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1
Andersson, Torsten N., and Per Milberg. "Weed flora and the relative importance of site, crop, crop rotation, and nitrogen." Weed Science 46, no. 1 (February 1998): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500090135.
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Weed species composition and density were recorded in three identical field experiments established 26 to 30 yr ago in southern Sweden. Each experiment compared three 6-yr crop rotations and four rates of nitrogen application. The rotations differed by having (1) a 2-yr rotational grassland, (2) a 2-yr mixed rotational grassland (legume/grass), or (3) spring wheat followed by fallow. Other crops in the rotations were winter turnip rape, winter wheat, spring oats, and spring barley. Using multivariate analyses, the relative importance of site, crop, crop rotation, and nitrogen application rate on the weed flora was determined. The greatest difference was found between sites, and the second most important factor was crop species. Nitrogen application rate weakly influenced the weed flora, while differences between crop rotations were hardly detectable.
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Musser, Wesley N., Vickie J. Alexander, Bernard V. Tew, and Doyle A. Smittle. "A Mathematical Programming Model for Vegetable Rotations." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 17, no. 1 (July 1985): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200017180.
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AbstractRotations have historically been used to alleviate pest problems in crop production. This paper considers methods of modeling rotations in linear programming models for Southeastern vegetable production. In such models, entering each possible crop rotation as a separate activity can be burdensome because of the large numbers of possible rotational alternatives. Conventional methodology for double crop rotations reduces the number of activities but must be adapted to accommodate triple crop rotational requirements in vegetable production. This paper demonstrates these methods both for a simple example and an empirical problem with numerous rotation alternatives. While the methods presented in this paper may have computational disadvantages compared to entering each rotation as a separate activity, they do have advantages in model design and data management.
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Holod, R., О. Bilinska, and H. Shubala. "The efficiency of the crop rotations with short rotation with different levels of their saturation of cereals and crops in the conditions of Western Forest-Steppe." Interdepartmental thematic scientific collection "Agriculture" 1, no. 92 (May 31, 2017): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/zem.92.62-68.
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There were analyzed and disclosed the basic components of arable farming systems and their Meaning, the current state and scientific principles in the context of the further development of field crop cultivation in the conditions of Western Forest-Steppe.
The purpose of research. To study an effect of alternation of crop in crop rotation in conditions of brief rotation on the soil water regime, productivity and economic efficiency.
Methods. Field, laboratory, comparative and analytical.
Results. The results of researches on study of productivity of four-field crop rotations with short rotation depending on their saturation by the grain and tilled cultures, of various use of mineral fertilizers, green manure crops and collateral products which were conducted during 2014-2015 in the stationary experiment of the scientific and technological department of plant growing and arable farming, of the TDSGDS of the IKSGP of NAAN are resulted In the article.
The elements of the biologization of farming are the basis of our development of crop rotations with short rotation. The study of the effect of green manure crops and collateral products in four-field crop rotations with a different set of crops on the change of soil fertility and productivity of crop rotations as a whole was carried out to this purpose. According to the results of the research, is provided the information on the effectiveness of improving the field crop rotations with short rotation with varying degrees of saturation by grain and tilled crops, that ensure the production of environmentally friendly products, reducing the cost of grain, improving the quality of marketable products.
The study of the effect of alternation of crop in crop rotation in conditions of brief rotation on the soil water regime, productivity and economic efficiency showed that an increase in crop rotation productivity is observed in short-rotation crop rotations, if they are saturated by grain crops up to 100%, cereals crops reduction to 50% in crop rotations contributes to a decrease in crop productivity.
Conclusion. Thus, the results of the research showed that with the correct construction of short rotational crop rotations, such problems as rational use of nutrients and soil moisture, control of weeds and pests of agricultural crops, improvement of the physical and chemical properties of the soil, increased efficiency in the use of fertilizers and equipment, Cheapening of the received agricultural product may be solved.
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Plaksina, V. S., and A. N. Astashov. "The effect of rotation length of crop rotations and weather conditions on the productivity of winter wheat." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 53, no. 5 (June 20, 2023): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2023-5-1.
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The results of the study of changes in winter wheat grain yield depending on the rotation length of crop rotations in the Lower Volga region are presented. As a result of 12 years of research (20082019) it was found that the maximum yield was obtained in four- and five-field crop rotations with the inclusion of leguminous crops - 2.73 and 2.79 t/ha, respectively. During the analysis of variance, different effects of growing conditions and rotation length on winter wheat yields were noted. The influence of vegetation conditions accounted for 98.6%. The effect of crop rotation was also significant (0.6%). Winter wheat grain yield significantly depended on the weather conditions, which allowed to fully evaluate the potential of winter wheat - fallow in crop rotations with a short rotation. When winter wheat was cultivated in four- and five-field crop rotations with the inclusion of leguminous crops, the yield increased both in wet and moderately wet years. With HTC greater than 0.9 in the five-field crop rotation the grain yield was 4.40 t/ha, in four-field - 4.31, in three-field - 4.02 t/ha. With HTC of 0.6 to 0.9 in four- and five-field crop rotations, the yield ranged from 2.78-2.84 t/ha, and in three-field crop rotations it was 2.52 t/ha. In dry years, no significant difference in winter wheat yield between crop rotations was found, which ranged from 0.98-1.07 t/ha. It can be concluded that winter wheat cultivation on the second field of short rotational crop rotations on fallow preceding crop in conditions of insufficient moisture is effective.
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Maynard, Leigh J., Jayson K. Harper, and Lynn D. Hoffman. "Impact of Risk Preferences on Crop Rotation Choice." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 26, no. 1 (April 1997): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500000873.
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Stochastic dominance analysis of five crop rotations using twenty-one years of experimental yield data returned results consistent with Pennsylvania cropping practices. The analysis incorporated yield risk, output price risk, and rotational yield effects. A rotation of two years corn and three years alfalfa hay dominated for approximately risk neutral and risk averse preferences, as did participation in government programs under the 1990 Farm Bill. Crop rotation selection appeared to impact net revenues more than the decision to participate in government programs.
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Shevchenko, M. S., L. M. Decyatnik, and K. A. Derevenets-Shevchenko. "Modern systems of agriculture and a new interpretation of crop rotation value of agricultural crops." Scientific Journal Grain Crops 4, no. 2 (December 11, 2020): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0141.
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Based on a broad experimental study of crop rotation productivity in different locations of the Steppe zone, a correlative model for estimating the role of predecessors in the formation of post-crop yields has been developed. The connection between quality of agrotechnologies and change of degree of crop rotation competitiveness of culture is presented. A retrospective analysis of the efficiency of farming and crop rotation systems showed that the constant improvement of varieties and hybrids of crops and technologies for their cultivation created objective agrobiological grounds for reassessment of predecessors in crop rotation. The main motive for this transformation was that in modern agricultural systems, high-potential biotechnological resources allow to obtain higher crop yields on the worst predecessors than on the best in the past. In order to universalize the evaluation of crop rotation efficiency and model their productivity, it is proposed to introduce a crop rotation depression coefficient, which shows the share of yield remaining after individual predecessors compared to its baseline level after black fallow. The most favorable conditions developed after crops with a coefficient above 0,80 – winter wheat, barley, rape, rye, spring barley, oats. At the same time, the development of post-rotational crops was significantly inhibited by sunflower, corn for grain and silage, beets, sorghum and soybeans, their depression coef-ficient was 0,66–0,78. The proposed methodology of system analysis for the assessment of predecessors opens wider opportunities for the formation of adapted crop rotations, optimization the set of crops to market requirements, formation important adjustments to crop rotations in extreme conditions, regulation crop rotation productivity taking into account agrotechnological modernization. Keywords: crop rotation, tillage, fertilizers, crops, grain, predecessors, harvest, minimization.
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Bullock, D. G. "Crop rotation." Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 11, no. 4 (January 1992): 309–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352689209382349.
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Bullock, D. G. "Crop Rotation." Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 11, no. 4 (1992): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713608037.
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Чибис, Валерий, Valeriy Chibis, Светлана Чибис, Svetlana Chibis, Илья Кутышев, Il'ya Kutyshev, Евгения Фалалеева, and Evgeniya Falaleeva. "ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF FIELD CROP ROTATION IN OPTIMIZATION OF OF SOWING AREAS STRUCTURE." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 12, no. 4 (January 18, 2018): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5a5f05dc679404.30714646.
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In a long-term places, located on the experimental fields of Siberian Research Institute of Agriculture (Omsk), the schemes of field crop rotations were modernized by introducing oil crops (rapeseed, soybean) into rotation and replacing the repeated wheat crops with barley and oats. Accounting of grain crops productivity and accompanying observations were carried out in three field rotations of different lengths of rotation (four- and five-field) and on permanent sowing. The repetition of the experiments is fourfold. The system of agrotechnical measures recommended for the zone of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia was applied. The study of predecessors in the cultivation of crops for various purposes was carried out in field experiments using conventional methods. The humus content for rotation in the soil layer of 0-40 cm increased by 0.19% in the crop rotation “rapeseed - wheat spring wheat - barley - soybean - spring wheat”. The largest accumulation of humus (0.83%) was in the rotation “soybean - spring wheat - barley – oats”. During the years of research wheat productivity varied from 0.82 to 2.22 tons per hectare. Wheat was the first crop in all its predecessors to form grains, on average, by 0.3-0.5 tons per hectare, than the second crop. The yield of soybeans in the crop rotation was 1.23-1.78 tons per hectare. The productivity of rapeseed was low, its productivity over the years was 1.31 tons per hectare. Grain-fodder crops (barley, oats) averaged 0.4-0.6 tons per hectare, higher than the spring wheat productivity in the alternating rotation. The maximum yield of grain from a hectare of arable land was noted in the crop-steam rotation and amounted to 1.7 tons. An increase in the yield of feed-protein units was observed in crop rotations saturated with oil crops (rapeseed and soybean) and amounted to 3.4-4.0 tons per hectare. The economic calculation showed that the cultivation of field crops in the rotational crop rotation of “soybean - wheat - barley – oats” increased profitability by 44%, net income - by half, in comparison with the control variant. The obtained materials can be used to develop schemes of field crop rotations for the zone of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia.
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Liu, Yiqing, Wenzhi Zhao, Shuo Chen, and Tao Ye. "Mapping Crop Rotation by Using Deeply Synergistic Optical and SAR Time Series." Remote Sensing 13, no. 20 (October 17, 2021): 4160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13204160.
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Crop rotations, the farming practice of growing crops in sequential seasons, occupy a core position in agriculture management, showing a key influence on food security and agro-ecosystem sustainability. Despite the improvement in accuracy of identifying mono-agricultural crop distribution, crop rotation patterns remain poorly mapped. In this study, a hybrid convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) architecture, namely crop rotation mapping (CRM), were proposed to synergize the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical time series in a rotational mapping task. The proposed end-to-end architecture had reasonable accuracies (i.e., accuracy > 0.85) in mapping crop rotation, which outperformed other state-of-the-art non-deep or deep-learning solutions. For some confusing rotation types, such as fallow-single rice and crayfish-single rice, CRM showed substantial improvements from traditional methods. Furthermore, the deeply synergistic SAR-optical, time-series data, with a corresponding attention mechanism, were effective in extracting crop rotation features, with an overall gain of accuracy of four points compared with ablation models. Therefore, our proposed method added wisdom to dynamic crop rotation mapping and yields important information for the agro-ecosystem management of the study area.
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Brooks, Steven A., Merle M. Anders, and Kathleen M. Yeater. "Influences from Long-Term Crop Rotation, Soil Tillage, and Fertility on the Severity of Rice Grain Smuts." Plant Disease 95, no. 8 (August 2011): 990–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-10-0689.
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False smut (Ustilaginoidea virens) and kernel smut (Neovossia horrida) are diseases of rice (Oryza sativa) that reduce both grain yield and quality. Susceptible rice cultivars are in widespread use on production acreage in the United States, and the effects from crop management practices on smut control are poorly understood. We studied the long-term effects of crop rotation, soil tillage, and fertility level on rice smut severity. The highest levels of false smut observed in this study were on cultivars grown in rotation with soybean, on traditionally tilled soils, with high fertilizer treatments. The highest levels of kernel smut were observed in a rice-soybean rotation with winter wheat grown between summer crops. These rotations are commonly used in rice-growing regions of the southern United States. Using combinations of crop rotation, soil tillage, and fertility rate, several alternative crop-management practices were identified that provided effective control of smuts in susceptible rice cultivars. The most effective method for controlling both false smut and kernel smut was in 3-year rotations of rice, soybean, and corn. Regardless of rotation order or tillage and fertility treatments within the rotations, rotating out of rice for 2 years was the most effective approach for smut control.
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Przednowek, D. W. A., M. H. Entz, B. Irvine, D. N. Flaten, and J. R. Thiessen Martens. "Rotational yield and apparent N benefits of grain legumes in southern Manitoba." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 1093–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p04-032.
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Knowledge of rotational N benefits of grain legumes can assist in crop rotation planning and N fertilizer management. Four annual grain legumes were tested in Manitoba field trials over 3 yr. Field pea provided the largest and most consistent apparent N benefit to a succeeding wheat crop; soybean provided relatively little N benefit. The apparent N benefits of chickpea and dry bean were inconsistent, although chickpea shows greater potential in dry conditions. Key words: Wheat rotations, N credit, crop rotation
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Peters, R. D., A. V. Sturz, M. R. Carter, and J. B. Sanderson. "Crop rotation can confer resistance to potatoes from Phytophthora erythroseptica attack." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p04-103.
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The influence of 2- and 3-yr crop rotations and conservation tillage practices on the severity of pink rot of potato (causal agent: Phytophthora erythroseptica) was examined in Prince Edward Island, Canada. The 2-yr rotation crops included spring barley and potato (cv. Russet Burbank), and the 3-yr rotation was comprised of barley (undersown with red clover), red clover and potato. In the potato year only, the main plots were split to examine conventional and minimum tillage (sub-plot) treatments. Soil samples and potato tubers were extracted from field plots 6-7 yr after the initiation of the field trial. Following post-harvest inoculation of field-grown tubers with P. erythroseptica, we determined that pink rot disease development was significantly (P = 0. 05) less pronounced in potatoes from 3-yr rotational than from 2-yr rotational soils. The effect of tillage management was not significant. Potato plants grown in greenhouse trials in 3-yr rotational soils (from field plots) were significantly (P = 0.05) less diseased than those grown in 2-yr rotational soils following inoculation with P. erythroseptica. These results suggest that potato plants grown in soils managed under a 3-yr rotation are intrinsically more resistant to pathogen attack than those managed under a 2-yr rotation. We confirmed that crop rotation provides disease control benefits beyond those normally associated with pathogen population decline in the absence of the susceptible host. The possibility that beneficial soil microflora and tuber endophytes were involved in disease suppression is discussed. Key words: Phytophthora erythroseptica, pink rot, potato, Solanum tuberosum, crop rotation, minimum tillage, beneficial endophytes, biocontrol
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Demydenko, O. V. "Dynamics of crop yields depending on fertilizer, cultivation method and crop rotation type." Agriculture and plant sciences: theory and practice, no. 2 (February 8, 2024): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54651/agri.2024.02.05.
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To analyse the series of dynamics of winter wheat, peas, sugar beet, sunflower and soybeans under different types of crop rotation, tillage and fertilization in a long-term stationary experiment. Methods. Statistical analysis (non-parametric statistics, ARIMA method, singular spectral method) in the central part of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe. Results. The yield of winter wheat in a crop rotation with peas under systematic ploughing was 4.67–5.15 t/ha, surface tillage interrupted by ploughing for sugar beet – 5.0–5.05 t/ha, with constant surface tillage for all crops in the crop rotation – 4.50–4.64 t/ha. In the crop rotation with perennial grasses, the yield of winter wheat grain was the highest under surface tillage – 4.89–4.95 t/ha, and under no-till and ploughing, the yield of wheat was 4.73 and 4.50 t/ha, which is significantly lower (NIR0.5=0.25) compared to systematic ploughing. The yield of maize in a crop rotation with peas and grasses was the highest under ploughing: 9.45–10.0 t/ha and 11.3 t/ha, respectively. Under no-till tillage, corn grain yields were lower by 1.03 and 0.57 t/ha and 1.7 t/ha, respectively, in crop rotations, and under surface tillage, yields decreased to 8.53–8.85 t/ha. Under moldboardless cultivation, grain yields tended to decrease, but remained within the range of reliable values: yields decreased by 0.76 and 0.57 t/ha or 9.3% and 8.8%; under surface tillage – by 0.86 and 0.92 t/ha or 10.5% and 14.3% (reliable value). Conclusions. The autocorrelation in the series of soybean dynamics in 7–10–seed rotations indicates the absence of trend, and no clearly defined cycles of grain yield changes were found. In crop rotations with a short rotation (3–5 fallow crop rotations), a cycle at lag 4 (3 years) was found at the limit of reliability, and a less pronounced cycle at lag 14 (8 years). On average, for 3–10 crop rotations, yield trends are weakly expressed, and cyclicality is weakly expressed at lags 4 and 14 (3 and 8 years). The autocorrelation function of yield change indicates a high trendiness. The cyclicality is well expressed at lags 11–13 (7–8 years), and the change in the sign of autocorrelation is observed at lag 6 (3–4 years).
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Doucet, Colleen, Susan E. Weaver, Allan S. Hamill, and Jianhua Zhang. "Separating the effects of crop rotation from weed management on weed density and diversity." Weed Science 47, no. 6 (December 1999): 729–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500091402.
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Crop rotation is thought to reduce weed density and maintain species diversity, thus preventing the domination of a few problem weeds. Because cropping sequence dictates other agricultural management practices, variations in weed populations between cropping systems may be the direct result of crop rotation, the result of different weed management practices associated with crop rotation, or both. Studies that fail to separate the effects of crop rotation from weed management may generate misleading results. A 10-yr crop rotation study was undertaken to study the dynamics of the standing weed vegetation inZea maysL.,Glycine maxL., andTriticum aestivumL. The present paper compared total weed density and diversity between monocultures and rotations under three levels of weed management. Weed management accounted for 37.9% of the variation in total weed density, whereas crop rotation accounted for only 5.5%. Weed density varied between monocultures and rotations in plots where herbicides were applied. The effectiveness of rotations in reducing weed density was dependent upon the crop. Margalef's species richness index (DMG), a measure of diversity, varied among weed management strategies, with 38.4% of the variance attributed to this factor. In the 10th year, when all plots were sown withZ. mays, few cumulative effects of crop rotation were apparent, with two exceptions. In weedy and herbicide-treated plots, weed density was higher on plots cropped withZ. maysthe previous year. Also, under these weed management treatments, including a cereal in the crop rotation reduced weed density. Crop rotation, when used in combination with herbicides, provides additional weed control and is therefore an effective tool in integrated weed management.
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Langemeier, Michael R., Xiaoyi Fang, and Michael O’Donnell. "Comparison of Long-Run Net Returns of Conventional and Organic Crop Rotations." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (September 24, 2020): 7891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12197891.
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This study compares the long-run net returns to land of conventional corn/soybean and corn/soybean/wheat crop rotations to that of an organic corn/soybean/wheat crop rotation. The net returns to land for the organic crop rotation were found to be approximately $68 and $74 per acre higher than those of the conventional corn/soybean and conventional corn/soybean/wheat crop rotations, respectively. Average net return estimates are sensitive to price, yield, and cost assumptions. Organic crop prices would have to drop more than 17.8 percent and organic crop yields would have to drop more than 16.8 percent before the conventional corn/soybean crop rotation was more profitable than the organic corn/soybean/wheat crop rotation. These percentage changes are relatively small compared to the historical relationships between organic and conventional crop prices and yields. A risk model was used to examine the trade-off between expected net returns and downside risk. Converting even a small proportion of acreage to an organic corn/soybean/wheat crop rotation improves net returns and reduces downside risk compared to only utilizing conventional crop rotations.
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OLESEN, J. E., I. A. RASMUSSEN, M. ASKEGAARD, and K. KRISTENSEN. "Whole-rotation dry matter and nitrogen grain yields from the first course of an organic farming crop rotation experiment." Journal of Agricultural Science 139, no. 4 (December 2002): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960200268x.
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The possibilities for increasing total grain yield in organic cereal production through manipulation of crop rotation design were investigated in a field experiment on different soil types in Denmark from 1997 to 2000. Three experimental factors were included in the experiment in a factorial design: (1) proportion of grass-clover and pulses in the rotation, (2) catch crop (with and without) and (3) manure (with and without). Three four-course rotations were compared. Two of the rotations had 1 year of grass-clover as a green manure crop, either followed by spring wheat or by winter wheat. The grass-clover was replaced by winter cereals in the third rotation. Animal manure was applied as slurry in rates corresponding to 40% of the nitrogen (N) demand of the cereal crops.Rotational grain yields of the cereal and pulse crops were calculated by summing yields for each plot over the 4 years in the rotation. The rotational yields were affected by all experimental factors (rotation, manure and catch crop). However, the largest effects on both dry matter and N yields were caused by differences between sites caused by differences in soils, climate and cropping history. The rotation without a green manure crop produced the greatest total yield. Dry matter and N yields in this rotation were about 10% higher than in the rotation with a grass-clover ley in 1 year in 4. Therefore, the yield benefits from the grass-clover ley could not adequately compensate for the yield reduction as a result of leaving 25% of the rotation out of production. There were no differences in dry matter and N yields in grains between the rotations, where either spring or winter cereals followed the grass-clover ley. The N use efficiency for ammonium-N in the applied manure corresponded to that obtained from N in commercial fertilizer. There were only very small yield benefits from the use of catch crops. However, this may change over time as fertility builds up in the system with catch crops.
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Azizov, Zakiulla Mtyullovich, Vladimir Viktorovich Arkhipov, and Ildar Garifullovich Imashev. "Efficiency of grain production in crop rotations of the dry steppe of the Lower Volga region." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i2pp4-8.
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The analysis of the influence of species and the fullness of crop rotations on the productivity and efficiency of grain crops is given. It was revealed that the highest grain yield is observed in a 4-field grain-fallow crop rotation. The absence of a field of late spring crops (millet) in 2- and 3-field crop rotations reduces grain yield in comparison with 4- and 7-field crops, both on average over 28 years (1991-2018), and in wet and middle years. The bioenergy coefficient, judging by the costs and grain yield, was highest in a 2-field grain-fallow crop rotation (4.94), then in a 4-field rotation (4.60), then in decreasing order: 7-field (3.86) and 3- field (3.73). In calculating the costs of labor, fuel and energy per 1 ton of grain from arable land, the lowest indicators were obtained in 2-field and 4-field crop rotations. It has been established that in terms of production costs per hectare of arable land, the cost of production of 1 ton of grain, conditionally net income per hectare of arable land, the level of profitability, the leading place is occupied by a 2-field grain-fallow crop rotation. For example, the lowest production costs were noted in a 2-field grain-fallow crop rotation (7782.00 rubles), the highest - in a 7-field (13835.56 rubles). Hence, the lowest production cost of 1 ton of grain was obtained in a 2-field crop rotation, amounting to 5598.56 rubles, followed by a 4-field crop rotation with millet - 7392.66 rubles. And according to the level of profitability, as mentioned above, grain-fallow crop rotations are arranged in decreasing order with the advantage of a 2-field crop rotation in the following order: two-, four-, three- and seven-field - respectively 116.1; 53.2; 48.2 and 37.0 %.
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Riddihough, G. "EVOLUTION: Crop Rotation." Science 320, no. 5872 (April 4, 2008): 21c. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.320.5872.21c.
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Kuzmenko, N. N. "Replenishment of Humus due to Crop-Root Residues in Flax and Crop Rotations." Агрохимия, no. 7 (July 1, 2023): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0002188123070074.
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In the Central region of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia on sod-podzolic light loamy soil in a long stationary experiment in flax crop rotations, the process of replenishing humus due to crop-root residues was studied. Alternation of crops in the crop rotation in 2004–2011: pure steam – winter rye with sowing of perennial grasses (red clover and timofeevka) – perennial grasses of the 1st year of use – perennial grasses of the 2nd year of use – flax – potato – barley – oats. In 2012–2018, potatoes were excluded from the crop rotation. The contribution of cultivated crops to the accumulation of soil organic matter varied. The largest amount of crop-root residues (6.8 t/ha) remained in the soil after harvesting perennial grasses, which provided a positive humus balance of +1.35 t/ha. In the crop rotation with potatoes without the use of fertilizers, the humus deficit was –0.20 t/ha, with the exclusion of potatoes from the crop rotation, the deficit decreased to –0.05 t/ha per year. The use of fertilizers increased the productivity of crop rotations by an average of 75%, the amount of crop-root residues increased by 10.6 t/ha or 58%, which allowed to obtain a positive balance of humus in the soil. The use of fertilizers at a dose of (NPK)200 (manure 5 t/ha + (NPK)135 and manure 5.7 t/ha + (NPK)120) in an 8-pole crop rotation with pure steam and potatoes when saturated by 25% with perennial grasses provided a humus balance of +0.17 t/ha per year, in 7-full crop rotation with pure steam and without potatoes at saturation by 28.5% with perennial grasses – +0.43 t/ha per year.
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Darguza, Madara, and Zinta Gaile. "The Productivity of Crop Rotation Depending on the Included Plants and Soil Tillage." Agriculture 13, no. 9 (September 3, 2023): 1751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091751.
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Crop diversification in rotations is an important part of sustainable crop production. The aim of this research was to analyse soil tillage and crop rotation influence on the yield (t ha−1) of different field crops, their energy yield (GJ ha−1) and the economical profitability (EUR ha−1) of crop rotation. The field trial was conducted in Latvia during four harvest seasons (2017–2020) in a long-term experiment that started in 2009. Three crop rotations with a different share of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) were studied: 100% wheat (repeated sowings), 67% wheat (three-year rotation with winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera) and two years following wheat) and 25% wheat (four-year rotation: field bean (Vicia faba)–wheat–winter oilseed rape–spring barley (Hordeum vulgare). Conventional and reduced soil tillage systems were used for rotation variants. Crop rotations “67% wheat” and “25% wheat” ensured significantly higher average wheat grain yields in comparison to “100% wheat”. Wheat and oilseed rape were the most valuable crops in terms of accumulated energy and economic value in this trial. Higher energy yields were gained from variants in the rotations “67% wheat” and “25% wheat”. Average gross profit was higher from crop rotations with diverse crops, mainly due to the positive forecrop effect on winter wheat.
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Voitovyk, Mykhailo, Ivan Prymak, Viktoriia Melnyk, Оleksandr Panchenko, and Oleksii Tsyuk. "Humus state and nutrient regime of typical chernozem depending on fertilisation in short crop rotations." PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCE 14, no. 4 (September 25, 2023): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/plant4.2023.33.
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The fertiliser system is the most effective factor in the intensification of crop cultivation technologies. The basis for scientifically sound fertiliser application systems, along with obtaining the planned level of yield of the appropriate quality, is the study of the organic matter content and soil nutrient regime during crop rotation. The purpose of this study was to determine the mineral nitrogen, mobile phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, and humus content in typical chernozem under different fertilisation systems in short-term crop rotations. To solve the problem of soil fertility, an important approach is to conduct field and laboratory research to determine changes in the humus state according to Tyurin, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium regimes of the soil according to Machigin, and dispersion methods to determine the reliability of experimental data. As a result of the research, it was found that the highest humus content in the soil was recorded under the organic-mineral fertilisation system at the end of the second rotation in the grain crop rotation by 0.13% compared to the fruit crop rotation. The use of a mineral fertiliser system in a row crop rotation reduced the humus content by 0.12%. An increase in the humus content of typical chernozem was recorded under fruit crop rotation and grain-row crop rotation. The organic-mineral fertilisation system tended to increase the mineral nitrogen content of the soil compared to the other systems. The mineral nitrogen content of the mineral fertilisation system decreased by 5.5 mg/kg of soil compared to the unfertilised variant. Under the organic-mineral and mineral fertilisation system, the content of mobile phosphate increased in all crop rotations. The content of mobile phosphorus in the tilled crop rotation was substantially reduced compared to the fruit crop rotation and grain-row crop rotation. The highest content of exchangeable potassium in the soil was recorded under the mineral fertilisation system. The materials of the publications are of practical importance in the analysis of the main elements of mineral nutrition of typical chernozem in short crop rotations
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Gómez, Robin, Matt Liebman, David N. Sundberg, and Craig A. Chase. "Comparison of crop management strategies involving crop genotype and weed management practices in conventional and more diverse cropping systems." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 28, no. 3 (May 8, 2012): 220–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170512000142.
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AbstractCropping systems that include forage legumes and small grains in addition to corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] can achieve similar or higher crop productivity and economic return than simpler corn–soybean rotations. We hypothesized that this rotation effect occurs regardless of the crop genotype planted and the herbicide and cultivation regime selected for weed management. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a 3-year experiment that compared three cropping systems: a conventional 2-year corn–soybean rotation, a 3-year corn–soybean–oat (Avena sativa L.)/red clover (Trifolium pretense L.) rotation, and a 4-year corn–soybean–oat/alfalfa–alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) rotation. Within each cropping system, two contrasting sets of management strategies were used: (i) genetically engineered corn with resistance to insect pests (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner and Diabrotica spp.) plus the broadcast application of pre-emergence herbicides, followed in the rotation by a genetically engineered soybean variety with resistance to the herbicide glyphosate plus the post-emergence broadcast application of glyphosate; and (ii) non-genetically engineered corn plus the banded application of post-emergence herbicides, followed in the rotation by a non-genetically engineered soybean and banded application of several post-emergence herbicides. The two management strategies were identified as ‘GE’ and ‘non-GE.’ Corn yield was higher in the 3-year (12.51Mgha−1) and 4-year (12.79Mgha−1) rotations than in the conventional 2-year (12.16Mgha−1) rotation, and was also 2% higher with the GE strategy than with the non-GE strategy. Soybean yield was similar among rotation systems in 2008, but higher in the 3- and 4-year systems than the 2-year rotation in 2009 and 2010. Soybean yield was similar between management strategies in 2008, but higher in the GE strategy in 2009, and similar between strategies in the 3- and 4-year rotations in 2010. Increases in rotation length were accompanied by 88–91% reductions in synthetic N fertilizer application, and the use of the non-GE rather than the GE strategy was accompanied by a 93% reduction in herbicide active ingredients applied. Averaged over the period of 2008–2010, net returns to land and labor were highest for the 3-year rotation managed with either the GE ($928ha−1yr−1) or non-GE ($936ha−1yr−1) strategies, least in the 2-year rotation managed with the non-GE strategy ($738ha−1yr−1), and intermediate in the other rotation×management combinations. Our results indicate that more diverse crop rotation systems can be as profitable as conventional corn–soybean systems and can provide farmers with greater flexibility in crop management options.
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Łukowiak, R., W. Grzebisz, and P. Barłóg. "Magnesium management in the soil-crop system – a crop rotation approach." Plant, Soil and Environment 62, No. 9 (September 21, 2016): 395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/390/2016-pse.
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Ghosh, Probir Kumar, Kali Krishna Hazra, Madasur Subbabhat Venkatesh, Chandra Sekhar Praharaj, Narendra Kumar, Chaitanya Prasad Nath, Ummed Singh, and Sati Shankar Singh. "Grain legume inclusion in cereal–cereal rotation increased base crop productivity in the long run." Experimental Agriculture 56, no. 1 (September 10, 2019): 142–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479719000243.
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AbstractSustainability of cereal-based cropping systems remains crucial for food security in South Asia. However, productivity of cereal–cereal rotations has declined in the long run, demonstrating the need for a sustainable alternative. Base crop, that is, common crop in different crop rotations, productivity could be used as a sustainability indicator for the assessment of different long-term crop rotations. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of grain legume inclusion in lowland rice–wheat (R-W) and upland maize–wheat (M-W) rotation on system’s base crop (rice in lowland and wheat in upland crop rotations) productivity and sustainability and also in soil fertility. Mung bean (April–May) inclusion in R-W rotation increased rice grain yield by 10–14%. In upland, mung bean inclusion in M-W rotation increased wheat grain yield by 5–11%. Replacing wheat with chickpea in R-W rotation increased rice grain yield by 5–8%. Increased base crop productivity in legume inclusive rotations was attributed to significant improvement in panicle (rice) or spike (wheat) attributes. Increased soil organic carbon and available nitrogen and phosphorus in the legume inclusive rotations significantly influenced the base crop productivity in both the production systems. Among the crop rotations, R-W-Mb (in lowland) and M-W-Mb (in upland) rotations had the highest system productivity and net return. Therefore, intensification/diversification of cereal–cereal rotations with grain legume could improve soil fertility and sustain crop productivity.
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Makukh, Y. Р., Y. I. Tkalich, S. О. Remeniuk, M. V. Buzynnyi, S. М. Senchuk, and О. М. Atamanіuk. "Decrease in fertility of typical chernozem due to long-term anthropogenic pressure in grain-beet crop rotations." Agrology 7, no. 1 (May 9, 2024): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32819/202404.
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The saturation of sugar beet rotations under different fertilizer application systems and long-term cultivation induces significant changes in soil properties, leading to decreases in humus content, mineral nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The study was conducted in a stationary multifactorial experiment in grain-beet crop rotations: crop rotation, row-crop, and grain-row crop rotations with the application of 40 t/ha of manure under sugar beets + NPK 100:90:90 and a variant without fertilizers. The paper presents the results of monitoring changes in humus content during each rotation, reduction of humus reserves in the plow layer, and physicochemical and agrochemical soil indicators. In the variants without fertilizers, we observed 0.24–0.41% decline in humus content in all crop rotations during 3 rotations of ten-field crop rotations (30 years). Overall, there occurred 0.89–1.00% decrease over 50 years of anthropogenic influence, equivalent to 31.8–35.7 t/ha, or 23.1–26.1% of initial reserves per hectare. Despite application of 40 t/ha of manure + NPK 100:90:90 under sugar beets, humus loss was 27.5 t/ha in the row-crop rotation and 16.8 t/ha in the grain-row crop rotation. Fertilizer application led to increase in exchangeable and hydrolytic soil acidity. With the application of 6.7 t/ha of manure + NPK 53:42:42 per 1 ha of crop rotation area, there was a tendency towards increase in mineral nitrogen content, mobile phosphorus doubled to 280.1–302.8 mg/kg compared to the variant without fertilizers, and exchangeable potassium decreased regardless of the fertilization system, which was associated with its utilization by plants. Sugar-beet yield increased to 44.76 t/ha in the crop-rotation under the organo-mineral-fertilizer application system, exceeding the spring wheat rotation by 4.63 t/ha and the variants without fertilizers by 2.45–2.72 times. Therefore, the modern fertilizer application system under sugar beets did not ensure stabilization of humus content in the soil and increased its acidity. It is necessary to more broadly use cover crops in crop rotations, incorporate crop residues, and apply biological preparations to improve soil fertility.
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KALİMOV, Niyazbek, Konstantin BODRYY, Evgeniya SHİLO, Damir KALDYBAEV, and Mariya BODRAYA. "Impact of tillage and crop rotations on soil organic matter content in Northern Kazakhstan's chernozem soils: A 10-year study (2011-2021)." EURASIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE (EJSS) 13, no. 1 (October 25, 2023): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18393/ejss.1387017.
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This extensive 10-year study conducted in Northern Kazakhstan investigates the intricate relationship between soil management techniques, crop rotations, and soil organic matter (SOM) content in Chernozem soils, an essential agricultural resource in the region. The experiments were established at the Karabalyk Agricultural Experimental Station, characterized by a arid continental climate. The study systematically examined the impact of two primary soil management techniques, conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT), in combination with various crop rotations. The crop rotations tested included grain-fallow rotations, fruit-exchange crop rotations, and an eight-field fruit-exchange crop rotation. The results provide valuable insights into the sustainable management of Chernozem soils in arid conditions, underscoring the role of crop rotation strategies in preserving SOM content. The findings reveal that among the crop rotations tested, the eight-field fruit-exchange crop rotation exhibited the most favorable outcomes for SOM preservation. This rotation helped maintain relatively stable SOM levels over the 10-year study period, contributing to soil health and fertility. In the context of the region's arid climate, the choice of soil management technique (CT or NT) had a limited impact on SOM content. The stability of SOM levels across diverse crop rotations and years highlights the dominant influence of crop management practices in this distinctive agricultural environment. This research serves as a valuable reference for tailored approaches to ensure soil health and organic matter preservation in the unique conditions of Northern Kazakhstan. It promotes the adoption of diversified crop rotations, with particular emphasis on the effectiveness of the eight-field fruit-exchange crop rotation, as a powerful strategy to mitigate organic matter loss, enhance soil quality, and optimize soil fertility in arid agricultural landscapes. The insights gained from this study are vital for sustainable land management in the region and underscore the importance of region-specific, holistic investigations to guide effective agricultural practices. The findings offer a solid foundation for the development of strategies that address soil health and safeguard the integrity of essential soil resources in these unique environments. The study conducted at the Karabalyk Agricultural Experimental Station in Northern Kazakhstan between 2011 and 2021 provides critical insights into the relationship between soil management techniques, crop rotations, and SOM content in Chernozem soils. The research suggests that diversified crop rotations, particularly the eight-field fruit-exchange crop rotation, represent a promising approach for mitigating organic matter loss and enhancing soil quality in arid regions.
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Nakhaev, M. R. "Crop rotation optimization on the Chechen Republic slope landscapes." Вестник российской сельскохозяйственной науки, no. 2 (April 15, 2023): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/2500-2082/2023/2/46-50.
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Optimization of crop rotations of grain specialization is currently an urgent task in the light of modern economic realities. In this regard, experiments were conducted on the slope landscapes of the Chechen Republic, in which four crop rotations and two plots with permanent crops of winter wheat and spring barley were studied. Studies of crop contamination, crop structure, grain yield from a unit of crop rotation area have shown that the most optimal crop rotation is a five-field grain-pair crop rotation: black steam - winter wheat - spring wheat - peas - spring barley. The yield of grain per unit of crop area in this crop rotation was 56-57% higher than in the first variant, 37-39% higher than in the second variant, 36-37% higher than in the third variant, 13-14% higher than in the fourth variant, 4-5% higher than in the fifth variant and it was equal to 2.79 t/ha on a sloping landscape.
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Archer, David W., Mark A. Liebig, Donald L. Tanaka, and Krishna P. Pokharel. "Crop diversity effects on productivity and economics: a Northern Great Plains case study." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 35, no. 1 (July 5, 2018): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170518000261.
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AbstractIncreasing crop diversity has been proposed to increase the sustainability of cropping systems. If producers are to adopt these systems, they should also be economically viable. In this study conducted near Mandan, North Dakota, four no-till cropping systems with varying levels of crop diversity were evaluated over a 12-yr period to quantify system effect on crop productivity, input use, production costs, and economic risks and returns. Cropping system treatments included a small grain–fallow rotation (SG–Fallow) and a continuous spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) rotation (Cont SW) as baseline low-diversity rotations, a small grain–winter wheat (T. aestivumL.)–sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) rotation (SG–WW–Sun), a 5-yr rotation (Five Year) and a dynamic rotation (Dynamic). The SG–Fallow rotation was significantly less productive and less profitable on average than the other rotations, as measured by gross returns and net returns, respectively. However, SG–Fallow also used significantly less inputs than the other rotations. Production costs for the Cont SW and SG–WW–Sun rotations showed a significant increasing trend over time, while production costs for the Five Year rotation showed a significantly lower and slight decreasing trend over the period, with cost trends for the SG–Fallow and Dynamic rotations intermediate to these. Net returns tended to increase and relative economic risk tended to decrease as crop diversity increased from SG–Fallow and Cont SW to SG–WW–Sun, Five Year and the Dynamic system. Results from this study suggest that more diverse rotations can maintain or increase crop productivity and enhance economic viability.
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Larkin, Robert P. "Use of Crop Rotations, Cover Crops and Green Manures for Disease Suppression in Potato Cropping Systems." Global Journal of Agricultural Innovation, Research & Development 8 (November 15, 2021): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15377/2409-9813.2021.08.12.
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Crop rotations and the inclusion of cover crops and green manures are primary tools in the sustainable management of soil-borne diseases in crop production systems. Crop rotations can reduce soil-borne disease through three general mechanisms: (1) serving as a break in the host-pathogen cycle; (2) by altering the soil physical, chemical, or biological characteristics to stimulate microbial activity and diversity; or (3) directly inhibiting pathogens through the release of suppressive or toxic compounds or the enhancement of specific antagonists. Brassicas, sudangrass, and related plant types are disease-suppressive crops well-known for their biofumigation potential but also have other effects on soil microbiology that are important in disease suppression. The efficacy of rotations for reducing soil-borne diseases is dependent on several factors, including crop type, rotation length, rotation sequence, and use of the crop (as full-season rotation, cover crop, or green manure). Years of field research with Brassica and non-Brassica rotation crops in potato cropping systems in Maine have documented the efficacy of Brassica green manures for the reduction of multiple soil-borne diseases. However, they have also indicated that these crops can provide disease control even when not incorporated as green manures and that other non-biofumigant crops (such as barley, ryegrass, and buckwheat) can also be effective in disease suppression. In general, all crops provided better disease control when used as green manure vs. as a cover crop, but the addition of a cover crop can improve control provided by most rotation crops. In long-term cropping system trials, rotations incorporating multiple soil health management practices, such as longer rotations, disease-suppressive rotation crops, cover crops, and green manures, and/or organic amendments have resulted in greater yield and microbial activity and fewer disease problems than standard rotations. These results indicate that improved cropping systems may enhance productivity, sustainability, and economic viability.
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Peachey, B. Edward, Ray D. William, and Carol Mallory-Smith. "Effect of Spring Tillage Sequence on Summer Annual Weeds in Vegetable Row Crop Rotations." Weed Technology 20, no. 1 (March 2006): 204–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-04-111r2.1.
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The effects of spring tillage sequence on summer annual weed populations were evaluated over two cycles of a 3-yr crop rotation of snap beans, sweet corn, and winter wheat. Continuous no-till (N) planting of vegetable crops each spring (NNNN) reduced summer annual weed density 63 to 86% compared to that of continuous conventional tillage (CCCC), depending upon site and herbicide level. Hairy nightshade populations were reduced by 88 to 96% when spring tillage was eliminated from the crop rotation. The effects of the NNNN spring tillage sequence on weed density were similar at two sites even though the crop rotations at the two sites began with different crops. The rotational tillage sequence of NCNC at the East site, in a crop rotation that began with corn, reduced summer annual weed density by 46 to 51% compared to that of continuous conventional tillage and planting (CCCC) at low and medium herbicide rates, respectively. In contrast, the tillage sequence of CNCN in the same crop rotation and at the same site increased weed density by 80% compared to that of CCCC at a low herbicide rate. The effects of the NCNC and CNCN rotational tillage sequences on weed density were reversed at the West site, and was probably caused by pairing sweet corn with conventional tillage rather than no tillage. The reduction in summer annual weed density caused by reduced spring tillage frequency did not significantly increase crop yields.
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Soon, Y. K., and G. W. Clayton. "Eight years of crop rotation and tillage effects on crop production and N fertilizer use." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 82, no. 2 (May 1, 2002): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s01-047.
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Although tillage systems and crop rotations can affect crop production and uptake of nutrients, their long-term effects, particularly their interactions, are not well-documented. Therefore, we measured the N, P, and K contents and yields of crops through two rotation cycles, especially wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), of four crop rotations managed under conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) systems. The study was conducted 1993 through 2000 on a sandy loam soil in northwestern Alberta, Canada. The four-course crop rotations were: (i) field pea (Pisum sativum L.)-wheat-canola (Brassica rapa L.)-wheat; (ii) red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) green manure-wheat-canola-wheat; (iii) fallow-wheat-canola-wheat, and (iv) continuous wheat (CW). The crops were fertilized using regional recommendations based on soil test results. Previous crop effect on wheat yield was in the order: field pea = red clover green manure > fallow > canola > wheat (CW); it had little influence on N, P or K content in wheat grain or straw. There was no interaction of tillage with crop rotation on wheat production or nutrient content. Tillage treatments affected neither production of other rotation crops nor their nutrient concentrations. During the second rotation cycle, N fertilizer requirement decreased, and wheat yield was 22% higher, under NT as compared to CT. This study showed that (i) field pea is an attractive replacement for red clover green manure; and (ii) recommendations for N from soil test results should factor in the type of tillage system used. Key words: Canola, field pea, red clover, nitrogen, tillage, wheat
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Kegode, George O., Frank Forcella, and Sharon Clay. "Influence of crop rotation, tillage, and management inputs on weed seed production." Weed Science 47, no. 2 (April 1999): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500091591.
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Approaches to crop production that successfully reduce weed seed production can benefit farming systems by reducing management inputs and costs. A 5-yr rotation study was conducted in order to determine the effects that interactions between crop rotation, tillage, and amount of herbicide and fertilizer (management inputs) have on annual grass and broad-leaved weed seed production and fecundity. There were 10 crop rotation and tillage system combinations and three levels of management inputs (high, medium, and low). Green and yellow foxtail were the major weed species, and together they yielded between 76 and 93% of collected weed seeds. From 1990 to 1994, average grass weed seed productions were 7.3 by 103, 3.7 by 1036.1 by 103and 5.7 by 103seeds m−-2, whereas average broad-leaved weed seed productions were 0.4 by 103, 0.4 by 103, 1.4 by 103, and 0.4 by 103seeds m−-2in crop rotations using conventional tillage (moldboard plow), conservation tillage, no tillage, and ridge tillage, respectively. Crop rotations using conventional or ridge tillage consistently produced more grass and broad-leaved weed seeds, especially in low-input plots. There was little difference in weed seed production among input levels for crop rotations using conservation tillage. Comparing rotations that began and ended with a corn crop revealed that by increasing crop diversity within a rotation while simultaneously reducing the amount of tillage, significantly fewer grass and broad-leaved weed seeds were produced. Among the rotations, grass and broad-leaved weed fecundity were highly variable, but fecundity declined from 1990 to 1994 within each rotation, with a concomitant increase in grass and broad-leaved weed density over the same period. Crop rotation in combination with reduced tillage is an effective way of limiting grass and broad-leaved weed seed production, regardless of the level of management input applied.
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Peng, Huanhuan, Jinran Xiong, Jiayi Zhang, Linghui Zhu, Guiyan Wang, Steven Pacenka, and Xiaolin Yang. "Water Requirements and Comprehensive Benefit Evaluation of Diversified Crop Rotations in the Huang-Huai Plain." Sustainability 15, no. 13 (June 28, 2023): 10229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310229.
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An intensified farming system can significantly increase crop productivity but can also cause major groundwater overdraft for irrigation and the loss of crop diversity. It is imperative to develop alternative crop rotations beyond the simplified conventional winter wheat–summer maize (W–M) rotation for alleviating the groundwater over-extraction in China’s Huang-Huai Plain. This study systematically quantified crop water requirement (ETc) and irrigation water requirement (ETaw) of eight crops from 2013 to 2018 based on the SIMETAW model applied to the Shangqiu area in the Huang-Huai Plain. Fourteen crop rotations (CI (i.e., crop harvests per rotation cycle year) 1.5 or 2) were constructed based on the ROTAT model. Results showed that compared to W–M rotation, the alternative rotations (CI = 1.5) significantly reduced the annual ETc in wet, normal, and dry years by 9–21%. Replacing winter wheat in the double cropping system did not significantly decrease annual ETc. Wheat–soybean rotation had similar annual ETc and ETaw accompanied by higher economic output and equivalent yield about 1.2 times, with 9% more protein output than the W–M rotation. There were eight crop rotations having greater comprehensive evaluation index (CEI) than W–M rotation by Entropy-TOPSIS when considering 10 indicators including water requirements, yield, economic benefits, water use efficiency, energy, and nutritional values. Spring potato–summer soybean had the highest CEI of 0.627. Sweet potato and potato showed advantages when included in rotations by increasing yield. “Wheat–soybean”-based rotations (CI = 1.5) also performed well in profitability and protein output. Replacing summer maize with soybean is promising for profitability and nutrition output without increasing irrigation requirements. Therefore, decreasing the cropping index, or involving soybean or sweet potato in rotations can be a useful way to improve sustainable land use, save water, and ensure food products in this water stressed region.
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Kozlova, Zoya V., and Vlada V. Kolocheva. "Influence of forage crop rotations on crop yields and phytosanitary conditions of soils in the Baikal region." E3S Web of Conferences 296 (2021): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129601004.
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The article considers the practical aspects of ensuring the preservation of natural ecosystems based on the use of organic farming technologies. It presents the results of research in the forest-steppe zone of the Baikal region for 2011-2018. On the basis of the phytosanitary state of crops studying analysis, it was found that the correct alternation of crops in crop rotation suppresses the level of weeds, thereby not affecting the productivity of agricultural crops. The paper reveals the characteristics of agrophysical and water properties of gray forest soil, the influence of forage crop rotations with meadow clover on the yield of cultivated crops. According to the research results, the authors found that overseeding of legumes in the fields of forage crop rotations increases the average productivity by 16.6% in comparison with the control option. The influence of the aftereffect of perennial legumes in crop rotations increases the yield of grain fodder and silage crops by 20-31.8%. The crop rotation with two fields of meadow clover (crop rotation No. 3) was determined to be the best for all indicators.
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Benaragama, Dilshan I., William E. May, Robert H. Gulden, and Christian J. Willenborg. "Functionally diverse flax-based rotations improve wild oat (Avena fatua) and cleavers (Galium spurium) management." Weed Science 70, no. 2 (January 10, 2022): 220–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2021.79.
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AbstractWild oat (Avena fatua L.) and false cleavers (Galium spurium L.) are currently a challenge to manage in less competitive crops such as flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). Increasing the functional diversity in crop rotations can be an option to improve weed management. Nonetheless, this strategy had not been tested in flax in western Canada. A 5-yr (2015 to 2019) crop rotation study was carried at three locations in western Canada to determine the effect of diverse flax-based crop rotations with differences in crop species, crop life cycles, harvesting time, and reduced herbicides on managing A. fatua and G. spurium. The perennial rotation (flax–alfalfa [Medicago sativa L.]–alfalfa–alfalfa–flax) under reduced herbicide use was found to be the most consistent cropping system, providing A. fatua and G. spurium control similar to the conventional annual flax crop rotation (flax–barley [Hordeum vulgare L.]–flax–oat [Avena sativa L.]–flax) with standard herbicides. At Carman, this alfalfa rotation provided even better weed control (80% A. fatua, 75% G. spurium) than the conventional rotation. Furthermore, greater A. fatua control was identified compared with a conventional rotation in which two consecutive winter cereal crops were grown successfully in rotation (flax–barley–winter triticale [×Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus (Secale × Triticum)]–winter wheat [Triticum aestivum L.]–flax). Incorporation of silage oat crops did not show consistent management benefits compared with the perennial alfalfa rotation but was generally similar to the conventional rotation with standard herbicides. The results showed that perennial alfalfa in the rotation minimized G. spurium and A. fatua in flax-cropping systems, followed by rotations with two consecutive winter cereal crops.
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JANZEN, H. H., D. J. MAJOR, and C. W. LINDWALL. "COMPARISON OF CROP ROTATIONS FOR SORGHUM PRODUCTION IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-056.
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Grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.) was evaluated in six rotations under rainfed conditions at the Lethbridge Research Station from 1978 to 1984. The rotations included continuous sorghum, sorghum-fallow, sorghum-barley, sorghum-spring wheat-fallow, sorghum-fallow-spring wheat and sorghum-fallow-winter wheat. The highest total production was achieved with the sorghum-barley rotation. This was followed by the continuous sorghum and sorghum-fallow-winter wheat rotations. The 3-yr rotations were not significantly different from each other but the sorghum-fallow-winter wheat rotation appeared to be the best. The 2-yr rotation, sorghum-fallow, was the least productive. Variability in yields was adequately accounted for by variability in annual rainfall. Water use efficiencies were 1.30 and 1.35 kg m−3 for sorghum and wheat grown on fallow and 1.11 and 1.12 kg m−3 when seeded into stubble. Therefore, it was concluded that sorghum was no more drought-resistant than wheat. Bioassay of soils from the crop rotation study indicated that residual atrazine toxicity should not be a significant limitation to wheat grown in rotation with sorghum. Economically, sorghum was at a disadvantage despite comparable yields in wheat because of its lower price. It was concluded that the inclusion of sorghum in crop rotations in southern Alberta cannot currently be recommended.Key words: Spring wheat, winter wheat, atrazine, adaptation
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Ilyinskaya, Izida, and Emma Gaevaya. "The productivity of crop rotations on the eroded slope of ordinary chernozems depending on agricultural practices." BIO Web of Conferences 32 (2021): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213202007.
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Field experiments were carried out in the Rostov region on the slope of ordinary chernozems in the system of contour-strip organization of the territory in 2011-2020. The aim of the research was the development of agrotechnical methods (design of crop rotation, the method of basic tillage and the background of fertilizers), which ensure high productivity of crop rotations on the eroded slope of ordinary chernozems and the preservation of fertility. The experiment included three factors: the design of the crop rotation, the method of the main tillage, the background of mineral fertilizers. It was found that, on average, for the period of research, the level of mineral nutrition has the greatest influence on the productivity of the crop rotation (83.9%), followed by the design of the crop rotation (14.9%). The influence of basic tillage is estimated at only 1.2%. It was found that the introduction of 20% of perennial grasses into the structure of crop rotation reduces soil washout by 19.5-27.7%, and an increase in the proportion of perennial grasses to 40% by 38.3-43.8%. The use of chisel tillage reduces washout by 15.6-24.2%, and with it the loss of humus. In the “C” crop rotation in all variants of the experiment, the humus content increased by 0.010.03%. It was revealed that the productivity of all the studied crop rotations changed under the influence of agrotechnical methods, reaching in the crop rotation “C” with 40% of perennial grasses and 60% of grain crops on average for the studied period the highest value of 3.53 t / ha of grain units, which is 9.3% higher than in the “B” crop rotation and 17.3% higher than in the “A” crop rotation.
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Voitovyk, M. V., D. T. Gentosh, L. M. Krasiuk, and O. A. Tsyuk. "Root rot of winter wheat and peas in short-rotation crop rotations." Agriculture and plant sciences: theory and practice, no. 3 (July 24, 2023): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.54651/agri.2023.03.02.
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Аіm. The research was to establish the influence of fertilization systems and methods of main tillage in short-rotation crop rotation on damage to winter wheat and pea plants by root rot. Methods. Field, analytical and statistical. The research was conducted in 2016–2018 at the experimental fields of the Bila Tserkva’s National Agrarian University according to the following scheme: Factor A. Fertilizer systems. 1. Without the use of fertilizers; 2. Organo-mineral; 3. Mineral. Factor B. Systems of basic tillage. 1. Differentiated (control); 2. Police-nonpolice; 3. Shallow shelfless. Short-rotation crop rotations were studied: crop rotation: alfalfa – winter wheat + white mustard, green manure – sugar beets and sunflower – buckwheat – barley with alfalfa subsowing; grain crops: soybean – winter wheat – sunflower – barley – corn for grain; specialized cereal crops: buckwheat – winter wheat – corn for grain, sunflower – barley – sunflower; row crops: peas – winter wheat – sunflower – corn for grain – sunflower. Results. During crop rotation with an organo-mineral fertilization system in the agrocenosis of winter wheat, the development of root rot was 51.3%, which is 8.7% more compared to the option without fertilizers. In the grain-row crop rotation under the organo-mineral fertilization system, root rot damage was 50%, which is 6.1% less compared to the unfertilized plot. Under the inter-row specialized crop rotation, the damage to winter wheat plants and the development of diseases amounted to 55.4%, which increased by 10.5% compared to the inter-row crop rotation. Affected pea plants by root rot in the flowering phase under shelf-less tillage, the development of the disease was 4.7% higher compared to differentiated tillage. Conclusions. The article presents the results of field studies on the application of fertilization systems and methods of basic tillage to the damage of winter wheat and pea plants by root rot in short-rotational crop rotations in the conditions of the Forest Steppe of Ukraine. The greatest damage to winter wheat plants by root rot was recorded during the row rotation, the predecessor of which was peas. On average, 32.6–37.6% of wheat plants were affected by the disease in these areas, and the intensity of the disease was 52.4–58.7%. The lowest development of root rots of winter wheat plants (27.4–35.4%) was found in the grain row specialized crop rotation. The smallest development of root rots of winter wheat plants was found under the organo-mineral fertilization system. Shallow cultivation with disc tools to a depth of 10–12 cm caused the highest development of pea root rot. Plowing under peas helped reduce the spread and development of pea root rot.
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Mashchenko, Yu V., I. M. Semeniaka, M. I. Cheriachukin, and O. M. Hryhoreva. "Effectiveness of short-term crop rotations under different fertilization systems in the insufficient moisture zone of the Right-Bank Steppe of Ukraine." Scientific Journal Grain Crops 6, no. 1 (August 15, 2022): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0220.
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Topicality. In the condition of insufficient moisture in the Right Bank Steppe of Ukraine, agriculture is associated with weather risks, non-compliance with the appropriate structure of sown areas and fertilization systems, which makes it difficult to obtain high and stable yields of agricultural crops. The development of agricultural systems is the basis for increasing both yield levels and the competitiveness of the agricultural industry as a whole. Aim. To study the influence of fertilization systems on the fertility of ordinary chernozems and crop productivity in biological short-term crop rotations. Methods. Field trial, laboratory, statistical methods. Results. It was found that the field crops of both grain-fallow-row and grain-row crop rotations were formed the highest productivity under high level of fertilization. Under different fertilization systems, it was noted that the productivity of grain-fallow-row crop rotation is higher than grain-row crop rotation by 8.3 t/ha or by 5.6 %. The productivity of both crop rotations was increased by an average of 6.4–7.8 % due to the application of microbial preparations against the background of mineral and organomineral fertilization systems. The content of mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium in all variants of both crop rotations increased due to studied fertilizer rates, but these rates were insufficient to maintain the content of nitrogen and humus at the initial level. In both crop rotations, it was noted that the lowest degree of "burning" humus was on the background of the organomineral fertilizers. When organomineral fertilizers were applied in the grain-fallow-row crop rotation, this indicator was 0.50 % that was 0.06 % less compared to variant with the mineral fertilization and control, and in grain-row crop rotation, this indicator was 0.46 % that was less by 0.11 and 0.06 %, respectively. Conclusions. Profit at the level (on average) of UAH 9114.4/ha was obtained in grain-fallow-row crop rotation, it is more by UAH 1039/ha, or 11.4 % compared to grain-row crop rotation. The advantage was that the predecessor residues in the organomineral fertilizer system was used as organic fertilizer, which have a positive effect on the synthesis of organic matter in the soil, productivity and economic efficiency. Keywords: crop rotations, fertilizers, yield, productivity, soil fertility, economic efficiency.
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Prymak, I., L. Karpuk, M. Yermolaev, A. Pavlichenko, and L. Filipova. "Main criteria for evaluation of efciency and contradictions in the process of crop rotation implementation." Agrobìologìâ, no. 1(163) (May 25, 2021): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2021-163-1-7-14.
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The nature of subjective positioning on the role of crop rotations in agriculture from many points of view, namely – agrochemical, biological, geological and energetic. This leads to the belief that crop rotation arose as a need for reasonable human interaction with nature, a careful attitude to it. However, a comprehensive ecological and biosphere approach to understanding the essence of crop rotation requires the resolution of certain contradictions that arise in the implementation of modern farming systems. Based on the data of long-term feld experiments, the main indicators of the biological cycle of humus carbon in black soil are calculated. The calculation is based on the balance of humus as the difference between the fnal and initial content and reserves in the soil under different crop rotations. We found that the joint application of organic and mineral fertilizers had a positive effect on the balance of humus and nitrogen in the soil and, ultimately, on crop yields and crop rotation productivity. Against this background, a positive balance of humus (+1.29 t/ha) and total nitrogen (+80 kg/ha) in the soil is observed. Strengthening the organic fertilizer system by using, in addition to manure, by-products of crops – cereal straw, peas, corn stalks contributed to the formation of a positive balance of humus and nitrogen in the soil: the annual accumulation of humus was 0.28 t/ha, nitrogen 14 kg/ha. Due to the humifcation of crop residues of cereals, peas and perennial legumes during the 7-year study period in the soil of control crop rotation 1 formed humus 2.85 t/ha, in crop rotation 14 with grasses – 7.0, the rest of crop rotations – from 3.4 up to 4.0 t/ha. In general, 5.5 % of the initial stock of humus or 8.9 t/ha was mineralized in the crop rotation without fertilizers during the specifed period. If we add to this about 3 t/ha of humus, the decomposition of which in the process of mineralization was compensated by plant residues, then during this period decomposed about 12 t/ha of humus. This value of mineralization characterizes the parameters of the biological cycle of humus in the control crop rotation. Key words: soil, fertilizers, crop rotations, crop yield, crop rotation productivity, plant residues, humifcation, humus, humus mineralization, humus balance.
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Canalli, Lutécia Beatriz dos Santos, Gustavo Vaz da Costa, Bruno Volsi, André Luís Mendes Leocádio, Carmen Silvia Vieira Janeiro Neves, and Tiago Santos Telles. "Production and profitability of crop rotation systems in southern Brazil." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 41, no. 6 (September 19, 2020): 2541. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n6p2541.
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Crop rotation is one of the pillars of conservation agriculture. This practice has offered a series of advantages in terms of improving soil physical, chemical, and biological conditions. These advantages result in yield increases for all economic crops involved in the rotation systems and may also reduce production costs. In this context, the aim of this study was to compare the profitability of crop rotation systems with different levels of crop diversification. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with five treatments and four replications. The treatments included one less diversified crop rotation system (control) with soybean and wheat and four more diversified crop rotation systems (involving three or more species), including soybean, wheat, black oats, maize, canola, barley, blue lupine, white oats, beans, radish, triticale, rye, hairy vetch, and sorghum, under no-tillage conducted during a three-year cycle. Analyses were conducted considering productivity, operating cost, and economic profit. The highest accumulated gross yields were obtained in the more diversified crop rotation systems. The results show that the more diversified crop rotation systems were more profitable. When the opportunity cost was included, the most diversified crop rotations presented greater economic feasibility. The less diversified crop rotation system presented a negative economic profit. The crop rotation systems including beans presented the highest economic profit.
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Tulkubayeva, Saniya Abiltaevna, Yuriy Valerievich Tulayev, Svetlana Vladimirovna Somova, and Vladimir Alekseevich Vykhodtsev. "The influence of field crop rotations on the contamination of crops in the conditions of the Kostanay region." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 2 (March 21, 2023): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2022i2pp67-74.
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The research was carried out in order to study the influence of precursors of agricultural crops cultivated in grain and fruit-bearing crop rotations using No-till system with elements of precision farming on the contamination of crops in the conditions of southern chernozems of Kostanay region. Two types of crop rotations were studied – 4-pole grain-steam (steam – wheat – wheat – wheat) and 4-pole fruit-bearing (peas – wheat-oilseed flax – wheat). On each crop rotation crop, variants with different levels of mineral nutrition were laid-without fertilizers (control) and P15. All records and observations were carried out according to standard methods. A correlation of an average degree was established between the clogging of crops by full shoots in the grain-pair crop rotation and wheat yield (dyx=0.40), as well as between the clogging of crops before harvesting in the fruit-bearing crop rotation and the yield of cultivated crops (dyx=0.49). A decrease in clogging was revealed in the grain-steam crop rotation on the second wheat after steam (12.7-12.9 pcs./m2), in the fruit-bearing crop rotation – on wheat after peas (15.9-38.4 pcs./m2). The use of herbicides in the grain-steam crop rotation on the first wheat after steam made it possible to obtain an increase in yield on the control – 0.18 t/ha and on the P15 variant – 0.20 t/ha. In the fruit-bearing crop rotation, a high increase was noted on the variant of sowing peas – 0.36 t/ha (control) and 0.48 t/ha (P15).
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Mustafayev, Zh S., A. A. Sagaev, Y. N. Alimbaev, and V. V. Pchelkin. "BASIC CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES FOR MULTI-FUNCTIONAL HYDRO AGROLANDSCAPE SYSTEMS." REPORTS 6, no. 334 (December 15, 2020): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-1483.144.
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Based on the principles of natural analogies, the necessary diversity, the ability of soil formation and the integration of knowledge, multifunctional hydroagrolandscape systems have been developed, including multifunctional systems (crop rotation fields and irrigation technique), which ensure the fulfillment of the ecological and economic functions of the soils of hydroagrolandscape systems. Multifunctional hydro-agrolandscape systems for the purposeful regulation of the soil-forming process on irrigated crop rotation fields by designing crop rotation and an irrigation system on irrigated lands (hydro-agricultural landscape system) with the linkage of agricultural crops to irrigation equipment and technology, which move along with agricultural crops according to the rotational scheme, adopted in the crop rotation, ensure the maximum possible use of solar energy for the soil-forming process in specific natural and climatic conditions. The environment-forming functions of a multifunctional hydro-agrolandscape system are provided on the basis of the use of integral criteria to ensure the agroecological sustainability of irrigated crop rotations (hydroagrolandscapes), taking into account geoecological restrictions, that is, the weighted average irrigation rate (water demand deficit) of agricultural crops in the crop rotation should not exceed the deficit of the ecological water requirement of agricultural land systems. Thus, the design of highly productive hydrolandscape systems requires ensuring compliance with not only the principles of the necessary diversity and natural analogies, based on the creation of se-rotations with mobile irrigation techniques to control and regulate soil-forming processes, that is, the soil as an object of influence (reclamation) performing an ecological function , and agricultural crops as a subject perform an economic function, requires the need, on the basis of the principle of knowledge integration, to form ways of regulating the natural process that provide targeted regulation and control of soil-forming processes as environment-forming systems.
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Johnston, Russell, Vernon Shattuck, and John Seliga. "THE EFFECTS OF CROP ROTATIONS AND NITROGEN RATES ON PROCESSING TOMATO YIELDS." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 622f—622. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.622f.
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The influence of various crop rotations on the marketable yield of processing tomatoes (Lvcopersicon esculentum) in southwestern Ontario was investigated. The study was conducted for three years using nine and eight crop rotations at Leamington and Dresden, respectively. Four rates of nitrogen, 0, 45, 90, and 135 kg/ha were applied to each rotation. The treatments were arranged in a split-plot experimental design. Tomato yields were generally higher at both locations for all rotations compared to continuously grown tomatoes (control). The highest yields were obtained when tomatoes were grown in an alfalfa (Medicago sativa) rotation and rotations involving rye (Secale cereale) or winter wheat (Triticum aestivum). Tomato yields from the soybean (Glycine max) rotation and from continuously grown tomatoes were similar. At both locations, yields from continuously grown tomatoes increased with increasing rates of nitrogen fertilizer. Optimal yields for each rotation varied with each individual rate of nitrogen. Tomatoes grown in the alfalfa rotation showed the least response to higher rates of applied nitrogen. Our data indicates that certain crop rotations and nitrogen fertilization rates can be used together to enhance the yield of processing tomatoes.
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Lukyanov, V. A., and L. B. Nitchenko. "The effect of crop rotations and mineral fertilizers on economic and energy efficiency indicators when cultivating winter wheat in the Central Blackearth region." Grain Economy of Russia, no. 6 (December 20, 2023): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31367/2079-8725-2023-89-6-90-98.
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Economic efficiency is an integral method of analyzing agricultural technologies, especially against the rising prices for plant protection products, seeds, fertilizers, and fuels and lubricants. Identification and implementation of the most effective methods of field crops, growing using crop rotation and fertilizers remains an urgent task. The purpose of the current research was to study the effect of crop rotations and doses of mineral fertilizers on productivity of winter wheat grain, to analyze the economic and energy efficiency of its cultivation in the conditions of the Central Blackearth region. The study was carried out in the conditions of the experimental field of the Federal Agricultural Kursk Research Center in 2016, 2020. The soil of the experimental plot was typical medium-loamy, medium-humus blackearth (chernozem). The experimental scheme included such factors as grain-fallow-row crop, grain-grass-row crop, and grain-grass rotations; with doses of fertilizers or without fertilizers, N20P40K40 and N40P80K80. The weather conditions for the rotations of the studied crop rotations differed slightly. As a result of the study, there was found that winter wheat grain productivity in grain-grass and grain-grass-row crop rotations was 17.2 and 13.8 % lower than in grain-fallow-row crop rotation. When applying mineral fertilizers at a dose of N40P80K80, the largest winter wheat productivity was 4.52 t/ha. The lowest cost of grain was established in the grain-fallow-row crop rotation, which varied from 4.68 to 5.04 thousand rubles/t due to higher yields compared to other studied crop rotations and with a dose of N20P40K40 (4.68, 4.80 and 4.97 thousand rubles/t, respectively for crop rotations). A higher level of profitability of 113.7 % was observed in grain-fallow-row crop rotation with a dose of mineral fertilizers N20P40K40, a dose of N40P80K80 not allowing obtaining a high payback of fertilizers. The energy intensity of production increased with increasing doses of applied fertilizers; its minimum values were determined in grain-fallow-row crop rotation (1.35–2.77 GJ/t). Energy efficiency coefficients when applying a dose of N20P40K40 in crop rotations were higher than when applying N40P80K80.
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Dyck, Miles F., and Dick Puurveen. "Long-term rotation impacts soil total macronutrient levels and wheat response to applied nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur in a Luvisolic soil." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 100, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 430–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2019-0155.
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Over the last 20–30 yr, increased intensification and diversity of crop rotations, along with increasingly higher yielding crop cultivars on the Northern Great Plains, has increased nutrient removal from cropping systems, but also increased crop residues returned to the soil, affecting soil nutrient cycling, soil carbon (C) and nutrient balances. The University of Alberta Breton Classical Plots, established in 1929, consist of two crop rotations of varying diversity and intensity: (1) wheat–fallow (WF); and (2) 5 yr, cereal–forage. Superimposed on these rotations are eight fertility treatments, including a check (control), manure, balanced (NPKS), and nutrient exclusion treatments. Soil total C, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sulfur (S) levels were measured on soil samples (0–15 cm) collected from both rotations in 2013. Wheat yields and N uptake for the 2007–2018 growing seasons from both rotations were compared. In the 5 yr rotation, soil total C, N, and S, wheat yield and wheat N uptake were greater than the WF rotation. Soil total P levels were not different between the two rotations, but soil total K was higher in the WF rotation. Despite higher soil S and comparable soil P, wheat yield and N uptake response to applied P and S was greater in the 5 yr rotation compared with the WF rotation. Response to applied N in the 5 yr rotation was muted because of significant inputs of biologically fixed N. Wheat also responded to applied K in the 5 yr rotation. These results highlight the need to replace exported nutrients.
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Soon, Y. K., and G. W. Clayton. "Effects of eight years of crop rotation and tillage on nitrogen availability and budget of a sandy loam soil." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 83, no. 5 (November 1, 2003): 475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s03-001.
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The effects of tillage and crop rotations on soil N availability and economy were evaluated over two rotation cycles to address the paucity of such information. From 1993 through 2000, soil was sampled to 120 cm in the autumn from four crop rotations : (i) continuous wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), (ii) field pea (Pisum sativum L.)-wheat-canola (Brassica rapa L.)-wheat, (iii) red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) green manure-wheat-canola-wheat/red clover, (iv) fallow-wheat-canola-wheat, and analysed for KCl-extractable N. The rotations were managed under a conventional tillage (CT) or a no-till (NT) system, and were fertilized based on soil test results. A N budget was constructed for each cropping system comprising N added in seed and fertilizers, and by symbiotic fixation and N exported in the grain. More nitrate accumulated under CT than NT, resulting in lower N fertilizer application rates for CT plots. Soil mineralizable N was higher under NT than CT, and was not influenced by crop rotations. The trend for residual soil nitrate among crop rotations was: fallow rotation > green manure rotation > continuous wheat > field pea rotation, due mostly to residual nitrate following the first phase of the rotations. There was no interaction of tillage with rotation. The continuous wheat and field pea rotation maintained a balanced N budget. The red clover rotation resulted in net N import in each rotation cycle of approximately 25 kg ha-1 under CT and 37 kg ha-1 under NT; net N export from the fallow rotation was 30 kg ha-1 under NT and 46 kg ha-1 under CT. Key words: Field pea, fallow, red clover, N economy, tillage, wheat
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Zamyatin, S. A., A. Yu Efimova, and S. A. Maksutkin. "The influence of field crop rotations on the accumulation of crop-root residues in the arable layer of sod-podzolic soil." Agricultural Science Euro-North-East 20, no. 6 (December 17, 2019): 594–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2019.20.6.594-601.
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The aim of the research is to take a comparative assessment of the amount of plowed down plant residues in various field crop rotations in the conditions of the Republic of Mari El. The study was carried out in 2013-2018 on a stationary site in a two-factor experiment. Factor A ‒ types of crop rotations and shift of crops: 1. Grain and grass crop rotation (oats + clover, clover of the 1st year of use (y.u.) for green mass, winter rye, vetch and oat mixture for grain, spring wheat, barley. 2. I fruit-changing crop rotation (vetch and oat mix for green fodder, winter rye, barley, potato, vetch and oat mixture for grain, spring wheat). 3. II fruit-changing crop rotation (vetch and oat mixture for grain, spring wheat, potato with manure (80 t/ha), barley + clover, clover of the 1st year of use for green mass, winter rye). 4. III fruit-changing crop rotation (barley + clover, clover of the 1st year of use for green mass, clover of the 2nd year of use for green mass, winter rye, potato, oats). Factor B ‒ mineral fertilizers: 1. Without fertilizers. 2. N60P60K60. In the control grain and grass crop rotation with a oneyear use of clover, 3.02±0.06 t/ha of crop-root residues were received per year on the average. In the I fruit-changing crop rotation, due to the replacement of clover with potato, residues formed 2.14±0.04 t/ha, which was significantly less than the control variant (LSD05 in factor А ‒ 0.21). In the II fruit-changing crop rotation, the accumulation of crop-root residues amounted to 2.91±0.07 t/ha. Compared to the control, it was within the limits of experimental error. The largest number of crop-root residues was accumulated in the III fruit-changing crop rotation (3.37±0.07 t/ha). The use of mineral fertilizers significantly increased the bulk of crop-root residues in all crop rotations by 0.16 t/ha per year on the average (LSD05 in factor B ‒ 0.15). Carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) in the crop-root residues of clover and potato was 18…20, in the vetch-oat mixture it was 25…31, in spring grain crops it was 39…41, and in winter rye it was 53.
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Singh, Prakash. "Constraints Faced by the Farmers in the Adoption of Crop Rotation in Ayodhya District." Indian Research Journal of Extension Education 23, no. 2 (April 1, 2023): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54986/irjee/2023/apr_jun/120-124.
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Crop rotation is an agronomic practice of growing a series of diff erent types of crops in the same area in a sequential season. Crop rotation is one of the most important practises in organic farming and carbon sequestration. It improves the soil’s physical and chemical properties and also changes the biological environment of the soil. Farmers face obstacles to adopt diverse crop rotation systems. Farmers face numerous barriers when it comes to adopt new or unfamiliar practises such as modifi ed crop rotations. These include market and fi nancial barriers, constraints regarding crop insurance and loans, technical and informational barriers and so on. Major constraints faced by the farmers in knowledge and adoption of crop rotation were ‘Estray animal’, ‘Lack of resources’, ‘Small land holding’ ,‘Diffi cult to maintain multiple activity of crop rotation’ etc. Here, ranking technique is used to determine the most important factor infl uencing the response. Main aim of this paper is to identify the barriers in the adoption of crop rotation as well as potential solutions.