Journal articles on the topic 'Crop'
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1
Zulauf, Carl, Gary Schnitkey, and Michael Langemeier. "Average Crop Revenue Election, Crop Insurance, and Supplemental Revenue Assistance: Interactions and Overlap for Illinois and Kansas Farm Program Crops." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 42, no. 3 (August 2010): 501–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800003692.
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Farm-level data from Illinois and Kansas for the 1991-2007 crops are used to examine the interaction and overlap among crop revenue insurance, Supplemental Revenue Assistance (SURE), and Average Crop Revenue Election (ACRE). Compared with 75% Crop Revenue Coverage Insurance (75% CRCP), ACRE provides more payments and has a greater impact on minimum farm revenue for the Illinois farms. In contrast, for the Kansas farms, 75% CRCP has the greater impact. SURE's relative impact on the Illinois and Kansas farms depends on the metric. The overlap in payments from ACRE and 75% CRCP resulting from covering the same part of the revenue risk distribution is estimated to be less than 5% of ACRE payments. Several proposals for improving the farm safety net are discussed.
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Peterson, Todd Andrews, Charles A. Shapiro, and A. Dale Flowerday. "Rainfall and previous crop effects on crop yields." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 5, no. 1 (March 1990): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300003209.
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AbstractAfield study was conducted between 1972 and 1982 to compare the effects of previous crop on row crop yields under rainfed conditions in eastern Nebraska. The objectives were to determine the effects of fallow and three previous crops: corn (Lea. maysLJ, soybeans /Glycine max (L.) Mem], and grain sorghum /Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], on the growth and grain yield of the same crops. The study was conducted on a Sharpsburg silty clay loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesicf Typic Argiudoll). Corn grain yield was most variable (C. V. 23.4percent) compared to soybean (C. V. 13.6percent) or grain sorghum (C. V. 9.5 percent) yields. Corn was also the most sensitive crop to previous crop effects. The range of treatment yields for each crop was 47 percent, 22 percent, and 11 percent of the overall means for corn, soybean, and sorghum, respectively. Previous crop affected yields for all crops, but the effects were not consistent across years. All crops produced highest yield following fallow. Yields of corn, soybean, and grain sorghum following fallow were 74, 25, and 10 percent higher than their respective monoculture yields. In years of average precipitation, a corn-soybean sequence produced the greatest yield. In years having above- or below-normal precipitation, a grain sorghum-soybean sequence produced the highest yield.
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Hill, Catherine M. "Crop Foraging, Crop Losses, and Crop Raiding." Annual Review of Anthropology 47, no. 1 (October 21, 2018): 377–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102317-050022.
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Crop foraging or crop raiding concerns wildlife foraging and farmers’ reactions and responses to it. To understand crop foraging and its value to wildlife or its implications for humans requires a cross-disciplinary approach that considers the behavior and ecology of wild animals engaging in this behavior; the types and levels of competition for resources between people and wildlife; people's perceptions of and attitudes toward wildlife, including animals that forage on crops; and discourse about animals and their behaviors and how these discourses can be used for expressing dissent and distress about other social conflicts. So, to understand and respond to conflicts about crop damage, we need to look beyond what people lose, i.e., crop loss and economic equivalence, and focus more on what people say about wildlife and why they say it.
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Borger, Catherine P. D., Abul Hashem, and Shahab Pathan. "Manipulating Crop Row Orientation to Suppress Weeds and Increase Crop Yield." Weed Science 58, no. 2 (June 2010): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-09-094.1.
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Crop rows oriented at a right angle to sunlight direction (i.e., east–west within the winter cropping system in Western Australia) may suppress weed growth through greater shading of weeds in the interrow spaces. This was investigated in the districts of Merredin and Beverley, Western Australian (latitudes of 31° and 32°S) from 2002 to 2005 (four trials). Winter grain crops (wheat, barley, canola, lupines, and field peas) were sown in an east–west or north–south orientation. Within wheat and barley crops oriented east–west, weed biomass (averaged throughout all trials) was reduced by 51 and 37%, and grain yield increased by 24 and 26% (compared with crops oriented north–south). This reduction in weed biomass and increase in crop yield likely resulted from the increased light (photosynthetically active radiation) interception by crops oriented east–west (i.e., light interception by the crop canopy as opposed to the weed canopy was 28 and 18% greater in wheat and barley crops oriented east–west, compared with north–south crops). There was no consistent effect of crop row orientation in the canola, field pea, and lupine crops. It appears that manipulation of crop row orientation in wheat and barley is a useful weed-control technique that has few negative effects on the farming system (i.e., does not cost anything to implement and is more environmentally friendly than chemical weed control).
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Kozlova, Zoya V., and Vlada V. Kolocheva. "Influence of forage crop rotations on crop yields and phytosanitary conditions of soils in the Baikal region." E3S Web of Conferences 296 (2021): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129601004.
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The article considers the practical aspects of ensuring the preservation of natural ecosystems based on the use of organic farming technologies. It presents the results of research in the forest-steppe zone of the Baikal region for 2011-2018. On the basis of the phytosanitary state of crops studying analysis, it was found that the correct alternation of crops in crop rotation suppresses the level of weeds, thereby not affecting the productivity of agricultural crops. The paper reveals the characteristics of agrophysical and water properties of gray forest soil, the influence of forage crop rotations with meadow clover on the yield of cultivated crops. According to the research results, the authors found that overseeding of legumes in the fields of forage crop rotations increases the average productivity by 16.6% in comparison with the control option. The influence of the aftereffect of perennial legumes in crop rotations increases the yield of grain fodder and silage crops by 20-31.8%. The crop rotation with two fields of meadow clover (crop rotation No. 3) was determined to be the best for all indicators.
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Łukowiak, R., W. Grzebisz, and P. Barłóg. "Magnesium management in the soil-crop system – a crop rotation approach." Plant, Soil and Environment 62, No. 9 (September 21, 2016): 395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/390/2016-pse.
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Angus, J. F., J. A. Kirkegaard, J. R. Hunt, M. H. Ryan, L. Ohlander, and M. B. Peoples. "Break crops and rotations for wheat." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 6 (2015): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14252.
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Wheat crops usually yield more when grown after another species than when grown after wheat. Quantifying the yield increase and explaining the factors that affect the increase will assist farmers to decide on crop sequences. This review quantifies the yield increase, based on >900 comparisons of wheat growing after a break crop with wheat after wheat. The mean increase in wheat yield varied with species of break crop, ranging from 0.5 t ha–1 after oats to 1.2 t ha–1 after grain legumes. Based on overlapping experiments, the observed ranking of break-crop species in terms of mean yield response of the following wheat crop was: oats < canola ≈ mustard ≈ flax < field peas ≈ faba beans ≈ chickpeas ≈ lentils ≈ lupins. The mean additional wheat yield after oats or oilseed break crops was independent of the yield level of the following wheat crop. The wheat yield response to legume break crops was not clearly independent of yield level and was relatively greater at high yields. The yield of wheat after two successive break crops was 0.1–0.3 t ha–1 greater than after a single break crop. The additional yield of a second wheat crop after a single break crop ranged from 20% of the effect on a first wheat crop after canola, to 60% after legumes. The mean yield effect on a third wheat crop was negligible, except in persistently dry conditions. The variability of the break-crop effect on the yield of a second wheat crop was larger than of a first wheat crop, particularly following canola. We discuss the responses in relation to mechanisms by which break crops affect soil and following crops. By quantifying the magnitude and persistence of break-crop effects, we aim to provide a basis for the decision to grow continuous cereal crops, strategic rotations or tactically selected break crops. In many wheat-growing areas, the large potential yield increases due to break crops are not fully exploited. Research into quantifying the net benefits of break crops, determining the situations where the benefits are greatest, and improving the benefits of break crops promises to improve the efficiency of wheat-based cropping systems.
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Matthews, G. A. "Crop production and crop protection." Crop Protection 14, no. 8 (December 1995): 689–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(95)90011-x.
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OERKE, E. C. "Crop losses to pests." Journal of Agricultural Science 144, no. 1 (December 9, 2005): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859605005708.
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Productivity of crops grown for human consumption is at risk due to the incidence of pests, especially weeds, pathogens and animal pests. Crop losses due to these harmful organisms can be substantial and may be prevented, or reduced, by crop protection measures. An overview is given on different types of crop losses as well as on various methods of pest control developed during the last century.Estimates on potential and actual losses despite the current crop protection practices are given for wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, soybeans, and cotton for the period 2001–03 on a regional basis (19 regions) as well as for the global total. Among crops, the total global potential loss due to pests varied from about 50% in wheat to more than 80% in cotton production. The responses are estimated as losses of 26–29% for soybean, wheat and cotton, and 31, 37 and 40% for maize, rice and potatoes, respectively. Overall, weeds produced the highest potential loss (34%), with animal pests and pathogens being less important (losses of 18 and 16%). The efficacy of crop protection was higher in cash crops than in food crops. Weed control can be managed mechanically or chemically, therefore worldwide efficacy was considerably higher than for the control of animal pests or diseases, which rely heavily on synthetic chemicals. Regional differences in efficacy are outlined. Despite a clear increase in pesticide use, crop losses have not significantly decreased during the last 40 years. However, pesticide use has enabled farmers to modify production systems and to increase crop productivity without sustaining the higher losses likely to occur from an increased susceptibility to the damaging effect of pests.The concept of integrated pest/crop management includes a threshold concept for the application of pest control measures and reduction in the amount/frequency of pesticides applied to an economically and ecologically acceptable level. Often minor crop losses are economically acceptable; however, an increase in crop productivity without adequate crop protection does not make sense, because an increase in attainable yields is often associated with an increased vulnerability to damage inflicted by pests.
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Ghutake, Ishita, Ritesh Verma, Rohit Chaudhari, and Vidhate Amarsinh. "An intelligent Crop Price Prediction using suitable Machine Learning Algorithm." ITM Web of Conferences 40 (2021): 03040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20214003040.
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Planning of crops for the next season has been a tedious task for the farmers as it is a difficult prediction about metrics of prices that their crop will fetch in a particular season which will be typically based on dynamic weather conditions. This leads to inaccurate prediction of crops’ prices by farmers, and they happen to wrongly select the crops or in haste they happen to sell their crops early without storing and thus earning less than what the same crop would have fetched them in the future. This problem could be addressed by an ML model which will predict the prices of crops in advance showing the proper analysis of the crop and presenting their future scenario so that farmers can select the right crops to strategize crop production which involves crop selection, time of sowing deciding crop pattern and storage of harvested crops providing enough insights for predicting the appropriate price in the markets.
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Yin, Leikun, Nanshan You, Geli Zhang, Jianxi Huang, and Jinwei Dong. "Optimizing Feature Selection of Individual Crop Types for Improved Crop Mapping." Remote Sensing 12, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12010162.
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Accurate crop planting area information is of significance for understanding regional food security and agricultural development planning. While increasing numbers of medium resolution satellite imagery and improved classification algorithms have been used for crop mapping, limited efforts have been made in feature selection, despite its vital impacts on crop classification. Furthermore, different crop types have their unique spectral and phenology characteristics; however, the different features of individual crop types have not been well understood and considered in previous studies of crop mapping. Here, we examined an optimized strategy to integrate specific features of individual crop types for mapping an improved crop type layer in the Sanjiang Plain, a new food bowl in China, by using all Sentinel-2 time series images in 2018. First, an automatic spectro-temporal feature selection (ASTFS) method was used to obtain optimal features for individual crops (rice, corn, and soybean), including sorting all features by the global separability indices for each crop and removing redundant features by accuracy changes when adding new features. Second, the ASTFS-based optimized feature sets for individual crops were used to produce three crop probability maps with the Random Forest classifier. Third, the probability maps were then composited into the final crop layer by considering the probability of each crop at every pixel. The resultant crop layer showed an improved accuracy (overall accuracy = 93.94%, Kappa coefficient = 0.92) than the other classifications without such a feature optimizing process. Our results indicate the potential of the ASTFS method for improving regional crop mapping.
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Suk, Leonid, and Petro Suk. "Accounting Objects in Crop Production." Accounting and Finance, no. 3(89) (2020): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33146/2307-9878-2020-3(89)-41-47.
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The reporting period in crop production is the calendar year. However, at the end of the year, there are costs associated with harvesting in subsequent periods. The purpose of the article is to find and justify options for accounting for costs for the harvest of the current and future years. The formation of accounting objects in crop production was considered, in particular: economic content of costs for the harvest of current and future years; accounting for costs of growing plants and performing works; accounting for costs that to be allocated and other costs of crop production; the relationship between accounting objects. Expenses and accounting items at each stage of growing crops were disclosed in detail. It was determined that expenses for harvest of future years account for the work performed on soil preparation, and after sowing, they are distributed between the objects in proportion to the actual occupied areas of plants. Soil preparation works are performed in accordance with agrotechnical requirements for growing specific crops. For each year, the enterprise draws up a crop map. So, it is better to account costs for agricultural crops beginning with the preparation of soil for them. If the actual sowing area will differ from the planned area, then the costs for the plant accounting objects need to be refined. Some of their groups include costs that to be allocated and other costs. Crop accounting objects are grouped into four groups: 1) crops (works) that will yield in the current year; 2) crops and works for the harvest of subsequent years; 3) costs to be allocated ; 4) other objects. There is a close relationship between the accounting objects of crop production. The transfer of costs from one object to another is reflected in analytical accounts within the sub-account 231 “Crop production”, which in such cases is debited and credited for the same amount.
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Porter, John R., and Mikhail A. Semenov. "Crop responses to climatic variation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 360, no. 1463 (October 24, 2005): 2021–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1752.
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The yield and quality of food crops is central to the well being of humans and is directly affected by climate and weather. Initial studies of climate change on crops focussed on effects of increased carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) level and/or global mean temperature and/or rainfall and nutrition on crop production. However, crops can respond nonlinearly to changes in their growing conditions, exhibit threshold responses and are subject to combinations of stress factors that affect their growth, development and yield. Thus, climate variability and changes in the frequency of extreme events are important for yield, its stability and quality. In this context, threshold temperatures for crop processes are found not to differ greatly for different crops and are important to define for the major food crops, to assist climate modellers predict the occurrence of crop critical temperatures and their temporal resolution. This paper demonstrates the impacts of climate variability for crop production in a number of crops. Increasing temperature and precipitation variability increases the risks to yield, as shown via computer simulation and experimental studies. The issue of food quality has not been given sufficient importance when assessing the impact of climate change for food and this is addressed. Using simulation models of wheat, the concentration of grain protein is shown to respond to changes in the mean and variability of temperature and precipitation events. The paper concludes with discussion of adaptation possibilities for crops in response to drought and argues that characters that enable better exploration of the soil and slower leaf canopy expansion could lead to crop higher transpiration efficiency.
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Cai, Zhen, Ranjith P. Udawatta, Clark J. Gantzer, Shibu Jose, Larry Godsey, and Lauren Cartwright. "Economic Impacts of Cover Crops for a Missouri Wheat–Corn–Soybean Rotation." Agriculture 9, no. 4 (April 24, 2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9040083.
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In the United States, agricultural production using row-crop farming has reduced crop diversity. Repeated growing of the same crop in a field reduces soil productivity and increases pests, disease infestations, and weed growth. These negative effects can be mitigated by rotating cash crops with cover crops. Cover crops can improve soil’s physical, chemical, and biological properties, provide ground cover, and sequester soil carbon. This study examines the economic profitability for a four-year wheat–corn–soybean study with cover crops by conducting a field experiment involving a control (without cover crops) at the Soil Health Farm in Chariton County, MO, USA. Our findings suggested that economic profitability of the cash crop is negatively affected by the cover crop during the first two years but were positive in the fourth year. The rotation with cover crops obtained the same profit as in the control group if revenue from the cash crop increased by 35% or the cost of the cover crop decreased by 26% in the first year, depending on the cost of seeding the cover crop and terminating it. This study provides insights for policymakers on ways to improve the economic efficiency of cost-share conservation programs.
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Petereit, Jakob, Philipp E. Bayer, William J. W. Thomas, Cassandria G. Tay Fernandez, Junrey Amas, Yueqi Zhang, Jacqueline Batley, and David Edwards. "Pangenomics and Crop Genome Adaptation in a Changing Climate." Plants 11, no. 15 (July 27, 2022): 1949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11151949.
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During crop domestication and breeding, wild plant species have been shaped into modern high-yield crops and adapted to the main agro-ecological regions. However, climate change will impact crop productivity in these regions, and agriculture needs to adapt to support future food production. On a global scale, crop wild relatives grow in more diverse environments than crop species, and so may host genes that could support the adaptation of crops to new and variable environments. Through identification of individuals with increased climate resilience we may gain a greater understanding of the genomic basis for this resilience and transfer this to crops. Pangenome analysis can help to identify the genes underlying stress responses in individuals harbouring untapped genomic diversity in crop wild relatives. The information gained from the analysis of these pangenomes can then be applied towards breeding climate resilience into existing crops or to re-domesticating crops, combining environmental adaptation traits with crop productivity.
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Phadnis, Arya, Shivam Panchal, Rajat Jadhav, Buddhi Rajdeep, and Deepak Patil. "Prediction of Crop Using SVM Algorithm." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 2 (February 28, 2023): 1398–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.49270.
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Abstract: Crop prediction is the process of forecasting the yield or production of crops for a given period, based on historical data, weather patterns, and other relevant factors. The prediction can be used to inform decisions regarding planting, harvesting, and marketing of crops. Machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques are increasingly being used to improve crop prediction accuracy. These techniques use algorithms to analyze large amounts of data, such as weather patterns, soil conditions, and crop history, to make predictions about future crop yields. Crop prediction models can be used by farmers, agribusinesses, and governments to optimize crop management, reduce waste, and maximize profits. Accurate crop prediction can also help to mitigate the impact of climate change on agricultural production by enabling farmers to adapt to changing weather patterns and other environmental factors
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Chinedum A Ogazie, Edache B Ochekwu, Ikechukwu O Agbagwa, and Ifeoma G Ugiomoh. "Multi-cropping practice: Means to sustainable agriculture in the high humid rainforest agroecology of Southern Nigeria." International Journal of Science and Technology Research Archive 3, no. 1 (August 30, 2022): 066–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.53771/ijstra.2022.3.1.0066.
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Agricultural crop production systems are constantly evaluated to measure its impact on the crop producer, soil, crops and the environment. Hence this investigation was carried out to examine the place of multicropping practice in the drive for sustainable agricultural production in the high humid rainforest agroecology of southern Nigeria. Multicropping allows crop producer to plant two or more crops at a time on the same piece of arable farmland. This practice offers some benefits to crop producer’s resilience, harvest more crop species, income, community and soil quality improvement due to various dead plants and animals parts, nutrients balance due to planting shallow and deep rooted crops; and environmental biodiversity. Our findings revealed multicropping as a practice which offers hope to crop producer with more crops harvested throughout the cropping season, extra income and rich dietary intake of the community. It provides effective pests and diseases control of crops due to crop mix and canopy formation of crops, ameliorate soil physicochemical properties and biodiverse of the environment and act as carbon sink.
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Doster, Mark A., and Themis J. Michailides. "Fungal Decay of First-Crop and Main-Crop Figs." Plant Disease 91, no. 12 (December 2007): 1657–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-12-1657.
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Fig cultivars grown in California typically have two crops, although the first crop may be unimportant commercially. The first crop, also known as the breba crop, ripens in late spring and early summer, whereas the main or second crop ripens in late summer. For both cultivars studied, Conadria and Calimyrna, the first-crop figs typically are left in the orchard unharvested. First-crop figs had relatively high levels of fungal decay and tended to have more fungal decay than main-crop figs, especially Alternaria rot (caused by Alternaria alternata and Ulocladium atrum). At least 16 different Aspergillus spp. were found decaying first-crop figs. Fig smut, a serious disease caused by Aspergillus niger and related fungi, usually was present at approximately the same level in first-crop and main-crop figs. Aspergillus spp. known to produce the mycotoxins aflatoxin or ochratoxin were found decaying first-crop figs. Aflatoxin was detected in first-crop figs at low levels similar to those detected in the main-crop figs. Because the abundant spores produced on the first-crop figs can infect main-crop figs, the fungal decay of first-crop figs might result in higher levels of decay for main-crop figs.
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Pandey, Sushil. "Factors affecting crop diversity in farmers' fields in Nepal." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 30, no. 2 (November 27, 2013): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170513000367.
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AbstractA study was conducted on the spatial dimension of crop diversity in Jutpani Village Development Committee (VDC) in central Nepal. Many crop diversity studies focus only on home gardens, but this study aimed to investigate the crop diversity among different production systems, and the factors affecting variations in the crop diversity on a household level. A survey of inter-household variation in cultivated crop diversity in different land-use types among 134 households indicates that 96 different types of annual crops, perennial crops and fruit trees are cultivated. Individual farms cultivated an average of 26 different crops, with this number ranging from 11 to 45. Crops were used as food by the households and, based on their adaptive characters, they were grown either in home gardens or in upland, Tandikhet and lowland. Research showed that home gardens have the highest crop diversity (a total of 78 different crops grown) compared to upland, Tandikhet and lowland. Statistical analysis to understand the factors affecting the variation in crop diversity in the household level showed that the total number of crops grown (crop diversity) on a farm is significantly higher (P<0.001) in the Indo-Aryan ethnic group compared to the Tibeto-Burman group. Farmers with three different production domains maintained higher (P<0.001) crop diversity compared to having only one or two production domains. Poor farmers with small land holdings were associated with higher crop diversity (P<0.001) compared to rich farmers with large land holdings. Therefore, planning for agrobiodiversity management should focus on the production systems, and social and economic settings within the farming community.
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Fajemisin, Adegboyega, Alexis Racelis, and Rupesh Kariyat. "Cascading Effects of Cover Crops on the Subsequent Cash Crop Defense against the Polyphagous Herbivore Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)." Insects 14, no. 2 (February 10, 2023): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14020177.
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Recent studies have started to show that the benefits of cover crops can cascade to the cash crop growing seasons. However, the impact of cover crops on the subsequent cash crop defense against herbivores is not well understood. To test this, we conducted a field and laboratory study to assess the possible cascading effects of cover crops such as Vigna unguiculata, Sorghum drummondii, Raphanus sativus, and Crotalaria juncea on the subsequent cash crop (Sorghum bicolor) defense against the notorious polyphagous herbivore fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) across three farms in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Our field and laboratory studies showed that the cash crop planted in the cover crop treatment differentially affected S. frugiperda. More specifically, we found that cover crops have positive effects on the growth and development of S. frugiperda on the subsequent cash crop, including both larval and pupal parameters. However, our experiments on physical and chemical defenses in cash crops failed to show any significant differences between cover and control. Collectively, our results add an additional line of evidence on the effects of cover crops on pest dynamics outside the cash crop season, a key consideration for the selection and management of cover crops and cash crops, whose underlying mechanisms need to be examined further.
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Tsolmon, Nyamdavaa, and Friedel K. Jürgen. "Tuber yield parameters in organic potato production with green manures as preceding crop, catch crop and with farmyard manure." Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 17, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v17i1.722.
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The effect of different preceding crops, catch crops and manure application on the agronomic performance of potato was studied in two consequential years in an organic farming system. Within the study the effect of three different preceding crops: viz. lucerne, field pea and spring barley; incorporated catch crops as green manure: non-legume or mixture; and farmyard manure (30 tones ha-1) are tested on subsequent potato yield and tuber size distribution. The catch crop treatments were studied in comparison to control bare fallow. The subsequent crop response to preceding crops was negligible since there was no indication of a greater tuber yields (fresh tuber, marketable and dry matter) after legume pre-crops compared to barley. Catch crops and manure effects both slightly increased tuber dry matter yield from 4.9 tones ha-1 to 5.2 tones ha-1 in 2010 only, on the contrary dry matter yield was not affected by catch crop and manure in 2011. The significant interaction effect was found between year and catch crop for fresh and dry matter tuber yield and non-standard small sized tubers. Catch crops had a positive effect on potato yield only in 2010 when mineral nitrogen availability was low. The catch crops significantly (P < 0.01) increased the percentage of large sized tubers (> 65 mm in diameter); however catch crops even negatively affected potato medium sized tuber yield and quality. Significant (P < 0.01) interaction effect was found between year and catch crop for small sized tubers, also.
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Harrison, Howard F. "Developing Herbicide-Tolerant Crop Cultivars: Introduction." Weed Technology 6, no. 3 (September 1992): 613–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00035909.
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In recent years considerable research in the private and public sectors has been directed toward introducing herbicide tolerance into normally susceptible crop species (9). Interest in developing herbicide-tolerant crop cultivars, clones, or hybrids (HTCs)3has been spurred by the reduction in the rate of discovery of new herbicidal compounds, the rising expense of developing new herbicides, and new tools of biotechnology that greatly increased our ability to develop HTC genotypes. Potential benefits of developing HTCs include: a) an increased margin of safety with which herbicides can be used with subsequent reduced crop losses due to herbicide injury, b) reduced risk of crop damage from residual herbicides from rotational crops, and c) introduction of new herbicides for use on normally susceptible crops. The last objective can be considered to be similar to breeding for resistance to diseases or insects. The most serious weed problems for a crop can be solved by developing crop tolerance to herbicides that control the weeds. This approach is particularly promising for minor crops for which new herbicide development is essentially lacking. However, the reluctance of herbicide manufacturers to register their products for minor crops may impede this approach. By developing tolerance to nontoxic, nonpolluting herbicides that are suitable for conservation tillage, the negative environmental effects of weed control can be reduced.
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Pearse, Ian S., and Jay A. Rosenheim. "Phylogenetic escape from pests reduces pesticides on some crop plants." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 43 (October 12, 2020): 26849–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013751117.
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Pesticides are a ubiquitous component of conventional crop production but come with considerable economic and ecological costs. We tested the hypothesis that variation in pesticide use among crop species is a function of crop economics and the phylogenetic relationship of a crop to native plants because unrelated crops accrue fewer herbivores and pathogens. Comparative analyses of a dataset of 93 Californian crops showed that more valuable crops and crops with close relatives in the native plant flora received greater pesticide use, explaining roughly half of the variance in pesticide use among crops against pathogens and herbivores. Phylogenetic escape from arthropod and pathogen pests results in lower pesticides, suggesting that the introduced status of some crops can be leveraged to reduce pesticides.
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Kruse, Raymond, and Ajay Nair. "Summer Cover Crops and Lettuce Planting Time Influence Weed Population, Soil Nitrogen Concentration, and Lettuce Yields." HortTechnology 26, no. 4 (August 2016): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.26.4.409.
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Cover crops can be used as a sustainable weed management tool in crop production systems. Cover crops have the ability to suppress weeds, reduce soil erosion, increase soil organic matter, and improve soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. In the north-central region of the United States, including Iowa, much cover crop research has been conducted in row crop systems, mainly with corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) where cover crops are planted at the end of the growing season in September or October. There is little information available on the use of cover crops in vegetable cropping systems, particularly on the use of summer cover crops for fall vegetable production. The choice of the cover crop will significantly impact the entire fall vegetable production enterprise. Vegetable growers need information to identify the right cover crop for a particular slot in the cropping system and to understand how cover crops would affect weed suppression, soil properties, and successive vegetable crop yield. The time interval between cover crop termination and vegetable planting critically affects the growth and successive yield of the vegetable crop. This study investigated how short-duration summer cover crops impact weed suppression, soil properties, and ‘Adriana’ lettuce (Lactuca sativa) yield. The study also examined appropriate planting times of lettuce transplants after soil incorporation of cover crops. The experimental design was a randomized complete block split-plot design with four replications. Whole plots consisted of cover crop treatments: ‘Mancan’ buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), ‘Iron & Clay’ cowpea/southernpea (Vigna unguiculata), black oats (Avena strigosa), ‘Grazex II’ sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor ssp. drummondii), and a control (no-cover crop) where weeds were left to grow unchecked. The subplot treatment consisted of two lettuce transplanting times: planted immediately or 8 days after cover crop soil incorporation. Fall-planted butterhead lettuce was used. Data were collected on cover crop biomass, weed biomass, soil nutrient concentration, lettuce growth, and yield. All cover crops significantly reduced weed biomass during the fallow period as compared with the control treatment. Highest degree of weed suppression (90% as compared with the no-cover crop control treatment) was provided by buckwheat. Southernpea, a legume, increased soil nitrogen (N) concentration and contributed to higher lettuce yield and improved quality. Southernpea also enhanced lettuce growth and led to an earlier harvest than other treatments. Sorghum-sudangrass showed evidence of detrimental effects to the marketable lettuce crop. This was not due to N immobilization but presumably due to alleopathic properties. There is no clear pattern within any cover crop treatment that lettuce planting time following cover crop termination affects plant growth; however, planting early or soon after cover crop incorporation ensures more growing degree days and daylight, thus leading to timely harvest of a higher quality product. This study demonstrates that cover crops can successfully be integrated into vegetable cropping systems; however, cover crop selection is critical.
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Attarod, P., and M. Aoki. "Measurements of the actual evapotranspiration and crop coefficients of summer and winter seasons crops in Japan." Plant, Soil and Environment 55, No. 3 (April 6, 2009): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/324-pse.
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The main goal was to understand the trends of actual evapotranspiration (AET) and crop coefficient (<I>K<sub>c</sub></I>) in summer and winter seasons crops in Japan, maize, soybean, wheat and Italian rye-grass. Bowen ratio energy balance technique (BREB) was applied to measure the AET and heat flux between ground surface and atmosphere. Measurements were carried out using an automatic weather station (AWS) installed seasonally in the experimental farm of Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT). Penman-Monteith equation recommended by FAO was used to calculate reference crop evapotranspiration (ET<SUB>0</SUB>) and <I>K<sub>c</sub></I> was obtained from the ratio of AET to ET<SUB>0</SUB>. The results indicated that the average amount of daytime AET in the winter and summer seasons crops were approximately 2.5 and 3.5 mm, respectively monthly daytime. Daytime AET varied between 1.3 and 5.7 mm in winter season crops and between 1.4 and 6.5 mm in summer season crops. No significant differences between daily average values of AET for winter season as well as for summer season crops were found at 5% level of confidence (<I>t</I> = 0.9278, wheat and Italian rye-grass and <I>t</I> = 0.6781, soybean and maize). Average <I>K<sub>c</sub></I> values of summer season crops were found to be slightly higher than those of winter seasons crops. For planning the irrigation scheduling, it is quite necessary to understand the behaviors of AET and <I>K<sub>c</sub></I> during the growing season.
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Whipkey, Anna, James E. Simon, and Jules Janick. "154 Indiana CropMAP and New Crop Compendium: New Developments from Purdue's Center for New Crops and Plant Products." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 468D—468. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.468d.
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NewCROP (http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop) is a crop resource online program that serves Indiana, the United States, and the world. This crop information system provides useful resources to encourage and assist new rural-based industries and to enhance agricultural sustainability and competitiveness. The NewCROP site currently averages 150,000 hits per month. Indiana CropMAP is the first module in a proposed nationwide, site-specific, retrievable system that will serve the crop information needs of individual growers, marketers, processors, government agencies, cooperative extension personnel, and industry. For each county in Indiana, users can access the most recent US agriculture statistics, county extension offices, lists of crops that are currently grown, recommended alternate crops, and experimental crops. Detailed crop information, much of it specific to Indiana, can be accessed directly or through a crop search. The New Crop Compendium CD-ROM was produced by the Purdue University Center for New Crops and Plant Products in cooperation with the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The New Crop Compendium CD-ROM, a searchable resource of new crop information, was edited by Jules Janick and Anna Whipkey and contains the entire text and figures from the proceedings of the three National New Crop Symposia: J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.). 1990. Advances in New Crops. Timber Press, Portland, Ore.; J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.). 1993. New Crops. Wiley, New York; and J. Janick (ed.). 1996. Progress in New Crops. ASHS Press, Alexandria, Va. The New Crop Compendium provides a valuable source of information on new, specialty, neglected, and underutilized crops for scientists, growers, marketers, processors, and extension personnel. It employs an intuitive, easy to use interface. Purchase information can be found at the following url: http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/compendium/order.html.
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Kaipov, Ya Z., and N. A. Chukbar. "Impact of biologized crop rotations on infestation of crops in arid steppe conditions of Trans-Ural region of Bashkortostan." Agrarian science, no. 5 (June 17, 2022): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2022-359-5-67-72.
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Relevance. The influence of crop rotations on the infestation of crops has been little studied. А goal was to investigate the influence of biologized crop rotations on infestation of crops in the arid steppe of the Trans-Ural region of Bashkortostan.Methods. The relief of the experimental field is flat, represented by the foothill steppe of the Southern Urals. The soil is black soil, common medium-coal. The climate is arid, with periodically hot summer and moderately cold and little snow winter periods. During the years of experiments (2019–2021), the amount of precipitation for the vegetation period, May — August, averaged 88 mm. Over the past 10–15 years, the aridity and unevenness of the distribution of atmospheric precipitation has noticeably increased, which led to the oppression of field crops and the complication of the fight against weeds.The method of field experimentswas applied. Accounting of infestation was carried by quantitative and weight method. The effect of biologized crop rotations with cereals and alfalfa on the degree ofinfestation of crops compared to traditional grainfallow rotation was evaluated.Results. The infestation of crops in experimental crop rotations depended on the strength of the development of cultivated crops and suppression of weed plants. In the favorable conditions of 2019, weeds developed poorly in well-developed crops, with an amount of 8–10 piece /m2 in biologized crop rotation. In grain-fallow crop rotation, the infestation was 1.2–1.9 times greater. On average over three years at the beginning of the field crop vegetation there are 14–19 piece /m2 weeds in biologized crop rotations, which is 45–56% less than in grain-fallow crop rotation. Before harvesting, the difference in infestation between crop rotations is reduced to 12–29%, but the advantage in reducing infestation in biologized crop rotations remains. In more humidi fied years, fertilizers contribute to a decrease in infestation compared to a back ground without fertilizer. In especially dry years, fertilizers lead to some increase of infestation of crops. Thus, it was found that biologized crop rotations effectively reduce the infestation of crops, regardless of the background of fertilizer.
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Christianson, Kersten. "Crop." Northern Review 46 (December 12, 2017): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.22584/nr46.2017.018.
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Kozlova, Zoya, Lyubov' Matais, and Ol'ga Glushkova. "INFLUENCE OF FODDER CROP ROTATIONS ON CROP CONFERENCE AND PRODUCTIVITY OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS IN BAIKAL REGION." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 15, no. 2 (September 8, 2020): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2020-20-24.
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The research was carried out in Irkutsk region in 2011–2014. The purpose of this work is to study the influence of forage crop rotations on the degree of weediness of fields and the yield of forage crops. The objects of research are three forage crop rotations: one control without perennial legumes (meadow clover) and two with meadow clover in the structure of sown areas of 20 and 40%. The soil of the experimental site is gray forest heavy loamy, with the following characteristics: salt extract pH 4.7 ... 4.9, humus content 4.5 ... 4.8%, mobile phosphorus - 160 mg/kg, potassium - 130 mg/kg. The least amount of weeds in the experiment was in variants with perennial leguminous grasses (7 ... 9 pcs/m2), which ensured an increase in yield by crop rotation on average for 4 years of research by 14 ... 19%. The most contaminated was the control crop rotation. The greatest number of weeds in this crop rotation was noted in the crops of corn and pea-oat mixture - 5 ... 12 pcs/m2. Of the juvenile weeds, mainly gray mice (Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.), wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum), of perennial weeds, yellow sow-thistle (Sonchus arvensis L.) and field horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) prevailed. Weediness of crops did not have a significant effect on the yield of forage crops in the links of crop rotations. Among the five-field crop rotations, the highest productivity was observed in the variant with two fields of meadow clover (2.5 thousand fodder units/ha) with the content of digestible protein in 1 fodder unit 99.1 g
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Dr. R. D. Mehta, Dr R. D. Mehta. "Crop Insurance in India." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/jan2013/5.
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Shevchenko, M. S., L. M. Decyatnik, and K. A. Derevenets-Shevchenko. "Modern systems of agriculture and a new interpretation of crop rotation value of agricultural crops." Scientific Journal Grain Crops 4, no. 2 (December 11, 2020): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0141.
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Based on a broad experimental study of crop rotation productivity in different locations of the Steppe zone, a correlative model for estimating the role of predecessors in the formation of post-crop yields has been developed. The connection between quality of agrotechnologies and change of degree of crop rotation competitiveness of culture is presented. A retrospective analysis of the efficiency of farming and crop rotation systems showed that the constant improvement of varieties and hybrids of crops and technologies for their cultivation created objective agrobiological grounds for reassessment of predecessors in crop rotation. The main motive for this transformation was that in modern agricultural systems, high-potential biotechnological resources allow to obtain higher crop yields on the worst predecessors than on the best in the past. In order to universalize the evaluation of crop rotation efficiency and model their productivity, it is proposed to introduce a crop rotation depression coefficient, which shows the share of yield remaining after individual predecessors compared to its baseline level after black fallow. The most favorable conditions developed after crops with a coefficient above 0,80 – winter wheat, barley, rape, rye, spring barley, oats. At the same time, the development of post-rotational crops was significantly inhibited by sunflower, corn for grain and silage, beets, sorghum and soybeans, their depression coef-ficient was 0,66–0,78. The proposed methodology of system analysis for the assessment of predecessors opens wider opportunities for the formation of adapted crop rotations, optimization the set of crops to market requirements, formation important adjustments to crop rotations in extreme conditions, regulation crop rotation productivity taking into account agrotechnological modernization. Keywords: crop rotation, tillage, fertilizers, crops, grain, predecessors, harvest, minimization.
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Aramburu Merlos, Fernando, and Robert J. Hijmans. "Potential, attainable, and current levels of global crop diversity." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 044071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac62ab.
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Abstract High levels of crop species diversity are considered beneficial. However, increasing diversity might be difficult because of environmental constraints and the reliance on a few major crops for most food supply. Here we introduce a theoretical framework of hierarchical levels of crop diversity, in which the environmental requirements of crops limit potential diversity, and the demand for agricultural products further constrain attainable crop diversity. We estimated global potential, attainable, and current crop diversity for grid cells of 86 km2. To do so, we first estimated cropland suitability values for each of 171 crops, with spatial distribution models to get estimations of relative suitability and with a crop model to estimate absolute suitability. We then used a crop allocation algorithm to distribute the required crop area to suitable cropland. We show that the attainable crop diversity is lower in temperate and continental areas than in tropical and coastal regions. The diversity gap (the difference between attainable and current crop diversity) is particularly large in most of the Americas and relatively small in parts of Europe and East Asia. By filling these diversity gaps, crop diversity could double on 84% of the world’s agricultural land without changing the aggregate amount of global food produced. It follows that while there are important regional differences in attainable diversity, specialization of farms and regions is the main reason for low levels of local crop diversity across the globe, rather than our high reliance on a few crops.
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V, Niharika. "Crop Gen Forecast." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46222.
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Abstract: Primary source of Indian livelihood is Agriculture. It has become a strenuous task for the farmers to plan the crops for the next season as it is a critical prediction about the prices that their harvest might yield in that particular season that will be based on driving weather conditions. This in turn results in imprecise prediction of crop prices by farmers which leads in choosing the fallacious crops or in quickly sell their yield resulting in low revenue. The same crop would have gained more value in the future. This paper mainly aims at addressing these issues by using Machine learning algorithms where the input is given through the sensors as live data and the result is displayed on a webpage. The webpage consists of a recommendation engine and the price prediction data of each crop in that particular region.
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Parker, Joyce E., David W. Crowder, Sanford D. Eigenbrode, and William E. Snyder. "Trap crop diversity enhances crop yield." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 232 (September 2016): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.08.011.
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Glassner, A. "Crop art. 2 [Crop graphical language]." IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 24, no. 6 (November 2004): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcg.2004.48.
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Holod, R., О. Bilinska, and H. Shubala. "The efficiency of the crop rotations with short rotation with different levels of their saturation of cereals and crops in the conditions of Western Forest-Steppe." Interdepartmental thematic scientific collection "Agriculture" 1, no. 92 (May 31, 2017): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/zem.92.62-68.
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There were analyzed and disclosed the basic components of arable farming systems and their Meaning, the current state and scientific principles in the context of the further development of field crop cultivation in the conditions of Western Forest-Steppe.
The purpose of research. To study an effect of alternation of crop in crop rotation in conditions of brief rotation on the soil water regime, productivity and economic efficiency.
Methods. Field, laboratory, comparative and analytical.
Results. The results of researches on study of productivity of four-field crop rotations with short rotation depending on their saturation by the grain and tilled cultures, of various use of mineral fertilizers, green manure crops and collateral products which were conducted during 2014-2015 in the stationary experiment of the scientific and technological department of plant growing and arable farming, of the TDSGDS of the IKSGP of NAAN are resulted In the article.
The elements of the biologization of farming are the basis of our development of crop rotations with short rotation. The study of the effect of green manure crops and collateral products in four-field crop rotations with a different set of crops on the change of soil fertility and productivity of crop rotations as a whole was carried out to this purpose. According to the results of the research, is provided the information on the effectiveness of improving the field crop rotations with short rotation with varying degrees of saturation by grain and tilled crops, that ensure the production of environmentally friendly products, reducing the cost of grain, improving the quality of marketable products.
The study of the effect of alternation of crop in crop rotation in conditions of brief rotation on the soil water regime, productivity and economic efficiency showed that an increase in crop rotation productivity is observed in short-rotation crop rotations, if they are saturated by grain crops up to 100%, cereals crops reduction to 50% in crop rotations contributes to a decrease in crop productivity.
Conclusion. Thus, the results of the research showed that with the correct construction of short rotational crop rotations, such problems as rational use of nutrients and soil moisture, control of weeds and pests of agricultural crops, improvement of the physical and chemical properties of the soil, increased efficiency in the use of fertilizers and equipment, Cheapening of the received agricultural product may be solved.
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Liu, Fangliang, Yunhe Liu, Lijun Su, Wanghai Tao, Quanjiu Wang, and Mingjiang Deng. "Integrated Growth Model of Typical Crops in China with Regional Parameters." Water 14, no. 7 (April 1, 2022): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14071139.
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The analysis of common properties of growth for crops is the basis for further understanding crop growth in different regions. We used four typical crops of China, winter wheat, summer maize, rice, and cotton, to build an integrated model suitable for simulating the growth of different crops. The rates and characteristics of crop growth were systematically analysed based on semirelative and fully relative logistic models of crop growth, and a comprehensive, fully relative logistic model for the four crops was established. The spatial distributions of the maximum leaf area index (LAImax) and maximum dry-matter accumulation (DMAmax) for the four crops were analysed. The semirelative and fully relative growth models exhibited different characteristics of crop growth. The essential characteristics of growth and the characteristics of the crops at each stage of growth were better represented by the fully relative logistic growth model than by the semirelative model. The comprehensive, fully relative logistic model fitted the growth of all four crops well. LAImax and DMAmax varied greatly amongst the four crops and were strongly regionally distributed. These indicators for the same crop were differentially spatially variable, and the two indicators were not significantly correlated, except for rice. LAImax and DMAmax in different regions could be obtained using a binary quadratic equation of water consumption and growing degree days for the crops. This study provides a novel method for quantitatively judging the status of crop growth, predicting crop yields, and planning for regional agricultural planting.
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Li, Zhonghe, Chesheng Zhan, Shi Hu, Like Ning, Lanfang Wu, and Hai Guo. "Evaluation of global gridded crop models (GGCMs) for the simulation of major grain crop yields in China." Hydrology Research 53, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 353–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2022.087.
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Abstract Multimodel ensembles are powerful tools for evaluating agricultural production. Multimodel simulation results provided by the Global Gridded Crop Model Intercomparison (GGCMI) facilitate the evaluation of the grain production situation in China. With census crop yield data, the performance of nine global gridded crop models (GGCMs) in China was evaluated, and the yield gaps of four crops (maize, rice, soybean, and wheat) were estimated. The results showed that GGCMs better simulated maize yields than those of other crops in the northeast, north, northwest, east, and center. GEPIC (CLM-CROP) performed best in simulating maize (wheat) yield in the north, east, and northwest (southwest and south), due to reasonable parameter (cultivar and phenology parameters) settings. Because the rice phenology parameters were calibrated against phenological observation networks and a simple nitrogen limitation index was introduced, ORCHIDEE-CROP performed well in rice yield simulation and soybean yield simulation (center and southwest). Among four crops, wheat has the largest yield gap (7.3–14.1%), in which the poor soil of northwest (14.1%) exposes wheat to relatively high nutritional stress. Thus, in northwest China, optimizing nitrogen management in wheat production can effectively mitigate the negative impact of climate change on crop production.
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Li, L.-Y., and J. H. Lieth. "The Simulation and Optimization of Greenhouse Microclimate for Energy-efficient Production." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 480B—480. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.480b.
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Greenhouse crop production involves high rates of energy input to implement a greenhouse microclimate that results in high productivity levels, correct crop timing, and desired product specifications. Producing quality crops while maintaining low energy consumption is achievable through improved crop management and environment control strategies. In this study, greenhouse crops and their microclimate were treated as an integrated system that was driven by solar radiation and external energy input. A set of simulation models were developed to describe the greenhouse climate, the crop, and their dynamic interactions. The temperature and light regimes were simulated using the greenhouse energy budget under typical weather patterns. The crop model simulated growth and development of several ornamental greenhouse crops. Coupling the crop model with the greenhouse energy model resulted in a system that allows determination of optimal strategies for crop management and environmental control. This greenhouse/crop system can be used to assist growers with formulating strategies of greenhouse production management.
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Svečnjak, Zlatko, Martina Kovačević, Dario Jareš, Štefan Týr, Anna Jama-Rodzeńska, and Ana Milanović-Litre. "Management Systems for Biannual Seed Crop of Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) Grown at Various Nitrogen Fertilization: II. Second-Production Year Characterized by Considerable Crop Lodging and Limited Seed Shattering before Direct Combine-Harvesting." Agronomy 12, no. 4 (April 5, 2022): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040881.
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Multiyear production of Italian ryegrass seed crop is of interest. The impact of management systems on the second-production year of biannual crop was evaluated at various nitrogen fertilization (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha−1). Management systems of single-purpose crops were with (SeedPGR-crop) and without (Seed-crop) plant growth regulator (PGR) application. The dual-purpose crops incorporated early (EF-seed-crop) and late (LF-seed-crop) spring forage cut followed by seed harvest. The Seed-crop obtained a maximum yield (1631 kg ha−1) at 120 kg N ha−1, which decreased by 23% at the highest fertilization. This yield loss was associated with early (before heading) and severe lodging that brought about reduced aboveground biomass and lower harvest index due to the increased growth of vegetative tillers. The single-purpose crops had a similar number of reproductive tillers, seed weight, and seed shed; however, the SeedPGR-crops produced larger yields than the Seed-crops at all fertilization levels indicating the positive impact of PGR application on harvest index regardless of lodging intensity. Despite less lodging and lower seed shattering, the dual-purpose crops yielded less than the single-purpose crops primarily due to the reduction in the number of spikelets per ear and florets per spikelet in various ear sections of early- and late-formed ears. Seed yields of the dual-purpose crops were maximized (around 1200 kg ha−1) at 180 kg N ha−1. The LF-seed-crop had the lightest seeds and the smallest seed germination, but fertilization tended to improve these quality traits. The SeedPGR-crop was the best performing management system yielding above 2200 kg ha−1 at the two highest N levels, allowing greater flexibility in fertilization.
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Wang, Yue, Zengxiang Zhang, Lijun Zuo, Xiao Wang, Xiaoli Zhao, and Feifei Sun. "Mapping Crop Distribution Patterns and Changes in China from 2000 to 2015 by Fusing Remote-Sensing, Statistics, and Knowledge-Based Crop Phenology." Remote Sensing 14, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 1800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14081800.
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Maps of different kinds of crops offer information about both crop distribution and crop mix, which support analyses on food security, environmental change, and climate change. Despite the growing capability for mapping specific crops, the majority of studies have focused on a few dominant crops, whereas maps with a greater diversity of crops lack research. Combining cropping seasons derived from MODIS EVI data, regional crop calendar data, and agricultural statistical surveys, we developed an allocation model to map 14 major crops at a 1 km resolution across China for the years 2000, 2010, and 2015. The model was verified based on the fitness between the area of the three typical combinations of region, crop/crop group derived from remote sensing data, and statistical data. The R2, indicating fitness, ranged from 0.51 to 0.75, with a higher value for the crops distributed in plain regions and a lower value in regions with topographically diverse landscapes. Within the same combination of region and crop/crop group, the larger harvest area a province has, the higher its fitness, suggesting an overall reliable result at the national level. A comparison of paddy rice between our results and the National Land Use/Cover Database of China showed a relatively high R2 and slope of fitness (0.67 and 0.71, respectively). Compared with the commonly used average allocation model, and without lending cropping season information, the diversity index of the results from our model is about 30% higher, indicating crop maps with greater spatial details. According to the spatial distribution analysis of the four main crops, the grids showing decreased trends accounted for 74.92%, 57.32%, and 59.00% of the total changed grid for wheat, rice, and soybean crops, respectively, while accounting for only 37.71% for maize. The resulting data sets can be used to improve assessments for nutrient security and sustainability of cropping systems, as well as their resilience in a changing climate.
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Kumar, Vikram, Revathy G, and Kavitha NS. "Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Escalating Crop Nurturing Process." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 2999–3002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.2999ecst.
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With the crash of climate change in India, due to global warming and other factors, preponderance of the agricultural crops are being deficiently exaggerated in terms of their recital over a period of last two decades. Envisaging the crop yield well ahead of its harvest would help the policymakers and farmers for taking appropriate measures for marketing and storage. Such predictions will also help to escalate the crops productions. This chapter presents various methods and techniques that are used today for predicting and modeling crop yields. The chapter also highlights the problems faced by the farmers of Thanjavur district due to climate change. The district is also called the rice bowl of Tamilnadu, located in the Cauvery delta region. In addition to this, this chapter also present a novel recommendation system that uses random forest for recommending suitable crops for the area under study and tabu search optimization for increasing crop production. The crops are recommended based on (a) soil properties, (b) crop characteristics, (c) climate parameters. The crops, namely maize, finger millet, rice, and onions, are considered for study. Depending on the prediction techniques, restorative crops are chosen for the corresponding climate conditions. The proposed system is integrated with location specific soil properties as real time input and recommends the suitable crop with good outcome considering the input and climate parameters.
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Kumar, Satayendra, and Jyoti Rai. "TEMPORAL CHANGES IN CROP CONCENTRATION OF HARIDWAR DISTRICT." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 6 (June 29, 2020): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i6.2020.412.
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In the present paper cropping pattern in haridwar district is outlined, followed by the discussion on the area under individual crops. Jasbir singh’s method is used for concentration of selected crops. There has been a significant variation in the area patterns of the crop concentration in the study region. The indices of crop concentration area calculated from district statistical handbook 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015, the crop concentration indices for all blocks of the district have been calculated for crops like paddy, wheat, oilseeds, maize, sugarcane, pulses. The spatial variations in the degree of crop concentration area are found to be the result of the different interaction such as physiographic, climatic, hydrological, socio-economic and technological factors in organizational of an area.
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Oliveira, Maxwel C., Liberty Butts, and Rodrigo Werle. "Assessment of Cover Crop Management Strategies in Nebraska, US." Agriculture 9, no. 6 (June 14, 2019): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9060124.
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Adoption of cover crops has the potential to increase agricultural sustainability in the US and beyond. In 2017, a survey was conducted with Nebraska stakeholders in an attempt to evaluate current cover crop management strategies adopted in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.), field corn (Zea mays L.), and seed corn production. Eighty-two Nebraska stakeholders answered the survey, of which 80% identified themselves as growers. Eighty-seven percent of respondents manage cover crops, and the average cover crop ha planted on a per farm basis is 32%. The primary method of establishing cover crops following soybeans and field corn is drilling. In seed corn, interseeding is the main seeding strategy for cover crop establishment. Cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) appeared as the most adopted cover crop species (either alone or in mixtures with radish [Raphanus sativus L.] or hairy vetch [Vicia villosa Roth]). Over 95% of respondents utilize herbicides for cover crop termination in the spring before crop planting. Glyphosate is used by 100% of survey respondents that use herbicides for cover crop termination. The major observed impacts of incorporating cover crops into a production system according to survey respondents are reduced soil erosion and weed suppression. According to 93% of respondents, cover crops improve weed control by suppressing winter and/or summer annual weed species. The biggest challenge reported by cover crop adopters is planting and establishing a decent stand before winter. According to the results of this survey, there are different management strategies, positive outcomes, and challenges that accompany cover crop adoption in Nebraska. These results will help growers, agronomists, and researchers better guide cover crop adoption, management, and future research and education needs in Nebraska and beyond.
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McKenzie, Sean C., Hayes B. Goosey, Kevin M. O'Neill, and Fabian D. Menalled. "Integration of sheep grazing for cover crop termination into market gardens: Agronomic consequences of an ecologically based management strategy." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 32, no. 5 (September 29, 2016): 389–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170516000326.
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AbstractCover crops are suites of non-marketable plants grown to improve soil tilth and reduce erosion. Despite these agronomic benefits, the use of cover crops is often limited because they do not provide a direct source of revenue for producers. Integrating livestock to graze cover crops could provide both an expeditious method for cover crop termination and an alternative source of revenue. However, there has been little research on the agronomic impacts of grazing for cover crop termination, especially in horticultural market-gardens. We conducted a 3-year study comparing the effects of sheep grazing to terminate a four species cover crop (buckwheat, sweetclover, peas and beets) with those of mowing on soil quality indicators, cover crop termination efficacy, and subsequent cash-crop yields. In addition, we tested the nutritional quality of the cover crop as forage. Compared with mowing, sheep grazing did not affect soil chemistry, temperature or moisture. Our study demonstrates that sheep grazing removed more cover crop biomass than mowing at termination. The assessment of nutritional indices suggests that the four-species cover crop mixture could provide high-quality forage with a potential value of US$144.00–481.80 ha−1of direct revenue as a grazing lease. Cash-crop yields did not differ between previously grazed and previously mowed plots in the subsequent growing season. We conclude that integrating sheep grazing into market vegetable garden operations could make cover crops more economically viable without having adverse effects on subsequent cash crops.
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Shrestha, Binita, Deborah L. Finke, and Jaime C. Piñero. "The ‘Botanical Triad’: The Presence of Insectary Plants Enhances Natural Enemy Abundance on Trap Crop Plants in an Organic Cabbage Agro-Ecosystem." Insects 10, no. 6 (June 22, 2019): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10060181.
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Habitat manipulation through the incorporation of non-crop plants such as trap crops (to lure pests away from the cash crop) and insectary plants (to provide resources for natural enemies) into agro-ecosystems is an ecological approach to pest management. In a field-scale study, we quantified the effects of integrating the use of trap crops with insectary plants as a novel method to control pest herbivores in an organic cabbage agro-ecosystem. We hypothesized that pests would be concentrated in the trap crop habitat and suppressed by insectary-subsidized natural enemies in situ. We documented arthropod abundance (both adults and immature stages) associated with (1) two insectary plant species (sweet alyssum, Lobularia maritima, and buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum) either alone or in combination; (2) a trap crop mixture of mighty mustard (Brassica juncea), red Russian kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), and glossy collards (Brassica oleracea var. italica), and (3) cabbage cash crop (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). Trap crops were more attractive to pests than the cash crop. On a per-plant basis, densities of the herbivores Evergestis rimosalis, Trichoplusia ni, and Plutella xylostella were 154, 37, and 161× greater on the kale trap crop than on the cabbage cash crop, and 54, 18, and 89× greater on the collards trap crop than on the cash crop. Insectary plants contributed to the consumption of pests that aggregated on the trap crop. Parasitism of E. rimosalis by the braconid wasp Cotesia orobenae was significantly increased, and the abundance of eggs and larvae of the predatory coccinellid beetle Coleomegilla maculata was greater on the trap crop in the presence of insectary plants compared to trap crops that lacked insectary plants. The ‘Botanical Triad’ of cash crop, trap crop, and insectary plants represents a new type of agro-ecosystem manipulation that integrates ecosystem service providers (e.g., predators and parasitoids) within the cropping system.
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Maniriho, Aristide, Edouard Musabanganji, and Philippe Lebailly. "A Comparative Study between Major Crop (Potato) and Minor Crop (Onion) in Volcanic Highlands of Rwanda." Journal of Agriculture and Crops, no. 82 (March 4, 2022): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jac.82.68.74.
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This paper aims to assess the competition between the priority (major) crops and the non-priority (minor) crops. Competition between crops is defined as the significant major differences between two crops in terms of production costs and their performance. Data were collected using a questionnaire administered to a random sample of 226 small-scale crop producers including 94 onion producers and 132 potato producers. The T-test was conducted to state whether there is a significant difference of mean land sizes, mean crop yields, mean selling prices, and mean net farm incomes between the two groups of crop producers. Results showed non significant difference between the mean land size allocated to onion production and that allocated to potato farming. Results also indicate that onion yield is significantly greater than potato yield, onion selling price is significantly greater than that of potato, and the net income from onion production is far away greater than the income from potato production. It is remarkable that, in some circumstances, the authorities may prioritize and thus propose to farmers the crops that are less competitive considering their price, yield or income, if the current climatic conditions and economic settings are maintained in the medium or long term. Referring to these findings, policy efforts should encourages to the farmers to shift from potato farming to onion production, or simply inclusion of crop diversification via adopting onion may be the best option to maximize the potentials of the selected crops.
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Patel, J. H., and M. P. Oza. "Deriving crop calendar using NDVI time-series." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 28, 2014): 869–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-869-2014.
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Agricultural intensification is defined in terms as cropping intensity, which is the numbers of crops (single, double and triple) per year in a unit cropland area. Information about crop calendar (i.e. number of crops in a parcel of land and their planting & harvesting dates and date of peak vegetative stage) is essential for proper management of agriculture. Remote sensing sensors provide a regular, consistent and reliable measurement of vegetation response at various growth stages of crop. Therefore it is ideally suited for monitoring purpose. The spectral response of vegetation, as measured by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and its profiles, can provide a new dimension for describing vegetation growth cycle. The analysis based on values of NDVI at regular time interval provides useful information about various crop growth stages and performance of crop in a season. However, the NDVI data series has considerable amount of local fluctuation in time domain and needs to be smoothed so that dominant seasonal behavior is enhanced. Based on temporal analysis of smoothed NDVI series, it is possible to extract number of crop cycles per year and their crop calendar. <br><br> In the present study, a methodology is developed to extract key elements of crop growth cycle (i.e. number of crops per year and their planting – peak - harvesting dates). This is illustrated by analysing MODIS-NDVI data series of one agricultural year (from June 2012 to May 2013) over Gujarat. Such an analysis is very useful for analysing dynamics of kharif and rabi crops.
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Javed, Muhammad Asif, Sajid Rashid Ahmad, Wakas Karim Awan, and Bilal Ahmed Munir. "Estimation of Crop Water Deficit in Lower Bari Doab, Pakistan Using Reflection-Based Crop Coefficient." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 3 (March 13, 2020): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9030173.
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There is a global realization in all governmental setups of the need to provoke the efficient appraisal of crop water budgeting in order to manage water resources efficiently. This study aims to use the satellite remote sensing techniques to determine the water deficit in the crop rich Lower Bari Doab Canal (LBDC) command area. Crop classification was performed using multi-temporal NDVI profiles of Landsat-8 imagery by distinguishing the crop cycles based on reflectance curves. The reflectance-based crop coefficients (Kc) were derived by linear regression between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) cycles of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) MOD13Q1 and MYD13Q1 products and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) defined crop coefficients. A MODIS 250 m NDVI product of the last 10 years (2004-2013) was used to identify the best performing crop cycle using Fourier filter method. The meteorological parameters including rainfall and temperature substantiated the reference evapotranspiration (ET0) calculated using the Hargreaves method. The difference of potential ET and actual ET, derived from the reflectance-based Kc calculated using reference NDVI and current NDVI, generates the water deficit. Results depict the strong correlation between ET, temperature and rainfall, as the regions having maximum temperature resulted in high ET and low rainfall and vice versa. The derived Kc values were observed to be accurate when compared with the crop calendar. Results revealed maximum water deficit at middle stage of the crops, which were observed to be particularly higher at the tail of the canal command. Moreover, results also depicted that kharif (summer) crops suffer higher deficit in comparison to rabi (winter) crops due to higher ET demand caused by higher temperature. Results of the research can be utilized for rational allocation of canal supplies and guiding farmers towards usage of alternate sources to avoid crop water stress.
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Jhala, Amit J., Hugh J. Beckie, Thomas J. Peters, A. Stanley Culpepper, and Jason K. Norsworthy. "Interference and management of herbicide-resistant crop volunteers." Weed Science 69, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 257–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2021.3.
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AbstractSince the commercialization of herbicide-resistant (HR) crops, primarily glyphosate-resistant crops, their adoption has increased rapidly. Multiple herbicide resistance traits in crops such as canola (Brassica napus L.), corn (Zea mays L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] have become available in recent years, and management of their volunteers needs attention to prevent interference and yield loss in rotational crops. The objectives of this review were to summarize HR crop traits in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), canola, corn, cotton, rice (Oryza sativa L.), soybean, sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.); assess their potential for volunteerism; and review existing literature on the interference of HR crop volunteers, yield loss, and their management in rotational crops. HR crop volunteers are problem weeds in agronomic cropping systems, and the impact of volunteerism depends on several factors, such as crop grown in rotation, the density of volunteers, management practices, and microclimate. Interference of imidazolinone-resistant (IR) barley or wheat volunteers can be a problem in rotational crops, particularly when IR crops such as canola or wheat are grown. HR canola volunteers are abundant in the Northern Great Plains due to high fecundity, seed loss before or during harvest, and secondary seed dormancy, and they can interfere in crops grown in rotation such as flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), field peas (Pisum sativum L.), and soybean. HR corn volunteers are competitive in crops grown in rotation such as corn, cotton, soybean, and sugarbeet, with yield loss depending on the density of HR corn volunteers. Volunteers of HR cotton, rice, soybean, and sugarbeet are not major concerns and can be controlled with existing herbicides. Herbicide options would be limited if the crop volunteers are multiple HR; therefore, recording the cultivar planted the previous year and selecting the appropriate herbicide are important. The increasing use of 2,4-D, dicamba, glufosinate, and glyphosate in North American cropping systems requires research on herbicide interactions and alternative herbicides or methods for controlling multiple HR crop volunteers.