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Academic literature on the topic 'Crop rotations'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Crop rotations"

1

Andersson, Torsten N., and Per Milberg. "Weed flora and the relative importance of site, crop, crop rotation, and nitrogen." Weed Science 46, no. 1 (February 1998): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500090135.

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Weed species composition and density were recorded in three identical field experiments established 26 to 30 yr ago in southern Sweden. Each experiment compared three 6-yr crop rotations and four rates of nitrogen application. The rotations differed by having (1) a 2-yr rotational grassland, (2) a 2-yr mixed rotational grassland (legume/grass), or (3) spring wheat followed by fallow. Other crops in the rotations were winter turnip rape, winter wheat, spring oats, and spring barley. Using multivariate analyses, the relative importance of site, crop, crop rotation, and nitrogen application rate on the weed flora was determined. The greatest difference was found between sites, and the second most important factor was crop species. Nitrogen application rate weakly influenced the weed flora, while differences between crop rotations were hardly detectable.

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2

Holod, R., О. Bilinska, and H. Shubala. "The efficiency of the crop rotations with short rotation with different levels of their saturation of cereals and crops in the conditions of Western Forest-Steppe." Interdepartmental thematic scientific collection "Agriculture" 1, no. 92 (May 31, 2017): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/zem.92.62-68.

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There were analyzed and disclosed the basic components of arable farming systems and their Meaning, the current state and scientific principles in the context of the further development of field crop cultivation in the conditions of Western Forest-Steppe. The purpose of research. To study an effect of alternation of crop in crop rotation in conditions of brief rotation on the soil water regime, productivity and economic efficiency. Methods. Field, laboratory, comparative and analytical. Results. The results of researches on study of productivity of four-field crop rotations with short rotation depending on their saturation by the grain and tilled cultures, of various use of mineral fertilizers, green manure crops and collateral products which were conducted during 2014-2015 in the stationary experiment of the scientific and technological department of plant growing and arable farming, of the TDSGDS of the IKSGP of NAAN are resulted In the article. The elements of the biologization of farming are the basis of our development of crop rotations with short rotation. The study of the effect of green manure crops and collateral products in four-field crop rotations with a different set of crops on the change of soil fertility and productivity of crop rotations as a whole was carried out to this purpose. According to the results of the research, is provided the information on the effectiveness of improving the field crop rotations with short rotation with varying degrees of saturation by grain and tilled crops, that ensure the production of environmentally friendly products, reducing the cost of grain, improving the quality of marketable products. The study of the effect of alternation of crop in crop rotation in conditions of brief rotation on the soil water regime, productivity and economic efficiency showed that an increase in crop rotation productivity is observed in short-rotation crop rotations, if they are saturated by grain crops up to 100%, cereals crops reduction to 50% in crop rotations contributes to a decrease in crop productivity. Conclusion. Thus, the results of the research showed that with the correct construction of short rotational crop rotations, such problems as rational use of nutrients and soil moisture, control of weeds and pests of agricultural crops, improvement of the physical and chemical properties of the soil, increased efficiency in the use of fertilizers and equipment, Cheapening of the received agricultural product may be solved.

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Larkin, Robert P. "Use of Crop Rotations, Cover Crops and Green Manures for Disease Suppression in Potato Cropping Systems." Global Journal of Agricultural Innovation, Research & Development 8 (November 15, 2021): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15377/2409-9813.2021.08.12.

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Crop rotations and the inclusion of cover crops and green manures are primary tools in the sustainable management of soil-borne diseases in crop production systems. Crop rotations can reduce soil-borne disease through three general mechanisms: (1) serving as a break in the host-pathogen cycle; (2) by altering the soil physical, chemical, or biological characteristics to stimulate microbial activity and diversity; or (3) directly inhibiting pathogens through the release of suppressive or toxic compounds or the enhancement of specific antagonists. Brassicas, sudangrass, and related plant types are disease-suppressive crops well-known for their biofumigation potential but also have other effects on soil microbiology that are important in disease suppression. The efficacy of rotations for reducing soil-borne diseases is dependent on several factors, including crop type, rotation length, rotation sequence, and use of the crop (as full-season rotation, cover crop, or green manure). Years of field research with Brassica and non-Brassica rotation crops in potato cropping systems in Maine have documented the efficacy of Brassica green manures for the reduction of multiple soil-borne diseases. However, they have also indicated that these crops can provide disease control even when not incorporated as green manures and that other non-biofumigant crops (such as barley, ryegrass, and buckwheat) can also be effective in disease suppression. In general, all crops provided better disease control when used as green manure vs. as a cover crop, but the addition of a cover crop can improve control provided by most rotation crops. In long-term cropping system trials, rotations incorporating multiple soil health management practices, such as longer rotations, disease-suppressive rotation crops, cover crops, and green manures, and/or organic amendments have resulted in greater yield and microbial activity and fewer disease problems than standard rotations. These results indicate that improved cropping systems may enhance productivity, sustainability, and economic viability.

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Kaipov, Ya Z., and N. A. Chukbar. "Impact of biologized crop rotations on infestation of crops in arid steppe conditions of Trans-Ural region of Bashkortostan." Agrarian science, no. 5 (June 17, 2022): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2022-359-5-67-72.

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Relevance. The influence of crop rotations on the infestation of crops has been little studied. А goal was to investigate the influence of biologized crop rotations on infestation of crops in the arid steppe of the Trans-Ural region of Bashkortostan.Methods. The relief of the experimental field is flat, represented by the foothill steppe of the Southern Urals. The soil is black soil, common medium-coal. The climate is arid, with periodically hot summer and moderately cold and little snow winter periods. During the years of experiments (2019–2021), the amount of precipitation for the vegetation period, May — August, averaged 88 mm. Over the past 10–15 years, the aridity and unevenness of the distribution of atmospheric precipitation has noticeably increased, which led to the oppression of field crops and the complication of the fight against weeds.The method of field experimentswas applied. Accounting of infestation was carried by quantitative and weight method. The effect of biologized crop rotations with cereals and alfalfa on the degree ofinfestation of crops compared to traditional grainfallow rotation was evaluated.Results. The infestation of crops in experimental crop rotations depended on the strength of the development of cultivated crops and suppression of weed plants. In the favorable conditions of 2019, weeds developed poorly in well-developed crops, with an amount of 8–10 piece /m2 in biologized crop rotation. In grain-fallow crop rotation, the infestation was 1.2–1.9 times greater. On average over three years at the beginning of the field crop vegetation there are 14–19 piece /m2 weeds in biologized crop rotations, which is 45–56% less than in grain-fallow crop rotation. Before harvesting, the difference in infestation between crop rotations is reduced to 12–29%, but the advantage in reducing infestation in biologized crop rotations remains. In more humidi fied years, fertilizers contribute to a decrease in infestation compared to a back ground without fertilizer. In especially dry years, fertilizers lead to some increase of infestation of crops. Thus, it was found that biologized crop rotations effectively reduce the infestation of crops, regardless of the background of fertilizer.

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Чибис, Валерий, Valeriy Chibis, Светлана Чибис, Svetlana Chibis, Илья Кутышев, Il'ya Kutyshev, Евгения Фалалеева, and Evgeniya Falaleeva. "ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF FIELD CROP ROTATION IN OPTIMIZATION OF OF SOWING AREAS STRUCTURE." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 12, no. 4 (January 18, 2018): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5a5f05dc679404.30714646.

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In a long-term places, located on the experimental fields of Siberian Research Institute of Agriculture (Omsk), the schemes of field crop rotations were modernized by introducing oil crops (rapeseed, soybean) into rotation and replacing the repeated wheat crops with barley and oats. Accounting of grain crops productivity and accompanying observations were carried out in three field rotations of different lengths of rotation (four- and five-field) and on permanent sowing. The repetition of the experiments is fourfold. The system of agrotechnical measures recommended for the zone of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia was applied. The study of predecessors in the cultivation of crops for various purposes was carried out in field experiments using conventional methods. The humus content for rotation in the soil layer of 0-40 cm increased by 0.19% in the crop rotation “rapeseed - wheat spring wheat - barley - soybean - spring wheat”. The largest accumulation of humus (0.83%) was in the rotation “soybean - spring wheat - barley – oats”. During the years of research wheat productivity varied from 0.82 to 2.22 tons per hectare. Wheat was the first crop in all its predecessors to form grains, on average, by 0.3-0.5 tons per hectare, than the second crop. The yield of soybeans in the crop rotation was 1.23-1.78 tons per hectare. The productivity of rapeseed was low, its productivity over the years was 1.31 tons per hectare. Grain-fodder crops (barley, oats) averaged 0.4-0.6 tons per hectare, higher than the spring wheat productivity in the alternating rotation. The maximum yield of grain from a hectare of arable land was noted in the crop-steam rotation and amounted to 1.7 tons. An increase in the yield of feed-protein units was observed in crop rotations saturated with oil crops (rapeseed and soybean) and amounted to 3.4-4.0 tons per hectare. The economic calculation showed that the cultivation of field crops in the rotational crop rotation of “soybean - wheat - barley – oats” increased profitability by 44%, net income - by half, in comparison with the control variant. The obtained materials can be used to develop schemes of field crop rotations for the zone of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia.

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Kozlova, Zoya V., and Vlada V. Kolocheva. "Influence of forage crop rotations on crop yields and phytosanitary conditions of soils in the Baikal region." E3S Web of Conferences 296 (2021): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129601004.

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The article considers the practical aspects of ensuring the preservation of natural ecosystems based on the use of organic farming technologies. It presents the results of research in the forest-steppe zone of the Baikal region for 2011-2018. On the basis of the phytosanitary state of crops studying analysis, it was found that the correct alternation of crops in crop rotation suppresses the level of weeds, thereby not affecting the productivity of agricultural crops. The paper reveals the characteristics of agrophysical and water properties of gray forest soil, the influence of forage crop rotations with meadow clover on the yield of cultivated crops. According to the research results, the authors found that overseeding of legumes in the fields of forage crop rotations increases the average productivity by 16.6% in comparison with the control option. The influence of the aftereffect of perennial legumes in crop rotations increases the yield of grain fodder and silage crops by 20-31.8%. The crop rotation with two fields of meadow clover (crop rotation No. 3) was determined to be the best for all indicators.

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Shevchenko, M. S., L. M. Decyatnik, and K. A. Derevenets-Shevchenko. "Modern systems of agriculture and a new interpretation of crop rotation value of agricultural crops." Scientific Journal Grain Crops 4, no. 2 (December 11, 2020): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0141.

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Based on a broad experimental study of crop rotation productivity in different locations of the Steppe zone, a correlative model for estimating the role of predecessors in the formation of post-crop yields has been developed. The connection between quality of agrotechnologies and change of degree of crop rotation competitiveness of culture is presented. A retrospective analysis of the efficiency of farming and crop rotation systems showed that the constant improvement of varieties and hybrids of crops and technologies for their cultivation created objective agrobiological grounds for reassessment of predecessors in crop rotation. The main motive for this transformation was that in modern agricultural systems, high-potential biotechnological resources allow to obtain higher crop yields on the worst predecessors than on the best in the past. In order to universalize the evaluation of crop rotation efficiency and model their productivity, it is proposed to introduce a crop rotation depression coefficient, which shows the share of yield remaining after individual predecessors compared to its baseline level after black fallow. The most favorable conditions developed after crops with a coefficient above 0,80 – winter wheat, barley, rape, rye, spring barley, oats. At the same time, the development of post-rotational crops was significantly inhibited by sunflower, corn for grain and silage, beets, sorghum and soybeans, their depression coef-ficient was 0,66–0,78. The proposed methodology of system analysis for the assessment of predecessors opens wider opportunities for the formation of adapted crop rotations, optimization the set of crops to market requirements, formation important adjustments to crop rotations in extreme conditions, regulation crop rotation productivity taking into account agrotechnological modernization. Keywords: crop rotation, tillage, fertilizers, crops, grain, predecessors, harvest, minimization.

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Musser, Wesley N., Vickie J. Alexander, Bernard V. Tew, and Doyle A. Smittle. "A Mathematical Programming Model for Vegetable Rotations." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 17, no. 1 (July 1985): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200017180.

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AbstractRotations have historically been used to alleviate pest problems in crop production. This paper considers methods of modeling rotations in linear programming models for Southeastern vegetable production. In such models, entering each possible crop rotation as a separate activity can be burdensome because of the large numbers of possible rotational alternatives. Conventional methodology for double crop rotations reduces the number of activities but must be adapted to accommodate triple crop rotational requirements in vegetable production. This paper demonstrates these methods both for a simple example and an empirical problem with numerous rotation alternatives. While the methods presented in this paper may have computational disadvantages compared to entering each rotation as a separate activity, they do have advantages in model design and data management.

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Kozlova, Zoya, Lyubov' Matais, and Ol'ga Glushkova. "INFLUENCE OF FODDER CROP ROTATIONS ON CROP CONFERENCE AND PRODUCTIVITY OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS IN BAIKAL REGION." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 15, no. 2 (September 8, 2020): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2020-20-24.

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The research was carried out in Irkutsk region in 2011–2014. The purpose of this work is to study the influence of forage crop rotations on the degree of weediness of fields and the yield of forage crops. The objects of research are three forage crop rotations: one control without perennial legumes (meadow clover) and two with meadow clover in the structure of sown areas of 20 and 40%. The soil of the experimental site is gray forest heavy loamy, with the following characteristics: salt extract pH 4.7 ... 4.9, humus content 4.5 ... 4.8%, mobile phosphorus - 160 mg/kg, potassium - 130 mg/kg. The least amount of weeds in the experiment was in variants with perennial leguminous grasses (7 ... 9 pcs/m2), which ensured an increase in yield by crop rotation on average for 4 years of research by 14 ... 19%. The most contaminated was the control crop rotation. The greatest number of weeds in this crop rotation was noted in the crops of corn and pea-oat mixture - 5 ... 12 pcs/m2. Of the juvenile weeds, mainly gray mice (Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.), wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum), of perennial weeds, yellow sow-thistle (Sonchus arvensis L.) and field horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) prevailed. Weediness of crops did not have a significant effect on the yield of forage crops in the links of crop rotations. Among the five-field crop rotations, the highest productivity was observed in the variant with two fields of meadow clover (2.5 thousand fodder units/ha) with the content of digestible protein in 1 fodder unit 99.1 g

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Azizov, Zakiulla Mtyullovich, Vladimir Viktorovich Arkhipov, and Ildar Garifullovich Imashev. "The change in grain yield by rotation of crop rotations of the chernozem steppe of the Lower Volga region." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i6pp4-8.

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The influence of rotation length and fullness of grain – fallow crop rotations with a different set of biological groups (biogroupps) - winter, early spring and late spring crops on the yield of grain crops and grain yield from 1 hectare (ha) of arable land in the chernozem steppe of the Saratov Right Bank is analyzed, based on calculations for 4-field - 8 rotations, starting from 1989 and ending in 2020 (2-field - 16 rotations, 3-field - 10). It was revealed that the highest grain yield of 1.63 tons (t) from 1 ha of arable land, both on average for 32 years (1989-2020), and (1.82 t / ha) in the first-fourth (1989-2004) and (1.44 t/ha) of the fifth-eighth rotations (2005-2020), is observed in the 4-field grain – fallow crop rotation with a set of biogroupps-winter, spring early and late. The absence of a field of spring late crop (millet) in the 2 - and 3-field crop rotations reduces the grain yield by 0.11 and 0.30 t/ha, respectively, in comparison with the 4-field, both on average for all years, and by 0.22 and 0.28 t/ha in the first-fourth and by 0.20 and 0.32 t/ha in the fifth-eighth rotations. During the transition from the first-fourth rotation to the fifth-eighth, a significant decrease in the yield of field crops was established: winter wheat in the 3-field crop rotation by 0.87 t/ha or 26.6 %, 2-field by 0.72 t/ha or 22.4% and 4-field by 0.70 t/ha or 21.8 %; millet by 0.43 t/ha or 16.3 %, spring hard by 0.40 t/ha or 29.6 %, soft by 0.35 t/ha or 24.6 %. In all three spring crops, the yield reduction is 2.0 times lower than that of winter wheat. In general, according to crop rotations, the yield of winter wheat, both for the entire period of research, and in the first-fourth, fifth-eighth rotation, fluctuated within limited of the error of the experiment.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Crop rotations"

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Arnet, Kevin Broc. "Cover crops in no-tillage crop rotations in eastern and western Kansas." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/4086.

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Paton, Lewis William. "A robust Bayesian land use model for crop rotations." Thesis, Durham University, 2016. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11484/.

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Often, in dynamical systems, such as farmers’ crop choices, the dynamics are driven by external non-stationary factors, such as rainfall and agricultural input and output prices. Such dynamics can be modelled by a non-stationary stochastic process, where the transition probabilities are functions of such external factors. We propose using a multinomial logit model for these transition probabilities, and investigate the problem of estimating the parameters of this model from data. We adapt the work of Chen and Ibrahim to propose a conjugate prior distribution for the parameters of the multinomial logit model. Inspired by the imprecise Dirichlet model, we will perform a robust Bayesian analysis by proposing a fairly broad class of prior distributions, in order to accommodate scarcity of data and lack of strong prior expert opinion. We discuss the computation of bounds for the posterior transition probabilities, using a variety of calculation methods. These sets of posterior transition probabilities mean that our land use model consists of a non-stationary imprecise stochastic process. We discuss computation of future events in this process. Finally, we use our novel land use model to investigate real-world data. We investigate the impact of external variables on the posterior transition probabilities, and investigate a scenario for future crop growth. We also use our model to solve a hypothetical yet realistic policy problem.

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Sciarresi, Cintia Soledad. "OPTIMIZING COVER CROP ROTATIONS FOR WATER, NITROGEN AND WEED MANAGEMENT." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/122.

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Winter cover crops grown in rotation with grain crops can be an efficient integrated pest management tool (IPM). However, cover crop biomass production and thus successful provisioning of ecosystem services depend on a timely planting and cover crop establishment after harvest of a cash crop in the fall. One potential management adaptation is the use of short-season soybeans to advance cover crop planting date in the fall. Cover crops planted earlier in the fall may provide a greater percentage of ground cover early in the season because of higher biomass accumulation that may improve weed suppression. However, adapting to short-season soybeans could have a yield penalty compared to full-season soybeans. In addition, it is unclear if further increasing cover crop growing season and biomass production under environmental conditions in Kentucky could limit nitrogen and water availability for the next cash crop. This thesis combines the use of field trials and a crop simulation model to address the research questions posed. In Chapter 1, field trials evaluating yield and harvest date of soybean maturity group (MG) cultivars from 0 to 4 in 13 site-years across KY, NE, and OH, were used to calibrate and evaluate the DSSAT crop modeling software (v 4.7). The subsequent modeling analysis showed that planting shorter soybean maturity groups (MG) would advance date of harvest maturity (R8) by 6.6 to 11 days per unit decrease in MG for May planting or by 1 to 7.3 days for July planting. The earliest MG cultivar that maximized yield ranged from MG 0 to 3 depending on the location, allowing a winter-killed cover crop to accumulate between 257 to 270 growing degree days (GDD) before the first freeze occurrence when soybean was planted in May, and between 280 to 296 GDD when soybean was planted in July. Winter-hardy cover crops could accumulate 701 to 802 GDD following soybean planted in May and 329 to 416 GDD after soybean planted in July. In Chapter 2, a two-year field trial was conducted at Lexington, KY to evaluate the effect of a soybean – cover crop rotation with soybean cultivars MG 1, 2, 3 or 4 on cover crop biomass and canopy cover, and on weed biomass in the fall and the following spring. Results showed that having cover crops was an efficient management strategy to reduce weed biomass in the fall and spring compared to no cover treatment. Planting cover crops earlier in the fall after a short-season soybean increased cover crop biomass production and percentage of ground cover in the fall, but not the following spring. Planting cover crop earlier after a short-season soybean did not improve weed suppression in the fall or spring compared to a fallow control with full-season soybean. Having a fall herbicide application improved weed control when there was a high pressure of winter annual weeds. By the spring, delaying cover crop termination increased cover crop biomass but also did weed biomass. In Chapter 3, a soybean – cover crop – corn rotation was simulated to evaluate the effect of different soybean MG and cover crop termination, as well as year to year variability on water and nitrogen availability for the next corn crop in Lexington, KY. Simulations showed that when cover crops were terminated early, they did not reduced soil available water at corn planting. However, introducing a non-legume cover crop reduced total inorganic nitrogen content in the soil profile by 21 to 34 kg ha-1 implying 15 to 30 kg ha-1 less in corn nitrogen uptake. Cover crop management that was able to maintain similar available water values than fallow treatment while minimizing nitrogen uptake differences was cover crops planted after soybean MG 4 with an early termination. However, the best management strategies that will maximize ecosystem services from cover crops as well as cash crop productivity may need to be tailored to each environment, soil type, irrigation management, and must consider year-to-year variability.

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McLaughlin, Michael John. "Phosphorus cycling in soil under wheat-pasture rotations /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm1615.pdf.

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Bhogaraju, Prabhakar V. "A Case-Based Reasoner for Evaluating Crop Rotations in Whole-Farm Planning." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36817.

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I have worked on a Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) system that evaluates crop rotations for their soil erosion and risk of insect pest problems. The purpose of this system is to provide decision support for an automated whole-farm planner (CROPS). CROPS (Buick et al., 1992) generates crop rotation plans that can address some of the environmental, economic and legislative pressures facing natural resource managers. To generate and recommend a crop rotation plan CROPS requires estimates on the soil erosion risks and pesticide pollution potential of the crop rotation. In this research I have designed and prototyped a system that can assist CROPS in the process of whole-farm planning by providing information required for determining the soil erosion risks and the pesticide pollution potential of crop rotations. Inputs for the system include: a crop rotation, its tillage and residue management practices, and field conditions. Soil erosion risk is quantified using the C-value. Pest risks are likelihood of pest outbreaks that require control in a crop rotation. CBR was the chosen methodology for system implementation. In CBR, solutions to new problem situations are derived from retrieving and adapting solutions to similar problem situations experienced in the past. The system was prototyped using Esteemâ ¢, a CBR development shell, and runs on a PC under the MS. Windowsâ ¢, operating system.
Master of Science

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Eleki, Krisztina. "Soil management, crop rotations, and biomass removal effects on soil organic matter content." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.

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Meiss, Helmut. "Diversifying crop rotations with temporary grasslands : potentials for weed mangement and farmland biodiversity." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00575607.

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Crop rotation may be used to prevent the continuous selection of particular weed species adapted to one crop type. This might be useful for weed management, economy in herbicide applications and promoting biodiversity. Common simple crop sequences might be diversified by introducing perennial forage crops. Impacts of such perennial crops on weeds were studied with four approaches : 1) Large-scale weed surveys in 632 fields in western France showed that weed species composition differed most strongly between perennial alfalfa crops and annual crops. Comparisons of fields before, during and after perennial alfalfa suggested that community composition varies in a cyclic way during such crop rotations. Several weed species problematic in annual crops were suppressed during and after perennial crops, but the appearance of other species led to equal or even higher plant diversities. 2) A 3-year field experiment with contrasting crop management options allowed an investigation of the underlying mechanisms for this: The absence of soil tillage reduced weed emergence but increased the survival of established plants. The permanent vegetation cover and frequent hay cuttings reduced weed growth, plant survival and seed production. 3) Greenhouse experiments testing the regrowth ability of individual plants after cutting showed strong differences between species and functional groups. An two-factorial experiment suggested that the negative impacts of cutting and competition on weed growth were mainly additive. 4) Special measurements of weed seed predation in the field experiment showed positive correlations with vegetation cover, indicating that this ecosystem service may be particularly fostered by perennial crops. Consistent preferences of seed predators for certain weed species indicates that seed predation may be another cause of the observed weed community shifts.

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Abreu, Daniel Carneiro de. "Whole-farm modeling approach to evaluate different crop rotations in organic dairy systems." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2014. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/6596.

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O mercado de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) orgânico para produção de pão cresceu em grande magnitude na região da Nova Inglaterra, nos Estados Unidos. Este nicho de mercado representa uma alternativa de renda para os produtores de leite orgânico abastecerem este mercado através do cultivo e colheita de grãos em rotação de cultura na própria fazenda. Objetivou-se com este estudo determinar a sustentabilidade de oito sequências de rotação de cultura (três anos de rotação) durante o período de 25 anos em uma propriedade produtora de leite orgânica bem manejada. Uma fazenda média foi simulada utilizando o modelo computacional Integrated Farm System Model (versão 3.6) para avaliar o efeito da rotação de cultura no desempenho da cultura, impacto ambiental e rentabilidade. As estratégias de rotação incluíram pasto contínuo (azevém e trigo), milho (Zea mays L.) colhido cedo seguido de trigo de inverno (milho-trigo de inverno- pasto), milho seguido de trigo de primavera (milho-trigo de primavera-pasto), pasto em rotação com trigo de inverno (azevém/trigo - trigo de inverno - azevém/trigo), pasto em rotação com trigo de primavera (azevém/trigo - trigo de primavera - azevém/trigo), soja [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] em rotação por trigo de inverno (soja - trigo de inverno - azevém/trigo) e primavera (soja - trigo de primavera - azevém/trigo), milho em cultivo consecutivo (milho - milho - azevém/trigo) e soja seguida de milho (soja - milho - azevém/trigo). O trigo foi colhido em grão e comercializado a preço premium em todos os anos simulados. Em todas as simulações foram cultivados azevém e trigo (Lolium perenne / Trifolium pratense) consorciados no terceiro ano. Em geral, não houve benefício econômico e ambiental na rotação de cultura em comparação o pasto contínuo (monocultivo). Entretanto, entre as rotações de cultura, o cultivo de trigo de inverno deve ser incentivado, particularmente em rotação com a soja, para reduzir o impacto ambiental e aumentar rentabilidade da fazenda.
The market for high-quality organic bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is increasing in New England. This economic niche represents one alternative income for organic dairy producers (if they include wheat in their crop rotation) to supply this market by raising wheat as a cash crop. Our objective was to determine the sustainability to eight crop rotation sequences of 3-yr rotations in a long-term (25-yr) well-managed organic dairy farm. A medium-sized organic dairy farm was simulated with the Integrated Farm System Model (IFSM, version 3.6) to evaluate crop rotation (management) effects on crop performance, environmental impacts and profitability. The cropping strategies included continuous ryegrass/red clover (continuous grass), corn (Zea mays L.) harvested early followed by winter wheat (corn-wwheat-grass), corn followed by spring wheat (corn-swheat-grass), ryegrass/red clover rotated with winter wheat (grass-wwheat-grass), ryegrass/red clover in rotation with spring wheat (grass-swheat-grass), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotated by both winter wheat (soybean-wwheat-grass) and spring wheat (soybean- swheat-grass), corn double cropped (corn-corn-grass) and soybean followed by corn (soybean- corn-grass). Wheat was harvested as a cash crop in all simulated years and sold at a premium price. All rotations were in long rotation with perennial ryegrass/red clover (Lolium perenne / Trifolium pratense) over the 3-yr. In general, there was no economic and environmental benefit to shifting land from continues grass-based production to specified cropping rotations. However, under crop rotation, use of winter wheat should be encouraged, particularly soybean replaced with cash crop wheat, to reduce environmental impact and improve farm profitability.

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Latta, Roy A. "Improving medic pastures in pasture-wheat rotations in the Mallee district of North-Western Victoria /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09A/09al364.pdf.

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Bilek, Meredith K. "Winter annual rye cover crops in no-till grain crop rotations impacts on soil physical properties and organic matter /." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/7268.

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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Natural Resource Sciences and Landscape Architecture. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Books on the topic "Crop rotations"

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Agriculture, Association of. Crop rotations. London: The Association, 1988.

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Sheaffer, Craig C. "Annual" alfalfa in crop rotations. St. Paul, Minn: Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Minnesota, 1989.

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Alberta. Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, ed. Crop rotations in direct seeding. [Edmonton]: Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, 2008.

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MacLean, Jayne T. Legumes in crop rotations: January 1984 - May 1989. Beltsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, 1989.

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Gold, Mary V. Legumes in crop rotations: January 1990 - December 1993. Beltsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, 1994.

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Gold, Mary V. Legumes in crop rotations: January 1990 - December 1993. Beltsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, 1994.

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MacLean, Jayne T. Legumes in crop rotations, 1979-85: 127 citations. Beltsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, 1985.

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Gold, Mary V. Legumes in crop rotations: January 1990 - December 1993. Beltsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, 1994.

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MacLean, Jayne T. Legumes in crop rotations: January 1984 - May 1989. Beltsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, 1989.

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MacLean, Jayne T. Legumes in crop rotations, 1984-1987: 210 citations. Beltsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Crop rotations"

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Atkinson, David, and Robin L. Walker. "Crop Rotations." In The Science Beneath Organic Production, 87–109. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119568988.ch6.

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Kersebaum, Kurt Christian. "Modelling to Evaluate Climate Resilience of Crop Rotations Under Climate Change." In Springer Climate, 87–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86211-4_11.

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AbstractDiversification of crop rotations is considered as an option to increase the resilience of European crop production under climate change. Although crop rotation design and management has been identified as an important measure to adapt to and mitigate climate change, most studies on climate change impact or adaptation so far use single-year simulations and/or single crop assessments. Crop response to various management options within a growing season is generally taken into account by most crop models. However, if simulations neglect processes and fluxes between growing seasons and potential carry-over effects related to agronomic management, the long-term sustainability of adaptation and mitigation strategies cannot be properly evaluated. Therefore, the integrated assessment of impacts, adaptation and mitigation options under current and future climatic conditions requires a continuous long-term analysis of crop sequences to take into account carry-over effects as in real conditions. The present paper provides information on crop rotation aspects, which should be considered in modelling, presents the current state of modelling for climate impact assessment, address points of uncertainty and missing aspects in modelling and draws an outlook on potential future developments with special emphasis on crop rotations. In conclusion, crop models require suitable experimental data to parameterize additional crops, which were so far not sufficiently investigated to cope with multiple opportunities in crop rotations.

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Zohry, A., and S. Ouda. "Suggested Crop Rotations to Increase Food Security and Reduce Water Scarcity." In Crop Rotation, 137–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05351-2_8.

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Kurtz, L. T., L. V. Boone, T. R. Peck, and R. G. Hoeft. "Crop Rotations for Efficient Nitrogen Use." In Nitrogen in Crop Production, 295–306. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/1990.nitrogenincropproduction.c19.

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Porter, Paul. "Crop Rotations in Organic Production Systems." In Agronomy Monographs, 49–67. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr54.c3.

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Muzangwa, Lindah, Isaac Gura, Sixolise Mcinga, Pearson Nyari Mnkeni, and Cornelius Chiduza. "Impact of conservation agriculture on soil health: lessons from the university of fort hare trial." In Conservation agriculture in Africa: climate smart agricultural development, 293–304. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245745.0018.

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Abstract Conservation Agriculture (CA) promotes soil health, but issues to do with soil health are poorly researched in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. This study reports on findings from a field trial done on the effects of tillage, crop rotations composed of maize (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) and residue management on a number of soil health parameters such as carbon (C)-sequestration, CO2 fluxes, enzyme activities, earthworm biomass and the Soil Management Assessment Framework soil quality index (SMAF-SQI). The field trial was done in a semi-arid region of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, over five cropping seasons (2012-2015). It was laid out as a split-split plot with tillage [conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT)] as main plot treatment. Sub-treatments were crop rotations: maize-fallow-maize (MFM), maize-fallow-soybean (MFS); maize-wheat-maize (MWM) and maize-wheat-soybean (MWS). Residue management: removal (R-) and retention (R+) were in the sub-sub-plots. Particulate organic matter (POM), soil organic carbon (SOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and enzyme activities were significantly (p < 0.05) improved by residue retention and legume rotation compared to residue removal and cereal-only rotations. Also, carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes under CT were higher compared to NT. The calculated soil quality index (SQI) was greatly improved by NT and residue retention. MWM and MWS rotations, in conjunction with residue retention under NT, offered the greatest potential for building soil health. Residue retention and inclusion of soybean in crop rotations are recommended for improving soil health under CA systems in the semi-arid regions of South Africa.

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Stark, Jeffrey C., and Mike Thornton. "Field Selection, Crop Rotations, and Soil Management." In Potato Production Systems, 87–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39157-7_5.

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Boonman, Joseph G. "From shifting cultivation to crop-grass rotations." In East Africa’s grasses and fodders: Their ecology and husbandry, 65–85. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8224-7_5.

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Rusinamhodzi, Leonard. "Managing Crop Rotations in No-till Farming Systems." In No-till Farming Systems for Sustainable Agriculture, 21–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46409-7_2.

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Rusinamhodzi, Leonard. "Crop Rotations and Residue Management in Conservation Agriculture." In Conservation Agriculture, 21–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11620-4_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Crop rotations"

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GUŽYS, Saulius, and Stefanija MISEVIČIENĖ. "NITROGEN CYCLES IN CROP ROTATIONS DIFFERING IN FERTILIZATION." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.058.

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The use of nitrogen fertilizer is becoming a global problem; however continuous fertilization with nitrogen ensures large and constant harvests. An 8 year research (2006–2013) was conducted to evaluate the relationships between differently fertilized cultivated plant rotations. The research was conducted in Lipliunai (Lithuania) in the agroecosystem with nitrogen metabolism in fields with deeper carbonaceous soil, i.e. Endocalcari Endohypogleyic Cambisol (CMg-n-w-can). The research area covered three drained plots where crop rotation of differently fertilized cereals and perennial grasses was applied. Samples of soil, water and plants were investigated in the Chemical Analysis Laboratory of the Aleksandras Stulginskis University certified by the Environment Ministry of the Republic of Lithuania. The greatest productivity was found in a crop rotation with higher fertilization (N32-140). In crop rotation with lower fertilization (N24-90) productivity of cereals and perennial grasses (N0-80) was 11–35 % lower. The highest amount of mineral soil nitrogen was found in cereal crop rotation with higher fertilization. It was influenced by fertilization and crop productivity. The lowest Nmin and Ntotal concentrations in drainage water were found in grasses crop rotation. Crop rotations of differently fertilized cereals increased nitrogen concentration in drainage water. Nmin concentration in water depended on crop productivity, quantity of mineral soil nitrogen, fertilization, and nitrogen balance. The lowest nitrogen leaching was found in the crop rotation of grasses. Cereal crop rotation increased nitrogen leaching by 12–42 %. The usage of all crop rotations resulted in a negative nitrogen balance, which essentially depended on fertilization with nitrogen fertilizer.

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Gladysheva, Ol'ga, Oksana Artyuhova, and Vera Svirina. "Crop rotations with clover and their productivity." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production23 (71). ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-23-71-38-42.

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The results of long-term research in experiments with crop rotations with different clover saturation are presented. It is shown that the cluster has a positive effect on the main indicators of vegetation of dark-gray forest soil. The introduction of two fields of perennial grasses into the six-field crop rotation significantly increases both the humus reserves and increases the productivity of arable land by 1.5–2 times compared to the crop rotation with a field of pure steam.

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Vorontsov V.A., V. A., and Yu P. SkorochkinYu.P. "The effectiveness of various systems of basic soil tillage in crop rotations in North-East CCHR." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-8.

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In a stationary field experiment on typical Chernozem, we studied the effectiveness of tillage systems in the North-Eastern region of the Central district in crop rotations: grain-tillage (2001-2011) and grain-fallow (2012-2017). we Studied four main tillage systems: traditional dump, surface, non-dump, and combined. The maximum yield of grain units in crop rotations was noted for the combined dump-free tillage system – 5.46 thousand/ha in the grain-pasture and 2.75 thousand/ha in the grain-steaming. Cultivation of agricultural crops in the grain-pastoral crop rotation by surface treatment leads to a significant decrease in the yield of grain units from 1 ha of arable land (by 0.39 thousand), compared to traditional dump plowing. In the grain-fallow crop rotation, the use of resource-saving systems of basic tillage (surface and soil-free) did not significantly affect its productivity.

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Kozlova, Zoya, Lyubov' Matais, and Ol'ga Glushkova. "Influence of sainfoin on soil fertility and agro-economic indicators of fodder crop rotations under conditions of East Siberia." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production23 (71). ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-23-71-67-72.

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Under conditions of East Siberia, the positive effect of sainfoin on the fertility of gray forest soil and the introduction of this crop into fodder five-course rotations have been studied. In Siberia the Hungarian sainfoin (Onobrychis arenaria) is well-spread. As a control variant the crop rotation without perennial legume crops (sainfoin-free) was taken. Our research on the introduction of a new legume crop — sainfoin has shown that the content of mobile phosphorus, on the average in crop rotations, varies from 15.3 to 17.1 mg per 100 g of soil, the value of the nitrate nitrogen indicator — from 21.5 to 25.3 mg/kg. The intake of organic matter into the soil, due to a green manure — sainfoin — increases the humus content to 4.8–4.9 %. The rise in the yield of cultivated grain-forage crops after perennial legumes has been proved. Thus, the yield of pea-oats amounted 2.0–2.4 t/ha feed units. Among the crops harvested for green mass corn was more productive. It provided 1.8–2.2 t/ha of feed units. Pea-oats gave less productivity — from 1.5 t/ha of feed units in a control variant to 1.8 t/ha of feed units in the variants with sainfoin. The yielding capacity of sainfoin was 2.1–2.2 t/ha of feed units. The average yield for crop rotations with sainfoin was higher than the control by 16.6 %. Taking the obtained data into account, it may be concluded that all three five-course crop rotations are productive, the best, according to all criteria, is the variant with two fields of sainfoin providing the decline in cost price up to 3529.9 rub. one feed unit, the high level of pure income 11848 rub./ha and the biggest coefficient of energy efficiency — 3.0

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Vorontsov, V. A. "Correct seeding of crops under various systems of basic tillage in the crop rotation." In Agrobiotechnology-2021. Publishing house of RGAU - MSHA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1855-3-2021-10.

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Studies conducted at the Tambov Research Institute of Agricultural Research have found that the systems of basic tillage had a significant impact on the contamination of cultivated crops in crop rotations. The use of a permanent surface tillage system in technological complexes of crop cultivation increases the contamination of crops. The traditional multi-depth dump and combined (dump-free) systems of basic tillage in crop rotations are the most effective agrotechnical techniques in clearing fields of weeds.

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Zhenchenko, K. G., E. N. Turin, A. A. Gongalo, V. Yu Ivanov, N. V. Karaeva, and V. V. Reent. "Weed infestation in the crop rotations depending on the cultivation technology in the Crimea." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-20.

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The stationary experiment on the comparative study of the direct sowing and traditional cultivation technology was laid in 2015–2016 at the trial field of the FSBSI “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”. Two five-course crop rotations were taken as a base; all fields were included in the crop rotation. During the years of research, we observed mixed weed infestation. No matter what cultivation technology was applied, actual weed flora at the fields with winter crops was represented by overwintering and winter weeds; at the fields with spring crops – annual spring weeds. There were no rootstock grasses and rhizomatous perennial weeds or there were few of them at all fields in the experimental crop rotations both by traditional cultivation technology and direct sowing. Timely and high-quality weed control put the direct sowing on equal footing with the traditional one. It is advisable to change herbicides, their doses, as well as use tank mixes, after moving to a direct sowing system.

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Simic, Milena, Vesna Dragičevic, Željko Dolijanovic, Milan Brankov, and Života Jovanovic. "ZNAČAJ PREDUSEVA ZA PRODUKTIVNOST KUKURUZA." In SAVETOVANJE o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujeva, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.085s.

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The advantages of the three- and four-crop rotations in relation to the two- crop rotation are reduced frequency of soil tillage, and thus savings in energy sources, lower intake of mineral nitrogen fertilisers and the amount of applied herbicides. The aim of the present study was to indicate the importance of a proper alternation of crops in the three-crop rotation system and to compare the advantages of cultivation of maize after winter wheat or soybean in terms of reducing weediness, formation of the harvest index and grain yield. Results of long-term studies have shown that the crop sequence significantly contributed to the decrease in fresh biomass of weed and the increase in the harvest index and grain yield in the maize-winter wheat-soybean rotation in relation to the maize-soybean-winter wheat rotation.

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Barabanov, Anatoliy. "THE CONCEPT OF ANTI-EROSION LAND-USE AND THE ADAPTIVE-LANDSCAPE AGRICULTURE." In Land Degradation and Desertification: Problems of Sustainable Land Management and Adaptation. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1707.978-5-317-06490-7/195-198.

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The basis of the adaptive landscape farming system is the anti-erosion organization of land use and agroforestry ecological framework. They provide for land classification, determination of the nature of their use, creation of protective forest stands, determination of the structure of crops, crop rotations, etc.

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Krugmann, Colja, Jochen Wittmann, Johann Bachinger, and Mosab Halwani. "Modelling Crop Rotations and Nutrient-Balances in Organic Farming Systems." In 10th Vienna Conference on Mathematical Modelling. ARGESIM Publisher Vienna, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11128/arep.17.a17187.

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Bennett, Rick. "Carinata: An emerging biofuel feedstock platform." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/tjbd2496.

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Initiatives to combat global climate change are rapidly increasing. In the United States, this includes the expansion of investment on infrastructure supporting the production renewable fuels such as renewable diesel produced through Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) technology or Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) technologies. Second generation biofuels are preferred because they are produced from dedicated sustainable non-food crops or waste residuals. As a high yielding, high oil content, dedicated non-food crop oilseed, Carinata (Brassica carinata) is well poised to scale alongside the growing need for second generation biofuel feedstocks. Grown in rotations as a high value cover crop, it does not displace land for food production, while at the same time the large taproot and high biomass properties help sequester carbon in the soil. It is a non-GMO crop which allows for flexibility in markets such as the EU which are important in the biofuel industry. Hybrid technology being deployed in the crop is demonstrating significant yield gains which makes growing the crop an increasingly attractive economic option to complement main cash crops for growers. Significant progress is being made towards establishment of Carinata in the Southeast U.S. such as through the USDA-NIFA funded consortium The Southeast Partnership for Advanced Renewables from Carinata (SPARC).

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Reports on the topic "Crop rotations"

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DUDKINA, T. A. INCORPORATION OF ORGANIC MATTER INTO THE SOIL IN CROP ROTATIONS WITH DIFFERENT RATIOS OF CROP GROUPS. Ljournal, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/issn1997-0749.2019-08-38-41.

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Mallarino, Antonio, Matthew Schnabel, Micah Smidt, Rodrigo Repke, and Louis Thompson. Crop Yields of Long-Term Rotations and Nitrogen Fertilization of Corn in Northern Iowa. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1447.

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Dudkin, I. V., and T. A. Dudkina. Bioenergetic efficiency of growing crops in grain cultivating crop rotation. Курская государственная сельскохозяйственная академия, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/issn1997-0749.2018-05-13-18.

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Mallarino, Antonio P., Enrique Ortiz-Torres, and Kenneth T. Pecinovsky. Effects of Crop Rotation and Nitrogen Fertilization on Crop Production. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-138.

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Mallarino, Antonio P., and David Rueber. Impacts of Crop Rotation and Nitrogen Fertilization on Crop Production. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-458.

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Mallarino, Antonio P., and Kenneth T. Pecinovsky. Effects of Crop Rotation and Nitrogen Fertilization on Crop Production. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-493.

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Skone, Timothy J. Short Rotation Woody Crop Biomass Torrefaction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1509322.

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Fawcett, James A. Double-Cropped Field Pea Crop Rotation Study. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1214.

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Fawcett, James A., Tom Miller, and Kevin Van Dee. Double-Cropped Field Pea Crop Rotation Study. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-567.

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Fawcett, James A., Thomas G. Miller, and Kevin Van Dee. Double-Cropped Field Pea Crop Rotation Study. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-586.

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