Journal articles on the topic 'Crop water stre'
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1
Ridley, A. M., B. Christy, F. X. Dunin, P. J. Haines, K. F. Wilson, and A. Ellington. "Lucerne in crop rotations on the Riverine Plains. 1. The soil water balance." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 2 (2001): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar99165.
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Dryland salinity, caused largely by insufficient water use of annual crops and pastures, is increasing in southern Australia. A field experiment in north-eastern Victoria (average annual rainfall 600 mm) assessed the potential for lucerne grown in rotation with crops to reduce the losses of deep drainage compared with annual crops and pasture. Soil under lucerne could store 228 mm of water to 1.8 m depth. This compared with 84 mm under continuous crop (to 1.8 m depth), except in 1997–98 where crop dried soil by 162 mm. Between 1.8 and 3.25 m depth lucerne was able to create a soil water deficit of 78 mm. The extra water storage capacity was due to both the increased rooting depth and increased drying abiliy of lucerne within the root-zone of the annual species. Large drainage losses occurred under annuals in 1996 and small losses were calculated in 1997 and 1999, with no loss in 1998. Averaged over 1996–1999, drainage under annual crops was 49 mm/year (maximum 143 mm) and under annual pastures 35 mm/year (maximum 108 mm). When the extra soil water storage under lucerne was accounted for, no drainage was measured under this treatment in any year. Following 2 years of lucerne, drainage under subsequent crops could occur in the second crop. However, with 3 or 4 years of lucerne, 3–4 crops were grown before drainage loss was likely. Our calculations suggest that in this environment drainage losses are likely to occur under annual species in 55% of years compared with 6% of years under lucerne. In wet years water use of lucerne was higher than for crops due to lucerne’s ability to use summer rainfall and dry soil over the summer–autumn period. During the autumn–winter period crop water use was generally higher than under lucerne. The major period of increased soil water extraction under lucerne was from late spring to midsummer, with additional drying from deeper layers until autumn. Under both lucerne and crops, soil dried progressively from upper to lower soil layers. Short rotations of crops and lucerne currently offer the most practical promise for farmers in cropping areas in southern Australia to restore the water balance to a level which reduces the risk of secondary salinity.
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Sarr, Sait, Mark Coyne, Maheteme Gebremedhin, Avinash Topè, and Shreya Patel. "Cover Crop and Fertility Effects on Escherichia coli Abundance in a Composted Poultry Litter-Amended Silt Loam Soil." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2020 (February 20, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4564289.
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Soil conservation practices such as cover crops can improve crop production, soil quality, and water quality. Cover crops can also influence soil microbial growth and activity. Cover cropped and manured soils can potentially store and transmit fecal bacteria (e.g., E. coli) to surface water if runoff and subsurface seepage occur. While many studies have shown the soil health benefits of cover crops, fewer studies have evaluated the extent to which cover crops influence the abundance of potential waste-borne pathogens. A two-year study (2015–2017) was conducted on a limited-resource farm in Logan County, Kentucky, USA, to quantify the abundance of the fecal indicator Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria (as a proxy for fecal coliforms) in treatments with and without cover crops or composted poultry litter. The cover crop consisted of a cereal rye (Secale cereale L.), Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum L.), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) mix. Summer crops consisted of a no-till maize (Zea mays L.)—soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation. Soil samples were taken before and after each summer crop season and assessed to detect and enumerate E. coli. At the end of the study period, no significant treatment differences in the E. coli abundance in soil were detected (ca. 104 CFU·g−1) (p>0.05). However, season/time was a significant factor (p<0.05). We conclude that the background E. coli already present in soil was sufficiently high, inhibiting the detection of the influence of added composted litter. These indigenous E. coli were unaffected by cover crop and nutrient management but did fluctuate on a seasonal basis.
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Marimuthu, M. "Kadamba Tank Cultivation Area: A Status of Agricultural Sector." Shanlax International Journal of Economics 8, no. 4 (September 1, 2020): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v8i4.3353.
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The Thamirabarani River is one of the prominent sources of water for Kadamba Tank. Thamirabarani river is the perennial river in the South Tamil Nadu. Apart from that, which can store water during the North-East Monsoon period. The water user association members are getting money from duck rears and allowing duck into the agriculture fields after the harvest. The agriculturist is saying that after the first harvest if the water is not sufficient for the next crop such as paddy, farmers can go for the crop such as zero water consumption crops like green gram, black gram. Because of duck farming, agriculturists are not able to get benefited from low-cost crops. Indeed, water is the scarcity of resources in Tamil Nadu; irrigation water should not be charged more. Like other places in Tamil Nadu, in Kadamba Kulam agriculture basin, also collecting charges (ayakatu) for water usage by the association. The nonavailability of water throughout the year, the agricultural labors are moved from native and employed in the industrial sector. Tamil Nadu is a water tense state that lingers to experience water shortages which are expected to exacerbate in future due to the political pressure and money laundering, Justices A. Selvam and P. Kalaiyarasan dismissed the petitions on several grounds, including the State government’s submission that only 43 mc ft out of 5,049 mcf of surface water that goes waste into the sea was being supplied to the two industries. The court said that such supply did not affect either irrigation or drinking water needs of the people in any way.
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Zhang, Jin-Xia. "Study on the Effect of Straw Mulching on Farmland Soil Water." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (September 29, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3101880.
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Straw mulching farming is currently an effective dry farming technique for improving arid soil environments. Straw mulching technology can increase the infiltration capacity of soil water and improve crop yield and water use efficiency. In this study, the aim is to improve the soil water holding capacity, water retaining capacity, and comprehensive water use efficiency of crops in dry farmland. First, the response surface model is used to study and analyse the optimal parameters of straw returning and its mulching technology, and then, the crop yield, water consumption, and comprehensive water use efficiency of spring corn under different mulching conditions during 2017-2019 are studied. The test results show that the optimized parameters obtained by the response surface model are as follows: film thickness is 0.03 mm, straw returning amount is 4500 kg/hm2, straw particle size is 5 mm, and straw returning depth is 25 mm. At this time, the maximum soil water storage can reach 404.50 mm. The results of the straw mulching test show that under 4500 kg/hm2 mulching, the soil has more water storage, higher soil water content, and a simultaneous increase in water consumption, which is conducive to the efficient use of limited precipitation by crops. The field experiment for three years shows that 4500 kg/hm2 straw (wheat) mulching in the dry farming area of southern Ningxia can better store water and protect soil moisture, promote the virtuous cycle of farmland soil water, and show outstanding performance in improving corn yield and water use efficiency, which can be popularized and implemented in spring corn production in this area.
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CARR, M. K. V. "THE WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF PINEAPPLE (Ananas comosus var. comosus): A REVIEW." Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 4 (May 15, 2012): 488–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479712000385.
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SUMMARYThe results of research on the water relations and irrigation need of pineapple are collated and summarised in an attempt to link fundamental studies on crop physiology to irrigation practices. Background information on the centres of origin (northern South America) and of production (Brazil, Thailand and the Philippines) of pineapple is followed by reviews of crop development, including roots, plant water relations, crop water requirements and water productivity and irrigation systems. The majority of the recent research published in the international literature on these topics has been conducted in the United States (Hawaii) and Brazil. Pineapple differs from most other commercial crops in that it has a photosynthetic adaptation (crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)) that facilitates the uptake of carbon dioxide at night, and improves its water-use efficiency under dry conditions. The crop is propagated vegetatively. The succulent leaves collect (and store) water in the leaf axils, where it is absorbed by surrounding tissue or by aerial roots. There is little published information on the effects of water deficits on vegetative growth, flowering or fruiting. Water stress can reduce the number of fruitlets and the fruit weight. After harvest, one or two ratoon crops can follow. Roots originate from just behind the stem-growing point, some remaining above ground (aerial roots), others entering the soil, reaching depths of 0.85–1.5 m. Root growth ceases at flowering. The ratoon crop depends on the original (plant crop) root system, including the axillary roots. Stomata are present on the abaxial leaf surfaces at relatively low densities (70–85 mm−2). They are open throughout the night, and close during the day before reopening in mid-afternoon. The degree to which CAM attributes are expressed depends in part on the location (e.g. tropics or subtropics), and possibly the cultivar, with the total amount of carbon fixed during the night varying from <3% to >80%. There are surprisingly few published reports of field measurements of crop water use and water productivity of pineapple. Two reports show evapotranspiration only occurring during the daytime. There is more uncertainty about the actual water use of pineapple, the value of crop coefficient (Kc) and relative rates of water loss (transpiration) and carbon gain (net photosynthesis), during the daytime and at night, under different water regimes. This is surprising given the amount of fundamental research reported on photosynthesis of CAM plants in general. Although pineapple is mainly a rainfed crop, it is widely irrigated. Drip irrigation is successfully used where the water supply is restricted, the cost of labour is high and cultivation techniques are advanced. Micro-jets can also be used, as can any of the overhead sprinkler systems, provided wind distortion is not a problem. There is a lack of reliable published data quantifying where irrigation of pineapple is likely to be worthwhile, how it is best practised and the benefits that can be obtained. This is remarkable considering the importance of pineapple as an internationally traded commodity.
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Jaafar, Hadi, Roya Mourad, Rim Hazimeh, and Lara Sujud. "AgSAT: A Smart Irrigation Application for Field-Scale Daily Crop ET and Water Requirements Using Satellite Imagery." Remote Sensing 14, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 5090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14205090.
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With the foreseen increase in population and the reliance on water as a key input for agricultural production, greater demand will be placed on freshwater supplies. The objective of this work was to present the newly developed Android smartphone application to calculate crop evapotranspiration in real-time to support field-scale irrigation management. As part of the answer to water shortage, we embraced technology by developing AgSAT, a Google Earth Engine-based application that optimizes water use for food production. AgSAT uses meteorological data to calculate daily water requirements using the ASCE-Penman–Monteith method (ETref) and vegetation indices from satellite imagery to derive the basal crop growth coefficient, Kcb. The performance of AgSAT to estimate ETref was assessed using climatic data from 18 meteorological stations distributed over several climatic zones worldwide. ETref estimation through the app showed acceptable results with values of 1.27, 0.9, 0.79, 0.95, and 0.5 for root mean square error (RMSE), correlation coefficient (r), modeling efficiency (NSE), concordance index (d), and percentage bias (Pbias), respectively. AgSAT guides gross irrigation requirements for crops and rationalizes water quantities used in agricultural production. AgSAT has been released, is currently in use by research scientists, agricultural producers, and irrigation managers, and is freely accessible from the Google Play and IOS Store and also at agsat.app. Our work is geared towards the development of remote sensing-based technologies that transfer significant benefits to farmers and water-saving efforts.
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Sunny Goh Eng Giap and Mohammad Fadhli Ahmad. "Preliminary Study on Perlis State Soil Series and Its Implication on Water Storage and Irrigation." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Mechanics 92, no. 1 (April 15, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/aram.92.1.15.
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The over irrigation method applies to meet crop demand may not be a sustainable approach in the near future. Considering agricultural water demand constitutes a huge water consumption than the portable demand, alternative to the over-irrigation practice could be explored as over-irrigation could lead to water wastage and groundwater pollution. The current study investigates the Perlis state soil by determining the minimal water storage in the soil to maintain crop water demand. All the soil series in the state were identified and classified into soil texture based on its sand, silt, and clay composition. The soil water characteristic curve was determined to relate the soil water content to soil particle suction pressure, which then used to determine the soil water content field capacity and permanent wilting point. Subsequently, the plant available water can be determined. The Chengai, Kangar, Hutan, Sogomana, Gajah Mati, Kundor, and Tualang soil series constitute the highest plant available so that it could store more water for crop usage than the other soil series. The study concludes that crop irrigation at field capacity was necessary to avoid water wastage than irrigation at fully saturated soil water content.
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Tetlow, Ian. "Starch Biosynthesis in Crop Plants." Agronomy 8, no. 6 (May 25, 2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8060081.
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Starch is a water-insoluble polyglucan synthesized inside the plastids of plant tissues to provide a store of carbohydrate. Starch harvested from plant storage organs has probably represented the major source of calories for the human diet since before the dawn of civilization. Following the advent of agriculture and the building of complex societies, humans have maintained their dependence on high-yielding domesticated starch-forming crops such as cereals to meet food demands, livestock production, and many non-food applications. The top three crops in terms of acreage are cereals, grown primarily for the harvestable storage starch in the endosperm, although many starchy tuberous crops also provide an important source of calories for various communities around the world. Despite conservation in the core structure of the starch granule, starches from different botanical sources show a high degree of variability, which is exploited in many food and non-food applications. Understanding the factors underpinning starch production and its final structure are of critical importance in guiding future crop improvement endeavours. This special issue contains reviews on these topics and is intended to be a useful resource for researchers involved in improvement of starch-storing crops.
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Lestari, Yuli, and Mukhlis. "Peatland water conservation by agroforestry system." E3S Web of Conferences 305 (2021): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130503004.
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Peat swamp forest have a high economic value and are potential for agricultural development. However, peatlad are fragile ecosystems because they are easily damaged and difficult to restore. The main problem of all peat soil types is their irreversible drying. In this condition the peat soil is easy burning, unable to store water, and if the groundwater is far from the surface, the plants will be stressed from lack of water. Therefore to support sustainable agricultural development on peatlands it requires careful planning, application of appropriate technology and suitable management. One of the land management systems that can be applied on peatlands is combining agricultural crop and forest plant (agroforestry). Forest plant and seasonal agriculture crops can increase CO2 absorption so that photosynthetic efficiency and oxygen production increase. These proses increase the production of biomass which can maintain soil organic matter and prevent erosion. Organic matter enhance the effectiveness of rewetting and water retention capacity. In addition, this system also affects the microclimate, such as the soil becoming more humid because it gets shade from the vegetation above it, so reduce temperature and elevated air moisture. Indirectly, agroforestry can reduce excessive evaporation and maintains the ground water level, especially during the dry season. This review aim to explain the role of intercropping system in peatland water conservation.
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Dumont, François, and Caroline Provost. "Using Autumnal Trap Crops to Manage Tarnished Plant Bugs (Lygus lineolaris)." Insects 13, no. 5 (May 7, 2022): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13050441.
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For insects, surviving winter depends on their capacity to store enough energy and find proper hibernation sites. A common strategy is to minimize movement and hibernate near autumn food sources. We investigated the efficiency of autumnal hosts to act as trap crops where insects could be exposed to targeted repressive treatments. This approach could reduce the local populations of insect pests in the next production season, reducing the need for insecticides. First, we tested the mullein plant’s attractiveness as an autumn trap crop for Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae) in strawberry fields by comparing peak population density among mullein (Verbascum thapsus), strawberry plants (Fragaria × ananassa), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), and mustard (Sinapis alba). Second, we tested four treatments applied to the autumn trap crops to reduce L. lineolaris winter survivorship: (1) hot water, (2) a pathogen (Beauveria bassiana), (3) insecticide (cypermethrin), and (4) a control. The density of the L. lineolaris population on mullein in autumn and on buckwheat in summer was higher than on strawberry and mustard. Of the overwintering L. lineolaris, 0% survived the winter when treated with the insecticide cypermethrin, while 38.3% survived in the control treatment (without repressive treatment). The B. bassiana and hot water treatments did not differ from the control. The mullein autumn trap crops combined with insecticide treatments could contribute to reducing the overwintering population, hence potentially reducing population during the following growing season.
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Kadbhane, Sharad J., and Vivek L. Manekar. "An experimental study on the grape orchard: Effects comparison of two irrigation systems." Journal of Water and Land Development 32, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0005.
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Abstract Table grape (Vitis vinifera cultivars) is a major cash crop in the Nashik district of India, which requires irrigation water throughout the year as per demand instantly. Canal irrigation is the adopted irrigation systems in the study area, but canal irrigation has got several serious disadvantages, such as mismatching rotation schedules and crop water demands, water allotment system and restrictions on the use of efficient irrigation methods. The storing the canal water in the farm pond instead of directly applying to the field using the free flooding method is alternate solution to overcome the disadvantages of the canal irrigation system. Once the canal water storing in the pond, it increases the possibilities to use the advance irrigation system like drip, subsurface, sprinkler etc. to enhance water use efficiency. The comparative study between the canal water directly applying for the field and canal water storing in the farm pond then use for irrigation, executed through the field experiments carried out on the grape orchard during a period April 2013 to March 2016. Results have been evaluated based on grape yield, water-productivity, berry size, and biomass. Water productivity (kg·m-3) with respect to water delivery to crop through the pond irrigation method was found 37% higher than the canal irrigation method during the study period. Based on the results, this study recommended the use of the farm pond to store the canal water and use it as per crop demand using advance irrigation systems.
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Tang, Rong, Xudong Han, Xiugui Wang, Shuang Huang, Yihui Yan, Jiesheng Huang, Tao Shen, Youzhen Wang, and Jia Liu. "Optimized Main Ditch Water Control for Agriculture in Northern Huaihe River Plain, Anhui Province, China, Using MODFLOW Groundwater Table Simulations." Water 14, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14010029.
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Controlled drainage by regulating the groundwater level in open ditches is necessary to ensure the normal growth of crops in Northern Huaihe River Plain, China. The groundwater model MODFLOW was calibrated and validated in a representative area, and was then conducted to simulate the groundwater under different main drainage ditch water depth control schemes during the growth period of corn and wheat. Then the scenario with highest water depth (Scenario 20) from 1989 to 2019 was simulated, and the annual cumulative drought and waterlogging intensity (ACDWI) were analyzed in each decade and in different hydrological years. The results showed that the study area was dominated by drought stress. The lowest level of drought stress was achieved under Scenario 20. The frequency of drought gradually decreased from north to south in the study area. Moreover, the ACDWI decreased with increase of precipitation during 1989 to 2019. The results indicated that it was important to store water during the dry season, while it is also necessary to control the drainage in the rainy season to drain excess water on time. The results suggested that the water depth of the main drainage ditch should be regulated by zoning and by season to alleviate crop drought and waterlogging.
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Hunt, J. R., C. Browne, T. M. McBeath, K. Verburg, S. Craig, and A. M. Whitbread. "Summer fallow weed control and residue management impacts on winter crop yield though soil water and N accumulation in a winter-dominant, low rainfall region of southern Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 9 (2013): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13237.
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The majority of rain used by winter grain crops in the Mallee region of Victoria, Australia, falls during the cooler months of the year (April–October). However, rain falling during the summer fallow period (November–March) and stored as soil moisture contributes to grain yield. Strategies to better capture and store summer fallow rain include (i) retention of crop residues on the soil surface to improve water infiltration and evaporation; and (ii) chemical or mechanical control of summer fallow weeds to reduce transpiration. Despite the widespread adoption of no-till farming systems in the region, few published studies have considered the benefits of residue management during the summer fallow relative to weed control, and none quantify the impacts or identify the mechanisms by which summer fallow weeds influence subsequent crop yield. Over 3 years (2009–11), identical experiments on adjacent sand and clay soil types at Hopetoun in the southern Mallee were conducted to quantify the effect of residue management (standing, removed, or slashed) and summer fallow weed control (± chemical control) compared with cultivation on soil water and nitrogen (N) accumulation and subsequent crop yield. The presence of residue (2.4–5.8 t/ha) had no effect on soil water accumulation and a small negative effect on grain yield on the clay soil in 2011. Controlling summer weeds (Heliotropium europaeum and volunteer crop species) increased soil water accumulation (mean 45 mm) and mineral N (mean 45 kg/ha) before sowing on both soil types in 2 years of the experiment with significant amounts of summer fallow rain (2010 and 2011). Control of summer weeds increased grain yield of canola by 0.6 t/ha in 2010 and wheat by 1.4 t/ha in 2011. Using the data from these experiments to parameterise the APSIM model, simulation of selected treatments using historical climate data (1958–2011) showed that an extra 40 mm of stored soil water resulted in an average additional 0.4 t/ha yield, most of which was achieved in dry growing seasons. An additional 40 kg/ha N increased yield only in wetter growing seasons (mean 0.4 t/ha on both soil types). The combination of extra water and N that was found experimentally to result from control of summer fallow weeds increased subsequent crop yield in all season types (mean 0.7 t/ha on sand, 0.9 t/ha on clay). The co-limitation of yield by water and N in the Mallee environment means that yield increases due to summer weed control (and thus returns on investment) are very reliable.
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Bessa, Jaqueline F. V., Osvaldo Resende, Daniel E. C. de Oliveira, Rayr R. de Lima, Wellytton D. Quequeto, and Valdiney C. Siqueira. "Adsorption isotherms and thermodynamic properties of Carthamus tinctorius L. seeds." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 25, no. 10 (August 2021): 696–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v25n10p696-702.
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ABSTRACT Safflower is a crop of high economic value with high oil concentration in its seeds and great industrial versatility, besides various benefits to human health. As with other agricultural crops, it is common to store safflower to make it available in different periods of the year and, due to its hygroscopic characteristics, studies evaluating the effect of temperature and air relative humidity on its moisture content become relevant. Thus, the objective of the present study was to determine the water adsorption isotherms of safflower seeds and analyze their thermodynamic properties. Moisture contents of 6.5, 6.9, 7.3, 7.7, 8.3 and 9.1% (dry basis) were obtained by adsorption under controlled conditions of temperature (30 °C) and relative air humidity (90%). The adsorption isotherms were obtained by the indirect static method at different temperatures (10, 20, 30 and 40 °C). As temperature increased, for the same moisture content, there was an increase in water activity and, for constant water activity, the values of equilibrium moisture content decreased with increasing temperature. Chung-Pfost model showed the best fit to describe the phenomenon of hygroscopicity of safflower seeds. The thermodynamic properties were influenced by the moisture content of the seeds, reducing the energy necessary for water absorption in the product with the increase in adsorption, and the enthalpy-entropy theory was controlled by enthalpy.
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ANJORIN, Folake Bosede, Adeyinka ADEBAYO, Taiwo OMODELE, Adewale ADETAYO, and James ADEDIRAN. "Effects of soil nutrient amendments on growth and grain yield performances of quality protein maize grown under water deficit stress in Ibadan, Nigeria." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 117, no. 4 (December 24, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2021.117.4.1887.
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<p class="042abstractstekst">Drought and poor soil fertility are major limitations to crop production, globally. To investigate the impacts of water deficit stress (WS) and soil nutrient amendment (SA) on growth and yield performances of maize. A two years factorial field study was carried out, using a quality protein maize (QPM) (ILE-1-OB) and a non QPM–drought tolerant check (TZPBSR-W) varieties in Ibadan. Treatments include; six fertilizer application rates; 50 and 100 (kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>) ofNPK-20-10-10, 10.7 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>of Tithonia Poultry Compost (TPC), 50 N + 10.7TPC and 100 N + 10.7TPC (kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>), three WS; the control (FW), WS at vegetative stage (STR1), and WS at reproductive stage (STR2). Leaf area (LA) and grain yield (GY) were measured using standard procedures. From the results, across WS, LA ranged from STR1 (458.90 ± 12.4) to FW (598.81 ± 13.1 cm<sup>2</sup>), GY varied from STR2 (2.94 ± 0.2 t ha<sup>-1</sup>) to FW (6.59 ± 0.2 t ha<sup>-1</sup>), across fertilizers, LA varied from 0 N (397.65 cm<sup>2</sup>) to 100N + 10.7TPC (622.71 cm<sup>2</sup>) and 50 N + 10.7TPC (611.03 cm<sup>2</sup>), respectively. The GY varied from 0 N (2.37 t ha<sup>-1</sup>) to 100 N + 10.7TPC (5.82 t ha<sup>-1</sup>) and 50N + 10.7TPC (5.26 t ha<sup>-1</sup>).<strong> </strong>Drought stress reduced growth and GY performances of QPM, while SA with 50 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> of inorganic fertilizer and 10.7 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> of<em> </em>TPC enhanced growth and grain yield of maize under WS.</p>
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Mushtaq, Shahbaz, Shahbaz Khan, and Mohsin Hafeez. "Evaluating the impact of ponds in sustaining crop production: a case of Zhanghe irrigation system in China." Water Policy 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 236–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.019.
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Ponds are small reservoirs located in irrigated areas that allow farmers to capture rainfall, store surplus water from irrigation canals and conserve water from other sources. These ponds allow the users to obtain water on-demand providing built-in flexibility by storing water close to water users. Though ponds have been used widely in irrigated areas for many years, a recent increase in the construction of ponds because of growing water shortages and government policies are placing greater need on understanding their role in sustaining crop production. We evaluated the impact of ponds in sustaining agricultural production, specifically the impact of ponds on cost of irrigation, crop area and production. Multivariate regression models were developed to assess the impact of ponds. The results of an assessment of the impact of access to pond water indicated that it reduces the total cost of irrigation. However, the effect is not statistically significant, whereas access to pond water had some positive but non significant impact on rice area and yield. The results did not show any significant increase in yield and rice area because of the similar quality of ponds and the ZIS canal water; the ZIS contributes around 20% to pond water. However, comparing yield using pond water and rainfed agriculture may show a significant impact of pond water. We envision that ponds will continue to play vital roles in sustaining agricultural production.
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Kamran, Muhammad Adeel, and Tahira Shamshad. "Impacts of Hill Torrents’ Management on Socio-Economic Conditions of Arid Land Farmers: a Case Study of Tehsil D.G. Khan." Asian Journal of Humanity, Art and Literature 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2015): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajhal.v2i1.292.
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The study conducted in arid areas of Dera Ghazi Khan occasionally affected by hill torrents (Suri-Lund, Vidore, Sakhi-Sarwar, Mithawan) coming from Koh-e-Suleman range. The study found that hill torrent water is used for agriculture, domestic and livestock. The management of this water significantly affects on income, crop yield, soil fertility, health conditions and living standard of farmers. The local cost effective methods to store this water include wah, dubba and bundh but most of water is wasted as they are insufficient. The water distribution mechanism fosters cooperation and helps to form new relations with co-farmers. The study suggested that government and NGOs should help people to construct concrete diversions, bundhs, ponds and dams to manage hill torrent water.
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Jemai, Noura, Meriem Soussi, and Mohamed Thameur Chaibi. "Opportunities for Implementing Closed Greenhouse Systems in Arid Climate Conditions." Horticulturae 8, no. 12 (November 24, 2022): 1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8121102.
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The closed greenhouse is an innovative crop system in the horticulture sector, integrating appropriate climate control equipment and optimized techniques to collect, store, and reuse solar energy for heating and/or cooling the greenhouse. This concept aims to improve the crop yield and quality with energy efficient and water-saving technologies. A specific focus on the opportunities of implementing closed greenhouses under arid climate conditions is detailed in this work. Guidelines for selecting appropriate techniques and design parameters are investigated, aiming for profitable and sustainable greenhouse production. This paper provides an overview of the design aspects of the closed greenhouse and a state of the art of its applications in arid areas. Firstly, the microclimate parameters, including temperature, relative humidity (RH), light intensity, and CO2 concentration are introduced. Then, an in-depth focus on the effects of these parameters on crop productivity, water, and energy efficiency are thoroughly discussed. Finally, the limitations of closed greenhouse applications are pointed out as opportunities for further research and development in this emerging agriculture field.
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Condon, AG, RA Richards, and GD Farquhar. "Relationships between carbon isotope discrimination, water use efficiency and transpiration efficiency for dryland wheat." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 8 (1993): 1693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9931693.
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Carbon isotope discrimination (-) has been shown to be negatively correlated with water use efficiency for wheat cultivars grown in the glasshouse. In the field this negative correlation has been confirmed for peanut but it has yet to be confirmed for wheat. Indeed, several field studies on wheat have shown positive (rather than negative) relationships between dry matter production and -. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between - and water use efficiency for wheat grown in a dryland environment characterized by winterlspring-dominant rainfall and terminal drought. Eight genotypes chosen to give a range in - of c. 2.0x10-3 were grown on a red earth at Moombooldool in the Riverina region of New South Wales. Water use and above-ground dry matter (DM) were measured over the course of the season. Water use was partitioned into transpiration and soil evaporation and values of crop water use efficiency (WET) and transpiration efficiency ( WT) calculated. To account for the effect on WT of seasonal changes in the vapour pressure deficit of the air (D), crop coefficients (k) were derived by multiplying WT by the transpiration-weighted average daytime value of D for each genotype. During the preanthesis period, when there was little limitation of soil water supply on growth, there was a positive relationship between DM and -, as observed previously. The relationship between WET and - also had a positive (though non-significant) trend, but the relationship between k and - was negative, i.e. once the effects of variation in the ratio T/ET and seasonal changes in D were accounted for, the negative correlation between water use efficiency and - re-emerged. This apparent conflict between WET and k arose because genotypes with high - values developed their leaf area faster, with two important consequences. First, high - genotypes transpired more of their water supply during the winter when D was low and the exchange of water for CO2 more efficient. Second, transpiration made up a greater proportion of total water use by high - genotypes. The relationship between water use efficiency and - was further complicated as the crops depleted the soil water store after anthesis. During this period DM production tended to be greater in low - genotypes that had conserved soil water in the preanthesis period. However, DM production also remained high for two high - genotypes. The cause of this variation in post-anthesis growth among high - genotypes was not established.
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Brice, Kenko Nkontcheu Daniel, Patricia Asanga Bi Fai, Ngameni Tchamadeu Norbert, and Mpoame Mbida. "Environmental and Human Health Assessment in Relation to Pesticide Use by Local Farmers and the Cameroon Development Corporation (CDC), Fako Division, South-West Cameroon." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 21 (July 31, 2017): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n21p454.
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Pesticides are widely used to reduce crop losses due to pests. This study (an initial part of a project on risk assessment and biomonitoring) deals with pesticide use patterns in the South-West, Cameroon. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was done using questionnaires randomly administered to 137 respondents. Twenty-one crops were recorded in the area with a total of 107 pesticides (60 active ingredients) used. Three illegally used pesticides were recorded (lindane, dimethoate and malathion). Application of pesticides in combination was quite common (42.3%). Pesticide application was mainly manual using a sprayer (96.4%) with 54% of users experiencing health problems post-application. Because of the lack of funding and training, 19.7% sprayed pesticides without protection. For the Restricted Entry Interval (REI), 43.1% entered the field in less than 12h after pesticide application. The correlation between the REI and the number of symptoms was negative and non-significant (R=-0.07, p≥0.05). The main place to store pesticides was the house (57.7%) with the exception of CDC where pesticides were kept in a pesticide store. Some respondents (54.7%) said they hadn’t received any training on pesticide application while 20.4 % of respondents failed to follow recommended doses. Surface water around farms was used by 62.1% of pesticides users for domestic purposes. Some farmers (46.7%) have once heard about pesticide related accident while 14.6% suffered from pesticide intoxication, the prevalence being significantly higher in males (p<0.05). Therefore, there is a need to regulate the pesticides sector, assess ecological risk and the bioaccumulation potential of these pesticides as well as their ability to hindrance water quality and biota.
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Dos Santos Hecher, Emmanuel Alves, Constance L. Falk, Juliette Enfield, Steven J. Guldan, and Mark E. Uchanski. "The Economics of Low-cost High Tunnels for Winter Vegetable Production in the Southwestern United States." HortTechnology 24, no. 1 (February 2014): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.24.1.7.
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Relatively little season extension research has been conducted in the southwestern United States, particularly with low-cost high tunnels or hoop houses for small-scale farmers. In this study, the economics of winter production of two leafy crops [lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea)] in high tunnels in two locations in New Mexico were investigated, first using a simulation analysis in which yields were stochastic variables followed by a sensitivity analysis to examine returns from the high tunnel designs more closely. The returns examined in the sensitivity analysis were net of high tunnel materials, crop seed cost, and electricity. Two planting dates were tested and three high tunnel designs were examined: a single layer covering the house (SL), a double layer inflated with air (DL), and a double layer inflated with air and containing black water barrels to store heat (DL+B). The SL and DL designs appear to be the more appropriate technology for both locations for spinach, whereas for lettuce the DL+B model might be a reasonable option in Alcalde, a more-northern location. Overall, the SL and DL models provided adequate protection for growing crops, were less expensive to build, provided more interior growing space, and resulted in higher probabilities of producing positive returns, compared with the DL+B design. The DL design performed similarly to the SL design, but required running electricity to the structure to power the inflation fan, adding to the cost. As a result, expected returns in all cases were higher using the SL design based on the results of the sensitivity analyses. Combining the risk and the sensitivity analyses provides growers with a unique evaluation process to make high tunnel design, planting date, and crop choices.
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Hanasaki, N., S. Kanae, T. Oki, and N. Shirakawa. "An integrated model for the assessment of global water resources – Part 2: Anthropogenic activities modules and assessments." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4, no. 5 (October 2, 2007): 3583–626. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-4-3583-2007.
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Abstract. To assess global water resources from the perspective of subannual variation in water resources and water use, an integrated water resources model was developed. In a companion report, we presented the global meteorological forcing input used to drive the model and two natural hydrological cycle modules, namely, the land surface hydrology module and the river routing module. Here, we present the remaining four modules, which represent anthropogenic activities: a crop growth module, a reservoir operation module, an environmental flow requirement module, and an anthropogenic withdrawal module. In addition, we discuss the results of a global water resources assessment using the integrated model. The crop growth module is a relatively simple model based on heat unit theory and potential biomass and harvest index concepts. The performance of the crop growth module was examined extensively because agricultural water comprises approximately 70% of total water withdrawal in the world. The estimated crop calendar showed good agreement with earlier reports for wheat, maize, and rice in major countries of production. The estimated irrigation water withdrawal also showed fair agreement with country statistics, but tended to underestimate countries in the Asian monsoon region. In the reservoir operation module, 452 major reservoirs with more than 1 km³ each of storage capacity store and release water according to their own rules of operation. Operating rules were determined for each reservoir using an algorithm that used currently available global data such as reservoir storage capacity, intended purposes, simulated inflow, and water demand in the lower reaches. The environmental flow requirement module was newly developed based on case studies from around the world. The integrated model closes both energy and water balances on land surfaces. Global water resources were assessed on a subannual basis using a newly devised index that locates water-stressed regions that were undetected in earlier studies. These regions, which are indicated by a gap in the subannual distribution of water resources and water use, include the Sahel, the Asian monsoon region, and southern Africa. The integrated model is applicable to assess various global environmental projections such as climate change.
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uppalapati, Syamchand, Aditya G, Bibek Bahadur Shrestha, and Ayyanna D.S. "Drying Characteristics of Maize in Convective Dryer." YMER Digital 21, no. 06 (June 25, 2022): 858–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.06/85.
Full textAbstract:
A grain drier with a convection system that simultaneously acts as storage is known as an instore dryer. The purpose of this study was to see how drying and storage—In-Store Dryer— affected the physical and chemical qualities of maize. Drying takes place at an average drying temperature of 40-43°C, with an average RH of 76.8% in the environment and 52.2% in the dryer chamber. The maize can be dried for 4 – 5 days using pre-drying material with an initial moisture level of 30.14 percent to 10.56 percent, which is the right water content for storage. The nutritional components of maize after drying and storing for 4-5 days using the In-Store Dryer can be analyzed to maintain maize quality. At the same time, when temperatures rise, the water content of the crop decreases due to the convective process, reducing the crop's weight.
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Khan, Junaid N., Syed Rouhullah Ali, Asima Jillani, and Ifra Ashraf. "Application of RS/GIS in Conservation Studies for Surface and Groundwater Harvesting in Cold Arid Regions of Northwestern Himalayas." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 36, no. 1 (2020): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13526.
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Abstract.The availability of erratic rainfall and high evapotranspiration causes temporal and spatial variability of water thereby causing crop yield reduction and crop failure. The potential of water harvesting (WH) both groundwater as well as surface water to mitigate the spatial and temporal variability of precipitation. One technique for water harvesting (WH) is to collect excess runoff water both rain and snowmelt, store it for agricultural purposes during dry spells. The present work accentuated the expediency of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) applications in water harvesting studies. The resultant water harvesting potential map prepared was thus classified into three WH potential zones namely, high, medium and low covering an area of 32.82, 10320.10, and 7596.18 ha (<1%, 57.49%, and 42.32%) respectively. The groundwater map in the area was also classified as high potential areas covering 1421.69 ha (7.92%), medium potential areas covering 8762.69 ha (48.81%), and low potential areas covering 7764.72 ha (43.25%). The integrated remote sensing (RS), Geographical Information System (GIS), Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) were found to be efficient methods to recover water and to select suitable water and groundwater harvesting sites in order to ensure better water accessibility to the people for domestic, irrigation and other activities in cold arid regions of northwestern Himalayas. Keywords: Analytical hierarchy process, Geographic Information System, Groundwater harvesting, Remote sensing, Spatial variability, Temporal variability, Water harvesting.
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Li, Ming, Kaiping Zhang, Ibrahim M. Eldoma, Yanjie Fang, and Feng Zhang. "Plastic Film Mulching Sustains High Maize (Zea mays L.) Grain Yield and Maintains Soil Water Balance in Semiarid Environment." Agronomy 10, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040600.
Full textAbstract:
Ridge–furrow cultivation with plastic film mulching has been widely used for many years to increase crop yields in semiarid regions. The long-term effects of plastic mulching on crop yield and soil water balance need to be seriously considered to assess the sustainability of this widely used field management technique. A seven-year maize field experiment was conducted during 2012–2018 to estimate the yield sustainability and soil water balance with two treatments—mulching (yes; no) and nitrogen fertilization (yes; no). This resulted in the following four groups—no film mulching, no N application (M0N0); film mulching, no N application (M1N0); no film mulching, N application (M0N1); film mulching and N application (M1N1). Our results show that plastic mulching significantly increased maize yield. A combination of mulching and nitrogen application had the highest sustainability yield index (SYI) of 0.75, which was higher than the other three treatments, with SYI values of 0.31, 0.33, and 0.39, respectively. Plastic film mulching increased soil water content and water storage in both the sowing and harvesting periods and did not cause the formation of dry soil layers. Precipitation storage efficiency (PSE) in the nongrowing season played a key role in maintaining the soil water balance and it was positively affected by plastic film mulching. Our research indicates that plastic mulching and N application could maintain maize yield sustainability and the soil water balance of agriculture in semiarid regions. In addition, we highlight the importance of nongrowing season precipitation, and thus, we suggest that mulching the field land with plastic film throughout the whole year should be adopted by farmers to store more precipitation, which is important to crop growth.
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Leib, Brian, Wesley Wright, Tim Grant, Amir Haghverdi, Duncan Muchoki, Phue Vanchiasong, Muzi Zheng, David Butler, and Annette Wszelaki. "Rainwater Harvesting with Solar and Gravity Powered Irrigation for High Tunnels." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 36, no. 4 (2020): 489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13969.
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HIGHLIGHTS Captured rainwater supplied nearly all the irrigation required for high tunnels in Tennessee. Solar pumping and/or gravity flow adequately supplied the pressure required for irrigation in high tunnels. Rainwater harvesting costs need to be reduced in order to be more competitive with alternate water sources. Abstract . High tunnels use clear plastic film over a large metal frame to trap solar radiation as heat in order to extend the crop growing season and reduce environmental stress. High tunnels differ from high tech greenhouses in that they use the natural soil as the growing media and use natural ventilation without fans or heaters to control the growing environment. High tunnels can provide some of the benefits of greenhouses at a much lower cost. However, the protective cover cuts-off rain water to the crop and significantly modifies the crop-water use environment. In order to reduce reliance on external sources of water, The University of Tennessee–Biosystems Engineering and Plant Science Departments implemented three types of rainwater harvesting (RWH) for high tunnels that did not require an external source of power for irrigation: gravity flow, solar battery-powered pumping, and solar transfer pumping. RWH by gravity-flow stored water captured off the high tunnels at a high enough elevation to deliver water for irrigation at very low pressure while solar battery-powered pumping delivered pressurized water directly to the irrigation system. Solar transfer pumping moved harvested rainwater to a higher elevation tank that used gravity flow to irrigate at intermediate pressures. These RWH systems were designed to store 64 mm of rainfall from the high tunnel cover (6400 L per 100 m2 of footprint area) and were able to provide 75% to 100% of the spring crop and 90% to 100% of the fall crop irrigation based on 16 experiments over six years. The RWH systems were ranked in order of increasing cost, maintenance, and complexity as follows: 1) gravity flow, 2) solar transfer pumping, and 3) solar battery-powered pumping. However, all RWH systems had high initial cost when compared to well and municipal water supplies, $12,750 to $15,950 for two 9.2- × 29-m high tunnels. Significantly lower cost rain gutters and water storage were identified but not yet tested for RWH in high tunnels. Keywords: Drip irrigation, Evapotranspiration, Gravity irrigation, Greenhouses, High tunnels, Microirrigation, Rainwater harvesting, Solar pumping.
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Pujara, M. M. "SOLAR POWERED SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM." International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology 8, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i3.005.
Full textAbstract:
Sun energy is used in solar irrigation system to operate the pump which supplies water to crops to assist growth. Cost effective solar power can be answer for all our energy needs. The solar charge controller is used to store DC power of solar panels in batteries. This battery is used for water pump automatically. It works on sunlight. It gives solution for Indian farmers due to energy catastrophe.
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Blaney, BJ. "Mycotoxins in water-damaged and mouldy wheat from temporary bulk stores in Queensland." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 37, no. 6 (1986): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9860561.
Full textAbstract:
Temporary bulk stores are used by the Australian wheat industry to cope with peak wheat deliveries. Such stores are vulnerable to water damage if the plastic covering sheets are damaged, and extensive mould growth may then result. Samples of mouldy grain from stores in the main wheat-growing region of southern Queensland were assayed for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, ochratoxin A and sterigmatocystin, but only aflatoxins B1 and B2 were detected. Of 152 mouldy samples from 12 temporary stores of the 1981 wheat crop, anatoxins were detected in 21 (range 0.002-0.060, mean 0.016 mg B1 kg-1). Aflatoxins were also present in 10 out of 13 samples from the single store of the smaller 1982 crop (range 0.003-0.500, mean 0.064 mg B1 kg-1). Aflatoxins were detected at trace levels (0.003-0.004 mg B1, kg-1) in 2 out of 70 samples of apparently clean, free-flowing grain from rhese same stores. Both the frequency of contamination and aflatoxins concentrations were low, indicating either that the inoculum of Aspergillus flavus was low or that conditions were unsuitable for aflatoxin production.
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Tuhuteru, Sumiyati, and Rein Edward Yohanes Rumbiak. "EMPOWERMENT OF FARMERS' GROUP IN WAMENA CITY THROUGH THE MAKING OF WELL-CONECTED IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY." Abdi Dosen : Jurnal Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat 5, no. 3 (August 25, 2021): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.32832/abdidos.v5i3.910.
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A good irrigation system management is needed to meet the water needs of agricultural land through a system of providing and distributing water appropriately. The application of wells conducted on partner farmers' lands is intended to collect water from secondary channels to meet crop water needs during the dry season which will have an impact on planting intensity. The purpose of this activity is to create an alternative irrigation pattern through the manufacture of well-conducted irrigation technology that functions to store and distribute water, especially in the dry season. The method used in the implementation of this activity is the method of lecturing or socializing and making well-conducted. The result of this community service that the community in Walelagama District can implement an organic farming system following established rules by taking into account the need for plant water and can improve cropping patterns with good and correct organic farming methods that have an impact on the surrounding environment without depending on the rainy season.
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Karki, Pabitra, Sunita Lama, and Prem Sagar Chapagain. "Water Resources and Adaptation Strategies to Water Scarcity at Sukajor Village in Ramechhap Municipality." Geographic Base 8, no. 01 (December 31, 2021): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tgb.v8i01.43478.
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Climate change has stressed water resources. Water availability and its management is critical for rural livelihood including farmers. Decreasing water supplies have been causing negative impact to rural people's livelihoods in mid-hills of Nepal, particularly for crop production during the dry months of the year. People are coping with different adaptation strategies that varies with time, situation, and available technology. In this context, the main objective of this research is to study water resource and adaptation strategies of local people of Sukajor-7, Ramechhap Municipality. Primary and secondary data were collected using GPS survey, household survey, KII, FGD, and field observation. The study result shows water supply has not met the demand, only 74.5 percent of total daily drinking water demand has met. Though traditional water management practice exists, water demand has not fulfilled yet. However, water management system was traditional as they kept water sources open and was not able to store the water so that they had to travel to the water sources located at longer distance. The supply of water is insufficient even though 86 the people had made intake in the sources and operated lift system in Chhatiwane, Agaute and Chimkhi. People harvest rain water as alternative sources of water.
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Montanaro, G., V. Nuzzo, C. Xiloyannis, and B. Dichio. "Climate change mitigation and adaptation in agriculture: the case of the olive." Journal of Water and Climate Change 9, no. 4 (April 6, 2018): 633–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.023.
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Abstract Agriculture might serve as a mitigation solution through carbon (C) sequestration in soil, in tree biomass and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Increased C is beneficial for some soil structures and functions, improving the use of water and in turn the crop adaptation. This study reports on the synergy between mitigation and adaptation in agriculture through the paradigm of the olive (Olea europaea). Through data on net ecosystem productivity and soil respiration, the role of olive groves to store C in tree biomass (from 0.36 to 2.78 t CO2 ha−1 yr−1) and into soil (∼8.5 t CO2 ha−1 yr−1) is reviewed. The influence of some management practices on that role is also discussed. The overall climatic impact of olive fruit and oil production has been evaluated also considering GHG emissions by field operations (e.g., pruning, mulching of cover crop, fertilization, harvest, etc.) and by the extraction and bottling of oil. Soil C as interface between climate change mitigation and adaptation has been delineated, linking C-induced improvements in soil properties to increased water storage and reduced run-off and erosion. The outcomes may strengthen the environmental role of agriculture and promote synergistic mitigation and adaptation policies assisting in soil and water resources conservation.
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Kinnell, PIA. "Runoff and sheet erosion from tillage trials under artificial rainfall at Harden, New South Wales." Soil Research 34, no. 6 (1996): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9960863.
Full textAbstract:
Artificial rainfall was applied to g-m-long plots after the harvest of a canola crop in experiments on a grazed cropping system using a rotation that alternated wheat with lupins and canola. Three tillage treatments were selected for the experiments: one was a direct-drill treatment, while the other two involved the use of a reduced tillage practice during the preparation of the seed bed. Tillage treatment was found to have no substantial effect on runoff and sediment concentration resulting from sheet erosion during the post-harvest period. At sowing time, tillage again had no significant effect on sediment concentration but did have a significant effect on runoff. The roughness produced by the tillage provided a substantial capacity to store water and detached soil particles in surface depressions immediately after cultivation, and the decline in this surface roughness during rainfall was sufficiently small to cause little or no runoff when 1h of 70 mm/h rain was applied to a cultivated surface. The results support indications from SOILOSS, a model that provides local implementation of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), that reduced-till may be as effective as direct-drill at conserving soil at this site. However, since the experiments were restricted to sheet erosion, and no experiments were performed between sowing and harvest or with other crops in the rotation, the results do not provide unconditional support for the SOILOSS result. Despite the result of the experiments reported here, soil erosion risk is likely to be substantially reduced on a field scale through the use of tillage practices which, like the direct-drill treatment, maintain anchored and unanchored crop residue during the fellow and post-sowing periods. Data were also collected in relation to an examination of the ability of the Soil Water Infiltration and Movement (SWIM) model to predict runoff during the post-harvest period. SWIM tended to underpredict runoff but the difference between the observed amount of runoff and that predicted by SWIM was statistically not significant.
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Koukouzas, Nikolaos, Petros Koutsovitis, Pavlos Tyrologou, Christos Karkalis, and Apostolos Arvanitis. "Potential for Mineral Carbonation of CO2 in Pleistocene Basaltic Rocks in Volos Region (Central Greece)." Minerals 9, no. 10 (October 11, 2019): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9100627.
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Pleistocene alkaline basaltic lavas crop out in the region of Volos at the localities of Microthives and Porphyrio. Results from detailed petrographic study show porphyritic textures with varying porosity between 15% and 23%. Data from deep and shallow water samples were analysed and belong to the Ca-Mg-Na-HCO3-Cl and the Ca-Mg-HCO3 hydrochemical types. Irrigation wells have provided groundwater temperatures reaching up to ~30 °C. Water samples obtained from depths ranging between 170 and 250 m. The enhanced temperature of the groundwater is provided by a recent-inactive magmatic heating source. Comparable temperatures are also recorded in adjacent regions in which basalts of similar composition and age crop out. Estimations based on our findings indicate that basaltic rocks from the region of Volos have the appropriate physicochemical properties for the implementation of a financially feasible CO2 capture and storage scenario. Their silica-undersaturated alkaline composition, the abundance of Ca-bearing minerals, low alteration grade, and high porosity provide significant advantages for CO2 mineral carbonation. Preliminary calculations suggest that potential pilot projects at the Microthives and Porphyrio basaltic formations can store 64,800 and 21,600 tons of CO2, respectively.
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Van Koppen, Barbara. "Customary Water Tenure." Blue Papers 1, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.58981/bluepapers.2022.1.03.
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Heritage and culture not only shape the customary tenure of land and forest resources of most indigenous peoples and local communities in low-income rural areas, but also community members’ mutual relations vis-à-vis their water resources, or, in other words: customary water tenure. Age-old settlement by farm communities or pastoralists’ establishment of nomadic routes vested customary rights to land and the fugitive surface runoff and streams flowing over the lands; soil moisture, wetlands and lakes on the land; and aquifers under the land.
In customary water tenure, orally transmitted norms and practices have governed communities’ construction, operation and maintenance of traditional local infrastructure, such as weirs, dams and ponds, to store water as buffer to seasonal variability; wells and lifting devices to tap aquifers, the planet’s largest storage; and canals, tunnels and pipes to channel water where and when needed for drinking, other domestic uses, livestock, irrigation of crops, vegetables and trees, brick making, crafts, small-scale enterprise and ceremonial uses, or to ensure water availability for fisheries and navigation. Customary normative frameworks continue to shape communities’ investments in “modern” low-cost plastic pipes, tanks, small motorized pumps, or solar energy, also responding to growing populations, markets for water-dependent produce, and higher aspirations.
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Kebenei, Mercy Cheruto, Monicah Mucheru-Muna, and Felista Muriu-Ng’ang’a. "The potential of Zai pit technology and Integrated soil fertility management to enhance crop productivity in semi-arid regions of Sub-Sahara Africa: A review." International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology 8, no. 1 (2023): 063–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.81.8.
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Low and continuously deteriorating soil fertility coupled with frequent droughts and extended mid-season dry spells scenarios brought about by low and unreliable rainfalls have had a significant negative influence on agricultural productivity in most semi-arid regions of the world. The farmers' limited capacity to change their farming practices and adjust to the changing climatic circumstances further exacerbates these effects. Various in-field rainwater collection techniques, including Zai pits, have been promoted in recent years to assist farmers, particularly in dry and semi-arid locations, to harvest, store, and use rainfall for increased crop productivity. Zai pit is a form of dryland farming technique that involves the unitization of holes or troughs aimed at ensuring soil maintenance, soil erosion control and water preservation in agricultural fields. Additionally, combining effective soil fertility management strategies, such as integrated soil fertility management, with rainwater harvesting methods has the potential to further boost crop yields. Integrated soil fertility management involves the combined use of inorganic fertilizers and organic fertilizers such as cattle manure with the aim of improving soil fertility. Zai pit technology and integrated soil fertility management techniques have been utilized as climate smart agricultural approaches to reduce soil moisture stress and improve crop productivity in arid and semi-arid regions. This paper reviews previous research results on crop productivity as influenced by Zai pit technology and integrated soil fertility management techniques.
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Kumar, Suresh. "Algal Biomass to Bio-Energy: Recent Advances." Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health 19, no. 3&4 (December 26, 2019): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jeoh/2019/23376.
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The crops, grasses, trees, algae and cyano-bacteria in the presence of sun perform photosynthesis and store chemical energy in a wide range of feed stocks such as starch, sugars and lipids that can be used for the production of biofuels. The crop plants such as sugar cane, oil palm, sugar beet, rapeseed soyabeans, wheat and corn are extensively used for the production of biofuels such as ethanol, diesel and methane. Due to increasing world population and extensive droughts in major regions pressure on food supplies has resulted in growing concern and has led to a heated food versus fuel debate. Biofuel systems that do not require arable land is developed and these include lingo cellulosic processes which convert cellulose-based products from plants into liquid fuels. Myscanthus, Camelina, Switchgrass, Sorghum, and Poplar trees are some of good source of biofuel at present. The success of these systems is depend on research and development of energy-efficient manufacturing processes, typically enzymatic lignin digestion processes, although chemical digestion methods are also under investigation. Due to demand for large amounts of enzyme appears to be as mountable challenge, ultimately this technology might also contribute to food versus fuel concerns because of its dependence on forest. This in turn could lead to a forest versus fuel issue, unless waste products from agricultural and forestry systems are exclusively used, or feed stocks produced on non-arable land can be developed. Although these crops can be grown on non-arable land, their productivity remains linked to soil fertility and water supply, and the scale of cultivation required to make a meaningful contribution towards global energy consumption will inevitably require lands that are currently used for food production or forestry. Many micro algae can be grown in saline water and are able to produce a wide range of feed stocks for the production of biofuels, including biodiesel, methane, ethanol, butanol and hydrogen, based on their efficient production of starch, sugars and oils.
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Boonwicahi, S., and S. Shrestha. "Climate Change Impact on Rained Rice Production and Irrigation Water Requirement in Songkhram River Basin, Thailand." International Journal of Engineering Technology and Sciences 5, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijets.v5i2.1397.
Full textAbstract:
Songkhram river basin, located in northeast Thailand, is where most of the farmers grow rice in rainy season. The water shortage frequently occurs during dry season as the basin has no dam along the river to store water for agriculture purposes. The river connected with Mekong River. Floods occur in many areas because high rainfall density in the basin and backwater effect from Mekong River. The climate change, temperature rise and uncertainty of rainfall, is significant influence to water availability for agriculture sector as well as agriculture production especially rice production. The study assesses the impact of climate change on irrigation water requirement (IWR) and rice production for KDML 105 rice variety in wet season (July – November) using DSSAT crop simulation model. The predicted of IWR and rice production were used an ensemble of five Regional Circulation Models (RCMs) under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios for three future periods. The results show an increasing trend in both maximum and minimum temperature. The maximum and minimum temperatures are expected to rise up to 1.9 °C relative to baseline period (1980-2004) under RCP8.5 scenario in 2080s (2070–2094). Rainfall may decrease in the first future period, 2030s (2020 – 2044), and will rise in the 2055s (2045–2069) and 2080s (2070-2094) periods. Rainfall is projected to increase by 13% and 9% relative to baseline period for RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios respectively in the last future periods (2080s). Therefore, the water shortage might occur in the first period. The middle and last periods might have flood due to higher of rainfall. The trend of IWR is expected to increase, which may rise by 18% and 5% in 2080s under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenario espectively. Due to the increment of temperature and IWR, rainfed rice yield is found to decrease in the future. The rainfed rice yield may reduce by 14% and 10% for RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenario respectively in 2080s. However, the IWR is higher due to temperature rise in the future. The increasing of reservoir capacity and improve the water management practices might reduce the crop water deficit and increase crop production.
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AL-Musawi, Osamah A. H., Anees A. Khadom, Hammed B. Manhood, and Mustafa S. Mahdi. "Solar pond as a low grade energy source for water desalination and power generation: a short review." Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability 5 (2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rees/2019008.
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Water and energy are thoroughly linked: water is required to generate, transfer, and use the lot characteristics of energy; and energy is demanded to extract, treat, and distribute water. Shortage in clean water deems as the main challenge facing the world as a result of the escalating in the energy consumption required for desalinating the sea/brackish water which increases costs and provokes on the marine life and environment due to the high concentrate solute produced from desalination plants. Solar pond is a reservoir of water with different salt concentration implements to gather and store the incident solar energy which it can be employed later on in different thermal energy applications, such as industrialized heating process, electricity power generation, farming crop drying and cooling of houses. In this paper a short but concentrated review of the literatures that dealt with the implemented of the solar pond to illustrate succinctly the historical background for the solar ponds as well as the most word-wide established solar ponds. In addition to the theoretical background of heat and mass transfer which governed the solar pond operation is presented and discussed.
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Cordery, I., and AG Graham. "Forecasting wheat yields using a water budgeting model." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 40, no. 4 (1989): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9890715.
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A model has been developed to forecast soil water variations and wheat crop growth in dry land situations. The forecast of the yield to be expected if sowing occurred today is obtained by running the calibrated model for all years for which meteorological data are available. The soil water content on today's date in each year is fixed at today's observed soil water value. From each year of observed meteorological data, an estimate is made of the yield. These yield data allow construction of a frequency distribution of yield which can be used to make a probabilistic forecast. The model involves two sub-models, a water balance model and acrop development model. The two sub-models interact to provide 5-day estimates of soil water content, actual evaporation and transpiration, runoff and increments to biomass and grain yield. The water balance model takes inputs of daily rainfall and estimated potential evapotranspiration. Available energy is partitioned between evaporation and transpiration depending on leaf area index. There are two soil layers plus a surface interception and depression store. Water removal from the soil layers is dependent on root development and the location of available water. Biomass production is driven by actual transpiration and transpiration efficiency and so biomass and grain development are dependent on the timing and amount of water and energy utilization by the crop. The model was first calibrated in northern New South Wales with 13 years of research station data. With minor recalibration, it provided good estimates of observed district wheat harvests for a continuous period of 75 years. Further recalibration with 30 years of shire data from Queensland, 29 years of single farm data in southern New South Wales and with 31 years of county data from northwestern USA., indicated the model is able to accurately reproduce observed yields and has the potential to provide reliable forecasts of yield, in a range of different climates.
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Cursi, Patrícia Ribeiro, and Silvio Moure Cicero. "Fruit processing and the physiological quality of Euterpe edulis Martius seeds." Journal of Seed Science 36, no. 2 (June 2014): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v32n2847.
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Different pulping methods were analyzed for Euterpe edulis, with regard to its seed physiological quality, and the physiological performance of seeds submitted to continuous drying and monitored by radiographs was assessed. In order to do so, 2x2 factorial design treatments were carried out, using two different manners to store fruit prior to pulping, immersed in water and not. Also, two different methods for the pulping of fruit were used for each lot; namely, manual and mechanical. Seeds from fruit that had been immersed in water at 40 ºC for 20 minutes showed greater physiological performance than those that had not been immersed in water previously. Immersion in water at 55 ºC resulted in seed death. The pulp extraction method, whether manual or mechanical, did not affect seed physiological performance. Radiographs made it possible to observe that the volume occupied by embryos in the embryo cavity reduced with decreased water content. Mechanical pulping showed no reduction in percentage of seedling emergence for water content up to 33.3%. However, reduction in water content to 16.1% caused seed death. The drying of manually pulped seeds until reaching 39.0% water content did not adversely affect seedling emergence, whereas lower water contents than 25.6% caused seed death.
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McKergow, Lucy A., Ian P. Prosser, Rodger B. Grayson, and Dale Heiner. "Performance of grass and rainforest riparian buffers in the wet tropics, Far North Queensland. 2. Water quality." Soil Research 42, no. 4 (2004): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02156.
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Riparian lands have the potential to buffer streams from hillslope sediment and nutrient transport. Most research on buffers has been conducted under laboratory or manipulated field experimental conditions. Few quantitative data exist on buffer performance under natural field conditions. This study reports measured soil loss and evaluates the effectiveness of riparian buffers on planar and convergent slopes under field hydrological conditions in Far North Queensland. The conditions are extreme for testing the effectiveness of riparian buffers as the land is steep, intensely cropped and receives high intensity rainfall. Hillslopes cropped with bananas were monitored using paired flumes. Runoff, bedload, and suspended loads were measured leaving the crop (upper sites) and leaving the riparian buffers (lower sites). Highly variable hillslope soil losses of <1 to >70 t/ha per wet season were recorded. High rates of hillslope soil loss were from areas of steep gradient with little ground cover experiencing high rainfall intensity. On planar slopes, even with high soil loss, grass buffer strips were able to trap >80% of the incoming bedload. Total N (TN), total P (TP) and suspended sediment (SS) loads were reduced between 25 and 65% by the planar slope grass buffer and within the first 15 m of the moderately convergent grass buffer. Loads leaving the moderately convergent buffer were often higher than those delivered from the crop, due to seepage after prolonged or high frequency rainfall. Under these conditions the buffer's main function is to prevent erosion rather than trap sediment and nutrients. Results from a highly convergent 5-ha hillslope, suggest that for buffers to be more effective in such topography, they should also be placed at the end of the crop rows, where contributing areas are smaller. Flow was able to concentrate within the crop and on at least one occasion was able to scour a 30-cm-wide channel through the entire width of the buffer releasing previously trapped material and making the buffer ineffective. A remnant rainforest buffer, receiving runoff from a planar slope, acted as a temporary store of sediment and nutrients that were reworked during subsequent events. This study demonstrates both a need for managed buffer strips on sloping tropical cropped land and identifies limitations on their potential effectiveness.
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Fradera-Soler, Marc, Olwen M. Grace, Bodil Jørgensen, and Jozef Mravec. "Elastic and collapsible: current understanding of cell walls in succulent plants." Journal of Experimental Botany 73, no. 8 (February 15, 2022): 2290–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erac054.
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Abstract Succulent plants represent a large functional group of drought-resistant plants that store water in specialized tissues. Several co-adaptive traits accompany this water-storage capacity to constitute the succulent syndrome. A widely reported anatomical adaptation of cell walls in succulent tissues allows them to fold in a regular fashion during extended drought, thus preventing irreversible damage and permitting reversible volume changes. Although ongoing research on crop and model species continuously reports the importance of cell walls and their dynamics in drought resistance, the cell walls of succulent plants have received relatively little attention to date, despite the potential of succulents as natural capital to mitigate the effects of climate change. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of cell walls in drought-avoiding succulents and their effects on tissue biomechanics, water relations, and photosynthesis. We also highlight the existing knowledge gaps and propose a hypothetical model for regulated cell wall folding in succulent tissues upon dehydration. Future perspectives of methodological development in succulent cell wall characterization, including the latest technological advances in molecular and imaging techniques, are also presented.
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Rocha, Omar Cruz, Maria Lucrécia Gerosa Ramos, Adriano Delly Veiga, Antonio Fernando Guerra, Gabriel Ferreira Bartholo, Gustavo Costa Rodrigues, and Juliano Escobar da Silva. "Chemical and hydrophysical attributes of an Oxisol under coffee intercropped with brachiaria in the Cerrado." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 51, no. 9 (September 2016): 1476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2016000900046.
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Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of irrigation and of the presence of brachiaria (Urochloa decumbens) between coffee (Coffea arabica) rows on coffee yield and on chemical and hydrophysical attributes of a Typic Haplustox. The study was conducted in the Cerrado region in Planaltina, Brasília, DF, Brazil, in a randomized complete block design, arranged in split-split plots, with four replicates. Water regimes (irrigated or rainfed) were assigned to the main plots, inter-row management systems to the subplots, and soil layers to the sub-subplots. The following soil attributes were determined: total organic carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, carbon and nitrogen stocks, bulk density, aggregate stability, total porosity, macroporosity, low-retention microporosity, remaining microporosity, criptoporosity, and total and readily-available water, besides coffee yield. Irrigation of coffee plants, associated with brachiaria intercropped as a cover crop, increased coffee yield and favored chemical and hydrophysical soil attributes, improving soil structure and its ability to store water. Irrigation favors organic carbon stocks in the upper soil layers, whereas brachiaria favors soil physical attributes related to water availability to coffee.
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Hanasaki, N., S. Kanae, T. Oki, K. Masuda, K. Motoya, N. Shirakawa, Y. Shen, and K. Tanaka. "An integrated model for the assessment of global water resources – Part 1: Model description and input meteorological forcing." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 4 (July 29, 2008): 1007–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-12-1007-2008.
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Abstract. To assess global water availability and use at a subannual timescale, an integrated global water resources model was developed consisting of six modules: land surface hydrology, river routing, crop growth, reservoir operation, environmental flow requirement estimation, and anthropogenic water withdrawal. The model simulates both natural and anthropogenic water flow globally (excluding Antarctica) on a daily basis at a spatial resolution of 1°×1° (longitude and latitude). This first part of the two-feature report describes the six modules and the input meteorological forcing. The input meteorological forcing was provided by the second Global Soil Wetness Project (GSWP2), an international land surface modeling project. Several reported shortcomings of the forcing component were improved. The land surface hydrology module was developed based on a bucket type model that simulates energy and water balance on land surfaces. The crop growth module is a relatively simple model based on concepts of heat unit theory, potential biomass, and a harvest index. In the reservoir operation module, 452 major reservoirs with >1 km3 each of storage capacity store and release water according to their own rules of operation. Operating rules were determined for each reservoir by an algorithm that used currently available global data such as reservoir storage capacity, intended purposes, simulated inflow, and water demand in the lower reaches. The environmental flow requirement module was newly developed based on case studies from around the world. Simulated runoff was compared and validated with observation-based global runoff data sets and observed streamflow records at 32 major river gauging stations around the world. Mean annual runoff agreed well with earlier studies at global and continental scales, and in individual basins, the mean bias was less than ±20% in 14 of the 32 river basins and less than ±50% in 24 basins. The error in the peak was less than ±1 mo in 19 of the 27 basins and less than ±2 mo in 25 basins. The performance was similar to the best available precedent studies with closure of energy and water. The input meteorological forcing component and the integrated model provide a framework with which to assess global water resources, with the potential application to investigate the subannual variability in water resources.
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Paydar, Zahra, Neil Huth, Anthony Ringrose-Voase, Rick Young, Tony Bernardi, Brian Keating, and Hamish Cresswell. "Deep drainage and land use systems. Model verification and systems comparison." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, no. 9 (2005): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04303.
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Deep drainage or drainage below the bottom of the profile usually occurs when rain infiltrates moist soil with insufficient capacity to store the additional water. This drainage is believed to be contributing to watertable rise and salinity in some parts of the Liverpool Plains catchment in northern New South Wales. The effect of land use on deep drainage was investigated by comparing the traditional long fallow system with more intense ‘opportunity cropping’. Long fallowing (2 crops in 3 years) is used to store rainfall in the soil profile but risks substantial deep drainage. Opportunity cropping seeks to lessen this risk by sowing whenever there is sufficient soil moisture. Elements of the water balance and productivity were measured under various farming systems in a field experiment for 4 years in the southern part of the catchment. The experimental results were used to verify APSIM (Agricultural Production Systems Simulator) by comparing them with predictions of production, water storage, and runoff. The verification procedure also involved local farmers and agronomists who assessed the credibility of the predictions and suggested modifications. APSIM provided a realistic simulation of common farming systems in the region and could capture the main hydrological and biological processes. APSIM was then used for long-term (41 years) simulations to predict deep drainage under different systems and extrapolate experimental results. The results showed large differences between agricultural systems mostly because differences in evapotranspiration contributed to differences in profile moisture when it rained. The model predicted that traditional long fallow farming systems (2 crops in 3 years) are quite ‘leaky’, with average annual deep drainage of 34 mm. However, by planting crops in response to the depth of moist soil (opportunity or response cropping), APSIM predicted a much smaller annual drainage rate of 6 mm. Opportunity cropping resulted in overall greater water use and increased production compared with long fallowing. Furthermore, modelling indicated that average annual deep drainage under continuous sorghum (3 mm) is much less than under either long fallow cropping or continuous wheat (39 mm), demonstrating the importance of including summer cropping, as well as increasing cropping frequency, to reducing deep drainage.
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Sai Teja, P. Shanmukha, M. Vineel, G. Manisha, and S. Satyanarayana. "Automated irrigation system using sensors and node micro controller unit." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 1.1 (December 21, 2017): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.1.9477.
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Internet of things IOT is a network of systems connected within the systems, systems or devices like smart phones, sensors, computer. Internet of things connects all the surrounding devices to internet that is internet of things. Smart devices is an electronic device that can take logical and intelligent decisions on its own. Sensor are small chip that reacts to the sensed activities. Transfer of data is also done in IOT the data which is taken from sensors is sent through cloud database and again can be retreated for the necessary response. The medium of both smart device and database is internet. In this project main motto is to record the changes and information of agriculture field. This makes the easy way to cultivate the field in protective shield. Here we get the details of soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and periodic information of water supply to field. In agriculture water is the main source to a good healthy field. This project helps us to make use of water in efficiently in agriculture fields. Also farmer ids safe from many incoming dangers like thunder strike, snake bite and so on. Introducing technology to farmer to operate his field through his phone. This IOT project helps the farmer to collect the information about water level, soil moisture, humidity, soil fertility, and monitoring of crop allows to find weed, pest detection, animal entry into field, and growth of crop. Arduino is an open and free source hardware model used to dump software. It reads input signals of sensors and in response the output activation of things like motor, light. Sensors which senses the variation in different mediums of atmosphere inputs analogue to digital outputs. Think speak is open source cloud can store and retrieve data of sensors by local area network.
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Daniel, Diego Fernando, Rivanildo Dallacort, João Danilo Barbieri, Alcir José Modolo, Marco Antonio Camillo de Carvalho, Rafael Cesar Tieppo, and Oscar Mitsuo Yamashita. "Crotalaria Sowing Times Intercropped with Off-Season Maize in the Variability of Soil Temperature and Moisture." Journal of Agricultural Studies 10, no. 3 (July 7, 2022): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v10i3.19449.
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The thermal regime and the dynamics of soil moisture affect crop yield. Therefore, there is a need to understand the extent to which the intercropping system modifies the variability of soil temperature and moisture conditions for optimal growth and yield of the maize crop. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different sowing times of crotalaria in an intercropping system with irrigated and non-irrigated off-season maize in the variability of soil temperature and moisture. The experiment consisted of twelve treatments, consisting of different cropping systems (intercropping): maize in a single crop (MS); sowing of crotalaria simultaneous with maize (MCS); sowing of crotalaria with maize in the VE stage (MCVE); sowing of crotalaria with maize in stage V2 (MCV2); sowing of crotalaria with maize in stage V4 (MCV4); sowing of crotalaria with maize in stage V6 (MCV6), in irrigated and non-irrigated systems. Soil temperature was monitored at depths of 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm, and soil moisture was monitored at a depth of 20 cm using "K-type" thermocouple sensors and time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes, which were all connected to a Datalogger and programmed to store the collected data at 15-minute intervals. Irrigation was carried out with a uniformity coefficient greater than 80% and a water depth of 10.38 mm h-1 with a sprinkler system. The intercropping of maize with crotalaria provides the soil with a smaller range of soil temperature, with higher values in the system without irrigation compared to the irrigated system. Soil moisture was lower in the single maize treatment, as it increased soil water evaporation compared to the intercropping treatments. In the irrigated system, the soil moisture was higher at 0.010 m3 m-3 in relation to the system without irrigation. The irrigated system obtained better results for maize yield than the non-irrigated system.
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Silva, Márcio Luiz da, Alexandre Christófaro Silva, Bárbara Pereira Christófaro Silva, Uidemar Morais Barral, Pablo Gomes e. Souza Soares, and Pablo Vidal-Torrado. "Surface mapping, organic matter and water stocks in peatlands of the Serra do Espinhaço meridional - Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 37, no. 5 (October 2013): 1149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832013000500004.
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Peatlands are soil environments that store carbon and large amounts of water, due to their composition (90 % water), low hydraulic conductivity and a sponge-like behavior. It is estimated that peat bogs cover approximately 4.2 % of the Earth's surface and stock 28.4 % of the soil carbon of the planet. Approximately 612 000 ha of peatlands have been mapped in Brazil, but the peat bogs in the Serra do Espinhaço Meridional (SdEM) were not included. The objective of this study was to map the peat bogs of the northern part of the SdEM and estimate the organic matter pools and water volume they stock. The peat bogs were pre-identified and mapped by GIS and remote sensing techniques, using ArcGIS 9.3, ENVI 4.5 and GPS Track Maker Pro software and the maps validated in the field. Six peat bogs were mapped in detail (1:20,000 and 1:5,000) by transects spaced 100 m and each transect were determined every 20 m, the UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) coordinates, depth and samples collected for characterization and determination of organic matter, according to the Brazilian System of Soil Classification. In the northern part of SdEM, 14,287.55 ha of peatlands were mapped, distributed over 1,180,109 ha, representing 1.2 % of the total area. These peatlands have an average volume of 170,021,845.00 m³ and stock 6,120,167 t (428.36 t ha-1) of organic matter and 142,138,262 m³ (9,948 m³ ha-1) of water. In the peat bogs of the Serra do Espinhaço Meridional, advanced stages of decomposing (sapric) organic matter predominate, followed by the intermediate stage (hemic). The vertical growth rate of the peatlands ranged between 0.04 and 0.43 mm year-1, while the carbon accumulation rate varied between 6.59 and 37.66 g m-2 year-1. The peat bogs of the SdEM contain the headwaters of important water bodies in the basins of the Jequitinhonha and San Francisco Rivers and store large amounts of organic carbon and water, which is the reason why the protection and preservation of these soil environments is such an urgent and increasing need.
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Inthakesone, Bounmy, and Pakaiphone Syphoxay. "Public Investment on Irrigation and Poverty Alleviation in Rural Laos." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 8 (August 2, 2021): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14080352.
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The demand for water is rising rapidly, particularly in agricultural and environmental sectors. This has led to more competition to access limited and scarce water resources. Therefore, choosing an appropriate approach to manage water resources, distribution and allocation, to attain sustainable agriculture is critical for every country worldwide. The most well-known method to preserve or store water and adaptation strategy to climate change is irrigation. This paper wished to understand the impact of irrigation on farmers’ income in Laos, especially from rice, which is the main crop of rural people. The difference in differences (DID) method was employed to estimate the regression results. The DID was estimated by the pooled OLS of the effect on the log of households’ rice farm income and log of households’ total income with household head’s age, education, gender, household size, ethnicity and harvest areas variables pointing out the coefficients of the outcome variables of interest (after treatment) were 0.037 and 0.076 with positive sign but statistically insignificant. The result implies irrigation has no impact on rice products. In other words, irrigation does not increase households’ income. The finding indicates the type of irrigation, the location of the operation headquarters and the management system or governance are crucial factors for explaining the impact of irrigation on the rice products in Laos.
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Ladson, A. R., J. R. Lander, A. W. Western, R. B. Grayson, and Lu Zhang. "Estimating extractable soil moisture content for Australian soils from field measurements." Soil Research 44, no. 5 (2006): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr04180.
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The amount of water that can be stored in soil and evaporated or actively used by plants is a key parameter in hydrologic models and is important for crop and pasture production. Often, the active soil moisture store is estimated from laboratory measurements of soil properties. An alternative approach, described in this paper, is to estimate the extractable soil moisture capacity from direct measurements of soil moisture content in the field. A time series of soil moisture values, over the depth of the soil, shows the actual changes in water content. The difference between the wettest and driest profiles is an estimate of the extractable soil moisture storage. We have gathered data on extractable soil water capacity for 180 locations over Australia and have compared our values with published results from the Atlas of Australian Soils (AAS), derived from profile descriptions and pedo-transfer functions. Our results show that data from the AAS provide a useful lower bound for measured extractable soil moisture storage, but of the sites examined, 42% had values >2 times those in the AAS. In part, this was because total soil depths were underestimated in the AAS results compared with the active depths from the measured data. Active depths are strongly related to vegetation type.