenti internazionali sono spesso costretti a intervenire per impedire che gli stessi funzionari siano ostacolati, sia per la loro incapacità che per la loro riluttanza, da certe violazioni. Non essendo dotate di un'autorità di polizia, accade spesso che la loro vera funzione sia relegata dagli Stati e non vi sia più azione. È per questo che la sfida particolare nei confronti degli Stati che esplicitamente o tacitamente sono riluttanti a tali ricerche, è quello di trovare la combinazione tra coercizione legale ed estendere un qualche tipo di azione che permetta un'indagine adeguata. Occorre sottolineare che molti degli sviluppi giurisprudenziali e statutari derivanti dall'esperienza dei tribunali per l'ex Iugoslavia e il Ruanda sono stati inseriti nello Statuto e nelle regole della Corte Internazionale Penale. Nella pratica, tuttavia, esistono differenze importanti che spesso riflettono i diversi contesti di ciascuna situazione. È importante notare che l'innovazione apportata dallo Statuto che è rilevante per le vittime può essere analizzata su tre aspetti specifici: 1. La Protezione, che è stata trattata nel capitolo precedente, 2. La Partecipazione, che sarà trattata nel presente capitolo, e 3. La riparazione o Risarcimento che sarà trattata nel capitolo III. D'altro canto, nonostante il fatto che, in questo secolo, il movimento per i diritti umani abbia significato per molte persone una lotta contro l'impunità, è stato anche espresso in modo contraddittorio, poiché, mentre ha rafforzato la responsabilità penale di coloro che li hanno violati, ha significato anche l'emanazione di molte leggi di amnistia opposte che potrebbero ostacolare tale responsabilità . In relazione alla conclusione del capitolo sui rimedi efficaci, numerose organizzazioni per i diritti umani e autorità giudiziarie sono giunte alla conclusione che gli Stati sono responsabili di indagare, perseguire e punire penalmente le persone che commettono crimini di guerra, crimini contro l'umanità e genocidio, nell'ambito delle molteplici violazioni dei diritti umani che possono verificarsi. Di conseguenza, il fatto che uno Stato venga meno ai propri doveri implica una violazione del diritto internazionale dei Diritti Umani. Inoltre, questo movimento ha portato come conseguenza l’aumento della lotta contro l'impunità, in quanto la responsabilità è considerata una caratteristica importante nella risoluzione dei conflitti
Cap IV: Questo capitolo svilupperà il diritto internazionalmente riconosciuto al risarcimento e le forme di risarcimento previste dal diritto penale internazionale a favore delle vittime di crimini atroci su base individuale e collettivamente, spiegando a tal fine che per risarcimento si deve intendere la giurisprudenza e i principi elaborati dalla Corte penale internazionale e da altri organismi che hanno affrontato questo concetto. A sua volta si spiegherà il fondo fiduciario a favore delle vittime, modello sussidiario al risarcimento diretto che si decreta contro l'autore di crimini atroci, ma che segna una pietra miliare nel diritto penale internazionale moderno e dimostra con la sua adozione una posizione di Stati di compassione e di solidarietà verso le persone che hanno sofferto sofferenze indicibili. Nel corso di questo capitolo si farà inoltre riferimento alle sentenze della Corte penale internazionale e al modo in cui si sono svolte le varie riparazioni ordinate a favore delle vittime.
Cap V: Dopo aver spiegato come per il diritto internazionale, le vittime possono contare su diritti unici e obblighi a carico degli Stati e dei Tribunali Internacionali dei Deritti Umani e Penali Internacionali, Carte Fondamentali delle Vittime; che esistono principi che guidano i procedimenti nel diritto penale internazionale e che, in particolare ce ne sono di fondamentali per le vittime, le persone indagate e / o accusate e in generale per garantire un processo giusto ed equo; Che il diritto internazionale moderno, attraverso la Corte Penale Internazionale, riflette nelle sue procedure i diritti delle vittime di partecipare al processo e di ricevere un'adeguata riparazione individuale e collettiva, questo è il consolidamento della giurisprudenza delle corti internazionali per i diritti umani a favore delle vittime. A sua volta è spiegato come questa riparazione è stabilita e come le vittime possono accedere al ripristino o alla riparazione dei loro diritti direttamente o attraverso un fondo fiduciario proprio della Corte Penale Internazionale. Il presente capitolo ha lo scopo di riaffermare gli interessi e gli obiettivi comuni dell'Umanità di giustizia contro i perpetratori di crimini atroci, cioè perseguire, giudicare e condannare i responsabili. Vale a dire riaffermare il valore della non impunità di fronte a crimini gravi. Secondo il fatto che amnistie e indulti, perdoni amnesici, etc. possono essere riproposti nel mondo nel quadro della giustizia di transizione non autentica o difettosa. Che cercheranno di sottrarre la persona responsabile dalle conseguenze criminali stabilite a livello internazionale.. Ecco perché è stato discusso nel capitolo II di questa tesi, oltre all'importanza del concetto della Quarta Istanza a favore delle vittime e della cosa giudicata fraudolenta per l'attivazione della giurisdizione della Corte penale internazionale. In questo capitolo si cercherà di trattare l'impegno del l'intera comunità internazionale per la repressione penale dei crimini più gravi di rilevanza internazionale, la messa al bando dell'impunità nel diritto penale internazionale, l'esigenza di una pena privativa della libertà per crimini atroci per il diritto penale internazionale, il principio del diritto alla giustizia per il diritto penale internazionale, i parametri per l'imposizione di pene detentive per il diritto penale internazionale, il divieto di amnistia o indulto per crimini atroci e la giurisprudenza internazionale dei tribunali per i diritti dell'uomo che sancisce la pena detentiva per crimini atroci.
Cap VI: Nell'accordo concluso tra lo Stato della Colombia e il gruppo delle Farc, è stata istituita una giustizia transizionale, che in ogni caso sostituisce la giurisdizione penale della Colombia, le pene previste e le rispettive procedure, denominata “Giurisdizione per la pace e/o Sistema Integrale di Verità, Giustizia, Riparazione e Non Ripetizione, di seguito il SIVJRNR. La presente analisi comparativa sarà effettuata esclusivamente tra le norme internazionali del diritto penale internazionale e del diritto internazionale dei diritti dell'uomo e la giurisprudenza dei loro tribunali trattati nei capitoli precedenti, rispetto all'accordo concluso tra le parti, lo Stato della Colombia e il gruppo delle Farc, denominato: accordo 5, sulle Vittime del Conflitto: “Sistema Integrale di Verità, Giustizia, Riparazione e Non Ripetizione”. Questo perché tale accordo avrà un impatto diretto sulla legislazione nazionale della Colombia per la sua attuazione. Tuttavia, non mi soffermerò sul modo in cui è stato attuato a livello interno. Tale accordo tra il gruppo insurrezionale e lo Stato annunciava che il risarcimento delle vittime è al centro dell'Accordo tra il Governo Nazionale e le FARC-EP. In tal senso, in seno al Tavolo delle Trattative dell'Avana, si è discusso e raggiunto un accordo sul punto 5 dell'Agenda “Vittime” che comprende i seguenti punti: 1. Diritti umani delle vittime e 2. Verità, cercando di dare contenuti che soddisfino le rivendicazioni di coloro che sono stati colpiti dal lungo confronto sulla cui soluzione politica oggi, mediante questi nuovi consensi e importanti misure e accordi di disarmo, si è compiuto un passo fondamentale verso la costruzione di una pace stabile e duratura e la fine di una guerra di più di mezzo secolo che ha dissanguato il paese” Con il presente capitolo e sulla base dei precedenti si intende dimostrare che l'accordo concluso tra le parti non è conforme a quanto stabilito a livello di diritto penale internazionale e di diritto internazionale dei diritti umani.