Journal articles on the topic 'Crop water budget'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Crop water budget.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Crop water budget.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
CHAUDHARI, SHIV SHANKER, SUSAMA SUDHISHIRI, MANOJ KHANNA, ANCHAL DASS, K. G. ROSIN, RANJAN BHATTACHARYA, and RAGHAV MAURYA. "Water budgeting in major rabi crops under surface irrigation in Western Indo-Gangetic Plains." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 11 (December 16, 2020): 2185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i11.108592.
Full textAbstract:
A water budget confers the relationship between input, output and changes in the amount of water at an individual farm level to the watershed level depending upon point of interest. Basic components of water budgets are precipitation, evapotranspiration, change in soil moisture storage, deep percolation and runoff. However, non-availability of water balance parameter is the main problem for achieving the more crop per drop. Therefore, the current study was undertaken at ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi farm (Mid-block, MB) during rabi 2016-17 to study the water budget of different major rabi crops (wheat, mustard, chickpea) under surface irrigation. Water budget components like soil moisture were measured by gravimetric method periodically, and daily crop-evapotranspiration (ETc) and stage-wise effective rainfall (Pe) for the test crops were estimated using FAO-CROPWAT- 8.0 model. Irrigation scheduling was done on the basis of soil moisture depletion method and total volume of water applied measured through star flow meter. The total volume of irrigation water applied during the entire crop period was 337.75, 211.54 mm and 182.90 mm, for wheat, mustard and chickpea, respectively. The results revealed that both in late- and timely - sown mustard (MB-3A-1 and 3A-2), chickpea (MB-9-A) and wheat crops (MB-3A-3, 6-A and 12-A), the highest ETc was recorded during mid-season stage (i.e. 82.90, 79.50, 94.07, 126.04, 114.02, 132.61 mm, respectively). The deep- percolation losses varied from 29.3-31.8 % for sandy loam soil to 40.2-42.2 % for clay loam soil under different crops due to larger amount of irrigation water applied in clay soil. These water budgeting parameters are location and crop specific and so to be estimated for crops, seasons and regions.
2
Sarpong, E. Ofori. "Water budget characteristics, availability of water periods and crop production in Ghana." JOURNAL OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL ASSOCIATION OF TANZANIA 27 (July 7, 2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/jgat.v27i.57.
Full text
3
Sanders, D. C. "Drip-irrigation System Component and Design Considerations for Vegetable Crops." HortTechnology 2, no. 1 (January 1992): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.2.1.25.
Full textAbstract:
The following should be considered when installing and maintaining a drip irrigation system for vegetable crops: water source (surface or ground water); water quality (salinity, particulate matter, contaminants); size of area to be irrigated; pump size; soil type; drip tape type; crop to be irrigated; management skill of the operator; automation needs; water meter and budget. Use a professional designer.
4
MALL, R. K., B. R. D. GUPTA, and K. K. SINGH. "Application of SP AW model parameters - optimum sowing date and water stress to explain wheat yield variability." MAUSAM 52, no. 3 (January 11, 2022): 567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v52i3.1727.
Full textAbstract:
The Soil-Plant-Atmosphere- Water (SPA W) model has been calibrated and validated using field experiment data from 1991-92 to 1993-94 for wheat crop at Varanasi district. Long-term (1973-74 to 1995-96) daily weather data were combined with general observation of wheat growth and soils to provide daily water budgets for 23 years. The model was calibrated with one year detailed crop growth characteristics and soil water observations and validated with another year soil water observations. The daily-integrated water stress index (WSI) values at the end of crop season correlated quite well with observed grain yield in this region.
The water budget analysis shows a distinct optimum sowing period from 5th to 25th November and an optimum sowing date on 15th November with minimal water stress index. These results demonstrate the potential of SPA W model for planning irrigation scheduling and water management for wheat crop in this region.
5
Zamora Re, Maria I., Sagarika Rath, Michael D. Dukes, and Wendy Graham. "Water and Nitrogen Budget Dynamics for a Maize-Peanut Rotation in Florida." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 6 (2020): 2003–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13916.
Full textAbstract:
HighlightsDSSAT simulations of final N uptake, biomass, and yield for a maize-peanut rotational field experiment with three irrigation treatments and three N fertilizer rates had good performance for the irrigated treatments (average nRMSE of 9%) but greater error for the rainfed treatments (average nRMSE of 15%).Experiments and DSSAT simulations demonstrated that N fertilizer and irrigation applications were reduced by 26% and 60%, respectively, when using a 247 kg N ha-1 fertilizer rate and a sensor-based irrigation schedule rather than conventional practices of 336 kg N ha-1 and a calendar-based irrigation method, with no impact on yield.Simulations demonstrated that N leaching during the crop rotation was reduced by 37% when an N fertilizer rate of 247 kg N ha-1 and sensor-based irrigation scheduling were used versus conventional practices.Soil N increased (=15 mg kg-1) when maize and peanut residues decayed and then leached during the fallow season. Cover or cash crops planted immediately after the maize and peanut harvests have potential to take up this N and reduce leaching.Abstract. Nitrogen (N) is an essential element for crop growth and yield; however, excessive N applications not taken up by crops can result in N leaching from the root zone, increasing N loads to waterbodies and leading to a host of environmental problems. The main objective of this study was to simulate water and N balances for a maize-peanut (Zea mays L. and Arachis hypogaea L.) rotational field experiment with three irrigation treatments and three N fertilizer rates. The irrigation treatments consisted of mimicking grower irrigation practices in the region (GROW), using soil moisture sensors to schedule irrigation (SMS), and non-irrigated (NON). The N fertilizer rates were low, medium, and high (157, 247, and 336 kg N ha-1, respectively) for maize with a constant 17 kg ha-1 for all peanut treatments. DSSAT maize genetic coefficients were calibrated using the SMS-high treatment combination under the assumption of no water or N stress. The other eight treatment combinations were used as independent data for model validation of the crop coefficients. All soil hydrologic parameters were specified based on measured values, and default DSSAT peanut genetic coefficients were used with no calibration. For the irrigated treatments, DSSAT models had good performance for N uptake, biomass, and yield (average nRMSE of 8%) and moderate performance for soil water content (average nRMSE of 18%). Soil nitrate RMSE was 21% lower than the standard deviation of the observed data (5.8 vs. 7.2 mg kg-1). For the rainfed treatments, DSSAT had greater error (average nRMSE of 15% for N uptake, biomass, and yield, and average nRMSE of 31% for soil water). Soil nitrate RMSE was 11% greater than the standard deviation of the observed data (8.0 vs. 7.2 mg kg-1), and nRMSE was >30% during the crop rotation. Simulations estimated that N leaching over the crop rotation was reduced by 24% on average when using the 247 kg N ha-1 fertilizer rate compared to 336 kg N ha-1 across the irrigation treatments. Furthermore, N leaching was reduced by 37% when using SMS to schedule irrigation and the 247 kg N ha-1 fertilizer rate for maize and 17 kg N ha-1 for peanut compared to conventional practices (GROW and 336 kg N ha-1 for maize and 17 kg N ha-1 for peanut). Moreover, this management practice reduced N fertilizer use by 26% and irrigation water use by up to 60% without negative impacts on yield. Observed and simulated soil N increased during maize and peanut residue decay, with simulations estimating that this soil N would leach below the root zone during the fallow season. This leaching could potentially be reduced if a cover crop or cash crop were planted between the maize and peanut crops to take up the mineralized N. Keywords: Agricultural best management practices, Bare fallow, BMPs, Maize-peanut rotation, N balance, N fertilization, N leaching, Sandy soils, Sensor-based irrigation scheduling, Water balance.
6
Hirwa, Hubert, Qiuying Zhang, Fadong Li, Yunfeng Qiao, Simon Measho, Fabien Muhirwa, Ning Xu, et al. "Water Accounting and Productivity Analysis to Improve Water Savings of Nile River Basin, East Africa: From Accountability to Sustainability." Agronomy 12, no. 4 (March 28, 2022): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040818.
Full textAbstract:
Complete water accounting (WA) and crop water productivity (CWP) analysis is crucial for evaluating water use efficiency (WUE). This study aims to evaluate the contributions of hydro-meteorological factors to the changes of WA and CWP and subsequent WUE based on the data from 2009–2020 in the Nile River Basin (NRB), East Africa (EA). The Mann-Kendall (MK) statistical test and Sen’s slope estimator were applied to detect the trends of climatic factors, and the AquaCrop model was used to simulate the crop yields in response to water balance and consumption based on crop physiological, soil water, and salt budget concepts. For the years 2012 and 2019, the mean of climatic water deficit P − ETa was 71.03 km3 and 37.03 km3, respectively, which was expected to rise to ~494.57 km3 by 2050. The results indicated that the basin water budget was unbalanced due to the coupled impact of year-to-year hot and dry conditions and increase in water abstraction, an indication of water deficit or stress. CWP and WUE increased during the study period with different changing patterns. CWP was also found to correlate to the yield of major crops (p-value > 0.05). It was concluded that climatic factors influenced the crop yield, CWP, and WUE in the study area. Thus, the improvement of CWP and WUE should rely on advanced water-saving innovations. The findings of this study could help water managers to improve water productivity by focusing on water account potentials and creating regional advantages by deploying water in combination with surplus flow from upstream to downstream consumption.
7
Sepaskhah, A. R., Sh Rezaee-pour, and A. A. Kamgar-Haghighi. "Water Budget Approach to quantify Cowpea Yield using Crop Characteristic Equations." Biosystems Engineering 95, no. 4 (December 2006): 583–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2006.08.003.
Full text
8
Hartz, T. K. "Water Management in Drip-irrigated Vegetable Production." HortTechnology 6, no. 3 (July 1996): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.6.3.165.
Full textAbstract:
Many factors influence appropriate drip irrigation management, including system design, soil characteristics, crop and growth stage, and environmental conditions. The influences of these factors can be integrated into a practical, efficient scheduling system that determines quantity and timing of drip irrigation. This system combines direct soil moisture measurement with a water budget approach using evapotranspiration estimates and crop coefficients.
9
Pradhan, Deepa, and Ram Ranjan. "Do Institutional Programs Aimed at Groundwater Augmentation Affect Crop Choice Decisions under Groundwater Irrigation? Empirical Evidence from Andhra Pradesh, India." Water Economics and Policy 01, no. 02 (June 2015): 1550002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x15500022.
Full textAbstract:
Crop choices made by farmers can make important contributions toward the sustainable management of groundwater resources in drought prone regions. However, farmers who would tend to maximize profits under normal circumstances face a trade-off between the choices of risky but more profitable high water intensive (HWI) crops on one hand and the low risk but less profitable low water intensive (LWI) and drought resistant (DR) crops on the other. In drought-hit regions of South India, institutional programs, such as crop water budgeting and farmer schools, have been promoted to provide support and information to the farmers in helping them make judicious crop choices. A multivariate probit (MVP) analysis reveals that crop water budget exercise and farmer field school participation, in fact, are positively associated with HWI crop choices, whereas participation in soil moisture conservation efforts is positively associated with growing LWI and DR crops. Our findings indicate that the objective of groundwater augmentation through institutional interventions that are solely based on educating and training farmers have been ineffective and have even been providing perverse incentives, and that there is a need for adding water extraction compliance components to such support programs in order for them to be efficacious.
10
Elamri, Y., B. Cheviron, J. M. Lopez, C. Dejean, and G. Belaud. "Water budget and crop modelling for agrivoltaic systems: Application to irrigated lettuces." Agricultural Water Management 208 (September 2018): 440–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.07.001.
Full text
11
Awal, Ripendra, Ali Fares, and Haimanote Bayabil. "Assessing Potential Climate Change Impacts on Irrigation Requirements of Major Crops in the Brazos Headwaters Basin, Texas." Water 10, no. 11 (November 9, 2018): 1610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111610.
Full textAbstract:
In order for the agricultural sector to be sustainable, farming practices and management strategies need to be informed by site-specific information regarding potential climate change impacts on irrigation requirements and water budget components of different crops. Such information would allow managers and producers to select cropping systems that ensure efficient use of water resources and crop productivity. The major challenge in understanding the link between cropping systems and climate change is the uncertainty of how the climate would change in the future and lack of understanding how different crops would respond to those changes. This study analyzed the potential impact of climate change on irrigation requirements of four major crops (cotton, corn, sorghum, and winter wheat) in the Brazos Headwaters Basin, Texas. The irrigation requirement of crops was calculated for the baseline period (1980–2010) and three projected periods: 2020s (2011–2030), 2055s (2046–2065), and 2090s (2080–2099). Daily climate predictions from 15 general circulation models (GCMs) under three greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenarios (B1, A1B, and A2) were generated for three future periods using the Long Ashton Research Station–Weather Generator (LARS-WG) statistical downscaling model. Grid-based (55 grids at ~38 km resolution) irrigation water requirements (IRRs) and other water budget components of each crop were calculated using the Irrigation Management System (IManSys) model. Future period projection results show that evapotranspiration (ET) and IRR will increase for all crops, while precipitation is projected to decrease compared with the baseline period. On average, precipitation meets only 25–32% of the ET demand, depending on crop type. In general, projections from almost all GCMs show an increase in IRR for all crops for the three future periods under the three GHG emission scenarios. Irrigation requirement prediction uncertainty between GCMs was consistently greater in July and August for corn, cotton, and sorghum regardless of period and emission scenario. However, for winter wheat, greater uncertainties between GCMs were observed during April and May. Irrigation requirements show significant variations across spatial locations. There was no consistent spatial trend in changes of IRR for the four crops. A unit change in precipitation is projected to affect IRR differently depending on the crop type.
12
Reza, Arif, Jaesung Eum, Sungmin Jung, Youngsoon Choi, Changwon Jang, Kiyong Kim, Jeffrey Owen, and Bomchul Kim. "Phosphorus Budget for a Forested-Agricultural Watershed in Korea." Water 11, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11010004.
Full textAbstract:
Despite increased attention to the need for sustainable agriculture, fertilizer application rates above crop requirements remain common agricultural practices in South Korea, causing eutrophication of freshwater and coastal ecosystems. The aim of this study is to quantify phosphorus (P) inputs, outputs, and retention in a forested-agricultural watershed. The P budget showed that the combined use of chemical fertilizer and organic compost was the largest source of P (97.6% of the total) followed by atmospheric wet deposition (2.1% of the total P), whereas forest export (0.2% of the total) and sewage treatment plants (STPs) (0.1% of the total) were negligible. The P outputs were crop harvesting and hydrologic export to surface water. The P balance showed that P inputs are higher than the P outputs; approximately 87% of the total P input was retained in the soils within the watershed. However, P concentrations in drainage water were still high enough to cause eutrophication of downstream reservoirs. The results provide important details on the proportion of P export and retention in the watershed. This will help efforts to improve water quality and design better management strategies for agricultural nonpoint source pollution.
13
Smith, C. J., F. X. Dunin, R. Poss, and J. F. Angus. "Nitrogen budget of wheat growing on a Riverine clay soil." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51, no. 7 (2000): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar99138.
Full textAbstract:
The fate of nitrogen in wheat grown on a Mesotrophic, Red Kandosol near Wagga Wagga was studied in the 1993 growing season, which had above-average rainfall: 417 mm (31 May–30 November 1993) compared with an average (June–November) of 289 mm. Nitrogen supply (fertiliser and mineralisation) was partitioned between crop uptake, gaseous and leaching losses, and residual mineral N in the soil profile. The study plots were 2 adjacent 5-ha areas. At stem elongation (Zadock’s decimal code 31), one area was topdressed with urea at 14 g N/m2 (fertilised crop). The total N supply to the fertilised crop was 29 g N/m2—8 g N/m2 of mineral N in the soil at sowing, net mineralisation of 5.3 g N/m2, and fertiliser inputs of 1.7 and 14 g N/m2. The corresponding value for the non-fertilised crop was 15 g N/m2. The urea application produced a 50% increase in above-ground biomass (1521 and 1008 g/m2 dry matter at harvest) and a 1.8-fold increase in grain yield (692 and 384 g/m2). The proportion of the total N supply recovered in the crops was similar (55% and 60% for the non-fertilised and fertilised treatments, respectively). Leaching losses were low (0.4 and 0.5 g N/m2), even though ≈100 mm drained beyond the root-zone (equivalent to 24% of the seasonal rainfall). The periods of saturated soil required to generate drainage also caused denitrification losses of 1.7 and 3.4 g N/m2 for the non-fertilised and fertilised treatments, respectively. Increased net mineralisation and reduced crop N uptake that began a month prior to anthesis were responsible for the substantial amounts of mineral N remaining in the soil after harvest (4.7 and 4.3 g N/m2, respectively). The low NO3 leaching loss associated with high drainage was explained by displacement flow mechanics operating in soil that has a high water retention capacity, which is confirmed by Br and 15N tracer analysis. The N balance was closed for the non-fertilised crop, but a discrepancy of 2.8 g N/m2 remains for the fertilised crop. The uncertainty of ≈10% of the fertilised treatment may possibly be due to ammonia volatilisation following topdressing with urea.
14
Iroye, K. A. "An Assessment of Water Budget of Ibadan, Nigeria." Vidyodaya Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 07, no. 01 (January 1, 2022): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31357/fhss/vjhss.v07i01.06.
Full textAbstract:
The influence of climatic conditions of precipitation and evapotranspiration exercise great control on soil water budget. This is fundamental to crop production and hydrological processes. This study assessed the temporal variability of soil moisture condition of Ibadan, Nigeria using the water budget approach. Specifically the study analyzed the climatic variables of monthly rainfall and means monthly air temperature, computed the mean monthly evapotranspiration values, plots the water budget graph, and discussed the implications of the observed seasonal trend in water budget condition on agricultural activities and hydrological processes. Monthly rainfall and mean monthly air temperature data used were collected from the archives of the Nigeria meteorological agency for the period 2008-2020. Monthly potential evapotranspiration data used in the study was estimated from the mean monthly air temperature data. The monthly rainfall data and the monthly evapotranspiration data were used to plot the water budget graph. Results revealed temporal variability in soil moisture condition. Water deficit condition was observed between November and April while water surplus condition was observed between May and October. The highest water surplus condition was observed in September (111.9mm) while the highest deficit condition (-125.64mm) was observed in December. The month of October recorded the lowest water surplus condition (41.30mm) while the month of April recorded the lowest water deficit condition (-10.10mm). The implications of the observed seasonal variation in soil moisture status on agricultural activities and hydrological processes were discussed.
15
Pique, Gaétan, Rémy Fieuzal, Philippe Debaeke, Ahmad Al Bitar, Tiphaine Tallec, and Eric Ceschia. "Combining High-Resolution Remote Sensing Products with a Crop Model to Estimate Carbon and Water Budget Components: Application to Sunflower." Remote Sensing 12, no. 18 (September 11, 2020): 2967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12182967.
Full textAbstract:
The global increase in food demand in the context of climate change requires a clear understanding of cropland function and of its impact on biogeochemical cycles. However, although gas exchange between croplands and the atmosphere is measurable in the field, it is difficult to quantify at the plot scale over relatively large areas because of the heterogeneous character of landscapes and differences in crop management. However, assessing accurate carbon and water budgets over croplands is essential to promote sustainable agronomic practices and reduce the water demand and the climatic impacts of croplands while maintaining sufficient yields. From this perspective, we developed a crop model, SAFYE-CO2, that assimilates high spatial- and temporal-resolution (HSTR) remote sensing products to estimate daily crop biomass, water and CO2 fluxes, annual yields, and carbon budgets at the parcel level over large areas. This modeling approach was evaluated for sunflower against two in situ datasets. First, the model’s output was compared to data acquired during two cropping seasons at the Auradé integrated carbon observation system (ICOS) instrumented site in southwestern France. The model accurately simulated the daily net CO2 flux (root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.97 gC·m−2·d−1 and determination coefficient (R2) = 0.83) and water flux (RMSE = 0.68 mm·d−1 and R2 = 0.79). The model’s performance was then evaluated against biomass and yield data collected from 80 plots located in southwestern France. The model was able to satisfactorily estimate biomass dynamics and yield (RMSE = 66 and 54 g·m−2, respectively). To investigate the potential application of the proposed approach at a large scale, given that soil properties are important factors affecting the model, a sensitivity analysis of two existing soil products (GlobalSoilMap and SoilGrids) was carried out. Our results show that these products are not sufficiently accurate for inclusion as inputs to the model, which requires more accurate information on soil water retention capacity to assess water fluxes. Additionally, we argue that no water stress should be considered in the crop growth computation since this stress is already present because of remote sensing information in the proposed approach. This study should be considered a first step to fulfill the existing gap in quantifying carbon budgets at the plot scale over large areas and to accurately estimate the effects of management practices, such as the use of cover crops or specific crop rotations on cropland C and water budgets.
16
Yeo, I. Y., S. Lee, A. M. Sadeghi, P. C. Beeson, W. D. Hively, G. W. McCarty, and M. W. Lang. "Assessing winter cover crop nutrient uptake efficiency using a water quality simulation model." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 11 (November 21, 2013): 14229–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-14229-2013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Winter cover crops are an effective conservation management practice with potential to improve water quality. Throughout the Chesapeake Bay Watershed (CBW), which is located in the Mid-Atlantic US, winter cover crop use has been emphasized and federal and state cost-share programs are available to farmers to subsidize the cost of winter cover crop establishment. The objective of this study was to assess the long-term effect of planting winter cover crops at the watershed scale and to identify critical source areas of high nitrate export. A physically-based watershed simulation model, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), was calibrated and validated using water quality monitoring data and satellite-based estimates of winter cover crop species performance to simulate hydrological processes and nutrient cycling over the period of 1991–2000. Multiple scenarios were developed to obtain baseline information on nitrate loading without winter cover crops planted and to investigate how nitrate loading could change with different winter cover crop planting scenarios, including different species, planting times, and implementation areas. The results indicate that winter cover crops had a negligible impact on water budget, but significantly reduced nitrate leaching to groundwater and delivery to the waterways. Without winter cover crops, annual nitrate loading was approximately 14 kg ha−1, but it decreased to 4.6–10.1 kg ha−1 with winter cover crops resulting in a reduction rate of 27–67% at the watershed scale. Rye was most effective, with a potential to reduce nitrate leaching by up to 93% with early planting at the field scale. Early planting of winter cover crops (~30 days of additional growing days) was crucial, as it lowered nitrate export by an additional ~2 kg ha−1 when compared to late planting scenarios. The effectiveness of cover cropping increased with increasing extent of winter cover crop implementation. Agricultural fields with well-drained soils and those that were more frequently used to grow corn had a higher potential for nitrate leaching and export to the waterways. This study supports the effective implement of winter cover crop programs, in part by helping to target critical pollution source areas for winter cover crop implementation.
17
Yeo, I. Y., S. Lee, A. M. Sadeghi, P. C. Beeson, W. D. Hively, G. W. McCarty, and M. W. Lang. "Assessing winter cover crop nutrient uptake efficiency using a water quality simulation model." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 12 (December 16, 2014): 5239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5239-2014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Winter cover crops are an effective conservation management practice with potential to improve water quality. Throughout the Chesapeake Bay watershed (CBW), which is located in the mid-Atlantic US, winter cover crop use has been emphasized, and federal and state cost-share programs are available to farmers to subsidize the cost of cover crop establishment. The objective of this study was to assess the long-term effect of planting winter cover crops to improve water quality at the watershed scale (~ 50 km2) and to identify critical source areas of high nitrate export. A physically based watershed simulation model, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), was calibrated and validated using water quality monitoring data to simulate hydrological processes and agricultural nutrient cycling over the period of 1990–2000. To accurately simulate winter cover crop biomass in relation to growing conditions, a new approach was developed to further calibrate plant growth parameters that control the leaf area development curve using multitemporal satellite-based measurements of species-specific winter cover crop performance. Multiple SWAT scenarios were developed to obtain baseline information on nitrate loading without winter cover crops and to investigate how nitrate loading could change under different winter cover crop planting scenarios, including different species, planting dates, and implementation areas. The simulation results indicate that winter cover crops have a negligible impact on the water budget but significantly reduce nitrate leaching to groundwater and delivery to the waterways. Without winter cover crops, annual nitrate loading from agricultural lands was approximately 14 kg ha−1, but decreased to 4.6–10.1 kg ha−1 with cover crops resulting in a reduction rate of 27–67% at the watershed scale. Rye was the most effective species, with a potential to reduce nitrate leaching by up to 93% with early planting at the field scale. Early planting of cover crops (~ 30 days of additional growing days) was crucial, as it lowered nitrate export by an additional ~ 2 kg ha−1 when compared to late planting scenarios. The effectiveness of cover cropping increased with increasing extent of cover crop implementation. Agricultural fields with well-drained soils and those that were more frequently used to grow corn had a higher potential for nitrate leaching and export to the waterways. This study supports the effective implementation of cover crop programs, in part by helping to target critical pollution source areas for cover crop implementation.
18
Dare-Idowu, Oluwakemi, Lionel Jarlan, Valerie Le-Dantec, Vincent Rivalland, Eric Ceschia, Aaron Boone, and Aurore Brut. "Hydrological Functioning of Maize Crops in Southwest France Using Eddy Covariance Measurements and a Land Surface Model." Water 13, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13111481.
Full textAbstract:
The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the representation of the energy budget for irrigated maize crops in soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer (SVAT) models. To this end, a comparison between the original version of the interactions between the soil–biosphere–atmosphere (ISBA) model based on a single-surface energy balance and the new ISBA-multi-energy balance (ISBA-MEB) option was carried out. The second objective is to analyze the intra- and inter-seasonal variability of the crop water budget by implementing ISBA and ISBA-MEB over six irrigated maize seasons between 2008 and 2019 in Lamasquère, southwest France. Seasonal dynamics of the convective fluxes were properly reproduced by both models with R2 ranging between 0.66 and 0.80 (RMSE less than 59 W m−2) for the sensible heat flux and between 0.77 and 0.88 (RMSE less than 59 W m−2) for the latent heat flux. Statistical metrics also showed that over the six crop seasons, for the turbulent fluxes, ISBA-MEB was consistently in better agreement with the in situ measurements with RMSE 8–30% lower than ISBA, particularly when the canopy was heterogeneous. The ability of both models to partition the evapotranspiration (ET) term between soil evaporation and plant transpiration was also acceptable as transpiration predictions compared very well with the available sap flow measurements during the summer of 2015; (ISBA-MEB had slightly better statistics than ISBA with R2 of 0.91 and a RMSE value of 0.07 mm h−1). Finally, the results from the analysis of the inter-annual variability of the crop water budget can be summarized as follows: (1) The partitioning of the ET revealed a strong year-to-year variability with transpiration ranging between 40% and 67% of total ET, while soil evaporation was dominant in 2008 and 2010 due to the late and poor canopy development; (2) drainage losses are close to null because of an impervious layer at 60 cm depth; and (3) this very specific condition limited the inter-annual variability of irrigation scheduling as crops can always extract water that is stored in the root zone.
19
Senay, Gabriel B., Stefanie Kagone, and Naga M. Velpuri. "Operational Global Actual Evapotranspiration: Development, Evaluation, and Dissemination." Sensors 20, no. 7 (March 30, 2020): 1915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20071915.
Full textAbstract:
Satellite-based actual evapotranspiration (ETa) is becoming increasingly reliable and available for various water management and agricultural applications from water budget studies to crop performance monitoring. The Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) model is currently used by the US Geological Survey (USGS) Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWS NET) to routinely produce and post multitemporal ETa and ETa anomalies online for drought monitoring and early warning purposes. Implementation of the global SSEBop using the Aqua satellite’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature and global gridded weather datasets is presented. Evaluation of the SSEBop ETa data using 12 eddy covariance (EC) flux tower sites over six continents indicated reasonable performance in capturing seasonality with a correlation coefficient up to 0.87. However, the modeled ETa seemed to show regional biases whose natures and magnitudes require a comprehensive investigation using complete water budgets and more quality-controlled EC station datasets. While the absolute magnitude of SSEBop ETa would require a one-time bias correction for use in water budget studies to address local or regional conditions, the ETa anomalies can be used without further modifications for drought monitoring. All ETa products are freely available for download from the USGS FEWS NET website.
20
Amazirh, Abdelhakim, El Houssaine Bouras, Luis Enrique Olivera-Guerra, Salah Er-Raki, and Abdelghani Chehbouni. "Retrieving Crop Albedo Based on Radar Sentinel-1 and Random Forest Approach." Remote Sensing 13, no. 16 (August 11, 2021): 3181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163181.
Full textAbstract:
Monitoring agricultural crops is of paramount importance for preserving water resources and increasing water efficiency over semi-arid areas. This can be achieved by modelling the water resources all along the growing season through the coupled water–surface energy balance. Surface albedo is a key land surface variable to constrain the surface radiation budget and hence the coupled water–surface energy balance. In order to capture the hydric status changes over the growing season, optical remote sensing becomes impractical due to cloud cover in some periods, especially over irrigated winter crops in semi-arid regions. To fill the gap, this paper aims to generate cloudless surface albedo product from Sentinel-1 data that offers a source of high spatio-temporal resolution images. This can help to better capture the vegetation development along the growth season through the surface radiation budget. Random Forest (RF) algorithm was implemented using Sentinel-1 backscatters as input. The approach was tested over an irrigated semi-arid zone in Morocco, which is known by its heterogeneity in term of soil conditions and crop types. The obtained results are evaluated against Landsat-derived albedo with quasi-concurrent Landsat/Sentinel-1 overpasses (up to one day offset), while a further validation was investigated using in situ field scale albedo data. The best model-hyperparameters selection was dependent on two validation approaches (K-fold cross-validation ‘k = 10’, and holdout). The more robust and accurate model parameters are those that represent the best statistical metrics (root mean square error ‘RMSE’, bias and correlation coefficient ‘R’). Coefficient values ranging from 0.70 to 0.79 and a RMSE value between 0.0002 and 0.00048 were obtained comparing Landsat and predicted albedo by RF method. The relative error ratio equals 4.5, which is acceptable to predict surface albedo.
21
Sun, Jin, Liming Liu, Klaus Müller, Peter Zander, Guoping Ren, Guanyi Yin, and Yingjie Hu. "Surplus or Deficit? Spatiotemporal Variations of the Supply, Demand, and Budget of Landscape Services and Landscape Multifunctionality in Suburban Shanghai, China." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (October 18, 2018): 3752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103752.
Full textAbstract:
Landscape services are inevitably interlinked with human wellbeing. It is essential to assess landscape services and multifunctionality from both supply and demand points of view toward sustainable landscape management. This study focused on the spatiotemporal variations of the supply, demand, and budget of landscape services in suburban Shanghai, China, including crop production, nutrient regulation, air-quality regulation, soil-erosion regulation, water purification, and recreation and aesthetical value. A new index landscape multifunctionality budget (BMFI) was developed, integrating the budget status of surplus and deficit with landscape management. Spatial autocorrelation analysis and regression analysis were conducted to identify spatial agglomeration and influencing factors of BMFI. Pronounced spatiotemporal heterogeneity of landscape services was observed. BMFI was in surplus status in 2005 and 2010, but turned to deficit in 2015. Landscape service budgets generally followed the spatial pattern of positive in the west and negative in the east. Budget deficits covered half of the villages in 2015, which were mainly situated near central Shanghai with high population density, high average income, and a fragmented and less diverse landscape pattern. Rapid urban sprawl and the following land-cover changes are the main drivers for the spatiotemporal variations. Landscape function zoning with effective economic development and ecological conservation policies can comprehensively improve the competitiveness achieving sustainable future.
22
McCoy, A. J., G. Parkin, C. Wagner-Riddle, J. Warland, J. Lauzon, P. von Bertoldi, D. Fallow, and S. Jayasundara. "Using automated soil water content measurements to estimate soil water budgets." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s05-031.
Full textAbstract:
The distribution of precipitation into the components of a soil water budget has a profound impact on crop growth, groundwater recharge, soil erosion, and groundwater and surface water contamination levels. The main objectives of this study were to develop a new method of measuring soil water balances and to demonstrate the use of the method in examining differences between partitioning of water in conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) management systems. Hourly precipitation, evapotranspiration, and changes in soil water storage data were collected automatically over a 3-yr period at a field site near Elora, Ontario. Runoff and interception were calculated as the difference between measured increases in soil water storage and total rainfall during each significant rain event when the soil was not frozen. Drainage was then calculated, as it was the only component of the soil water balance not measured. The amount of soil water stored in the NT system was greater than the CT system during the latter part of the study as the NT system aged. The amount of drainage calculated for a 3 -yr period was greater for CT than the NT treatment, a result that is contrary to many previous studies. The measured amount of runoff plus interception was greater in the NT versus CT treatment. Since NT is generally accepted as a means of reducing runoff, this result could be due to the enhanced amount of interception by the crop residue left on the surface of the NT treatment. Key words: Soil water balance, water content reflectometer, drainage, runoff, tillage, time series
23
Béziat, Pierre, Vincent Rivalland, Tiphaine Tallec, Nathalie Jarosz, Gilles Boulet, Pierre Gentine, and Eric Ceschia. "Evaluation of a simple approach for crop evapotranspiration partitioning and analysis of the water budget distribution for several crop species." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 177 (August 2013): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.03.013.
Full text
24
Lim, Chul-Hee, Yuyoung Choi, Moonil Kim, Soo Lee, Christian Folberth, and Woo-Kyun Lee. "Spatially Explicit Assessment of Agricultural Water Equilibrium in the Korean Peninsula." Sustainability 10, no. 1 (January 15, 2018): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10010201.
Full textAbstract:
In agriculture, balancing water use and retention is an issue dealt with in most regions and for many crops. In this study, we suggest agricultural water equilibrium (AWE) as a new concept that can facilitate a spatially explicit management of agricultural water. This concept is based on the principle of supply and demand of agricultural water, where the virtual water content of crops (VWC) can be defined as the demand, and cropland water budget (CWB) as the supply. For assessing the AWE of the Korean Peninsula, we quantified the CWB based on the hydrological cycle and the VWC of rice, a key crop in the Peninsula. Five factors, namely crop yield, growing season evapotranspiration, annual evapotranspiration, runoff, and annual precipitation, were used to assess the AWE, of which the first four were estimated using the spatially explicit large-scale crop model, Geographical Information System (GIS)-based Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (GEPIC). The CWB and VWC were calculated for a period of three decades, and the AWE was computed by deducting the VWC from the CWB. Our results show a latitudinal difference across the Korean Peninsula. On analyzing the AWE of the major river basins, we found most basins in North Korea showed very low values inferring unsustainable overconsumption of water. The latitudinal difference in AWE is a reflectance of the latitudinal changes in the VWC and CWB. This can be explained by decoupling the demand and supply of agricultural water. Although the AWE values presented in this study were not absolute, the values were sufficient to explain the latitudinal change, and the demand and supply of agricultural water, and establish the usefulness of the indicator.
25
Baumhardt, R. Louis, and Robert J. Lascano. "Water Budget and Yield of Dryland Cotton Intercropped with Terminated Winter Wheat." Agronomy Journal 91, no. 6 (November 1999): 922–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1999.916922x.
Full text
26
Panda, Rabindra Kumar, and T. B. S. Rajput. "A water budget technique for the design of open drainage systems." Irrigation and Drainage 53, no. 4 (2004): 449–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.146.
Full text
27
Ali, MH, H. Paul, and MR Haque. "Estimation of evapotranspiration using a simulation model." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 9, no. 2 (June 29, 2012): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i2.11038.
Full textAbstract:
Practical methods for the accurate estimation of water requirement for irrigated agriculture are essential. Simulation model is a useful tool to estimate water balance in the crop field. In this study, the BUDGET model was used to evaluate its performance to simulate water balance in wheat field. The BUDGET model is composed of a set of validated subroutines describing the various processes involved in water extraction by plant roots and soil water movement in absence of a water table. The model was run to simulate evapotranspiration values with the actual observed weather, crop and soil data for three years (2002-2005), obtained from experimental Station of Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agricultural (BINA). The input data of model are separated into four stages and the value of Kc and root depth are different for each stage. Evaluation of model performance is done with both graphical display and statistical criteria. The simulated values fall close to 1:1 line, indicating better performance. The statistical parameters such as standard deviation (SD), standard error (SE), coefficient of variation (CV) of simulated and actual evapotranspiration values are found 21.07 and 29.23; 4.49 and 6.23; and 38.03 and 50.75, respectively. Both the standard error and coefficient of variation for simulated values are found lower than the observed values indicating stability of the model output. The coefficient of determination value (R2 =0.83) is high for this model, which indicates good simulation performance. The relative error (RE) is 23.28 percent and model efficiency (EF) is 78.95 percent which means that the simulation of actual evapotranspiration is satisfactory. The value of Index of agreement (IA) is 0.918 which indicates a very good performance of the model. The overall statistical parameters of simulation period are in satisfactory level. Therefore, the BUDGET model is able to predict actual evapotranspiration for any level of soil moisture with reasonable accuracy. The model can be used in planning, management and operation of an irrigation project for judicious use of water with the limited inputs, especially suitable for countries where modeling of crop yield is needed under water stress conditions. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i2.11038 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 9(2): 257266, 2011
28
Courault, D., R. Hadria, F. Ruget, A. Olioso, B. Duchemin, O. Hagolle, and G. Dedieu. "Combined use of FORMOSAT-2 images with a crop model for biomass and water monitoring of permanent grassland in Mediterranean region." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 3 (June 22, 2010): 3649–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-3649-2010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The aim of this study is to propose methods to improve crop and water management in Mediterranean regions. At landscape scale, there is a very large spatial variability of agricultural practices, particularly for grasslands irrigated by flooding. These grasslands are harvested three times per year and produce high quality hay, but their productions decreased significantly these last few years because of the water scarcity. It is therefore important to assess the real water requirement for crops in order to predict productions in the case of agricultural practice modifications. Until now, the spatial variability of agricultural practices was obtained through surveys from farmers, but this method was tedious to describe an entire region. Thus, the specific aim of the study is to propose a new approach based on: 1) the feasibility of using optical remote sensing data acquired at high spatio-temporal resolutions for agricultural practice monitoring and, 2) the evaluation of a crop model, forced with this data, for estimating water balance and crop yield. We developed a methodology based on the combined use of FORMOSAT-2 images and STICS crop model to estimate production, evapotranspiration and drainage of irrigated grasslands in "the Crau" region in the South Eastern France. Numerous surveys and ground measurements were performed during an experiment conducted in 2006. Simple algorithms were developed to retrieve the dynamic of Leaf Area Index (LAI) for each plot and the main agricultural practices such as mowing and irrigation dates. This information was then used to parameterize STICS, applied at region scale to estimate the spatial variability of water budget associated with the biomass productions. Results are displayed at the farm scale. Satisfactory results were obtained when compared to ground measurements. The method for extrapolation to other regions or crops is discussed as regard to data available.
29
Courault, D., R. Hadria, F. Ruget, A. Olioso, B. Duchemin, O. Hagolle, and G. Dedieu. "Combined use of FORMOSAT-2 images with a crop model for biomass and water monitoring of permanent grassland in Mediterranean region." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 9 (September 9, 2010): 1731–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1731-2010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The aim of this study is to propose methods to improve crop and water management in Mediterranean regions. At landscape scale, there is a spatial variability of agricultural practices, particularly for grasslands irrigated by flooding. These grasslands are harvested three times per year and produce high quality hay, but their productions decreased significantly during the last few years because of the water scarcity. It is therefore important to assess the real water requirement for crops in order to predict productions in the case of agricultural practice modifications. Until now, the spatial variability of agricultural practices was obtained through surveys from farmers, but this method was tedious to describe an entire region. Thus, the specific aim of the study is to develop and assess a new method based on a crop model for estimating water balance and crop yield constrained by products derived from optical remote sensing data with high spatio-temporal resolution. A methodology, based on the combined use of FORMOSAT-2 images and the STICS crop model, was developed to estimate production, evapotranspiration and drainage of irrigated grasslands in "the Crau" region in the South Eastern France. Numerous surveys and ground measurements were performed during an experiment conducted in 2006. Simple algorithms were developed to retrieve the dynamic of Leaf Area Index (LAI) for each plot and the main agricultural practices such as mowing and irrigation dates. These variables computed from remote sensing were then used to parameterize STICS, applied at region scale to estimate the spatial variability of water budget associated with the biomass productions. Results are displayed at the farm scale. Satisfactory results were obtained when compared to ground measurements. The method for the extrapolation to other regions or crops is discussed as regard to data available.
30
Akinremi, O. O., and S. M. McGinn. "Usage of soil moisture models in agronomic research." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 76, no. 3 (August 1, 1996): 285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss96-035.
Full textAbstract:
Soil moisture controls many important processes in the soil-plant system and the extent of these processes cannot be quantified without knowing moisture status of the root zone. Of agronomic importance these include, seedling emergence, evapotranspiration, mineralization of the soil organic fraction, surface runoff, leaching and crop yield. Many models have been developed to simulate these processes based on algorithms of varying degrees of complexity that describe the dynamic nature of soil moisture at different temporal and spatial scales. This paper reviews the direct applications of soil moisture models in agronomy from the field to regional scale and for daily to seasonal time steps. At every level of detail, the lack of model validation beyond the region where it was developed is the main limitation to the application of soil moisture models in agronomy. At the field scale, models have been used for irrigation scheduling to ensure efficient utilization of irrigation water and maximize crop yields. Models are also used to estimate crop yield based on the growing season water use. The water use of crops is converted to biomass accumulation and grain yield using a water-use efficiency coefficient and a harvest index. Other empirical equations are available that relate cumulative crop water use directly to grain yield. On a regional scale, in a study of drought climatology on the Canadian prairie, we coupled a soil water model, the Versatile Soil Moisture Budget, with the Palmer Drought Index model to improve the modelling of soil moisture. This was found to improve the relationship of the Palmer drought index to wheat yield reduction resulting from drought. Key words: Soil moisture, modelling, water-use, evapotranspiration, aridity index, Canadian prairies
31
Li, Tiecheng, Tangzhe Nie, Peng Chen, Zuohe Zhang, Jiaxin Lan, Zhongxue Zhang, Zhijuan Qi, Yu Han, and Lili Jiang. "Carbon Budget of Paddy Fields after Implementing Water-Saving Irrigation in Northeast China." Agronomy 12, no. 6 (June 20, 2022): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061481.
Full textAbstract:
Water-saving irrigation is recognized as an effective agricultural management due to water security and environmental protection problems. In Northeast China, an increasing number of paddy fields are shifting from conventional irrigation to water-saving irrigation. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the carbon (C) budget of paddy fields after implementing water-saving irrigation in Northeast China. A 2-year consecutive field study was performed from 2018 to 2019 using three different irrigation regimes (conventional irrigation (FI), controlled irrigation (CI), and intermittent irrigation (II)) and two nitrogen (N) fertilization levels (110 and 165 kg N ha−1) in a paddy field of Northeast China. The present study aimed to quantify the net ecosystem C budget (NECB) and net global warming potential (net GWP) after the implementation of water-saving irrigation in Northeast China. Both CI and II enhanced the C sequestration capacity of this paddy field. The net primary productivity (NPP) under CI and II was higher than FI by 18–38% and 11–33%, respectively, when the same N fertilization level was applied. The NECB ranged from 1151 to 2663 kg C ha−1, indicating that all treatments acted as net C sinks. II increased the NECB through increasing NPP, which exceeded increased removal of harvest and C mineralized losses. Under II, the NECB was significantly higher than FI and CI when the same N fertilization level was applied (p < 0.05). The net GWP under II and CI was significantly lower than FI (p < 0.05). The net GWP under II was lower than CI when the N fertilization level was 165 kg N ha−1, but no significant differences were detected. These results demonstrated that the II with 165 kg N ha−1 of paddy fields strongly decreased net GWP in Northeast China to combat global climate change.
32
Pilbeam, C. J., C. C. Daamen, and L. P. Simmonds. "Analysis of Water Budgets in Semi-Arid Lands from Soil Water Records." Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 2 (April 1995): 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700025229.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYFour components of the water budget for a growing season, namely storage, drainage, transpiration and direct evaporation from the soil surface, were estimated using a suite of techniques. The only data requirements were rainfall, neutron probe measurements of soil water content and microlysimeter measurements of evaporation from the soil. Data from four growing seasons at Kiboko, Kenya between 1990 and 1992 were used to provide examples of the estimations. Drainage was significant (about 10% of rainfall) in one season only; in the other seasons, total evaporation comprised at least 95% of the seasonal rainfall.Drainage was determined using a relationship between unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and soil water content that was determined during the early part of the rainy season when water was penetrating to depth. This analysis made it possible to identify a critical water content at the base of the soil profile, above which there would be significant drainage. However, there are large errors associated with estimation of drainage if significant drainage occurs.Estimates of direct evaporation from the soil surface were used as the basis of distinguishing transpiration from total evaporation. Microlysimetry was used to develop a model of evaporation from these sandy soils, which was based on the assumption that the evaporation from the soil surface following heavy rainfall is a unique function of time from rainfall, and little influenced by the presence of a sparse crop. This method showed that direct evaporation from the soil accounted for between 70 and 85% of total evaporation in seasons when total evaporation estimates ranged from 150 to 325 mm.
33
Brisson, Nadine, and Marie-Laure Casals. "Leaf dynamics and crop water status throughout the growing cycle of durum wheat crops grown in two contrasted water budget conditions." Agronomy for Sustainable Development 25, no. 1 (January 2005): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/agro:2004066.
Full text
34
Sadras, Víctor O. "Influence of size of rainfall events on water-driven processes. I. Water budget of wheat crops in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 4 (2003): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02112.
Full textAbstract:
Power laws relating the number of events N (s) and their sizes s, i.e. N (s) ~ s–τ, are widespread in natural and social systems. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) power laws can be used to characterise rainfall patterns irrespective of the amount, seasonality, and rainfall mechanisms; and (2) crop water budget components favoured by large rainfall events, i.e. runoff and drainage, are negatively associated with τ, whereas soil evaporation, which is favoured by small rainfall events, is positively associated with τ. Hypothesis 1 was tested using long-term records of daily rainfall in 114 geographically widespread Australian locations from 12 to 43�S, and from 115 to 154�E, with median annual rainfall from 113 to 3437 mm, and Walsh and Lawler's seasonality index from 0.07 (very equable rainfall regime) to 1.1 (most rain in 3 months or less). Coefficients of determination of the linear regression between log-transformed number and size of rainfall events ranged from 0.90 to 0.98 (P < 0.0001). A single value of τ described well the rainfall patterns in 50 out of the 114 locations, whereas some degree of curvilinearity suggested that a multidimensional model would be more suitable in the other locations. Hypothesis 2 was tested in a factorial modelling experiment combining 44 years and 39 southern Australian locations in a latitudinal band (33–36�S) between 134 and 147�E. Simulated water budget components of wheat crops on a sandy loam soil included runoff (R), drainage beyond the root-zone (D), and evapotranspiration (ET) and its components. Seasonal rainfall (range from 176 to 381 mm) and τ (range from 2.84 to 3.76) were unrelated. Simulated ET, R, and D increased, and the soil evaporation : ET ratio (E/ET) decreased with increasing rainfall. For a given amount of seasonal rainfall, processes favoured by large rainfall events, including runoff and drainage, were more frequent and more intense in locations with smaller τ, whereas E/ET increased with larger τ. Despite some limitations, power laws provided a statistical description of rainfall patterns that is agronomically meaningful, with parameter τ accounting for the effect of size of rainfall events on the fate of water in crops.
35
Dattamudi, Sanku, Prasanta K. Kalita, Saoli Chanda, A. S. Alquwaizany, and B. S.Sidhu. "Agricultural Nitrogen Budget for a Long-Term Row Crop Production System in the Midwest USA." Agronomy 10, no. 11 (October 22, 2020): 1622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111622.
Full textAbstract:
In the Midwestern United States, subsurface drainage (commonly known as tile drains) systems have been extensively used for sustaining agricultural production. However, the tile drains have raised concerns of facilitating the transport of agricultural chemicals from the fields to receiving waters. Data from a long-term field experiment in the Little Vermilion River (LVR) watershed of east-central Illinois, USA, shows that the tile drain systems have contributed to increased nitrate N (NO3-N) to the receiving water body, Georgetown Lake Reservoir, over time. We conducted more than 10 years of research on fate and transport of NO3-N in tile drain water, surface runoff and soil N. Corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) were planted in rotation for this watershed. We evaluated N balance (inputs and outputs) and transfer (runoff and leaching) components from three sites with both surface and subsurface flow stations within this watershed, and N budgets for individual sites were developed. Nitrogen fertilizer application (average 192 kg ha−1 y−1) and soil N mineralization (average 88 kg ha−1 y−1) were the major N inputs for corn and soybean, respectively in this watershed. Plant N uptake was the major N output for both crops during this entire study period. Annual N uptake for the LVR watershed ranged from +39 to +148 (average +93) kg ha−1 and −63 to +5 (average −32) kg ha−1, respectively, for corn and soybeans. This data indicates that most of the soil mineralized N was used during soybean production years, while corn production years added extra N in the soil. Surface runoff from the watershed was negligible, however, subsurface leaching through tile drains removed about 18% of the total rainfall. Average NO3-N concentrations of leaching water at sites A (15 mg L−1) and B (16.5 mg L−1) exceeded maximum contaminant level (MCL; 10 mg L−1) throughout the experiment. However, NO3-N concentrations from site E (6.9 mg L−1) never exceeded MCL possibly because 15–22% lower N was received at this site. We estimated that the average corn grain yield would need to be 28% higher to remove the additional N from this watershed. Our study suggests that N application schemes of the LVR watershed need to be reevaluated for better N management, optimum crop production, and overall environmental sustainability.
36
Arabi, Azam, Amin Alizadeh, Yaser Vahab Rajaee, Kazem Jam, and Naser Niknia. "Agricultural Water Foot Print and Virtual Water Budget in Iran Related to the Consumption of Crop Products by Conserving Irrigation Efficiency." Journal of Water Resource and Protection 04, no. 05 (2012): 318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2012.45035.
Full text
37
Chen, Shuai, Xiaomin Mao, and Songhao Shang. "Response and contribution of shallow groundwater to soil water/salt budget and crop growth in layered soils." Agricultural Water Management 266 (May 2022): 107574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107574.
Full text
38
Braaten, Robert O., and Mark Flaherty. "Salt balances of inland shrimp ponds in Thailand: implications for land and water salinization." Environmental Conservation 28, no. 4 (December 2001): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892901000388.
Full textAbstract:
Brackish water ponds for farming black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) have recently proliferated in inland areas of Thailand's central plain, raising concerns about land and water salinization. The environmental impacts of inland shrimp farming were assessed by analysing the salt balance for an inland shrimp farm. Field data on water fluxes and pond salinity, collected from nine ponds in Chachoengsao Province from May–July 1999, were used to model the salt balance for a typical shrimp pond over one growout cycle. During growout, seepage represented 38% (11.5 tonnes crop−1) of salt losses, pond discharge 33% (9.7 tonnes crop−1), and accumulation of salt in pond sediment 6% (1.8 tonnes crop−1). About 23% of the initial salt content remained at harvest and could have been recycled. However, the majority (84% on average) was discharged to the irrigation canals. Much of the salt in pond sediment was also exported to the canal system through tidal flushing of the ponds. Field measurements of salinity were taken in adjacent canals and rice paddies to explore the impacts of salt exports from shrimp ponds. Pond discharge caused increases in canal salinity above levels that would impact on yields of irrigated rice and orchard crops, the main land uses in the region. Elevated soil and water salinity in adjacent rice fields was probably related to lateral seepage from the ponds. The salt budget was also modelled for a zero discharge farming system, promoted by proponents of inland shrimp farming as having few impacts. However, the results suggest that, even in zero discharge ponds, almost half of the initial pond salt content is exported through seepage (45%, 12.4 tonnes crop−1), with another 6% (1.8 tonnes crop−1) deposited in sediments. While techniques exist for mitigating much of the salt leakage, the likelihood of their uptake in Thailand is low. Further expansion of inland shrimp farming in the central plain is therefore likely to contribute substantial salt load to the area's land and water resources.
39
Kjelgren, Roger. "MODELING WATER USE OF SHADE TREES IN FIELD PRODUCTION NURSERIES." HortScience 31, no. 6 (October 1996): 916C—916. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.6.916c.
Full textAbstract:
Supplemental watering of shade trees in field production nurseries is needed, even in summer-rainfall climates, to achieve maximum growth. Scheduling the timing and amount of supplemental watering makes more efficient use of financial and water resources while maintaining maximum growth. Methods of scheduling supplemental watering based on uniform canopy and rooting in production agriculture must be modified, however, for shade trees in a production setting. Nursery trees are non-uniform in canopy and rooting compared to an agricultural crop. Applying the water budget method can be effective with sprinkler systems if tree water loss and rooting depth can be properly estimated. A measure of reference evapotranspiration and a species-specific multiplier are typically used to estimate water loss. Since species diversity in a field nursery is quite high, however, estimates of both tree transpiration and rooting depth must necessarily be simplified assumptions less accurate than for a uniform agricultural crop. If supplemental water is to be applied with drip irrigation, estimates of tree transpiration and soil water depletion need to be converted to volume units with information on total tree leaf area.
40
Paul, Manashi, Sijal Dangol, Vitaly Kholodovsky, Amy R. Sapkota, Masoud Negahban-Azar, and Stephanie Lansing. "Modeling the Impacts of Climate Change on Crop Yield and Irrigation in the Monocacy River Watershed, USA." Climate 8, no. 12 (November 25, 2020): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8120139.
Full textAbstract:
Crop yield depends on multiple factors, including climate conditions, soil characteristics, and available water. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of projected temperature and precipitation changes on crop yields in the Monocacy River Watershed in the Mid-Atlantic United States based on climate change scenarios. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was applied to simulate watershed hydrology and crop yield. To evaluate the effect of future climate projections, four global climate models (GCMs) and three representative concentration pathways (RCP 4.5, 6, and 8.5) were used in the SWAT model. According to all GCMs and RCPs, a warmer climate with a wetter Autumn and Spring and a drier late Summer season is anticipated by mid and late century in this region. To evaluate future management strategies, water budget and crop yields were assessed for two scenarios: current rainfed and adaptive irrigated conditions. Irrigation would improve corn yields during mid-century across all scenarios. However, prolonged irrigation would have a negative impact due to nutrients runoff on both corn and soybean yields compared to rainfed condition. Decision tree analysis indicated that corn and soybean yields are most influenced by soil moisture, temperature, and precipitation as well as the water management practice used (i.e., rainfed or irrigated). The computed values from the SWAT modeling can be used as guidelines for water resource managers in this watershed to plan for projected water shortages and manage crop yields based on projected climate change conditions.
41
IWAMOTO, Akira, Shin-ichi URANO, and Masahiro ARAGAKI. "Water Budget and Estimation of Net Water Requirement for Paddy Field in the Zambezi River Flood Plain, Zambia." Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 54, no. 2 (1998): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.54.125.
Full text
42
Akinremi, O. O., S. M. McGinn, and A. G. Barr. "Simulation of soil moisture and other components of the hydrological cycle using a water budget approach." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 76, no. 2 (May 1, 1996): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss96-020.
Full textAbstract:
Accurate simulation of soil moisture content at any time of the year is important to agriculture in dry regions due to the vital role soil moisture plays in crop production. In certain applications such as drought monitoring, other components of the hydrologic cycle such as runoff, snowmelt runoff, deep drainage and evaporative loss must also be accurately estimated. The goal of this study was to develop a model which accurately accounts for the major components of the hydrological cycle in order to simulate soil moisture content for drought monitoring and crop yield prediction. The versatile soil moisture budget (VSMB) was evaluated and modified to improve the prediction of soil moisture content runoff from rainfall and snowmelt, drainage of moisture out of the root zone and soil surface temperature. The modified components of the model were independently tested and validated using field and published data. The soil moisture output from our modified model correlated well with observed changes in soil moisture during the growing season under wheat, fallow and over the winter. The moisture content of the surface layer was simulated with greater accuracy than that of deeper layers. The soil moisture simulated by the modified model compares better with measured values than that simulated using the original version of the VSMB. The simulation of snow dynamics at Lethbridge, a chinook-dominated region, gave credibility to the snowmelt runoff predicted by the model. Key words: Soil moisture, modelling, runoff, evapotranspiration, snowmelt, Canadian prairies
43
Ma, Xiangcheng, Mengfan Lv, Fangyuan Huang, Peng Zhang, Tie Cai, and Zhikuan Jia. "Effects of Biochar Application on Soil Hydrothermal Environment, Carbon Emissions, and Crop Yield in Wheat Fields under Ridge–Furrow Rainwater Harvesting Planting Mode." Agriculture 12, no. 10 (October 16, 2022): 1704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101704.
Full textAbstract:
The ridge–furrow rainwater harvesting (RFRH) planting mode is widely used in arid and semi-arid areas to solve the problems of agricultural water shortage and low productivity. However, the impact of film mulching on the stability of soil carbon pools makes this planting mode vulnerable to the risk of increased soil carbon emissions and carbon pool losses. In order to clarify the relationship between soil carbon emissions and hydrothermal factors, as well as the regulatory effect of biochar application on soil carbon sequestration and reduced emissions under this planting mode, we set up a biochar application experiment. The effects of the biochar application (at 10 Mg ha−1 biochar and 20 Mg ha−1 biochar) on the soil water dynamics, soil temperature changes, CO2-C and CH4-C flux dynamics, grain yield, carbon emission efficiency, and the net ecosystem carbon budget in wheat fields under the RFRH planting mode were investigated, with no biochar application as the control. The results showed that applying biochar increased the soil water content, soil average temperature, cumulative CH4-C uptake, wheat grain yield, and carbon emission efficiency by 3.10–12.23%, 0.98–3.53%, 59.27–106.65%, 3.51–16.42%, and 18.52–61.17%, respectively; reduced the cumulative CO2-C emissions by 7.51–31.07%; and increased the net ecosystem carbon budget by 2.91 Mg C ha−1 to 6.06 Mg C ha−1. The results obtained by equation fitting showed that in wheat fields under RFRH, the CO2-C emission fluxes had negative and positive exponential relationships with the soil water content and soil temperature, respectively, while the CH4-C uptake fluxes had no significant correlation with the soil water content and had an inverse U-shaped quadratic function relationship with soil temperature. Overall, these results suggest that the application of biochar to wheat fields under RFRH can improve grain yield, farmland carbon emission efficiency, and the net ecosystem carbon budget, and change wheat fields from a carbon source to a carbon sink. These results can provide a theoretical basis and technical support for efficient, green, and sustainable production in farmland in arid and semi-arid areas.
44
Yang, H., L. Wang, K. C. Abbaspour, and A. J. B. Zehnder. "Virtual water trade: an assessment of water use efficiency in the international food trade." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 3 (June 30, 2006): 443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-10-443-2006.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Amid an increasing water scarcity in many parts of the world, virtual water trade as both a policy instrument and practical means to balance the local, national and global water budget has received much attention in recent years. Building upon the knowledge of virtual water accounting in the literature, this study assesses the efficiency of water use embodied in the international food trade from the perspectives of exporting and importing countries and at the global and country levels. The investigation reveals that the virtual water flows primarily from countries of high crop water productivity to countries of low crop water productivity, generating a global saving in water use. Meanwhile, the total virtual water trade is dominated by green virtual water, which constitutes a low opportunity cost of water use as opposed to blue virtual water. A sensitivity analysis, however, suggests high uncertainties in the virtual water accounting and the estimation of the scale of water saving. The study also raises awareness of the limited effect of water scarcity on the global virtual water trade and the negative implications of the global water saving for the water use efficiency and food security in importing countries and the environment in exporting countries. The analysis shows the complexity in evaluating the efficiency gains in the international virtual water trade. The findings of the study, nevertheless, call for a greater emphasis on rainfed agriculture to improve the global food security and environmental sustainability.
45
Yaykiran, Salim, Gokhan Cuceloglu, and Alpaslan Ekdal. "Estimation of Water Budget Components of the Sakarya River Basin by Using the WEAP-PGM Model." Water 11, no. 2 (February 4, 2019): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11020271.
Full textAbstract:
The use of water resources has increased with rapid population growth, industrial development, and agricultural activities. Besides, the problem might increase with the potential climate change impacts on water quantity. Thus, sustainable use of water resources becomes crucial. Modeling studies provide scientific support to the analysis of water resource problems and develop strategies for current and potential problems for the sustainable management of water resources. In this study, WEAP-PGM (Water Evaluation and Planning System—Plant Growth Model) was applied to the Sakarya River Basin in Turkey, where almost 50% of the area is agricultural land. The main goals in the study are compiling/integrating available data from different sources in a data-scarce region for hydrological models, and estimating the water budget components of Sakarya River Basin on an annual basis as well as investigating the applicability of WEAP-PGM. General model performance ratings indicated that model simulations represent streamflow variations at acceptable levels. Model results revealed that, runoff is 4747 million m3, flow to groundwater is 3065 million m3 and evapotranspiration is 23,011 million m3. This model setup can be used as a baseline for calculating the crop yields under climate change in the context of water-food-energy nexus in the further studies.
46
Monhollon, Luke E., and Deepak R. Keshwani. "Leveraging Crop Budgets to Assess the Environmental Impact of Agricultural Operations." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 37, no. 4 (2021): 573–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.14453.
Full textAbstract:
Highlights Agriculture Extension Resources should be used for regional life cycle assessments of agriculture. Fertilizer is the major contributing factor of environmental impact, when using a spatial functional unit. Ecoinvent may under-estimate the environmental impact of maize production. Abstract . Current attempts to quantify the sustainability of agricultural operations are hampered by the lack of information to adequately address variation of farming operations. Differences in weather, soil, local consumers, and transportation pathways affect the agricultural operation of a given parcel of land. These differences may significantly influence life cycle assessments involving agricultural systems. Agricultural extension publications and human expertise may fill gaps present in commonly utilized databases for environmental impact calculations. A methodology was developed integrating information from Nebraska Crop Budgets with Ecoinvent 3.6 in OpenLCA, to investigate pesticide production contribution and compare environmental impacts on a per acre and per bushel basis. Seven budgets were selected, outlining no-till corn production under no-rotation, soybean/corn rotation, and ecofallow schemes. Of thirteen tested pesticides, only five were greater than 5% of the total impact relative to 19-Corn in at least one impact category. Pesticide contribution was greatest for products containing multiple active ingredients and with higher yearly applied amounts. Exclusion of pesticide production in agricultural life cycle assessments may not significantly impact results. Relative impacts between budgets were greater than 83% on a per acre and per bushel basis compared to Ecoinvent, demonstrating life cycle assessments can be impacted by operational differences within similar production systems. Per acre impacts were 4% less to 227% greater than published maize grain production in Ecoinvent 3.6 for the United States. Per bushel impacts were similar at 6% to 280% greater. Result differences are dependent on the crop budget used and impact category considered. Fertilizer was the greatest contributor toward all tested categories. Per acre calculations were defined by applied nitrogen while per bushel calculations followed nitrogen productivity. With simple integration and specificity granted with crop budgets, extension resources should be used for region-specific life cycle assessments of agricultural and bio-based products to replace general assumptions. Keywords: Crop production, Extension, Food energy water nexus, Life cycle assessment, Sustainability.
47
Mohammed, Getachew A., Masaki Hayashi, Christopher R. Farrow, and Yasuhide Takano. "Improved characterization of frozen soil processes in the Versatile Soil Moisture Budget model." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 93, no. 4 (September 2013): 511–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2012-005.
Full textAbstract:
Mohammed, G. A., Hayashi, M., Farrow, C. R. and Takano, Y. 2013. Improved characterization of frozen soil processes in the Versatile Soil Moisture Budget model. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 511–531. Soil freezing and thawing influence the infiltration of rain and snow melt water and subsequent redistribution, runoff generation, and a host of other processes. Accurate characterization of frozen soil processes in hydrological models is important for their use in managing agricultural activities and water resources. The Versatile Soil Moisture Budget (VSMB) is a relatively simple soil water balance model, which has been widely used in Canada for several decades, but its application has primarily been for crop-growing seasons. We have modified the VSMB to include new algorithms for snow accumulation and melt, soil freezing and thawing, and snowmelt infiltration and runoff; and evaluated its performance using field data from a grassland site in Alberta. The new VSMB model simulates snow processes with reasonable accuracy and predicts the day of thawing within several days of observation. It also estimates the amount of runoff and its inter-annual variability reasonably well, although the model still has limitations in accurately predicting the vertical distribution of water content. Despite these limitations, the model will be useful for estimating the amount of snowmelt runoff that provides the critical water inputs to wetlands and dugouts, and for understanding the effects of landuse variability on these processes.
48
HARAZONO, Yoshinobu, Makoto KIYOTA, and Kazutoshi YABUKI. "Characteristics of Thermal Environment and Water Budget of a Forest and a Lawn Developed." Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 48, no. 2 (1992): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.48.147.
Full text
49
Magarey, R. D., J. M. Russo, and R. C. Seem. "Simulation of surface wetness with a water budget and energy balance approach." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 139, no. 3-4 (October 2006): 373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.08.016.
Full text
50
Abou Zakhem, Boulos, Farid Al Ain, and Rania Hafez. "Assessment of Field Water Budget Components for Increasing Water Productivity Under Drip Irrigation in Arid and Semi‐Arid Areas, Syria." Irrigation and Drainage 68, no. 3 (February 7, 2019): 452–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.2286.
Full text