Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cross-border operations

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Cross-border operations'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 29 June 2021
Last updated: 26 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Cross-border operations"

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Grainger, Andrew, and Cristiano Morini. "Disentangling cross-border interactions." International Journal of Logistics Management 30, no. 4 (November 11, 2019): 958–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-10-2018-0255.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to disentangle the interactions between logistics operators and government stakeholders in cross-border logistics operations with a specific focus on the UK and Brazil. Design/methodology/approach The research builds on supporting literature. The comparative cases of the UK and Brazil are examined by reference to an extensive series of focus group workshops as well as a series of interviews with key informants. Care was taken to make sure that comprehensive engagement the respective business and government communities were in place, and that there were opportunities to feedback on the analysis. Findings Suggestions were provided on how to improve the business–government interactions in cross-borders logistics operations. The analysis considered transaction costs and scope for trade facilitation. The research also helped produce a descriptive model of business–government interactions in cross-border logistics operations. Research limitations/implications The paper points to new directions in the understanding of how businesses interact with government agencies, and the kind of issues they face in cross-border logistics operations. However, the research only looked at two countries and there is significant scope for further enquiry within the logistics literature. Practical implications Reduced transaction costs at the border and subsequent economic opportunities for the UK and Brazil. Social implications A list of practical reform recommendations informed by the business communities of the UK and Brazil. Originality/value This paper’s original contribution to the literature is its framework for the analysis of transaction costs associated with the business–government interactions in cross-border logistics operations. In addition to the resulting findings in Brazil and the UK it may serve as a template for research elsewhere.
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Gillard, Emanuela-Chiara. "The law regulating cross-border relief operations." International Review of the Red Cross 95, no. 890 (June 2013): 351–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383114000307.

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AbstractIn view of the challenges frequently encountered in providing assistance to civilians in opposition-held territories, consideration is sometimes given to cross-border relief operations. Such operations raise numerous legal questions, including whose consent is required; what constitutes arbitrary withholding of consent; what the consequences of withholding of consent are, both for those wishing to provide assistance and for the parties withholding consent; and what alternatives exist for providing assistance in such circumstances.
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Fox, C. "Cross border negotiation." Engineering Management 15, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/em:20050301.

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HENDRIE, BARBARA. "Cross-Border Relief Operations in Eritrea and Tigray." Disasters 13, no. 4 (December 1989): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.1989.tb00729.x.

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Havenga, Jan Hendrik, J. van Eeden, and Wessel Pienaar. "Supply chain cost improvement opportunities through streamlining cross-border operations." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 3, no. 3 (2013): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv3i3art3.

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The Cross-Border Road Transport Agency (CBRTA) in South Africa aims to encourage and facilitate trade between South Africa and its neighbouring countries. The CBRTA sponsored a study by Stellenbosch University (SU) to determine the logistics cost impact of cross-border delays between South Africa and its major neighbouring trading partners, and prioritise opportunities for improvement. SU is the proprietor of both a comprehensive freight demand model and a logistics cost model for South Africa, which enable extractions and extensions of freight flows and related costs for specific purposes. Through the application of these models, the following information is identified and presented in this paper: South Africa’s most important border posts (based on traffic flows); a product profile for imports and exports through these border posts; the modal split (road and rail); the annual logistics costs incurred on the corridors feeding the border posts, as well as the additional costs incurred due to border delays. The research has proved that the streamlining of border-post operations that take a total supply chain view (i.e. of both border operations and those that could be moved from the border) is beneficial.
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Johnsen, S. O., J. Vatn, R. Rosness, and I. A. Herrera. "Cross border railway operations: improving safety at cultural interfaces." Cognition, Technology & Work 8, no. 1 (December 6, 2005): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10111-005-0022-8.

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Gwardynski, R., and Jacek Zboina. "Cross-border Police Operations in Poland: A Case Study." EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL XXIV, Issue 3B (September 1, 2021): 412–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35808/ersj/2492.

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Zumbusch, Kristina, and Roland Scherer. "Cross-Border Governance: Balancing Formalized and Less Formalized Co-Operations." Social Sciences 4, no. 3 (July 21, 2015): 499–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci4030499.

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Basova, Iryna. "Cross-Border Conversions in the European Union After the Polbud Case." Nordic Journal of European Law 1, no. 1 (December 18, 2018): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.36969/njel.v1i1.18682.

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Cross-border conversions may be considered as an achievement of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU, Court) since its case law paves the way towards acceptance of such cross-border operations in all Member States. In the Polbud case, the CJEU clarified the scope of the freedom of establishment in regard to cross-border conversions. That judgement should give an impulse to those Member States whose law remains silent on the issue, lacks regulation or is not in line with the provisions on the freedom of establishment, to take appropriate legislative measures. However, a creation of a legal framework at the European level is still needed to provide a commonly-accepted procedure for such operations, to secure protection for vulnerable constituencies of a company, to prevent abusive practices and to regulate cooperation between the states which are involved in cross-border conversions.
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Bujdosó, Zoltán, Lóránt Dávid, and Gulmira Uakhitova. "Cross border co-operation in rural areas giving the example of Bihar region." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 7, no. 4-5 (December 30, 2013): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2013/4-5/5.

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After the political changes in 1990-ies in Hungary and in East-Central Europe the process of forming cross-border regional cooperations reached a new period. The border regions of the different national states join to encourage co-operation. The most remarkably connected system in our region is the Carpathian Euroregion. This paper deals with one of the most successful initiatives started between Hungary and Romania. The most outstanding co-operation of the past few years exists between the settlements of the former Bihar County which territory today belongs to two countries. The aims of the paper are to research the development of the border region; to reveal the factors of the cooperation and to observe the possibilities for the development. To obtain the goals desktop research, cluster analysis and data analysis were used, as statistic methods. The results emphasize that the development and renewal of the cross-border co-operations were supported by historical factors and good practices adapted from Western Europe. Although economic backwardness or the administrative problems are against the cooperation, historical economic connections facilitate the common work in the Hungarian-Romanian border region.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cross-border operations"

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Bosire, John Kennedy. "A Client-Vendor Relationship Perspective of Cultural Differences on Cross-Border Information Technology Outsourcing." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1595.

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Cross-border information technology (IT) outsourcing continues to rise due to the demand for business process outsourcing. Issues such as miscommunication and management problems have emerged because of cross-cultural disparities between clients and vendors across national borders. The theoretical framework of this study was based on the organizational culture model studies of Meek, Spradley, Smith, and Draft for examining and understanding complex organizational practices. The purpose of this mixed-methods explanatory sequential case study was to qualitatively identify and quantitatively determine the management approaches that are effective in managing cross-cultural differences and the constitution of the elements of global adjustment, motivation, mindset, and communication patterns involving outsourcing business leaders in the United States. Ten IT leaders participated in-depth face-to-face interviews, while 120 IT outsourced service providers from the United Kingdom, Canada, Singapore, and India completed the survey. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed on quantitative survey data. Qualitative data from interviews were organized, coded, and the results generated 6 themes. The themes included no management issues in the current processes, a lack of formal management approaches to resolve cross-cultural issues, an intent to provide a strong management partnership platform, and a positive relationship between approaches. Quantitative results showed that formal management approaches positively correlated with global adjustment, motivation, mindset, and communication pattern. Results could be socially significant to IT business leaders, as these results will equip them with knowledge of effective practices and management approaches to address cultural diversity issues, programs, and policies in the industry.
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Wichmann, Saskia, and Jan-Willem Nieuwenhuis. "Evaluation and Improvement of an Industrial Retailer’s Level of Marketing Channel Integration : A Cross-Border Case Study from the Maintenance, Repair and Operations Sector Taking the Perspective of the Physical Store." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-37154.

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This thesis aims to answer the research question of how an industrial retailer’s level of channel integration can be evaluated and improved. A conceptual model is developed and applied in a case study context of the shop channel of a large international industrial distributor of maintenance, repair and operations goods. Marketing channel integration is proven to improve customer satisfaction, customer loyalty and customer expenditure - despite these benefits, there does not exist any evaluation method that helps researchers or practitioners determine the level of channel integration of an industrial retail channel. The case study follows a mixed method approach and uses qualitative data from in-depth interviews with 11 managers and 24 employees, as well as quantitative data from a management survey with 26 respondents. Using the conceptual model the shop channel of the German parent company was rated at a multi-channel level of integration and the Dutch shop channel at a multiple channel level of integration. Any improvement to the level of channel integration of an industrial retail channel depends on the understanding of and commitment to the integrated channel strategy by the shop management.
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von, Wendel Karl, and Petter Nyström. "Sharing globally in a limited world : How sharecoms can internationalize by implementing M&As and/or strategic partnerships." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105173.

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During recent years the sharing economy has had an increased impact on the modern business climate, and the level of engagement among researchers has increased. The sharing economy is changing the way individuals perceive business and challenges traditional business models. Sharing economy firms are implementing innovative business approaches to face the dynamic business climate. Its peer-to-peer sharing philosophy is fighting against the increasing hyper-consumption we are facing. Previous scholars have discussed how traditional firms can gain market shares and internationalize through M&As and strategic partnerships. However, the research on how M&As and partnerships can be implemented among sharing economy firms is minimal. Also, the empirical studies regarding this field are inadequate. Accordingly, examining this research gap in practice and gaining a deeper understanding of the subject is highly relevant. This thesis aims to shed light on the motives behind sharing economy firms internationalizing, mainly through mergers and acquisitions or strategic partnerships, involving at least one sharing platform in the process. To accomplish the intentions of this study, a qualitative research approach has been conducted, with a diverse group of respondents from different parts of the world and operating in various areas within the sharing economy. Moreover, the empirical data has been collected through conducting findings from four semi-structured interviews. The outcome of this research implies that the motives for sharing economy firms to internationalize using M&As or strategic partnerships are beneficial regarding the sharing economy characteristics. For instance, the paper highlights how sharing economy firms have a comfortable path internationalizing into foreign markets but can struggle to gain platform user activity in the early stages in new markets. Therefore, are M&As and strategic partnerships strategic tools for sharing economy firms to acquire an already existing customer base or have strategic alliances that can ease cultural barriers and such when entering foreign markets.
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Wan, Wai-keung Wallace. "A study on cross border traffic planning and operation." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31952860.

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Wan, Wai-keung Wallace, and 溫衛強. "A study on cross border traffic planning and operation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31952860.

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Lane, Jason. "The development of Irish cross-border police co-operation." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287440.

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Berndt, George E. "Border jumping: strategic and operational considerations in planning cross-border raids against insurgent sanctuaries." Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/34628.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
Cross-border ground raids by state-backed security forces can have a detrimental impact on guerrillas ability to wage war. External support in neighboring countries can be an important source of strength to insurgent forces. However, cross-border raids and their security gains come at a political cost. This thesis examines the conflicts in Malaya (19461950), Nicaragua (19811990), Algeria (19541962), Namibia (19601989), South Vietnam (19601975), and Afghanistan (19781992) to identify operational and strategic-level considerations in planning cross-border operations to reduce the political costs of such operations. The study examines the relationship between security gains and political costs, including subsets of factors intrinsic to both variables. The research presents lessons applicable to the contemporary counterterrorism environment and suggests how military and political counterinsurgents can combine lines of effort in conducting cross-border operations against external insurgent sanctuaries.
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Best, Ulrich. "German-Polish cross-border co-operation and the politics of transgression." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/571.

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The thesis looks at German-Polish relations and the changing practices of cross-border cooperation in the 1990s. It reviews theories of border studies and argues that, in spite of all change, border studies is part of a structure of power. The author analyses the concepts of transgression and regression in order to describe the current constitution of states, borders and practice. The example of German-Polish relations shows how this constitution has changed throughout history, from a clear delineation of the Other to increasingly European discourse, especially after 1989. Cross-border co-operation, the author argues, has become integrated into the structures of power, has become a rule. Using discourse analysis, the author presents the change of German and Polish discourse on the Other. Traditional structures and historical stereotypes are combined with a new structure in the discourse, which stresses co-operation and encounter. Actors in crossborder co-operation are in a changed situation: their practices used to be defined as acting against state structures, but have now undergone an incorporation in these political and symbolic structures. The actors negotiate new, contradictory spaces for their actions: supported by the state but partly uncomfortable with it, drawing on the new hegemonic discourse of co-operation and trying to escape from it. Their practices, so the final argument, can also inform the practices of border studies.
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Kožená, Alena. "Rozvojové projekty Euroregionu Glacensis." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-2665.

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Tato diplomová práce podává ucelený přehled o česko-polské přeshraniční spolupráci na příkladu Euroregionu Glacensis. Součástí práce je nezbytné teoretické vymezení euroregionů a dalších přeshraničních struktur, vymezení jejich cílů a principů fungování, legislativní úprava a institucionální zabezpečení. Cílem práce je potvrdit význam a přínos přeshraniční spolupráce v procesu evropské integrace a zhodnotit do jaké míry tyto aktivity naplňují cíle vymezené ve strategii rozvoje ERG. Použitím metody komparace jsou zhodnoceny a srovnány programy, jejichž podpora je pro realizaci těchto rozvojových aktivit nezbytná. Pozornost je věnována předvstupním fondům Phare CREDO a Phare CBC, Iniciativě Společenství INTERREG IIIA a Novému operačnímu programu. Prostřednictvím dotazníkového šetření je zhodnocena informovanost studentů o existenci a aktivitách ERG. Výsledky šetření ukazují rovněž na vztah respondentů k obcím, ve kterých žijí a na jejich vztah k Polské republice.
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Gallagher, Derek F. "European police co-operation : its development and impact between 1967-1997 in an Anglo/French trans-frontier setting." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264671.

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Books on the topic "Cross-border operations"

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"Cross-Border Co-Operations, Schengen Challenges" International Scientific Conference (2004 Debrecen, Hungary). Cross-border co-operations: Schengen challenges. Debrecen: Kossuth Egyetemi Kiadó, 2004.

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Success strategies and knowledge transfer in cross-border consulting operations. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2000.

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Svensson, Roger. Success Strategies and Knowledge Transfer in Cross-Border Consulting Operations. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4385-5.

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Woltag, Johann-Christoph. Cyber warfare: Military cross-border computer network operations under international law. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Intersentia, 2014.

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Rui, Miao. The risk of treasury operations in cross-border organizations in China. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University, 2003.

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Battle for Cassinga: South Africa's controversial cross-border raid, Angola 1978. Solihull, West Midlands: Helion, 2011.

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United, States Congress Senate Committee on Commerce Science and Transportation. Cross border truck and bus operations: Hearing before the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress, first session, July 18, 2001. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2004.

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Hayes, Amanda. Laying foundations: Cross-border co-operation in health : The Cross-Border Acute Project. [Jordanstown]: University of Ulster, 2000.

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Czimre, Klára. Cross-border co-operation: Theory and practice. Debrecen: Debreceni Egyetem Kossuth Egyetemi Kiadó, 2006.

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Conference, SDLP. Proposals for cross-border economic co-operation. Belfast: SDLP, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cross-border operations"

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Pitelis, Christos N. "International (Cross-Border) Operations." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management, 1–4. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-94848-2_137-1.

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Pitelis, Christos N. "International (Cross-Border) Operations." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management, 792–95. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-00772-8_137.

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Gong, Yeming. "Cross-Border Global Operational Practice." In Global Operations Strategy, 221–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36708-3_7.

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Rechnitzer, János. "Cross-Border Co-operations in Hungary in the 1990s." In Contributions to Economics, 355–82. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57584-6_14.

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Gore, Olga, Satu Viljainen, Kalevi Kylaheiko, and Ari Jantunen. "Profit Optimization of the Cross-Border Trade Between the Nordic and Russian Electricity Markets." In Operations Research Proceedings, 169–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00795-3_25.

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Cline, Lawrence E. "The Leaky Bucket: Ethnic Albanian Cross-Border Operations in the Balkans." In Reflections on the Balkan Wars, 55–74. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403980205_4.

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Leung, Stephen C. H., and K. K. Lai. "A Fuzzy Programming Model for A Cross-Border Logistics Problem Under an Uncertain Environment in Hong Kong." In Operations Research/Management Science at Work, 261–80. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0819-9_17.

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Wulf, Torsten, and Stephan Stubner. "Cross-Border Operations and Enlargement of European Union as Driving Forces for Pan-European Expansion Strategies." In Founding a Company, 3–10. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11259-1_1.

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Athanassiou, Lia. "Insolvency Mechanisms and the Operation of Shipping Companies." In Maritime Cross-Border Insolvency, 15–54. Abingdon, Oxon [UK] ; New York: Routledge, 2017. | Series: Maritime and transport law library: Informa Law from Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315182254-2.

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Frątczak-Müller, Joanna, and Anna Mielczarek-Żejmo. "From Formal Political Contacts to Cross-Border Collaborative Networks: A Network Analysis of Partnership Operations in the Spree-Neiße-Bober Euroregion." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 247–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64877-0_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cross-border operations"

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Tomaszewski, Lechoslaw, Robert Kolakowski, and Pawel Korzec. "On 5G Support of Cross-Border UAV Operations." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccworkshops49005.2020.9145262.

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Yusong Pang and Gabriel Lodewijks. "Design of electronic commerce infrastructure for cross-border postal operations." In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics (SOLI). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/soli.2014.6960759.

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Hoffman, Alwyn, and Ernest Bhero. "A Simulation Approach to the Optimized Design of Cross-border Operations." In 2015 IEEE 18th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems - (ITSC 2015). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2015.232.

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Ermis, Gulcin, Francesco Alesiani, and Konstantinos Gkiotsalitis. "Optimization of Collection and Consolidation Operations in Cross-Border Multi-modal Distribution Networks." In 2021 IEEE International Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsc48978.2021.9564723.

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Rajamaki, Jyri, and P. Kamppi. "Mobile communications challenges to cross-border tracking operations carried out by law enforcement authorities." In 2013 International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icoin.2013.6496687.

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Zhang, Kejing, and Liling Huang. "Research on Cross-border E-commerce platform selection in China small & medium-sized enterprises." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations And Logistics, And Informatics (SOLI). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/soli.2015.7367616.

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Tan, Wei Ping, and Goh Shao Hung. "Incorporating postponement in an offshoring strategy a case study of a Singapore-China cross border manufacturing supply chain." In 2015 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (IEOM). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieom.2015.7093774.

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Rajamaki, Jyri. "Cyber security education as a tool for trust-building in cross-border public protection and disaster relief operations." In 2015 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/educon.2015.7095999.

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Jara, Antonio J., and Yann Bocchi. "GEO-Trust: Geo-aware security protocol for enabling cross-border trustable operations and data exchange in a global digital economy." In 2019 IEEE 1st Sustainable Cities Latin America Conference (SCLA). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/scla.2019.8905560.

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Altintas, E., O. Salor, U. Buyukdagli, I. Cadirci, and M. Ermis. "Correlation between multiple electric arc furnace operations and unscheduled power flows in the interconnection lines at the eastern cross border of ENTSO-E." In 2015 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ias.2015.7356884.

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Reports on the topic "Cross-border operations"

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SOLOVYANENKO, N. I. CROSS-BORDER BUSINESS OPERATIONS IN DIGITAL ECOSYSTEMS OF THE EAEU: LEGAL ISSUES. DOI CODE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/0131-5226-2021-70003.

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Cross-border business operations in the digital ecosystems of the EAEU are carried out using electronic document management and the legal structure of the cross-border space of trust. Within the framework of the cross-border trust space, the legal structure of a trusted third party is used, which identifies participants in the electronic document flow; signs an electronic document with an electronic signature and verifies it; registers the date and time of sending and receiving an electronic document; and stores electronic documents. Special legal constructions are used to ensure the reliability of electronic document management.
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Rose, Amy, Brendan McBennett, Joseph D. Palchak, Jaquelin M. Cochran, H. M. Wijekoon, Buddhika Samarasekara, and Randika Wijekoon. Cross-Border Electricity Trade between India and Sri Lanka: Impact on Power System Operations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1485773.

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Alviarez, Vanessa, Javier Cravino, and Natalia Ramondo. Firm-Embedded Productivity and Cross-Country Income Differences. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003029.

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We measure the contribution of firm-embedded productivity to cross-country income differences. By firm-embedded productivity we refer to the components of productivity that differ across firms and that can be transferred internationally, such as blueprints, management practices, and intangible capital. Our approach relies on micro-level data on the cross-border operations of multinational enterprises (MNEs). We compare the market shares of the exact same MNE in different countries and document that they are about four times larger in developing than in high-income coun-tries. This finding indicates that MNEs face less competition in less-developed coun-tries, suggesting that firm-embedded productivity in those countries is scarce. We propose and implement a new measure of firm-embedded productivity based on this observation. We find a strong positive correlation between our measure and output per worker across countries. In our sample, differences in firm-embedded productivity account for roughly a third of the cross-country variance in output per worker.
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Giacometti, Alberto, and Mari Wøien Meijer. Closed borders and divided communities: status report and lessons from Covid-19 in cross-border areas. Nordregio, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/r2021:6.1403-2503.

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The situation that has unfolded due to the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the fragility of Nordic co-operation. In this status report, we look at the situation in border communities following the closing of the border, and what this may tell us about the state of Nordic co-operation – Vision 2030 for which includes integration.
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Wøien Meijer, Mari, and Alberto Giacometti. Nordic border communities in the time of COVID-19. Nordregio, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/pb2021:3.2001-3876.

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Re-building cross-border collaboration will be vital after the COVID-19 crisis to secure resilient border communities and Nordic collaboration. The measures to limit the spread of the COVID-19 virus were disproportionally damaging for border communities. Healing the wounds inflicted on society, business and institutions demand coordinated actions at local, national, and Nordic levels. This policy brief gives a brief overview of the impact of border restrictions on border communities during the first nine months of the COVID-19 pandemic. The social and economic implications of closed borders have exposed the fragility of Nordic co-operation. The ability of border areas to exist side-by-side in an integrated, seamless way corresponds to the Nordic vision of being the most integrated region in the world, but the situation that unfolded shows a different story.
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Moore, Mick. Glimpses of Fiscal States in Sub-Saharan Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.022.

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There is a widespread perception that taxing in sub-Saharan Africa has been and remains fraught with problems or government failure. This is not generally true. For more than a century, colonial administrations and independent states have steadily developed the capacity to routinely collect more substantial revenues than one might expect in a low-income region. The two main historical dimensions of this collection capacity were (a) powerful, centralized bureaucracies focused on achieving revenue collection targets and (b) large, taxable international trade sectors. In recent decades, those centralized bureaucracies have to some extent been reformed such that in structure and procedure they resemble more closely tax administrations in OECD countries. More strikingly, nearly all states have adopted VAT and found it to be a very powerful revenue collection instrument. However, the tax share of GDP has been broadly constant for several decades, and it will be hard to increase it. It is difficult for African governments to effectively tax transnational corporations, especially in the mining and energy sectors, which are of growing importance. Tax administrations continue to approach richer Africans with a light touch, and to exaggerate the potential for taxing small-scale (‘informal’) enterprises. The revenue operations of sub-national governments are often opaque. Ordinary people often pay large sums in ‘informal taxes’ that are generally regressive in impact. And the standard direction of travel in the reform of tax policy and administration is not appropriate to those large areas, especially in the Sahel, that are afflicted by internal and cross-border armed conflicts.
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Kira, Beatriz, Rutendo Tavengerwei, and Valary Mumbo. Points à examiner à l'approche des négociations de Phase II de la ZLECAf: enjeux de la politique commerciale numérique dans quatre pays d'Afrique subsaharienne. Digital Pathways at Oxford, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-dp-wp_2022/01.

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Realities such as the COVID-19 pandemic have expedited the move to online operations, highlighting the undeniable fact that the world is continuing to go digital. This emphasises the need for policymakers to regulate in a manner that allows them to harness digital trade benefits while also avoiding associated risk. However, given that digital trade remains unco-ordinated globally, with countries adopting different approaches to policy issues, national regulatory divergence on the matter continues, placing limits on the benefits that countries can obtain from digital trade. Given these disparities, ahead of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Phase II Negotiations, African countries have been considering the best way to harmonise regulations on issues related to digital trade. To do this effectively, AfCFTA members need to identify where divergencies exist in their domestic regulatory systems. This will allow AfCFTA members to determine where harmonisation is possible, as well as what is needed to achieve such harmonisation. This report analyses the domestic regulations and policies of four focus countries – South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya and Senegal – comparing their regulatory approaches to five policy issues: i) regulation of online transactions; ii) cross-border data flows, data localisation, and personal data protection; iii) access to source code and technology transfer; iv) intermediary liability; and v) customs duties on electronic transmissions. The study highlights where divergencies exist in adopted approaches, indicating the need for the four countries – and AfCFTA members in general – to carefully consider the implications of the divergences, and determine where it is possible and beneficial to harmonise approaches. This was intended to encourage AfCFTA member states to take ownership of these issues and reflect on the reforms needed. As seen in Table 1 below, the study shows that the four countries diverge on most of the five policy issues. There are differences in how all four countries regulate online transactions – that is, e-signatures and online consumer protection. Nigeria was the only country out of the four to recognise all types of e-signatures as legally equivalent. Kenya and Senegal only recognise specific e-signatures, which are either issued or validated by a recognised institution, while South Africa adopts a mixed approach, where it recognises all e-signatures as legally valid, but provides higher evidentiary weight to certain types of e-signatures. Only South Africa and Senegal have specific regulations relating to online consumer protection, while Nigeria and Kenya do not have any clear rules. With regards to cross border data flows, data localisation, and personal data protection, the study shows that all four focus countries have regulations that consist of elements borrowed from the European Union (EU) General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). In particular, this was regarding the need for the data subject's consent, and also the adequacy requirement. Interestingly, the study also shows that South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria also adopt data localisation measures, although at different levels of strictness. South Africa’s data localisation laws are mostly imposed on data that is considered critical – which is then required to be processed within South African borders – while Nigeria requires all data to be processed and stored locally, using local servers. Kenya imposes data localisation measures that are mostly linked to its priority for data privacy. Out of the four focus countries, Senegal is the only country that does not impose any data localisation laws. Although the study shows that all four countries share a position on customs duties on electronic transmissions, it is also interesting to note that none of the four countries currently have domestic regulations or policies on the subject. The report concludes by highlighting that, as the AfCFTA Phase II Negotiations aim to arrive at harmonisation and to improve intra-African trade and international trade, AfCFTA members should reflect on their national policies and domestic regulations to determine where harmonisation is needed, and whether AfCFTA is the right platform for achieving this efficiently.
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Jones, Emily, Beatriz Kira, Anna Sands, and Danilo B. Garrido Alves. The UK and Digital Trade: Which way forward? Blavatnik School of Government, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-wp-2021/038.

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The internet and digital technologies are upending global trade. Industries and supply chains are being transformed, and the movement of data across borders is now central to the operation of the global economy. Provisions in trade agreements address many aspects of the digital economy – from cross-border data flows, to the protection of citizens’ personal data, and the regulation of the internet and new technologies like artificial intelligence and algorithmic decision-making. The UK government has identified digital trade as a priority in its Global Britain strategy and one of the main sources of economic growth to recover from the pandemic. It wants the UK to play a leading role in setting the international standards and regulations that govern the global digital economy. The regulation of digital trade is a fast-evolving and contentious issue, and the US, European Union (EU), and China have adopted different approaches. Now that the UK has left the EU, it will need to navigate across multiple and often conflicting digital realms. The UK needs to decide which policy objectives it will prioritise, how to regulate the digital economy domestically, and how best to achieve its priorities when negotiating international trade agreements. There is an urgent need to develop a robust, evidence-based approach to the UK’s digital trade strategy that takes into account the perspectives of businesses, workers, and citizens, as well as the approaches of other countries in the global economy. This working paper aims to inform UK policy debates by assessing the state of play in digital trade globally. The authors present a detailed analysis of five policy areas that are central to discussions on digital trade for the UK: cross-border data flows and privacy; internet access and content regulation; intellectual property and innovation; e-commerce (including trade facilitation and consumer protection); and taxation (customs duties on e-commerce and digital services taxes). In each of these areas the authors compare and contrast the approaches taken by the US, EU and China, discuss the public policy implications, and examine the choices facing the UK.
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Teräs, Jukka, Anna Berlina, and Mari Wøien Meijer. The Nordic Thematic Group for Innovative and Resilient Regions 2017–2020 - final report. Nordregio, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/r2021:3.1403-2503.

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The Nordic thematic group for innovative and resilient regions 2017–2020 (TG2) was established by the Nordic Council of Ministers and is a part of the Nordic Co-operation Programme for Regional Development and Planning 2017–2020. Three Nordicthematic groups were established for the four-year period: Innovative and resilient regions, Sustainable rural development, and Sustainable cities and urban development. The thematic groups have been organised under the Nordic Council of Ministers’ Committee of Civil Servants for Regional Affairs, and Nordregio has acted as the secretariat for the thematic groups. This report summarises the work and results of the Nordic thematic group for innovative and resilient regions (TG2) in 2017–2020. The thematic group has not only produced high-quality research on innovative and resilient regions in the Nordic countries but also contributed to public policy with the latest knowledge on the creation and development of innovative and resilient regions across the nordic countries, with focus on smart specialisation, digitalisation, regional resilience, and skills policies. TG2 has also contributed to research on innovative and resilient regions in the Nordic cross-border context.
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Kelly, Luke. Definitions, Characteristics and Monitoring of Conflict Economies. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.024.

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The idea of conflict economies is a broad concept encompassing several research angles. Definitions differ according to these focuses. Some of the main uses of the concept are to understand: • economic analysis of the motives for and likelihood of war • financing of state and non-state belligerents • how the continuation of conflicts can be explained by rational motives including economic ones • how conflict affects economic activity, and how conflict parties and citizens adapt Some distinctive characteristics of war economies are (Ballentine & Nitzschke, 2005, p. 12): • They involve the destruction or circumvention of the formal economy and the growth of informal and black markets, • Pillage, predation, extortion, and deliberate violence against civilians is used by combatants to acquire control over lucrative assets, capture trade networks and diaspora remittances, and exploit labour; • War economies are highly decentralised and privatised, both in the means of coercion and in the means of production and exchange; • Combatants increasingly rely on the licit or illicit exploitation of / trade in lucrative natural resources • They thrive on cross-border trading networks, regional kin and ethnic groups, arms traffickers, and mercenaries, as well as legally operating commercial entities, each of which may have a vested interest in the continuation of conflict and instability. The first section of this rapid review outlines the evolution of the term and key definitions. Most of this discussion occurs in the academic literature around the early 2000s. The second looks at key characteristics of conflict economies identified in the literature, with examples where possible from both academic and grey literature. The third section briefly identifies methodologies used to measure and monitor conflict economies, as well as some current research and programmes on conflict economies, from academic literature as well as NGOs and other sources. The findings have been derived via a literature search and advice from experts in the field. Given time constraints, the report is not comprehensive. The review is gender- and disability blind.
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